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annotate lispref/elisp.texi @ 56921:377f75f46699
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author | Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org> |
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date | Sat, 04 Sep 2004 12:48:19 +0000 |
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6451 | 1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c %**start of header | |
3 @setfilename elisp | |
4 @settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual | |
5 @c %**end of header | |
6 | |
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7 @c Versino of the manual. |
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8 @set VERSION 2.9 |
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9 |
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10 @dircategory Emacs |
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11 @direntry |
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12 * Elisp: (elisp). The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. |
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13 @end direntry |
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14 |
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15 @smallbook |
28952 | 16 @setchapternewpage odd |
17 @finalout | |
18 | |
19 @c Combine indices. | |
20 @synindex cp fn | |
21 @syncodeindex vr fn | |
22 @syncodeindex ky fn | |
23 @syncodeindex pg fn | |
24 @c We use the "type index" to index new functions and variables. | |
25 @c @syncodeindex tp fn | |
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26 |
27193 | 27 @ifnottex |
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28 This Info file contains edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp |
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29 Reference Manual, corresponding to Emacs version 21.3. |
6451 | 30 @c Please REMEMBER to update edition number in *four* places in this file |
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31 @c and also in *one* place in intro.texi and *one* in README. |
6451 | 32 |
33 Published by the Free Software Foundation | |
15725 | 34 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 |
35 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
6451 | 36 |
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37 Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999,@* |
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38 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6451 | 39 |
28952 | 40 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
41 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or | |
42 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the | |
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43 Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License'', with the Front-Cover texts being |
29127 | 44 ``A GNU Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy |
45 of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free | |
46 Documentation License''. | |
6451 | 47 |
28952 | 48 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
49 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
50 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
27193 | 51 @end ifnottex |
6451 | 52 |
53 @titlepage | |
54 @title GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual | |
25875 | 55 @subtitle For Emacs Version 21 |
6451 | 56 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file |
57 @c and also in the file intro.texi. | |
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58 @subtitle Revision @value{VERSION}, January 2002 |
6451 | 59 |
60 @author by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte, Richard Stallman | |
61 @author and the GNU Manual Group | |
62 @page | |
63 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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64 Copyright @copyright{} 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998,@* |
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65 1999, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6451 | 66 |
67 @sp 2 | |
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68 Edition @value{VERSION} @* |
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69 Revised for Emacs Version 21.3,@* |
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70 January 2002.@* |
6451 | 71 @sp 2 |
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72 ISBN 1-882114-73-6 |
6451 | 73 |
74 @sp 2 | |
75 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
15725 | 76 59 Temple Place, Suite 330@* |
77 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
6451 | 78 |
28952 | 79 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
80 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or | |
81 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the | |
29127 | 82 Invariant Sections being ``Copying'', with the Front-Cover texts being |
83 ``A GNU Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy | |
84 of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free | |
85 Documentation License''. | |
6451 | 86 |
28952 | 87 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
88 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
89 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
6451 | 90 |
91 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
92 @end titlepage | |
93 @page | |
94 | |
29256 | 95 @node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir) |
6451 | 96 |
27193 | 97 @ifnottex |
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98 This Info file contains edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp |
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99 Reference Manual, corresponding to GNU Emacs version 21.3. |
27193 | 100 @end ifnottex |
6451 | 101 |
102 @menu | |
103 * Introduction:: Introduction and conventions used. | |
29256 | 104 * Standards: Coding Conventions. Coding conventions for Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 105 |
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106 * Lisp Data Types:: Data types of objects in Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 107 * Numbers:: Numbers and arithmetic functions. |
108 * Strings and Characters:: Strings, and functions that work on them. | |
109 * Lists:: Lists, cons cells, and related functions. | |
110 * Sequences Arrays Vectors:: Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences. | |
111 Certain functions act on any kind of sequence. | |
112 The description of vectors is here as well. | |
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113 * Hash Tables:: Very fast lookup-tables. |
6451 | 114 * Symbols:: Symbols represent names, uniquely. |
115 | |
116 * Evaluation:: How Lisp expressions are evaluated. | |
117 * Control Structures:: Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits. | |
118 * Variables:: Using symbols in programs to stand for values. | |
