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author | Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org> |
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date | Sat, 04 Sep 2004 12:48:19 +0000 |
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21006 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1998, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
21006 | 4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @setfilename ../info/characters | |
6 @node Non-ASCII Characters, Searching and Matching, Text, Top | |
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7 @chapter Non-@acronym{ASCII} Characters |
21006 | 8 @cindex multibyte characters |
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9 @cindex non-@acronym{ASCII} characters |
21006 | 10 |
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11 This chapter covers the special issues relating to non-@acronym{ASCII} |
21006 | 12 characters and how they are stored in strings and buffers. |
13 | |
14 @menu | |
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15 * Text Representations:: Unibyte and multibyte representations |
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16 * Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa. |
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17 * Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi. |
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18 * Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to |
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19 codes of individual characters. |
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20 * Character Sets:: The space of possible character codes |
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21 is divided into various character sets. |
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22 * Chars and Bytes:: More information about multibyte encodings. |
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23 * Splitting Characters:: Converting a character to its byte sequence. |
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24 * Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer? |
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25 * Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion. |
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26 * Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files. |
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27 * Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various |
40834 | 28 non-ASCII characters without special keyboards. |
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29 * Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale. |
21006 | 30 @end menu |
31 | |
32 @node Text Representations | |
33 @section Text Representations | |
34 @cindex text representations | |
35 | |
36 Emacs has two @dfn{text representations}---two ways to represent text | |
37 in a string or buffer. These are called @dfn{unibyte} and | |
38 @dfn{multibyte}. Each string, and each buffer, uses one of these two | |
39 representations. For most purposes, you can ignore the issue of | |
40 representations, because Emacs converts text between them as | |
41 appropriate. Occasionally in Lisp programming you will need to pay | |
42 attention to the difference. | |
43 | |
44 @cindex unibyte text | |
45 In unibyte representation, each character occupies one byte and | |
46 therefore the possible character codes range from 0 to 255. Codes 0 | |
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47 through 127 are @acronym{ASCII} characters; the codes from 128 through 255 |
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48 are used for one non-@acronym{ASCII} character set (you can choose which |
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49 character set by setting the variable @code{nonascii-insert-offset}). |
21006 | 50 |
51 @cindex leading code | |
52 @cindex multibyte text | |
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53 @cindex trailing codes |
21006 | 54 In multibyte representation, a character may occupy more than one |
55 byte, and as a result, the full range of Emacs character codes can be | |
56 stored. The first byte of a multibyte character is always in the range | |
57 128 through 159 (octal 0200 through 0237). These values are called | |
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58 @dfn{leading codes}. The second and subsequent bytes of a multibyte |
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59 character are always in the range 160 through 255 (octal 0240 through |
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60 0377); these values are @dfn{trailing codes}. |
21006 | 61 |
28877 | 62 Some sequences of bytes are not valid in multibyte text: for example, |
32523 | 63 a single isolated byte in the range 128 through 159 is not allowed. But |
64 character codes 128 through 159 can appear in multibyte text, | |
65 represented as two-byte sequences. All the character codes 128 through | |
66 255 are possible (though slightly abnormal) in multibyte text; they | |
28877 | 67 appear in multibyte buffers and strings when you do explicit encoding |
68 and decoding (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). | |
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69 |
21006 | 70 In a buffer, the buffer-local value of the variable |
71 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} specifies the representation used. | |
24952 | 72 The representation for a string is determined and recorded in the string |
73 when the string is constructed. | |
21006 | 74 |
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75 @defvar enable-multibyte-characters |
21006 | 76 This variable specifies the current buffer's text representation. |
77 If it is non-@code{nil}, the buffer contains multibyte text; otherwise, | |
78 it contains unibyte text. | |
79 | |
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80 You cannot set this variable directly; instead, use the function |
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81 @code{set-buffer-multibyte} to change a buffer's representation. |
21006 | 82 @end defvar |
83 | |
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84 @defvar default-enable-multibyte-characters |
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85 This variable's value is entirely equivalent to @code{(default-value |
21006 | 86 'enable-multibyte-characters)}, and setting this variable changes that |
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87 default value. Setting the local binding of |
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88 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} in a specific buffer is not allowed, |
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89 but changing the default value is supported, and it is a reasonable |
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90 thing to do, because it has no effect on existing buffers. |
21006 | 91 |
92 The @samp{--unibyte} command line option does its job by setting the | |
93 default value to @code{nil} early in startup. | |
94 @end defvar | |
95 | |
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96 @defun position-bytes position |
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97 @tindex position-bytes |
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98 Return the byte-position corresponding to buffer position @var{position} |
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99 in the current buffer. If @var{position} is out of range, the value |
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100 is @code{nil}. |
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101 @end defun |
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102 |
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103 @defun byte-to-position byte-position |
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104 @tindex byte-to-position |
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105 Return the buffer position corresponding to byte-position |
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106 @var{byte-position} in the current buffer. If @var{byte-position} is |
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107 out of range, the value is @code{nil}. |
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108 @end defun |
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109 |
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110 @defun multibyte-string-p string |
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111 Return @code{t} if @var{string} is a multibyte string. |
21006 | 112 @end defun |
113 | |
114 @node Converting Representations | |
115 @section Converting Text Representations | |
116 | |
117 Emacs can convert unibyte text to multibyte; it can also convert | |
118 multibyte text to unibyte, though this conversion loses information. In | |
119 general these conversions happen when inserting text into a buffer, or | |
120 when putting text from several strings together in one string. You can | |
121 also explicitly convert a string's contents to either representation. | |
122 | |
123 Emacs chooses the representation for a string based on the text that | |
124 it is constructed from. The general rule is to convert unibyte text to | |
125 multibyte text when combining it with other multibyte text, because the | |
126 multibyte representation is more general and can hold whatever | |
127 characters the unibyte text has. | |
128 | |
129 When inserting text into a buffer, Emacs converts the text to the | |
130 buffer's representation, as specified by | |
131 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} in that buffer. In particular, when | |
132 you insert multibyte text into a unibyte buffer, Emacs converts the text | |
133 to unibyte, even though this conversion cannot in general preserve all | |
134 the characters that might be in the multibyte text. The other natural | |
135 alternative, to convert the buffer contents to multibyte, is not | |
136 acceptable because the buffer's representation is a choice made by the | |
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137 user that cannot be overridden automatically. |
21006 | 138 |
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139 Converting unibyte text to multibyte text leaves @acronym{ASCII} characters |
32523 | 140 unchanged, and likewise character codes 128 through 159. It converts |
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141 the non-@acronym{ASCII} codes 160 through 255 by adding the value |
32523 | 142 @code{nonascii-insert-offset} to each character code. By setting this |
143 variable, you specify which character set the unibyte characters | |
144 correspond to (@pxref{Character Sets}). For example, if | |
145 @code{nonascii-insert-offset} is 2048, which is @code{(- (make-char | |
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146 'latin-iso8859-1) 128)}, then the unibyte non-@acronym{ASCII} characters |
32523 | 147 correspond to Latin 1. If it is 2688, which is @code{(- (make-char |
148 'greek-iso8859-7) 128)}, then they correspond to Greek letters. | |
21006 | 149 |
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150 Converting multibyte text to unibyte is simpler: it discards all but |
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151 the low 8 bits of each character code. If @code{nonascii-insert-offset} |
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152 has a reasonable value, corresponding to the beginning of some character |
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153 set, this conversion is the inverse of the other: converting unibyte |
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154 text to multibyte and back to unibyte reproduces the original unibyte |
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155 text. |
21006 | 156 |
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157 @defvar nonascii-insert-offset |
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158 This variable specifies the amount to add to a non-@acronym{ASCII} character |
21006 | 159 when converting unibyte text to multibyte. It also applies when |
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160 @code{self-insert-command} inserts a character in the unibyte |
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161 non-@acronym{ASCII} range, 128 through 255. However, the functions |
29265 | 162 @code{insert} and @code{insert-char} do not perform this conversion. |
21006 | 163 |
164 The right value to use to select character set @var{cs} is @code{(- | |
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165 (make-char @var{cs}) 128)}. If the value of |
21006 | 166 @code{nonascii-insert-offset} is zero, then conversion actually uses the |
167 value for the Latin 1 character set, rather than zero. | |
168 @end defvar | |
169 | |
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170 @defvar nonascii-translation-table |
21006 | 171 This variable provides a more general alternative to |
172 @code{nonascii-insert-offset}. You can use it to specify independently | |
173 how to translate each code in the range of 128 through 255 into a | |
29265 | 174 multibyte character. The value should be a char-table, or @code{nil}. |
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175 If this is non-@code{nil}, it overrides @code{nonascii-insert-offset}. |
21006 | 176 @end defvar |
177 | |
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178 The next three functions either return the argument @var{string}, or a |
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179 newly created string with no text properties. |
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180 |
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181 @defun string-make-unibyte string |
21006 | 182 This function converts the text of @var{string} to unibyte |
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183 representation, if it isn't already, and returns the result. If |
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184 @var{string} is a unibyte string, it is returned unchanged. Multibyte |
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185 character codes are converted to unibyte according to |
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186 @code{nonascii-translation-table} or, if that is @code{nil}, using |
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187 @code{nonascii-insert-offset}. If the lookup in the translation table |
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188 fails, this function takes just the low 8 bits of each character. |
21006 | 189 @end defun |
190 | |
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191 @defun string-make-multibyte string |
21006 | 192 This function converts the text of @var{string} to multibyte |
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193 representation, if it isn't already, and returns the result. If |
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194 @var{string} is a multibyte string or consists entirely of |
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195 @acronym{ASCII} characters, it is returned unchanged. In particular, |
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196 if @var{string} is unibyte and entirely @acronym{ASCII}, the returned |
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197 string is unibyte. (When the characters are all @acronym{ASCII}, |
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198 Emacs primitives will treat the string the same way whether it is |