119 * Functions:: A function is a Lisp program | |
120 that can be invoked from other functions. | |
121 * Macros:: Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language. | |
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122 * Customization:: Writing customization declarations. |
6451 | 123 |
124 * Loading:: Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp. | |
125 * Byte Compilation:: Compilation makes programs run faster. | |
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126 * Advising Functions:: Adding to the definition of a function. |
6451 | 127 * Debugging:: Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs. |
128 | |
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129 * Read and Print:: Converting Lisp objects to text and back. |
6451 | 130 * Minibuffers:: Using the minibuffer to read input. |
131 * Command Loop:: How the editor command loop works, | |
132 and how you can call its subroutines. | |
133 * Keymaps:: Defining the bindings from keys to commands. | |
134 * Modes:: Defining major and minor modes. | |
135 * Documentation:: Writing and using documentation strings. | |
136 | |
137 * Files:: Accessing files. | |
138 * Backups and Auto-Saving:: Controlling how backups and auto-save | |
139 files are made. | |
140 * Buffers:: Creating and using buffer objects. | |
141 * Windows:: Manipulating windows and displaying buffers. | |
142 * Frames:: Making multiple X windows. | |
143 * Positions:: Buffer positions and motion functions. | |
144 * Markers:: Markers represent positions and update | |
145 automatically when the text is changed. | |
146 | |
147 * Text:: Examining and changing text in buffers. | |
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148 * Non-ASCII Characters:: Non-ASCII text in buffers and strings. |
6451 | 149 * Searching and Matching:: Searching buffers for strings or regexps. |
150 * Syntax Tables:: The syntax table controls word and list parsing. | |
151 * Abbrevs:: How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures. | |
152 | |
153 * Processes:: Running and communicating with subprocesses. | |
33146 | 154 * Display:: Features for controlling the screen display. |
155 * Calendar:: Customizing the calendar and diary. | |
6451 | 156 * System Interface:: Getting the user id, system type, environment |
157 variables, and other such things. | |
158 | |
159 Appendices | |
160 | |
26211 | 161 * Antinews:: Info for users downgrading to Emacs 20. |
30904 | 162 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation |
29149 | 163 * GPL:: Conditions for copying and changing GNU Emacs. |
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164 * Tips:: Advice and coding conventions for Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 165 * GNU Emacs Internals:: Building and dumping Emacs; |
166 internal data structures. | |
167 * Standard Errors:: List of all error symbols. | |
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168 * Standard Buffer-Local Variables:: |
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169 List of variables buffer-local in all buffers. |
6451 | 170 * Standard Keymaps:: List of standard keymaps. |
171 * Standard Hooks:: List of standard hook variables. | |
172 | |
173 * Index:: Index including concepts, functions, variables, | |
174 and other terms. | |
175 | |
25875 | 176 * New Symbols:: New functions and variables in Emacs 21. |
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177 |
6451 | 178 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- |
179 | |
180 Here are other nodes that are inferiors of those already listed, | |
181 mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
182 | |
183 Introduction | |
184 | |
185 * Caveats:: Flaws and a request for help. | |
186 * Lisp History:: Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp. | |
187 * Conventions:: How the manual is formatted. | |
188 * Acknowledgements:: The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual. | |
189 | |
190 Conventions | |
191 | |
192 * Some Terms:: Explanation of terms we use in this manual. | |
193 * nil and t:: How the symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are used. | |
194 * Evaluation Notation:: The format we use for examples of evaluation. | |
195 * Printing Notation:: The format we use for examples that print output. | |
196 * Error Messages:: The format we use for examples of errors. | |
197 * Buffer Text Notation:: The format we use for buffer contents in examples. | |
198 * Format of Descriptions:: Notation for describing functions, variables, etc. | |
199 | |
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200 Tips and Conventions |
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201 |
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202 * Coding Conventions:: Conventions for clean and robust programs. |
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203 * Compilation Tips:: Making compiled code run fast. |
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204 * Documentation Tips:: Writing readable documentation strings. |
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205 * Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments. |
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206 * Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages. |
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207 |
6451 | 208 Format of Descriptions |
209 | |
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210 * A Sample Function Description:: |
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211 * A Sample Variable Description:: |
6451 | 212 |
213 Lisp Data Types | |
214 | |
215 * Printed Representation:: How Lisp objects are represented as text. | |
216 * Comments:: Comments and their formatting conventions. | |
217 * Programming Types:: Types found in all Lisp systems. | |
218 * Editing Types:: Types specific to Emacs. | |
219 * Type Predicates:: Tests related to types. | |
220 * Equality Predicates:: Tests of equality between any two objects. | |
221 | |
222 Programming Types | |
223 | |
224 * Integer Type:: Numbers without fractional parts. | |
225 * Floating Point Type:: Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range. | |
226 * Character Type:: The representation of letters, numbers and | |
25875 | 227 control characters. |
6451 | 228 * Sequence Type:: Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences. |
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229 * Cons Cell Type:: Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells). |
6451 | 230 * Array Type:: Arrays include strings and vectors. |
231 * String Type:: An (efficient) array of characters. | |
232 * Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays. | |
233 * Symbol Type:: A multi-use object that refers to a function, | |
234 variable, property list, or itself. | |
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235 * Function Type:: A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere. |
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236 * Macro Type:: A method of expanding an expression into another |
6451 | 237 expression, more fundamental but less pretty. |
238 * Primitive Function Type:: A function written in C, callable from Lisp. | |
239 * Byte-Code Type:: A function written in Lisp, then compiled. | |
240 * Autoload Type:: A type used for automatically loading seldom-used | |
25875 | 241 functions. |
6451 | 242 |
243 List Type | |
244 | |
245 * Dotted Pair Notation:: An alternative syntax for lists. | |
246 * Association List Type:: A specially constructed list. | |
247 | |
248 Editing Types | |
249 | |
250 * Buffer Type:: The basic object of editing. | |
251 * Window Type:: What makes buffers visible. | |
252 * Window Configuration Type::Save what the screen looks like. | |
253 * Marker Type:: A position in a buffer. | |
254 * Process Type:: A process running on the underlying OS. | |
255 * Stream Type:: Receive or send characters. | |
256 * Keymap Type:: What function a keystroke invokes. | |
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257 * Overlay Type:: How an overlay is represented. |
6451 | 258 |
259 Numbers | |
260 | |
261 * Integer Basics:: Representation and range of integers. | |
262 * Float Basics:: Representation and range of floating point. | |
263 * Predicates on Numbers:: Testing for numbers. | |
264 * Comparison of Numbers:: Equality and inequality predicates. | |
265 * Arithmetic Operations:: How to add, subtract, multiply and divide. | |
266 * Bitwise Operations:: Logical and, or, not, shifting. | |
267 * Numeric Conversions:: Converting float to integer and vice versa. | |
12067 | 268 * Math Functions:: Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions. |
6451 | 269 * Random Numbers:: Obtaining random integers, predictable or not. |
270 | |
271 Strings and Characters | |
272 | |
273 * String Basics:: Basic properties of strings and characters. | |
274 * Predicates for Strings:: Testing whether an object is a string or char. | |
275 * Creating Strings:: Functions to allocate new strings. | |
276 * Text Comparison:: Comparing characters or strings. | |
277 * String Conversion:: Converting characters or strings and vice versa. | |
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278 * Formatting Strings:: @code{format}: Emacs's analogue of @code{printf}. |
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279 * Case Conversion:: Case conversion functions. |
6451 | 280 |
281 Lists | |
282 | |
283 * Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells. | |
284 * Lists as Boxes:: Graphical notation to explain lists. | |
285 * List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists. | |
286 * List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list. | |
287 * Building Lists:: Creating list structure. | |
288 * Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list. | |
289 * Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set. | |
290 * Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping. | |
291 | |
292 Modifying Existing List Structure | |
293 | |
294 * Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list. | |
295 * Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone. | |
296 This can be used to remove or add elements. | |
297 * Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists. | |
298 | |
299 Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors | |
300 | |
301 * Sequence Functions:: Functions that accept any kind of sequence. | |
302 * Arrays:: Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp. | |
303 * Array Functions:: Functions specifically for arrays. | |
304 * Vectors:: Functions specifically for vectors. | |
305 | |
306 Symbols | |
307 | |
308 * Symbol Components:: Symbols have names, values, function definitions | |
309 and property lists. | |
310 * Definitions:: A definition says how a symbol will be used. | |
311 * Creating Symbols:: How symbols are kept unique. | |
312 * Property Lists:: Each symbol has a property list | |
313 for recording miscellaneous information. | |
314 | |
315 Evaluation | |
316 | |
317 * Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things. | |
318 * Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly. | |
319 * Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated. | |
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320 * Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in |
6451 | 321 the program). |
322 | |
323 Kinds of Forms | |
324 | |
325 * Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves. | |
326 * Symbol Forms:: Symbols evaluate as variables. | |
327 * Classifying Lists:: How to distinguish various sorts of list forms. | |
328 * Function Forms:: Forms that call functions. | |
329 * Macro Forms:: Forms that call macros. | |
330 * Special Forms:: ``Special forms'' are idiosyncratic primitives, | |
331 most of them extremely important. | |
332 * Autoloading:: Functions set up to load files | |
333 containing their real definitions. | |
334 | |
335 Control Structures | |
336 | |
337 * Sequencing:: Evaluation in textual order. | |
338 * Conditionals:: @code{if}, @code{cond}. | |
339 * Combining Conditions:: @code{and}, @code{or}, @code{not}. | |
340 * Iteration:: @code{while} loops. | |
341 * Nonlocal Exits:: Jumping out of a sequence. | |
342 | |
343 Nonlocal Exits | |
344 | |
345 * Catch and Throw:: Nonlocal exits for the program's own purposes. | |
346 * Examples of Catch:: Showing how such nonlocal exits can be written. | |
347 * Errors:: How errors are signaled and handled. | |
348 * Cleanups:: Arranging to run a cleanup form if an | |
349 error happens. | |
350 | |
351 Errors | |
352 | |
353 * Signaling Errors:: How to report an error. | |
354 * Processing of Errors:: What Emacs does when you report an error. | |
355 * Handling Errors:: How you can trap errors and continue execution. | |
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356 * Error Symbols:: How errors are classified for trapping them. |
6451 | 357 |
358 Variables | |
359 | |
360 * Global Variables:: Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere. | |
361 * Constant Variables:: Certain "variables" have values that never change. | |
362 * Local Variables:: Variable values that exist only temporarily. | |
363 * Void Variables:: Symbols that lack values. | |
364 * Defining Variables:: A definition says a symbol is used as a variable. | |
365 * Accessing Variables:: Examining values of variables whose names | |
366 are known only at run time. | |
367 * Setting Variables:: Storing new values in variables. | |
368 * Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values. | |
369 * Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer. | |
370 | |
371 Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings | |
372 | |
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373 * Scope:: Scope means where in the program a value |