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199 unibyte or multibyte.) If @var{string} is unibyte and contains |
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200 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, the function |
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201 @code{unibyte-char-to-multibyte} is used to convert each unibyte |
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202 character to a multibyte character. |
21006 | 203 @end defun |
204 | |
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205 @defun string-to-multibyte string |
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206 This function returns a multibyte string containing the same sequence |
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207 of character codes as @var{string}. Unlike |
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208 @code{string-make-multibyte}, this function unconditionally returns a |
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209 multibyte string. If @var{string} is a multibyte string, it is |
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210 returned unchanged. |
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211 @end defun |
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212 |
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213 @defun multibyte-char-to-unibyte char |
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214 This convert the multibyte character @var{char} to a unibyte |
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215 character, based on @code{nonascii-translation-table} and |
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216 @code{nonascii-insert-offset}. |
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217 @end defun |
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218 |
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219 @defun unibyte-char-to-multibyte char |
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220 This convert the unibyte character @var{char} to a multibyte |
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221 character, based on @code{nonascii-translation-table} and |
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222 @code{nonascii-insert-offset}. |
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223 @end defun |
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224 |
21006 | 225 @node Selecting a Representation |
226 @section Selecting a Representation | |
227 | |
228 Sometimes it is useful to examine an existing buffer or string as | |
229 multibyte when it was unibyte, or vice versa. | |
230 | |
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231 @defun set-buffer-multibyte multibyte |
21006 | 232 Set the representation type of the current buffer. If @var{multibyte} |
233 is non-@code{nil}, the buffer becomes multibyte. If @var{multibyte} | |
234 is @code{nil}, the buffer becomes unibyte. | |
235 | |
236 This function leaves the buffer contents unchanged when viewed as a | |
237 sequence of bytes. As a consequence, it can change the contents viewed | |
238 as characters; a sequence of two bytes which is treated as one character | |
239 in multibyte representation will count as two characters in unibyte | |
29265 | 240 representation. Character codes 128 through 159 are an exception. They |
241 are represented by one byte in a unibyte buffer, but when the buffer is | |
242 set to multibyte, they are converted to two-byte sequences, and vice | |
243 versa. | |
21006 | 244 |
245 This function sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to record which | |
246 representation is in use. It also adjusts various data in the buffer | |
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247 (including overlays, text properties and markers) so that they cover the |
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248 same text as they did before. |
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249 |
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250 You cannot use @code{set-buffer-multibyte} on an indirect buffer, |
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251 because indirect buffers always inherit the representation of the |
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252 base buffer. |
21006 | 253 @end defun |
254 | |
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255 @defun string-as-unibyte string |
21006 | 256 This function returns a string with the same bytes as @var{string} but |
257 treating each byte as a character. This means that the value may have | |
258 more characters than @var{string} has. | |
259 | |
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260 If @var{string} is already a unibyte string, then the value is |
33912 | 261 @var{string} itself. Otherwise it is a newly created string, with no |
262 text properties. If @var{string} is multibyte, any characters it | |
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263 contains of charset @code{eight-bit-control} or @code{eight-bit-graphic} |
33912 | 264 are converted to the corresponding single byte. |
21006 | 265 @end defun |
266 | |
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267 @defun string-as-multibyte string |
21006 | 268 This function returns a string with the same bytes as @var{string} but |
269 treating each multibyte sequence as one character. This means that the | |
270 value may have fewer characters than @var{string} has. | |
271 | |
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272 If @var{string} is already a multibyte string, then the value is |
33912 | 273 @var{string} itself. Otherwise it is a newly created string, with no |
274 text properties. If @var{string} is unibyte and contains any individual | |
275 8-bit bytes (i.e.@: not part of a multibyte form), they are converted to | |
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276 the corresponding multibyte character of charset @code{eight-bit-control} |
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277 or @code{eight-bit-graphic}. |
21006 | 278 @end defun |
279 | |
280 @node Character Codes | |
281 @section Character Codes | |
282 @cindex character codes | |
283 | |
284 The unibyte and multibyte text representations use different character | |
285 codes. The valid character codes for unibyte representation range from | |
286 0 to 255---the values that can fit in one byte. The valid character | |
287 codes for multibyte representation range from 0 to 524287, but not all | |
28877 | 288 values in that range are valid. The values 128 through 255 are not |
32523 | 289 entirely proper in multibyte text, but they can occur if you do explicit |
28877 | 290 encoding and decoding (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). Some other character |
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291 codes cannot occur at all in multibyte text. Only the @acronym{ASCII} codes |
32523 | 292 0 through 127 are completely legitimate in both representations. |
21006 | 293 |
29265 | 294 @defun char-valid-p charcode &optional genericp |
21006 | 295 This returns @code{t} if @var{charcode} is valid for either one of the two |
296 text representations. | |
297 | |
298 @example | |
299 (char-valid-p 65) | |
300 @result{} t | |
301 (char-valid-p 256) | |
302 @result{} nil | |
303 (char-valid-p 2248) | |
304 @result{} t | |
305 @end example | |
29265 | 306 |
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307 If the optional argument @var{genericp} is non-@code{nil}, this |
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308 function also returns @code{t} if @var{charcode} is a generic |
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309 character (@pxref{Splitting Characters}). |
21006 | 310 @end defun |
311 | |
312 @node Character Sets | |
313 @section Character Sets | |
314 @cindex character sets | |
315 | |
316 Emacs classifies characters into various @dfn{character sets}, each of | |
317 which has a name which is a symbol. Each character belongs to one and | |
318 only one character set. | |
319 | |
320 In general, there is one character set for each distinct script. For | |
321 example, @code{latin-iso8859-1} is one character set, | |
322 @code{greek-iso8859-7} is another, and @code{ascii} is another. An | |
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323 Emacs character set can hold at most 9025 characters; therefore, in some |
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324 cases, characters that would logically be grouped together are split |
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325 into several character sets. For example, one set of Chinese |
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326 characters, generally known as Big 5, is divided into two Emacs |
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327 character sets, @code{chinese-big5-1} and @code{chinese-big5-2}. |
21006 | 328 |
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329 @acronym{ASCII} characters are in character set @code{ascii}. The |
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330 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters 128 through 159 are in character set |
28900 | 331 @code{eight-bit-control}, and codes 160 through 255 are in character set |
332 @code{eight-bit-graphic}. | |
333 | |
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334 @defun charsetp object |
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335 Returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a symbol that names a character set, |
21006 | 336 @code{nil} otherwise. |
337 @end defun | |
338 | |
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339 @defvar charset-list |
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340 The value is a list of all defined character set names. |
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341 @end defvar |
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342 |
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343 @defun charset-list |
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344 This function returns the value of @code{charset-list}. It is only |
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345 provided for backward compatibility. |
21006 | 346 @end defun |
347 | |
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348 @defun char-charset character |
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349 This function returns the name of the character set that @var{character} |
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350 belongs to, or the symbol @code{unknown} if @var{character} is not a |
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351 valid character. |
21006 | 352 @end defun |
353 | |
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354 @defun charset-plist charset |
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355 @tindex charset-plist |
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356 This function returns the charset property list of the character set |
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357 @var{charset}. Although @var{charset} is a symbol, this is not the same |
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358 as the property list of that symbol. Charset properties are used for |
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359 special purposes within Emacs. |
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360 @end defun |
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361 |
21006 | 362 @node Chars and Bytes |
363 @section Characters and Bytes | |
364 @cindex bytes and characters | |
365 | |
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366 @cindex introduction sequence |
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367 @cindex dimension (of character set) |
21006 | 368 In multibyte representation, each character occupies one or more |
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369 bytes. Each character set has an @dfn{introduction sequence}, which is |
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370 normally one or two bytes long. (Exception: the @code{ascii} character |
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371 set and the @code{eight-bit-graphic} character set have a zero-length |
29265 | 372 introduction sequence.) The introduction sequence is the beginning of |
373 the byte sequence for any character in the character set. The rest of | |
374 the character's bytes distinguish it from the other characters in the | |
375 same character set. Depending on the character set, there are either | |
376 one or two distinguishing bytes; the number of such bytes is called the | |
377 @dfn{dimension} of the character set. | |
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378 |
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379 @defun charset-dimension charset |
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380 This function returns the dimension of @var{charset}; at present, the |
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381 dimension is always 1 or 2. |
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382 @end defun |
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383 |
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384 @defun charset-bytes charset |
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385 @tindex charset-bytes |
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386 This function returns the number of bytes used to represent a character |
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387 in character set @var{charset}. |
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388 @end defun |
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389 |
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390 This is the simplest way to determine the byte length of a character |
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391 set's introduction sequence: |
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392 |
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393 @example |
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394 (- (charset-bytes @var{charset}) |
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395 (charset-dimension @var{charset})) |
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396 @end example |
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397 |
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398 @node Splitting Characters |
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399 @section Splitting Characters |
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400 |
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401 The functions in this section convert between characters and the byte |
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402 values used to represent them. For most purposes, there is no need to |
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403 be concerned with the sequence of bytes used to represent a character, |
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404 because Emacs translates automatically when necessary. |
21006 | 405 |
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406 @defun split-char character |
21006 | 407 Return a list containing the name of the character set of |
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408 @var{character}, followed by one or two byte values (integers) which |
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409 identify @var{character} within that character set. The number of byte |