6451 | 374 is visible. Comparison with other languages. |
375 * Extent:: Extent means how long in time a value exists. | |
376 * Impl of Scope:: Two ways to implement dynamic scoping. | |
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377 * Using Scoping:: How to use dynamic scoping carefully and |
6451 | 378 avoid problems. |
379 | |
380 Buffer-Local Variables | |
381 | |
382 * Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts. | |
383 * Creating Buffer-Local:: Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings. | |
384 * Default Value:: The default value is seen in buffers | |
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385 that don't have their own buffer-local values. |
6451 | 386 |
387 Functions | |
388 | |
389 * What Is a Function:: Lisp functions vs primitives; terminology. | |
390 * Lambda Expressions:: How functions are expressed as Lisp objects. | |
391 * Function Names:: A symbol can serve as the name of a function. | |
392 * Defining Functions:: Lisp expressions for defining functions. | |
393 * Calling Functions:: How to use an existing function. | |
394 * Mapping Functions:: Applying a function to each element of a list, etc. | |
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395 * Anonymous Functions:: Lambda-expressions are functions with no names. |
6451 | 396 * Function Cells:: Accessing or setting the function definition |
397 of a symbol. | |
398 * Related Topics:: Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives | |
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399 that have a special bearing on how |
6451 | 400 functions work. |
401 | |
402 Lambda Expressions | |
403 | |
404 * Lambda Components:: The parts of a lambda expression. | |
405 * Simple Lambda:: A simple example. | |
406 * Argument List:: Details and special features of argument lists. | |
407 * Function Documentation:: How to put documentation in a function. | |
408 | |
409 Macros | |
410 | |
411 * Simple Macro:: A basic example. | |
412 * Expansion:: How, when and why macros are expanded. | |
413 * Compiling Macros:: How macros are expanded by the compiler. | |
414 * Defining Macros:: How to write a macro definition. | |
415 * Backquote:: Easier construction of list structure. | |
416 * Problems with Macros:: Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times. | |
417 Don't hide the user's variables. | |
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418 * Indenting Macros:: Specifying how to indent macro calls. |
6451 | 419 |
420 Loading | |
421 | |
422 * How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others. | |
423 * Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload. | |
12098 | 424 * Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded. |
6451 | 425 * Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice. |
426 | |
427 Byte Compilation | |
428 | |
429 * Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions. | |
430 * Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code. | |
431 | |
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432 Advising Functions |
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433 |
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434 * Simple Advice:: A simple example to explain the basics of advice. |
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435 * Defining Advice:: Detailed description of @code{defadvice}. |
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436 * Computed Advice:: ...is to @code{defadvice} as @code{fset} is to @code{defun}. |
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437 * Activation of Advice:: Advice doesn't do anything until you activate it. |
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438 * Enabling Advice:: You can enable or disable each piece of advice. |
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439 * Preactivation:: Preactivation is a way of speeding up the |
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440 loading of compiled advice. |
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441 * Argument Access in Advice:: How advice can access the function's arguments. |
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442 * Advising Primitives:: Accessing arguments when advising a primitive. |
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443 * Combined Definition:: How advice is implemented. |
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444 |
6451 | 445 Debugging Lisp Programs |
446 | |
447 * Debugger:: How the Emacs Lisp debugger is implemented. | |
448 * Syntax Errors:: How to find syntax errors. | |
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449 * Compilation Errors:: How to find errors that show up in |
6451 | 450 byte compilation. |
451 * Edebug:: A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger. | |
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452 |
6451 | 453 The Lisp Debugger |
454 | |
455 * Error Debugging:: Entering the debugger when an error happens. | |
456 * Function Debugging:: Entering it when a certain function is called. | |
457 * Explicit Debug:: Entering it at a certain point in the program. | |
458 * Using Debugger:: What the debugger does; what you see while in it. | |
459 * Debugger Commands:: Commands used while in the debugger. | |
460 * Invoking the Debugger:: How to call the function @code{debug}. | |
461 * Internals of Debugger:: Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables. | |
462 | |
463 Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax | |
464 | |
465 * Excess Open:: How to find a spurious open paren or missing close. | |
466 * Excess Close:: How to find a spurious close paren or missing open. | |
467 | |
468 Reading and Printing Lisp Objects | |
469 | |
470 * Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing. | |
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471 * Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
6451 | 472 input streams. |
473 * Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text. | |
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474 * Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
6451 | 475 output streams. |
476 * Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text. | |
477 | |
478 Minibuffers | |
479 | |
480 * Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers. | |
481 * Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string. | |
482 * Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression. | |
483 * Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion. | |
484 * Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer. | |
485 * Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables. | |
486 | |
487 Completion | |
488 | |
489 * Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings. | |
490 (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.) | |
491 * Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion. | |
492 * Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion. | |
493 * High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion | |
494 (reading buffer name, file name, etc.) | |
495 * Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names. | |
496 * Programmed Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
497 | |
498 Command Loop | |
499 | |
500 * Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands. | |
501 * Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments. | |
502 * Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments. | |
503 * Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine. | |
504 * Input Events:: What input looks like when you read it. | |
505 * Reading Input:: How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse. | |
506 * Waiting:: Waiting for user input or elapsed time. | |
507 * Quitting:: How @kbd{C-g} works. How to catch or defer quitting. | |
508 * Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work. | |
509 * Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit, | |
510 and why you usually shouldn't. | |
511 * Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands. | |
512 * Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed. | |
513 * Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented. | |
514 | |
515 Defining Commands | |
516 | |
517 * Using Interactive:: General rules for @code{interactive}. | |
518 * Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments | |
519 in various ways. | |
520 * Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments. | |
521 | |
522 Keymaps | |
523 | |
524 * Keymap Terminology:: Definitions of terms pertaining to keymaps. | |
525 * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object. | |
526 * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps. | |
527 * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings | |
528 of another keymap. | |
529 * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition. | |
35476 | 530 * Menu Keymaps:: A keymap can define a menu for X |
6451 | 531 or for use from the terminal. |
532 * Active Keymaps:: Each buffer has a local keymap | |
533 to override the standard (global) bindings. | |
25875 | 534 Each minor mode can also override them. |
6451 | 535 * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works. |
536 * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup. | |
537 * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap. | |
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538 * Remapping Commands:: Bindings that translate one command to another. |
6451 | 539 * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys. |
540 * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help. | |
541 | |
542 Major and Minor Modes | |
543 | |
544 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes. | |
545 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes. | |
546 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line. | |
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547 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that |
6451 | 548 provides hooks. |
549 | |
550 Major Modes | |
551 | |
552 * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc. | |
553 * Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes. | |
554 * Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically. | |
555 * Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode. | |
556 | |
557 Minor Modes | |
558 | |
559 * Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode. | |
560 * Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap. | |
561 | |
562 Mode Line Format | |
563 | |
564 * Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line. | |
565 * Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure. | |
566 * %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line. | |
567 | |
568 Documentation | |
569 | |
570 * Documentation Basics:: Good style for doc strings. | |
571 Where to put them. How Emacs stores them. | |
572 * Accessing Documentation:: How Lisp programs can access doc strings. | |
573 * Keys in Documentation:: Substituting current key bindings. | |
574 * Describing Characters:: Making printable descriptions of | |
575 non-printing characters and key sequences. | |
576 * Help Functions:: Subroutines used by Emacs help facilities. | |
577 | |
578 Files | |
579 | |
580 * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing. | |
581 * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files. | |
582 * Reading from Files:: Reading files into other buffers. | |
583 * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers. | |
584 * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent | |
585 simultaneous editing by two people. | |
586 * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files. | |
587 * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory. | |
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588 * Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc. |
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589 * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names. |
6451 | 590 |
591 Visiting Files | |
592 | |
593 * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting. | |
594 * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use. | |
595 | |
596 Information about Files | |
597 | |
598 * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable? | |
599 * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A link? | |
600 * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc. | |
601 | |
602 File Names | |
603 | |
604 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest. | |
605 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory | |
606 is different from its name as a file. | |
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607 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a |
6451 | 608 current directory. |
609 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones. | |
610 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files. | |
611 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
612 | |
613 Backups and Auto-Saving | |
614 | |
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615 * Backup Files:: How backup files are made; how their names |
6451 | 616 are chosen. |
617 * Auto-Saving:: How auto-save files are made; how their | |
618 names are chosen. | |
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619 * Reverting:: @code{revert-buffer}, and how to customize |
6451 | 620 what it does. |
621 | |
622 Backup Files | |
623 | |
624 * Making Backups:: How Emacs makes backup files, and when. | |
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625 * Rename or Copy:: Two alternatives: renaming the old file |
6451 | 626 or copying it. |
627 * Numbered Backups:: Keeping multiple backups for each source file. | |
628 * Backup Names:: How backup file names are computed; customization. | |
629 | |
630 Buffers | |
631 | |