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410 values is the character set's dimension. |
21006 | 411 |
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412 If @var{character} is invalid as a character code, @code{split-char} |
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413 returns a list consisting of the symbol @code{unknown} and @var{character}. |
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414 |
21006 | 415 @example |
416 (split-char 2248) | |
417 @result{} (latin-iso8859-1 72) | |
418 (split-char 65) | |
419 @result{} (ascii 65) | |
29265 | 420 (split-char 128) |
421 @result{} (eight-bit-control 128) | |
21006 | 422 @end example |
423 @end defun | |
424 | |
34811 | 425 @defun make-char charset &optional code1 code2 |
426 This function returns the character in character set @var{charset} whose | |
427 position codes are @var{code1} and @var{code2}. This is roughly the | |
428 inverse of @code{split-char}. Normally, you should specify either one | |
429 or both of @var{code1} and @var{code2} according to the dimension of | |
430 @var{charset}. For example, | |
21006 | 431 |
432 @example | |
433 (make-char 'latin-iso8859-1 72) | |
434 @result{} 2248 | |
435 @end example | |
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436 |
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437 Actually, the eighth bit of both @var{code1} and @var{code2} is zeroed |
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438 before they are used to index @var{charset}. Thus you may use, for |
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439 instance, an ISO 8859 character code rather than subtracting 128, as |
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440 is necessary to index the corresponding Emacs charset. |
21006 | 441 @end defun |
442 | |
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443 @cindex generic characters |
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444 If you call @code{make-char} with no @var{byte-values}, the result is |
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445 a @dfn{generic character} which stands for @var{charset}. A generic |
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446 character is an integer, but it is @emph{not} valid for insertion in the |
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447 buffer as a character. It can be used in @code{char-table-range} to |
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448 refer to the whole character set (@pxref{Char-Tables}). |
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449 @code{char-valid-p} returns @code{nil} for generic characters. |
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450 For example: |
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451 |
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452 @example |
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453 (make-char 'latin-iso8859-1) |
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454 @result{} 2176 |
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455 (char-valid-p 2176) |
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456 @result{} nil |
29265 | 457 (char-valid-p 2176 t) |
458 @result{} t | |
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459 (split-char 2176) |
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460 @result{} (latin-iso8859-1 0) |
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461 @end example |
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462 |
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463 The character sets @code{ascii}, @code{eight-bit-control}, and |
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464 @code{eight-bit-graphic} don't have corresponding generic characters. If |
34811 | 465 @var{charset} is one of them and you don't supply @var{code1}, |
466 @code{make-char} returns the character code corresponding to the | |
467 smallest code in @var{charset}. | |
29265 | 468 |
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469 @node Scanning Charsets |
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470 @section Scanning for Character Sets |
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471 |
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472 Sometimes it is useful to find out which character sets appear in a |
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473 part of a buffer or a string. One use for this is in determining which |
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474 coding systems (@pxref{Coding Systems}) are capable of representing all |
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475 of the text in question. |
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476 |
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477 @defun find-charset-region beg end &optional translation |
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478 This function returns a list of the character sets that appear in the |
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479 current buffer between positions @var{beg} and @var{end}. |
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480 |
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481 The optional argument @var{translation} specifies a translation table to |
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482 be used in scanning the text (@pxref{Translation of Characters}). If it |
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483 is non-@code{nil}, then each character in the region is translated |
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484 through this table, and the value returned describes the translated |
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485 characters instead of the characters actually in the buffer. |
28887 | 486 @end defun |
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487 |
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488 @defun find-charset-string string &optional translation |
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489 This function returns a list of the character sets that appear in the |
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490 string @var{string}. It is just like @code{find-charset-region}, except |
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491 that it applies to the contents of @var{string} instead of part of the |
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492 current buffer. |
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493 @end defun |
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494 |
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495 @node Translation of Characters |
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496 @section Translation of Characters |
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497 @cindex character translation tables |
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498 @cindex translation tables |
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499 |
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500 A @dfn{translation table} is a char-table that specifies a mapping |
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501 of characters into characters. These tables are used in encoding and |
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502 decoding, and for other purposes. Some coding systems specify their |
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503 own particular translation tables; there are also default translation |
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504 tables which apply to all other coding systems. |
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505 |
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506 For instance, the coding-system @code{utf-8} has a translation table |
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507 that maps characters of various charsets (e.g., |
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508 @code{latin-iso8859-@var{x}}) into Unicode character sets. This way, |
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509 it can encode Latin-2 characters into UTF-8. Meanwhile, |
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510 @code{unify-8859-on-decoding-mode} operates by specifying |
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511 @code{standard-translation-table-for-decode} to translate |
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512 Latin-@var{x} characters into corresponding Unicode characters. |
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513 |
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514 @defun make-translation-table &rest translations |
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515 This function returns a translation table based on the argument |
35752 | 516 @var{translations}. Each element of @var{translations} should be a |
517 list of elements of the form @code{(@var{from} . @var{to})}; this says | |
518 to translate the character @var{from} into @var{to}. | |
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519 |
35493 | 520 The arguments and the forms in each argument are processed in order, |
521 and if a previous form already translates @var{to} to some other | |
522 character, say @var{to-alt}, @var{from} is also translated to | |
523 @var{to-alt}. | |
524 | |
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525 You can also map one whole character set into another character set with |
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526 the same dimension. To do this, you specify a generic character (which |
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527 designates a character set) for @var{from} (@pxref{Splitting Characters}). |
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528 In this case, if @var{to} is also a generic character, its character |
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529 set should have the same dimension as @var{from}'s. Then the |
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530 translation table translates each character of @var{from}'s character |
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531 set into the corresponding character of @var{to}'s character set. If |
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532 @var{from} is a generic character and @var{to} is an ordinary |
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533 character, then the translation table translates every character of |
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534 @var{from}'s character set into @var{to}. |
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535 @end defun |
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536 |
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537 In decoding, the translation table's translations are applied to the |
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538 characters that result from ordinary decoding. If a coding system has |
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539 property @code{translation-table-for-decode}, that specifies the |
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540 translation table to use. (This is a property of the coding system, |
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541 as returned by @code{coding-system-get}, not a property of the symbol |
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542 that is the coding system's name. @xref{Coding System Basics,, Basic |
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543 Concepts of Coding Systems}.) Otherwise, if |
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544 @code{standard-translation-table-for-decode} is non-@code{nil}, |
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545 decoding uses that table. |
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546 |
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547 In encoding, the translation table's translations are applied to the |
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548 characters in the buffer, and the result of translation is actually |
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549 encoded. If a coding system has property |
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550 @code{translation-table-for-encode}, that specifies the translation |
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551 table to use. Otherwise the variable |
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552 @code{standard-translation-table-for-encode} specifies the translation |
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553 table. |
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554 |
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555 @defvar standard-translation-table-for-decode |
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556 This is the default translation table for decoding, for |
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557 coding systems that don't specify any other translation table. |
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558 @end defvar |
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559 |
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560 @defvar standard-translation-table-for-encode |
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561 This is the default translation table for encoding, for |
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562 coding systems that don't specify any other translation table. |
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563 @end defvar |
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564 |
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565 @defvar translation-table-for-input |
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566 Self-inserting characters are translated through this translation |
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567 table before they are inserted. This variable automatically becomes |
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568 buffer-local when set. |
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569 |
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570 @code{set-buffer-file-coding-system} sets this variable so that your |
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571 keyboard input gets translated into the character sets that the buffer |
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572 is likely to contain. |
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573 @end defvar |
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574 |
21006 | 575 @node Coding Systems |
576 @section Coding Systems | |
577 | |
578 @cindex coding system | |
579 When Emacs reads or writes a file, and when Emacs sends text to a | |
580 subprocess or receives text from a subprocess, it normally performs | |
581 character code conversion and end-of-line conversion as specified | |
582 by a particular @dfn{coding system}. | |
583 | |
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584 How to define a coding system is an arcane matter, and is not |
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585 documented here. |
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586 |
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587 @menu |
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588 * Coding System Basics:: Basic concepts. |
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589 * Encoding and I/O:: How file I/O functions handle coding systems. |
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590 * Lisp and Coding Systems:: Functions to operate on coding system names. |
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591 * User-Chosen Coding Systems:: Asking the user to choose a coding system. |
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592 * Default Coding Systems:: Controlling the default choices. |
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593 * Specifying Coding Systems:: Requesting a particular coding system |
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594 for a single file operation. |
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595 * Explicit Encoding:: Encoding or decoding text without doing I/O. |
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596 * Terminal I/O Encoding:: Use of encoding for terminal I/O. |
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597 * MS-DOS File Types:: How DOS "text" and "binary" files |
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598 relate to coding systems. |
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599 @end menu |
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600 |
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601 @node Coding System Basics |
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602 @subsection Basic Concepts of Coding Systems |
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603 |
21006 | 604 @cindex character code conversion |
605 @dfn{Character code conversion} involves conversion between the encoding | |
606 used inside Emacs and some other encoding. Emacs supports many | |
607 different encodings, in that it can convert to and from them. For | |
608 example, it can convert text to or from encodings such as Latin 1, Latin | |
609 2, Latin 3, Latin 4, Latin 5, and several variants of ISO 2022. In some | |
610 cases, Emacs supports several alternative encodings for the same | |
611 characters; for example, there are three coding systems for the Cyrillic | |
612 (Russian) alphabet: ISO, Alternativnyj, and KOI8. | |
613 | |
614 Most coding systems specify a particular character code for | |
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615 conversion, but some of them leave the choice unspecified---to be chosen |
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616 heuristically for each file, based on the data. |
21006 | 617 |
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618 @cindex end of line conversion |
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619 @dfn{End of line conversion} handles three different conventions used |
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620 on various systems for representing end of line in files. The Unix |
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621 convention is to use the linefeed character (also called newline). The |
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622 DOS convention is to use a carriage-return and a linefeed at the end of |
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623 a line. The Mac convention is to use just carriage-return. |
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624 |
21006 | 625 @cindex base coding system |
626 @cindex variant coding system | |
627 @dfn{Base coding systems} such as @code{latin-1} leave the end-of-line | |
628 conversion unspecified, to be chosen based on the data. @dfn{Variant | |
629 coding systems} such as @code{latin-1-unix}, @code{latin-1-dos} and | |
630 @code{latin-1-mac} specify the end-of-line conversion explicitly as | |
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631 well. Most base coding systems have three corresponding variants whose |
21006 | 632 names are formed by adding @samp{-unix}, @samp{-dos} and @samp{-mac}. |
633 | |
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634 The coding system @code{raw-text} is special in that it prevents |
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635 character code conversion, and causes the buffer visited with that |
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636 coding system to be a unibyte buffer. It does not specify the |
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637 end-of-line conversion, allowing that to be determined as usual by the |
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638 data, and has the usual three variants which specify the end-of-line |
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639 conversion. @code{no-conversion} is equivalent to @code{raw-text-unix}: |
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640 it specifies no conversion of either character codes or end-of-line. |
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641 |
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642 The coding system @code{emacs-mule} specifies that the data is |
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643 represented in the internal Emacs encoding. This is like |
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644 @code{raw-text} in that no code conversion happens, but different in |
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645 that the result is multibyte data. |
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646 |
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647 @defun coding-system-get coding-system property |
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648 This function returns the specified property of the coding system |
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649 @var{coding-system}. Most coding system properties exist for internal |
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650 purposes, but one that you might find useful is @code{mime-charset}. |
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651 That property's value is the name used in MIME for the character coding |
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652 which this coding system can read and write. Examples: |
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653 |
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654 @example |
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655 (coding-system-get 'iso-latin-1 'mime-charset) |
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656 @result{} iso-8859-1 |
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657 (coding-system-get 'iso-2022-cn 'mime-charset) |
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658 @result{} iso-2022-cn |
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659 (coding-system-get 'cyrillic-koi8 'mime-charset) |
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660 @result{} koi8-r |
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661 @end example |
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662 |
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663 The value of the @code{mime-charset} property is also defined |
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664 as an alias for the coding system. |
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665 @end defun |
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666 |
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667 @node Encoding and I/O |
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668 @subsection Encoding and I/O |
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669 |
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670 The principal purpose of coding systems is for use in reading and |
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671 writing files. The function @code{insert-file-contents} uses |
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672 a coding system for decoding the file data, and @code{write-region} |
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673 uses one to encode the buffer contents. |
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674 |
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675 You can specify the coding system to use either explicitly |
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676 (@pxref{Specifying Coding Systems}), or implicitly using the defaulting |
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677 mechanism (@pxref{Default Coding Systems}). But these methods may not |
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678 completely specify what to do. For example, they may choose a coding |
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679 system such as @code{undefined} which leaves the character code |
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680 conversion to be determined from the data. In these cases, the I/O |
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681 operation finishes the job of choosing a coding system. Very often |
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682 you will want to find out afterwards which coding system was chosen. |
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683 |
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684 @defvar buffer-file-coding-system |
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685 This variable records the coding system that was used for visiting the |
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686 current buffer. It is used for saving the buffer, and for writing part |
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687 of the buffer with @code{write-region}. If the text to be written |
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688 cannot be safely encoded using the coding system specified by this |
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689 variable, these operations select an alternative encoding by calling |
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690 the function @code{select-safe-coding-system} (@pxref{User-Chosen |
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691 Coding Systems}). If selecting a different encoding requires to ask |
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692 the user to specify a coding system, @code{buffer-file-coding-system} |
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693 is updated to the newly selected coding system. |
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694 |
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695 @code{buffer-file-coding-system} does @emph{not} affect sending text |
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696 to a subprocess. |
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697 @end defvar |
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698 |
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699 @defvar save-buffer-coding-system |
29265 | 700 This variable specifies the coding system for saving the buffer (by |
701 overriding @code{buffer-file-coding-system}). Note that it is not used | |
702 for @code{write-region}. | |
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703 |
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704 When a command to save the buffer starts out to use |
29265 | 705 @code{buffer-file-coding-system} (or @code{save-buffer-coding-system}), |
706 and that coding system cannot handle | |
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707 the actual text in the buffer, the command asks the user to choose |
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708 another coding system (by calling @code{select-safe-coding-system}). |
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709 After that happens, the command also updates |
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710 @code{buffer-file-coding-system} to represent the coding system that |
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711 the user specified. |
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712 @end defvar |
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713 |
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714 @defvar last-coding-system-used |
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715 I/O operations for files and subprocesses set this variable to the |
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716 coding system name that was used. The explicit encoding and decoding |
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717 functions (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}) set it too. |
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718 |
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719 @strong{Warning:} Since receiving subprocess output sets this variable, |
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720 it can change whenever Emacs waits; therefore, you should copy the |
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721 value shortly after the function call that stores the value you are |
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722 interested in. |
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723 @end defvar |
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724 |
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725 The variable @code{selection-coding-system} specifies how to encode |
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726 selections for the window system. @xref{Window System Selections}. |
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727 |
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728 @defvar file-name-coding-system |
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729 The variable @code{file-name-coding-system} specifies the coding |
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730 system to use for encoding file names. Emacs encodes file names using |
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731 that coding system for all file operations. If |
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732 @code{file-name-coding-system} is @code{nil}, Emacs uses a default |
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733 coding system determined by the selected language environment. In the |
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734 default language environment, any non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in |
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735 file names are not encoded specially; they appear in the file system |
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736 using the internal Emacs representation. |
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737 @end defvar |
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738 |
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739 @strong{Warning:} if you change @code{file-name-coding-system} (or |
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740 the language environment) in the middle of an Emacs session, problems |
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741 can result if you have already visited files whose names were encoded |
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742 using the earlier coding system and are handled differently under the |
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743 new coding system. If you try to save one of these buffers under the |
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744 visited file name, saving may use the wrong file name, or it may get |
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745 an error. If such a problem happens, use @kbd{C-x C-w} to specify a |
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746 new file name for that buffer. |
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747 |