632 * Buffer Basics:: What is a buffer? | |
633 * Buffer Names:: Accessing and changing buffer names. | |
634 * Buffer File Name:: The buffer file name indicates which file | |
635 is visited. | |
636 * Buffer Modification:: A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved. | |
637 * Modification Time:: Determining whether the visited file was changed | |
638 ``behind Emacs's back''. | |
639 * Read Only Buffers:: Modifying text is not allowed in a | |
640 read-only buffer. | |
641 * The Buffer List:: How to look at all the existing buffers. | |
642 * Creating Buffers:: Functions that create buffers. | |
643 * Killing Buffers:: Buffers exist until explicitly killed. | |
644 * Current Buffer:: Designating a buffer as current | |
645 so primitives will access its contents. | |
646 | |
647 Windows | |
648 | |
649 * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows. | |
650 * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows. | |
651 * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows. | |
652 * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in. | |
653 * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows. | |
654 * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer. | |
655 * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-lever functions for displaying a buffer | |
656 and choosing a window for it. | |
657 * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point. | |
658 * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text | |
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659 is on-screen in the window. |
6451 | 660 * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in the window. |
661 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text sideways on the window. | |
662 * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window. | |
663 * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window. | |
664 * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen. | |
665 | |
12098 | 666 Frames |
667 | |
668 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional frames. | |
669 * Multiple Displays:: Creating frames on other X displays. | |
670 * Frame Parameters:: Controlling frame size, position, font, etc. | |
671 * Frame Titles:: Automatic updating of frame titles. | |
672 * Deleting Frames:: Frames last until explicitly deleted. | |
673 * Finding All Frames:: How to examine all existing frames. | |
674 * Frames and Windows:: A frame contains windows; | |
675 display of text always works through windows. | |
676 * Minibuffers and Frames:: How a frame finds the minibuffer to use. | |
677 * Input Focus:: Specifying the selected frame. | |
678 * Visibility of Frames:: Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons. | |
679 * Raising and Lowering:: Raising a frame makes it hide other X windows; | |
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680 lowering it puts it underneath the others. |
12098 | 681 * Frame Configurations:: Saving the state of all frames. |
682 * Mouse Tracking:: Getting events that say when the mouse moves. | |
683 * Mouse Position:: Asking where the mouse is, or moving it. | |
684 * Pop-Up Menus:: Displaying a menu for the user to select from. | |
685 * Dialog Boxes:: Displaying a box to ask yes or no. | |
686 * Pointer Shapes:: Specifying the shape of the mouse pointer. | |
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687 * Window System Selections::Transferring text to and from other windows. |
12098 | 688 * Color Names:: Getting the definitions of color names. |
689 * Resources:: Getting resource values from the server. | |
27476 | 690 * Display Feature Testing:: Determining the features of a terminal. |
12098 | 691 |
6451 | 692 Positions |
693 | |
694 * Point:: The special position where editing takes place. | |
695 * Motion:: Changing point. | |
696 * Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes. | |
697 * Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer. | |
698 | |
699 Motion | |
700 | |
701 * Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters. | |
702 * Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words. | |
703 * Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer. | |
704 * Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text. | |
705 * Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed. | |
706 * List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps. | |
707 * Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set. | |
708 | |
709 Markers | |
710 | |
711 * Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates. | |
712 * Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker. | |
713 * Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places. | |
714 * Information from Markers:: Finding the marker's buffer or character | |
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715 position. |
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716 * Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position. |
6451 | 717 * The Mark:: How ``the mark'' is implemented with a marker. |
718 * The Region:: How to access ``the region''. | |
719 | |
720 Text | |
721 | |
722 * Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point. | |
723 * Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion. | |
724 * Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer. | |
725 * Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text. | |
726 * Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer. | |
727 * User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text. | |
728 * The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for | |
729 later use. | |
730 * Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer. | |
731 * Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines. | |
732 * Filling:: Functions for explicit filling. | |
12098 | 733 * Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands. |
6451 | 734 * Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer. |
735 * Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation. | |
736 * Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them. | |
737 * Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer. | |
15725 | 738 * Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters. |
6451 | 739 * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears. |
15725 | 740 * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer. |
6451 | 741 * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing |
742 the text or position stored in a register. | |
52914 | 743 * Atomic Changes:: Installing several buffer changes ``atomically''. |
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744 * Base 64:: Conversion to or from base 64 encoding. |
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745 * MD5 Checksum:: Compute the MD5 ``message digest''/``checksum''. |
15725 | 746 * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed. |
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747 |
6451 | 748 The Kill Ring |
749 | |
750 * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring. | |
751 * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text. | |
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752 * Yanking:: How yanking is done. |
6451 | 753 * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring. |
12067 | 754 * Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access. |
6451 | 755 * Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill-ring data. |
756 | |
757 Indentation | |
758 | |
759 * Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation. | |
760 * Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes. | |
761 * Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region. | |
762 * Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines. | |
763 * Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops. | |
764 * Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character. | |
765 | |
15725 | 766 Text Properties |
767 | |
768 * Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character. | |
769 * Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text. | |
770 * Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value. | |
771 * Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings. | |
772 * Format Properties:: Properties for representing formatting of text. | |
773 * Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from | |
774 neighboring text. | |
775 * Saving Properties:: Saving text properties in files, and reading | |
776 them back. | |
777 * Lazy Properties:: Computing text properties in a lazy fashion | |
778 only when text is examined. | |
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779 * Clickable Text:: Using text properties to make regions of text |
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780 do something when you click on them. |
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781 * Fields:: The @code{field} property defines |
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782 fields within the buffer. |
15725 | 783 * Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use |
784 Lisp-visible text intervals. | |
785 | |
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786 Non-ASCII Characters |
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787 |
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788 * Text Representations:: Unibyte and multibyte representations |
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789 * Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa. |
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790 * Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi. |
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791 * Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to |
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792 codes of individual characters. |
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793 * Character Sets:: The space of possible characters codes |
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794 is divided into various character sets. |
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795 * Chars and Bytes:: More information about multibyte encodings. |
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796 * Splitting Characters:: Converting a character to its byte sequence. |
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797 * Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer? |
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798 * Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion. |
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799 * Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files. |
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800 * Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various |
40834 | 801 non-ASCII characters without special keyboards. |
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802 * Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale. |
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803 |
6451 | 804 Searching and Matching |
805 | |
806 * String Search:: Search for an exact match. | |
807 * Regular Expressions:: Describing classes of strings. | |
808 * Regexp Search:: Searching for a match for a regexp. | |
809 * Match Data:: Finding out which part of the text matched | |
810 various parts of a regexp, after regexp search. | |
811 * Saving Match Data:: Saving and restoring this information. | |
812 * Standard Regexps:: Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,... | |
813 * Searching and Case:: Case-independent or case-significant searching. | |
814 | |
815 Regular Expressions | |
816 | |
817 * Syntax of Regexps:: Rules for writing regular expressions. | |
818 * Regexp Example:: Illustrates regular expression syntax. | |
819 | |
820 Syntax Tables | |
821 | |
822 * Syntax Descriptors:: How characters are classified. | |
823 * Syntax Table Functions:: How to create, examine and alter syntax tables. | |
824 * Parsing Expressions:: Parsing balanced expressions | |
825 using the syntax table. | |
826 * Standard Syntax Tables:: Syntax tables used by various major modes. | |
827 * Syntax Table Internals:: How syntax table information is stored. | |
828 | |
829 Syntax Descriptors | |
830 | |
831 * Syntax Class Table:: Table of syntax classes. | |
832 * Syntax Flags:: Additional flags each character can have. | |
833 | |
834 Abbrevs And Abbrev Expansion | |
835 | |
836 * Abbrev Mode:: Setting up Emacs for abbreviation. | |
837 * Tables: Abbrev Tables. Creating and working with abbrev tables. | |
838 * Defining Abbrevs:: Specifying abbreviations and their expansions. | |
839 * Files: Abbrev Files. Saving abbrevs in files. | |
840 * Expansion: Abbrev Expansion. Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines. | |
841 * Standard Abbrev Tables:: Abbrev tables used by various major modes. | |
842 | |
843 Processes | |
844 | |
845 * Subprocess Creation:: Functions that start subprocesses. | |
846 * Synchronous Processes:: Details of using synchronous subprocesses. | |
847 * Asynchronous Processes:: Starting up an asynchronous subprocess. | |
848 * Deleting Processes:: Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess. | |
849 * Process Information:: Accessing run-status and other attributes. | |
850 * Input to Processes:: Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess. | |
851 * Signals to Processes:: Stopping, continuing or interrupting | |
852 an asynchronous subprocess. | |
853 * Output from Processes:: Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess. | |
854 * Sentinels:: Sentinels run when process run-status changes. | |
12098 | 855 * Network:: Opening network connections. |
6451 | 856 |
857 Receiving Output from Processes | |
858 | |
859 * Process Buffers:: If no filter, output is put in a buffer. | |
860 * Filter Functions:: Filter functions accept output from the process. | |