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748 @node Lisp and Coding Systems |
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749 @subsection Coding Systems in Lisp |
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750 |
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751 Here are the Lisp facilities for working with coding systems: |
21006 | 752 |
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753 @defun coding-system-list &optional base-only |
21006 | 754 This function returns a list of all coding system names (symbols). If |
755 @var{base-only} is non-@code{nil}, the value includes only the | |
29265 | 756 base coding systems. Otherwise, it includes alias and variant coding |
757 systems as well. | |
21006 | 758 @end defun |
759 | |
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760 @defun coding-system-p object |
21006 | 761 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a coding system |
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762 name or @code{nil}. |
21006 | 763 @end defun |
764 | |
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765 @defun check-coding-system coding-system |
21006 | 766 This function checks the validity of @var{coding-system}. |
767 If that is valid, it returns @var{coding-system}. | |
768 Otherwise it signals an error with condition @code{coding-system-error}. | |
769 @end defun | |
770 | |
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771 @defun coding-system-change-eol-conversion coding-system eol-type |
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772 This function returns a coding system which is like @var{coding-system} |
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773 except for its eol conversion, which is specified by @code{eol-type}. |
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774 @var{eol-type} should be @code{unix}, @code{dos}, @code{mac}, or |
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775 @code{nil}. If it is @code{nil}, the returned coding system determines |
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776 the end-of-line conversion from the data. |
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777 |
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778 @var{eol-type} may also be 0, 1 or 2, standing for @code{unix}, |
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779 @code{dos} and @code{mac}, respectively. |
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780 @end defun |
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781 |
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782 @defun coding-system-change-text-conversion eol-coding text-coding |
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783 This function returns a coding system which uses the end-of-line |
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784 conversion of @var{eol-coding}, and the text conversion of |
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785 @var{text-coding}. If @var{text-coding} is @code{nil}, it returns |
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786 @code{undecided}, or one of its variants according to @var{eol-coding}. |
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787 @end defun |
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788 |
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789 @defun find-coding-systems-region from to |
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790 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to |
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791 encode a text between @var{from} and @var{to}. All coding systems in |
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792 the list can safely encode any multibyte characters in that portion of |
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793 the text. |
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794 |
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795 If the text contains no multibyte characters, the function returns the |
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796 list @code{(undecided)}. |
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797 @end defun |
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798 |
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799 @defun find-coding-systems-string string |
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800 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to |
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801 encode the text of @var{string}. All coding systems in the list can |
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802 safely encode any multibyte characters in @var{string}. If the text |
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803 contains no multibyte characters, this returns the list |
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804 @code{(undecided)}. |
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805 @end defun |
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806 |
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807 @defun find-coding-systems-for-charsets charsets |
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808 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to |
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809 encode all the character sets in the list @var{charsets}. |
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810 @end defun |
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811 |
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812 @defun detect-coding-region start end &optional highest |
21006 | 813 This function chooses a plausible coding system for decoding the text |
28877 | 814 from @var{start} to @var{end}. This text should be a byte sequence |
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815 (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). |
21006 | 816 |
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817 Normally this function returns a list of coding systems that could |
21006 | 818 handle decoding the text that was scanned. They are listed in order of |
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819 decreasing priority. But if @var{highest} is non-@code{nil}, then the |
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820 return value is just one coding system, the one that is highest in |
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821 priority. |
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822 |
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823 If the region contains only @acronym{ASCII} characters, the value |
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824 is @code{undecided} or @code{(undecided)}, or a variant specifying |
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825 end-of-line conversion, if that can be deduced from the text. |
21006 | 826 @end defun |
827 | |
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828 @defun detect-coding-string string &optional highest |
21006 | 829 This function is like @code{detect-coding-region} except that it |
830 operates on the contents of @var{string} instead of bytes in the buffer. | |
831 @end defun | |
832 | |
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833 @xref{Coding systems for a subprocess,, Process Information}, in |
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834 particular the description of the functions |
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835 @code{process-coding-system} and @code{set-process-coding-system}, for |
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836 how to examine or set the coding systems used for I/O to a subprocess. |
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837 |
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838 @node User-Chosen Coding Systems |
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839 @subsection User-Chosen Coding Systems |
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840 |
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841 @cindex select safe coding system |
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842 @defun select-safe-coding-system from to &optional default-coding-system accept-default-p file |
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843 This function selects a coding system for encoding specified text, |
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844 asking the user to choose if necessary. Normally the specified text |
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845 is the text in the current buffer between @var{from} and @var{to}. If |
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846 @var{from} is a string, the string specifies the text to encode, and |
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847 @var{to} is ignored. |
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848 |
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849 If @var{default-coding-system} is non-@code{nil}, that is the first |
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850 coding system to try; if that can handle the text, |
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851 @code{select-safe-coding-system} returns that coding system. It can |
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852 also be a list of coding systems; then the function tries each of them |
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853 one by one. After trying all of them, it next tries the current |
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854 buffer's value of @code{buffer-file-coding-system} (if it is not |
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855 @code{undecided}), then the value of |
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856 @code{default-buffer-file-coding-system} and finally the user's most |
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857 preferred coding system, which the user can set using the command |
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858 @code{prefer-coding-system} (@pxref{Recognize Coding,, Recognizing |
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859 Coding Systems, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). |
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860 |
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861 If one of those coding systems can safely encode all the specified |
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862 text, @code{select-safe-coding-system} chooses it and returns it. |
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863 Otherwise, it asks the user to choose from a list of coding systems |
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864 which can encode all the text, and returns the user's choice. |
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865 |
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866 @var{default-coding-system} can also be a list whose first element is |
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867 t and whose other elements are coding systems. Then, if no coding |
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868 system in the list can handle the text, @code{select-safe-coding-system} |
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869 queries the user immediately, without trying any of the three |
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870 alternatives described above. |
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871 |
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872 The optional argument @var{accept-default-p}, if non-@code{nil}, |
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873 should be a function to determine whether a coding system selected |
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874 without user interaction is acceptable. @code{select-safe-coding-system} |
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875 calls this function with one argument, the base coding system of the |
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876 selected coding system. If @var{accept-default-p} returns @code{nil}, |
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877 @code{select-safe-coding-system} rejects the silently selected coding |
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878 system, and asks the user to select a coding system from a list of |
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879 possible candidates. |
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880 |
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881 @vindex select-safe-coding-system-accept-default-p |
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882 If the variable @code{select-safe-coding-system-accept-default-p} is |
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883 non-@code{nil}, its value overrides the value of |
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|
884 @var{accept-default-p}. |
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885 |
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886 As a final step, before returning the chosen coding system, |
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887 @code{select-safe-coding-system} checks whether that coding system is |
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888 consistent with what would be selected if the contents of the region |
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889 were read from a file. (If not, this could lead to data corruption in |
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890 a file subsequently re-visited and edited.) Normally, |
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891 @code{select-safe-coding-system} uses @code{buffer-file-name} as the |
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|
892 file for this purpose, but if @var{file} is non-@code{nil}, it uses |
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|
893 that file instead (this can be relevant for @code{write-region} and |
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894 similar functions). If it detects an apparent inconsistency, |
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895 @code{select-safe-coding-system} queries the user before selecting the |
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896 coding system. |
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897 @end defun |
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|
898 |
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|
899 Here are two functions you can use to let the user specify a coding |
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900 system, with completion. @xref{Completion}. |
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901 |
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902 @defun read-coding-system prompt &optional default |
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903 This function reads a coding system using the minibuffer, prompting with |
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904 string @var{prompt}, and returns the coding system name as a symbol. If |
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905 the user enters null input, @var{default} specifies which coding system |
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906 to return. It should be a symbol or a string. |
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907 @end defun |
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908 |
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909 @defun read-non-nil-coding-system prompt |