52157 | 861 * Decoding Output:: Filters can get unibyte or multibyte strings. |
6451 | 862 * Accepting Output:: How to wait until process output arrives. |
863 | |
864 Operating System Interface | |
865 | |
866 * Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs start-up processing. | |
867 * Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary). | |
868 * System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system. | |
869 * Terminal Input:: Recording terminal input for debugging. | |
870 * Terminal Output:: Recording terminal output for debugging. | |
871 * Flow Control:: How to turn output flow control on or off. | |
872 * Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction. | |
873 | |
874 Starting Up Emacs | |
875 | |
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876 * Startup Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at start-up. |
6451 | 877 * Init File:: Details on reading the init file (@file{.emacs}). |
878 * Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read. | |
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879 * Command-Line Arguments:: How command line arguments are processed, |
6451 | 880 and how you can customize them. |
881 | |
882 Getting out of Emacs | |
883 | |
884 * Killing Emacs:: Exiting Emacs irreversibly. | |
885 * Suspending Emacs:: Exiting Emacs reversibly. | |
886 | |
887 Emacs Display | |
888 | |
889 * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it. | |
890 * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines. | |
891 * The Echo Area:: Where messages are displayed. | |
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892 * Warnings:: Displaying warning messages for the user. |
6451 | 893 * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text. |
894 * Overlay Arrow:: Display of an arrow to indicate position. | |
895 * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically. | |
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896 * Overlays:: Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer. |
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897 * Width:: How wide a character or string is on the screen. |
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898 * Faces:: A face defines a graphics style |
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899 for text characters: font, colors, etc. |
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900 * Fringes:: Controlling window fringes. |
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901 * Display Property:: Enabling special display features. |
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902 * Images:: Displaying images in Emacs buffers. |
6451 | 903 * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis. |
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904 * Inverse Video:: Specifying how the screen looks. |
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905 * Usual Display:: The usual conventions for displaying nonprinting chars. |
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906 * Display Tables:: How to specify other conventions. |
6451 | 907 * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user. |
908 * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used. | |
909 | |
910 GNU Emacs Internals | |
911 | |
912 * Building Emacs:: How to preload Lisp libraries into Emacs. | |
913 * Pure Storage:: A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable. | |
914 * Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used. | |
915 * Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes. | |
916 * Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs. | |
917 | |
918 Object Internals | |
919 | |
920 * Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure. | |
921 * Window Internals:: Components of a window structure. | |
922 * Process Internals:: Components of a process structure. | |
923 @end menu | |
924 | |
925 @include intro.texi | |
926 @include objects.texi | |
927 @include numbers.texi | |
928 @include strings.texi | |
929 | |
930 @include lists.texi | |
931 @include sequences.texi | |
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932 @include hash.texi |
6451 | 933 @include symbols.texi |
934 @include eval.texi | |
935 | |
936 @include control.texi | |
937 @include variables.texi | |
938 @include functions.texi | |
939 @include macros.texi | |
940 | |
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941 @include customize.texi |
6451 | 942 @include loading.texi |
943 @include compile.texi | |
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944 @include advice.texi |
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945 |
6451 | 946 @include debugging.texi |
947 @include streams.texi | |
948 @include minibuf.texi | |
949 @include commands.texi | |
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950 |
6451 | 951 @include keymaps.texi |
952 @include modes.texi | |
953 @include help.texi | |
954 @include files.texi | |
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955 |
6451 | 956 @include backups.texi |
957 @include buffers.texi | |
958 @include windows.texi | |
959 @include frames.texi | |
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960 |
6451 | 961 @include positions.texi |
962 @include markers.texi | |
963 @include text.texi | |
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964 @include nonascii.texi |
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965 |
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966 @include searching.texi |
6451 | 967 @include syntax.texi |
968 @include abbrevs.texi | |
969 @include processes.texi | |
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970 |
6451 | 971 @include display.texi |
972 @include calendar.texi | |
26211 | 973 @include os.texi |
6451 | 974 |
975 @c MOVE to Emacs Manual: include misc-modes.texi | |
976 | |
977 @c appendices | |
978 | |
979 @c REMOVE this: include non-hacker.texi | |
980 | |
25875 | 981 @include anti.texi |
29116 | 982 @include doclicense.texi |
983 @include gpl.texi | |
6451 | 984 @include tips.texi |
985 @include internals.texi | |
986 @include errors.texi | |
987 @include locals.texi | |
988 @include maps.texi | |
989 @include hooks.texi | |
990 | |
991 @include index.texi | |
992 | |
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993 @node New Symbols, , Index, Top |
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994 @unnumbered New Symbols Since the Previous Edition |
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995 |
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996 @printindex tp |
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997 |
6451 | 998 @c Print the tables of contents |
999 @summarycontents | |
1000 @contents | |
1001 @c That's all | |
1002 | |
1003 @bye | |
1004 | |
1005 | |
1006 These words prevent "local variables" above from confusing Emacs. | |
52401 | 1007 |
1008 @ignore | |
1009 arch-tag: f7e9a219-a0e1-4776-b631-08eaa1d49b34 | |
1010 @end ignore |