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910 This function reads a coding system using the minibuffer, prompting with |
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911 string @var{prompt}, and returns the coding system name as a symbol. If |
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912 the user tries to enter null input, it asks the user to try again. |
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913 @xref{Coding Systems}. |
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914 @end defun |
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915 |
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916 @node Default Coding Systems |
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917 @subsection Default Coding Systems |
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918 |
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919 This section describes variables that specify the default coding |
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920 system for certain files or when running certain subprograms, and the |
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921 function that I/O operations use to access them. |
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922 |
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923 The idea of these variables is that you set them once and for all to the |
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924 defaults you want, and then do not change them again. To specify a |
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925 particular coding system for a particular operation in a Lisp program, |
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926 don't change these variables; instead, override them using |
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927 @code{coding-system-for-read} and @code{coding-system-for-write} |
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928 (@pxref{Specifying Coding Systems}). |
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929 |
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930 @defvar auto-coding-regexp-alist |
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931 This variable is an alist of text patterns and corresponding coding |
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932 systems. Each element has the form @code{(@var{regexp} |
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933 . @var{coding-system})}; a file whose first few kilobytes match |
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934 @var{regexp} is decoded with @var{coding-system} when its contents are |
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935 read into a buffer. The settings in this alist take priority over |
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936 @code{coding:} tags in the files and the contents of |
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937 @code{file-coding-system-alist} (see below). The default value is set |
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938 so that Emacs automatically recognizes mail files in Babyl format and |
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|
939 reads them with no code conversions. |
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940 @end defvar |
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941 |
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942 @defvar file-coding-system-alist |
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943 This variable is an alist that specifies the coding systems to use for |
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944 reading and writing particular files. Each element has the form |
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945 @code{(@var{pattern} . @var{coding})}, where @var{pattern} is a regular |
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946 expression that matches certain file names. The element applies to file |
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947 names that match @var{pattern}. |
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948 |
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949 The @sc{cdr} of the element, @var{coding}, should be either a coding |
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950 system, a cons cell containing two coding systems, or a function name (a |
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951 symbol with a function definition). If @var{coding} is a coding system, |
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952 that coding system is used for both reading the file and writing it. If |
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953 @var{coding} is a cons cell containing two coding systems, its @sc{car} |
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954 specifies the coding system for decoding, and its @sc{cdr} specifies the |
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955 coding system for encoding. |
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956 |
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957 If @var{coding} is a function name, the function should take one |
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958 argument, a list of all arguments passed to |
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959 @code{find-operation-coding-system}. It must return a coding system |
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960 or a cons cell containing two coding systems. This value has the same |
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961 meaning as described above. |
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962 @end defvar |
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963 |
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964 @defvar process-coding-system-alist |
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965 This variable is an alist specifying which coding systems to use for a |
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966 subprocess, depending on which program is running in the subprocess. It |
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967 works like @code{file-coding-system-alist}, except that @var{pattern} is |
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968 matched against the program name used to start the subprocess. The coding |
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969 system or systems specified in this alist are used to initialize the |
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970 coding systems used for I/O to the subprocess, but you can specify |
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971 other coding systems later using @code{set-process-coding-system}. |
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972 @end defvar |
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973 |
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974 @strong{Warning:} Coding systems such as @code{undecided}, which |
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975 determine the coding system from the data, do not work entirely reliably |
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976 with asynchronous subprocess output. This is because Emacs handles |
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977 asynchronous subprocess output in batches, as it arrives. If the coding |
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978 system leaves the character code conversion unspecified, or leaves the |
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979 end-of-line conversion unspecified, Emacs must try to detect the proper |
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980 conversion from one batch at a time, and this does not always work. |
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981 |
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982 Therefore, with an asynchronous subprocess, if at all possible, use a |
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983 coding system which determines both the character code conversion and |
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984 the end of line conversion---that is, one like @code{latin-1-unix}, |
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985 rather than @code{undecided} or @code{latin-1}. |
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986 |
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987 @defvar network-coding-system-alist |
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988 This variable is an alist that specifies the coding system to use for |
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989 network streams. It works much like @code{file-coding-system-alist}, |
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990 with the difference that the @var{pattern} in an element may be either a |
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991 port number or a regular expression. If it is a regular expression, it |
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992 is matched against the network service name used to open the network |
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993 stream. |
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994 @end defvar |
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995 |
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996 @defvar default-process-coding-system |
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997 This variable specifies the coding systems to use for subprocess (and |
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998 network stream) input and output, when nothing else specifies what to |
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999 do. |
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1000 |
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1001 The value should be a cons cell of the form @code{(@var{input-coding} |
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1002 . @var{output-coding})}. Here @var{input-coding} applies to input from |
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1003 the subprocess, and @var{output-coding} applies to output to it. |
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1004 @end defvar |
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1005 |
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1006 @defvar auto-coding-functions |
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1007 This variable holds a list of functions that try to determine a |
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1008 coding system for a file based on its undecoded contents. |
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1009 |
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1010 Each function in this list should be written to look at text in the |
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1011 current buffer, but should not modify it in any way. The buffer will |
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1012 contain undecoded text of parts of the file. Each function should |
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1013 take one argument, @var{size}, which tells it how many characters to |
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1014 look at, starting from point. If the function succeeds in determining |
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1015 a coding system for the file, it should return that coding system. |
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1016 Otherwise, it should return @code{nil}. |
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1017 |
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1018 If a file has a @samp{coding:} tag, that takes precedence, so these |
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1019 functions won't be called. |
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1020 @end defvar |
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1021 |
21006 | 1022 @defun find-operation-coding-system operation &rest arguments |
1023 This function returns the coding system to use (by default) for | |
1024 performing @var{operation} with @var{arguments}. The value has this | |
1025 form: | |
1026 | |
1027 @example | |
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1028 (@var{decoding-system} . @var{encoding-system}) |
21006 | 1029 @end example |
1030 | |
1031 The first element, @var{decoding-system}, is the coding system to use | |
1032 for decoding (in case @var{operation} does decoding), and | |
1033 @var{encoding-system} is the coding system for encoding (in case | |
1034 @var{operation} does encoding). | |
1035 | |
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1036 The argument @var{operation} should be a symbol, one of |
21006 | 1037 @code{insert-file-contents}, @code{write-region}, @code{call-process}, |
1038 @code{call-process-region}, @code{start-process}, or | |
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1039 @code{open-network-stream}. These are the names of the Emacs I/O primitives |
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1040 that can do coding system conversion. |
21006 | 1041 |
1042 The remaining arguments should be the same arguments that might be given | |
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1043 to that I/O primitive. Depending on the primitive, one of those |
21006 | 1044 arguments is selected as the @dfn{target}. For example, if |
1045 @var{operation} does file I/O, whichever argument specifies the file | |
1046 name is the target. For subprocess primitives, the process name is the | |
1047 target. For @code{open-network-stream}, the target is the service name | |
1048 or port number. | |
1049 | |
1050 This function looks up the target in @code{file-coding-system-alist}, | |
1051 @code{process-coding-system-alist}, or | |
1052 @code{network-coding-system-alist}, depending on @var{operation}. | |
1053 @end defun | |
1054 | |
1055 @node Specifying Coding Systems | |
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1056 @subsection Specifying a Coding System for One Operation |
21006 | 1057 |
1058 You can specify the coding system for a specific operation by binding | |
1059 the variables @code{coding-system-for-read} and/or | |
1060 @code{coding-system-for-write}. | |
1061 | |
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1062 @defvar coding-system-for-read |
21006 | 1063 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it specifies the coding system to |
1064 use for reading a file, or for input from a synchronous subprocess. | |
1065 | |
1066 It also applies to any asynchronous subprocess or network stream, but in | |
1067 a different way: the value of @code{coding-system-for-read} when you | |
1068 start the subprocess or open the network stream specifies the input | |
1069 decoding method for that subprocess or network stream. It remains in | |
1070 use for that subprocess or network stream unless and until overridden. | |
1071 | |
1072 The right way to use this variable is to bind it with @code{let} for a | |
1073 specific I/O operation. Its global value is normally @code{nil}, and | |
1074 you should not globally set it to any other value. Here is an example | |
1075 of the right way to use the variable: | |
1076 | |
1077 @example | |
1078 ;; @r{Read the file with no character code conversion.} | |
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1079 ;; @r{Assume @acronym{crlf} represents end-of-line.} |
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1080 (let ((coding-system-for-read 'emacs-mule-dos)) |
21006 | 1081 (insert-file-contents filename)) |
1082 @end example | |
1083 | |
1084 When its value is non-@code{nil}, @code{coding-system-for-read} takes | |
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1085 precedence over all other methods of specifying a coding system to use for |
21006 | 1086 input, including @code{file-coding-system-alist}, |
1087 @code{process-coding-system-alist} and | |
1088 @code{network-coding-system-alist}. | |
1089 @end defvar | |
1090 | |
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1091 @defvar coding-system-for-write |
21006 | 1092 This works much like @code{coding-system-for-read}, except that it |
1093 applies to output rather than input. It affects writing to files, | |
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1094 as well as sending output to subprocesses and net connections. |
21006 | 1095 |
1096 When a single operation does both input and output, as do | |
1097 @code{call-process-region} and @code{start-process}, both | |
1098 @code{coding-system-for-read} and @code{coding-system-for-write} | |
1099 affect it. | |
1100 @end defvar | |
1101 | |
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1102 @defvar inhibit-eol-conversion |
21006 | 1103 When this variable is non-@code{nil}, no end-of-line conversion is done, |
1104 no matter which coding system is specified. This applies to all the | |
1105 Emacs I/O and subprocess primitives, and to the explicit encoding and | |
1106 decoding functions (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). | |
1107 @end defvar | |
1108 | |
1109 @node Explicit Encoding | |
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1110 @subsection Explicit Encoding and Decoding |
21006 | 1111 @cindex encoding text |
1112 @cindex decoding text | |
1113 | |
1114 All the operations that transfer text in and out of Emacs have the | |
1115 ability to use a coding system to encode or decode the text. | |
1116 You can also explicitly encode and decode text using the functions | |
1117 in this section. | |
1118 | |
1119 The result of encoding, and the input to decoding, are not ordinary | |
28877 | 1120 text. They logically consist of a series of byte values; that is, a |
1121 series of characters whose codes are in the range 0 through 255. In a | |
1122 multibyte buffer or string, character codes 128 through 159 are | |
1123 represented by multibyte sequences, but this is invisible to Lisp | |
1124 programs. | |
21006 | 1125 |
28877 | 1126 The usual way to read a file into a buffer as a sequence of bytes, so |
1127 you can decode the contents explicitly, is with | |
1128 @code{insert-file-contents-literally} (@pxref{Reading from Files}); | |
1129 alternatively, specify a non-@code{nil} @var{rawfile} argument when | |
1130 visiting a file with @code{find-file-noselect}. These methods result in | |
1131 a unibyte buffer. | |
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1132 |
28877 | 1133 The usual way to use the byte sequence that results from explicitly |
1134 encoding text is to copy it to a file or process---for example, to write | |
1135 it with @code{write-region} (@pxref{Writing to Files}), and suppress | |
1136 encoding by binding @code{coding-system-for-write} to | |
1137 @code{no-conversion}. | |
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1138 |
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1139 Here are the functions to perform explicit encoding or decoding. The |
28877 | 1140 decoding functions produce sequences of bytes; the encoding functions |
1141 are meant to operate on sequences of bytes. All of these functions | |
1142 discard text properties. | |
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1143 |
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1144 @deffn Command encode-coding-region start end coding-system |
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|
1145 This command encodes the text from @var{start} to @var{end} according |
21682
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1146 to coding system @var{coding-system}. The encoded text replaces the |
28877 | 1147 original text in the buffer. The result of encoding is logically a |
1148 sequence of bytes, but the buffer remains multibyte if it was multibyte | |
1149 before. | |
21006 | 1150 |
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|
1151 This command returns the length of the encoded text. |
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|
1152 @end deffn |
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|
1153 |
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|
1154 @defun encode-coding-string string coding-system &optional nocopy |
21006 | 1155 This function encodes the text in @var{string} according to coding |
1156 system @var{coding-system}. It returns a new string containing the | |
53291
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|
1157 encoded text, except when @var{nocopy} is non-@code{nil}, in which |
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|
1158 case the function may return @var{string} itself if the encoding |
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|
1159 operation is trivial. The result of encoding is a unibyte string. |
21006 | 1160 @end defun |
1161 | |
53291
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|
1162 @deffn Command decode-coding-region start end coding-system |
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|
1163 This command decodes the text from @var{start} to @var{end} according |
21006 | 1164 to coding system @var{coding-system}. The decoded text replaces the |
1165 original text in the buffer. To make explicit decoding useful, the text | |
28877 | 1166 before decoding ought to be a sequence of byte values, but both |
1167 multibyte and unibyte buffers are acceptable. | |
21006 | 1168 |
53291
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|
1169 This command returns the length of the decoded text. |
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|
1170 @end deffn |
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|
1171 |
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|
1172 @defun decode-coding-string string coding-system &optional nocopy |
21006 | 1173 This function decodes the text in @var{string} according to coding |
1174 system @var{coding-system}. It returns a new string containing the | |
53291
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|
1175 decoded text, except when @var{nocopy} is non-@code{nil}, in which |
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|
1176 case the function may return @var{string} itself if the decoding |
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|
1177 operation is trivial. To make explicit decoding useful, the contents |
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|
1178 of @var{string} ought to be a sequence of byte values, but a multibyte |
28877 | 1179 string is acceptable. |
21006 | 1180 @end defun |
21682
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1181 |
51990
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|
1182 @defun decode-coding-inserted-region from to filename &optional visit beg end replace |
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|
1183 This function decodes the text from @var{from} to @var{to} as if |
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(Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
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|
1184 it were being read from file @var{filename} using @code{insert-file-contents} |
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|
1185 using the rest of the arguments provided. |
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|
1186 |
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|
1187 The normal way to use this function is after reading text from a file |
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|
1188 without decoding, if you decide you would rather have decoded it. |
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|
1189 Instead of deleting the text and reading it again, this time with |
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(Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
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|
1190 decoding, you can call this function. |
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|
1191 @end defun |
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|
1192 |
22138
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1193 @node Terminal I/O Encoding |
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1194 @subsection Terminal I/O Encoding |
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1195 |
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1196 Emacs can decode keyboard input using a coding system, and encode |
23110
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1197 terminal output. This is useful for terminals that transmit or display |
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1198 text using a particular encoding such as Latin-1. Emacs does not set |
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|
1199 @code{last-coding-system-used} for encoding or decoding for the |
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|
1200 terminal. |
22138
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|
1201 |
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|
1202 @defun keyboard-coding-system |
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|
1203 This function returns the coding system that is in use for decoding |
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1204 keyboard input---or @code{nil} if no coding system is to be used. |
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1205 @end defun |
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1206 |
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|
1207 @deffn Command set-keyboard-coding-system coding-system |
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|
1208 This command specifies @var{coding-system} as the coding system to |
22138
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1209 use for decoding keyboard input. If @var{coding-system} is @code{nil}, |
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1210 that means do not decode keyboard input. |
53291
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|
1211 @end deffn |
22138
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1212 |
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1213 @defun terminal-coding-system |
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|
1214 This function returns the coding system that is in use for encoding |
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|
1215 terminal output---or @code{nil} for no encoding. |
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1216 @end defun |
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|
1217 |
53291
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|
1218 @deffn Command set-terminal-coding-system coding-system |
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|
1219 This command specifies @var{coding-system} as the coding system to use |
22138
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|
1220 for encoding terminal output. If @var{coding-system} is @code{nil}, |
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|
1221 that means do not encode terminal output. |
53291
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|
1222 @end deffn |
22138
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|
1223 |
21682
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|
1224 @node MS-DOS File Types |
22138
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|
1225 @subsection MS-DOS File Types |
21682
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|
1226 @cindex DOS file types |
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|
1227 @cindex MS-DOS file types |
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|
1228 @cindex Windows file types |
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|
1229 @cindex file types on MS-DOS and Windows |
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|
1230 @cindex text files and binary files |
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|
1231 @cindex binary files and text files |
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|
1232 |
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|
1233 On MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows, Emacs guesses the appropriate |
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|
1234 end-of-line conversion for a file by looking at the file's name. This |
28877 | 1235 feature classifies files as @dfn{text files} and @dfn{binary files}. By |
25751
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|
1236 ``binary file'' we mean a file of literal byte values that are not |
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|
1237 necessarily meant to be characters; Emacs does no end-of-line conversion |
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|
1238 and no character code conversion for them. On the other hand, the bytes |
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|
1239 in a text file are intended to represent characters; when you create a |
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|
1240 new file whose name implies that it is a text file, Emacs uses DOS |
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|
1241 end-of-line conversion. |
21682
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|
1242 |
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|
1243 @defvar buffer-file-type |
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|
1244 This variable, automatically buffer-local in each buffer, records the |
22138
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|
1245 file type of the buffer's visited file. When a buffer does not specify |
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|
1246 a coding system with @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, this variable is |
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|
1247 used to determine which coding system to use when writing the contents |
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|
1248 of the buffer. It should be @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary. |
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1249 If it is @code{t}, the coding system is @code{no-conversion}. |
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|
1250 Otherwise, @code{undecided-dos} is used. |
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1251 |
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1252 Normally this variable is set by visiting a file; it is set to |
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|
1253 @code{nil} if the file was visited without any actual conversion. |
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|
1254 @end defvar |
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|
1255 |
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|
1256 @defopt file-name-buffer-file-type-alist |
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|
1257 This variable holds an alist for recognizing text and binary files. |
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|
1258 Each element has the form (@var{regexp} . @var{type}), where |
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|
1259 @var{regexp} is matched against the file name, and @var{type} may be |
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|
1260 @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary, or a function to call to |
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|
1261 compute which. If it is a function, then it is called with a single |
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|
1262 argument (the file name) and should return @code{t} or @code{nil}. |
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|
1263 |
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|
1264 When running on MS-DOS or MS-Windows, Emacs checks this alist to decide |
21682
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|
1265 which coding system to use when reading a file. For a text file, |
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|
1266 @code{undecided-dos} is used. For a binary file, @code{no-conversion} |
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|
1267 is used. |
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|
1268 |
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|
1269 If no element in this alist matches a given file name, then |
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|
1270 @code{default-buffer-file-type} says how to treat the file. |
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|
1271 @end defopt |
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|
1272 |
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|
1273 @defopt default-buffer-file-type |
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1274 This variable says how to handle files for which |
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1275 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} says nothing about the type. |
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1276 |
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1277 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then these files are treated as |
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1278 binary: the coding system @code{no-conversion} is used. Otherwise, |
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1279 nothing special is done for them---the coding system is deduced solely |
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1280 from the file contents, in the usual Emacs fashion. |
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1281 @end defopt |
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1282 |
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1283 @node Input Methods |
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1284 @section Input Methods |
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1285 @cindex input methods |
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1286 |
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1287 @dfn{Input methods} provide convenient ways of entering non-@acronym{ASCII} |
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1288 characters from the keyboard. Unlike coding systems, which translate |
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1289 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters to and from encodings meant to be read by |
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1290 programs, input methods provide human-friendly commands. (@xref{Input |
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1291 Methods,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for information on how users |
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1292 use input methods to enter text.) How to define input methods is not |
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1293 yet documented in this manual, but here we describe how to use them. |
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1294 |
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1295 Each input method has a name, which is currently a string; |
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1296 in the future, symbols may also be usable as input method names. |
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1297 |
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1298 @defvar current-input-method |
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1299 This variable holds the name of the input method now active in the |
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1300 current buffer. (It automatically becomes local in each buffer when set |
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1301 in any fashion.) It is @code{nil} if no input method is active in the |
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1302 buffer now. |
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1303 @end defvar |
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1304 |
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1305 @defopt default-input-method |
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1306 This variable holds the default input method for commands that choose an |
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1307 input method. Unlike @code{current-input-method}, this variable is |
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1308 normally global. |
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1309 @end defopt |
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1310 |
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1311 @deffn Command set-input-method input-method |
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1312 This command activates input method @var{input-method} for the current |
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1313 buffer. It also sets @code{default-input-method} to @var{input-method}. |
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1314 If @var{input-method} is @code{nil}, this command deactivates any input |
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1315 method for the current buffer. |
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1316 @end deffn |
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1317 |
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1318 @defun read-input-method-name prompt &optional default inhibit-null |
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1319 This function reads an input method name with the minibuffer, prompting |
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1320 with @var{prompt}. If @var{default} is non-@code{nil}, that is returned |
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1321 by default, if the user enters empty input. However, if |
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1322 @var{inhibit-null} is non-@code{nil}, empty input signals an error. |
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1323 |
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1324 The returned value is a string. |
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1325 @end defun |
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1326 |
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1327 @defvar input-method-alist |
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1328 This variable defines all the supported input methods. |
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1329 Each element defines one input method, and should have the form: |
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1330 |
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1331 @example |
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1332 (@var{input-method} @var{language-env} @var{activate-func} |
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1333 @var{title} @var{description} @var{args}...) |
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1334 @end example |
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1335 |
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1336 Here @var{input-method} is the input method name, a string; |
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1337 @var{language-env} is another string, the name of the language |
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1338 environment this input method is recommended for. (That serves only for |
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1339 documentation purposes.) |
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|
1340 |
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1341 @var{activate-func} is a function to call to activate this method. The |
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1342 @var{args}, if any, are passed as arguments to @var{activate-func}. All |
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1343 told, the arguments to @var{activate-func} are @var{input-method} and |
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1344 the @var{args}. |
28877 | 1345 |
1346 @var{title} is a string to display in the mode line while this method is | |
1347 active. @var{description} is a string describing this method and what | |
1348 it is good for. | |
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1349 @end defvar |
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|
1350 |
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1351 The fundamental interface to input methods is through the |
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|
1352 variable @code{input-method-function}. @xref{Reading One Event}, |
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|
1353 and @ref{Invoking the Input Method}. |
26696
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1354 |
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|
1355 @node Locales |
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1356 @section Locales |
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1357 @cindex locale |
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1358 |
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|
1359 POSIX defines a concept of ``locales'' which control which language |
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1360 to use in language-related features. These Emacs variables control |
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1361 how Emacs interacts with these features. |
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1362 |
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1363 @defvar locale-coding-system |
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1364 @tindex locale-coding-system |
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1365 @cindex keyboard input decoding on X |
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1366 This variable specifies the coding system to use for decoding system |
43634
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|
1367 error messages and---on X Window system only---keyboard input, for |
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1368 encoding the format argument to @code{format-time-string}, and for |
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1369 decoding the return value of @code{format-time-string}. |
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1370 @end defvar |
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1371 |
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|
1372 @defvar system-messages-locale |
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1373 @tindex system-messages-locale |
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|
1374 This variable specifies the locale to use for generating system error |
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|
1375 messages. Changing the locale can cause messages to come out in a |
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1376 different language or in a different orthography. If the variable is |
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1377 @code{nil}, the locale is specified by environment variables in the |
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1378 usual POSIX fashion. |
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1379 @end defvar |
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1380 |
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|
1381 @defvar system-time-locale |
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1382 @tindex system-time-locale |
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|
1383 This variable specifies the locale to use for formatting time values. |
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|
1384 Changing the locale can cause messages to appear according to the |
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|
1385 conventions of a different language. If the variable is @code{nil}, the |
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1386 locale is specified by environment variables in the usual POSIX fashion. |
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1387 @end defvar |
28877 | 1388 |
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1389 @defun locale-info item |
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1390 This function returns locale data @var{item} for the current POSIX |
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1391 locale, if available. @var{item} should be one of these symbols: |
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|
1392 |
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1393 @table @code |
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1394 @item codeset |
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1395 Return the character set as a string (locale item @code{CODESET}). |
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1396 |
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1397 @item days |
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1398 Return a 7-element vector of day names (locale items |
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1399 @code{DAY_1} through @code{DAY_7}); |
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1400 |
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1401 @item months |
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1402 Return a 12-element vector of month names (locale items @code{MON_1} |
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1403 through @code{MON_12}). |
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1404 |
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1405 @item paper |
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1406 Return a list @code{(@var{width} @var{height})} for the default paper |
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1407 size measured in millimeters (locale items @code{PAPER_WIDTH} and |
51990
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1408 @code{PAPER_HEIGHT}). |
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1409 @end table |
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1410 |
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1411 If the system can't provide the requested information, or if |
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1412 @var{item} is not one of those symbols, the value is @code{nil}. All |
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1413 strings in the return value are decoded using |
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1414 @code{locale-coding-system}. @xref{Locales,,, libc, The GNU Libc Manual}, |
51990
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1415 for more information about locales and locale items. |
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1416 @end defun |
52401 | 1417 |
1418 @ignore | |
1419 arch-tag: be705bf8-941b-4c35-84fc-ad7d20ddb7cb | |
1420 @end ignore |