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annotate man/windows.texi @ 69621:3b0e92d2bf0a
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author | Carsten Dominik <dominik@science.uva.nl> |
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date | Tue, 21 Mar 2006 13:36:56 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, |
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3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Windows, Frames, Buffers, Top | |
6 @chapter Multiple Windows | |
7 @cindex windows in Emacs | |
8 @cindex multiple windows in Emacs | |
9 | |
10 Emacs can split a frame into two or many windows. Multiple windows | |
11 can display parts of different buffers, or different parts of one | |
12 buffer. Multiple frames always imply multiple windows, because each | |
13 frame has its own set of windows. Each window belongs to one and only | |
14 one frame. | |
15 | |
16 @menu | |
17 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows. | |
18 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows. | |
19 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it. | |
20 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window. | |
21 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected | |
22 window rather than in another window. | |
23 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes. | |
28551 | 24 * Window Convenience:: Convenience functions for window handling. |
25829 | 25 @end menu |
26 | |
27 @node Basic Window | |
28 @section Concepts of Emacs Windows | |
29 | |
30 Each Emacs window displays one Emacs buffer at any time. A single | |
31 buffer may appear in more than one window; if it does, any changes in | |
68545 | 32 its text are displayed in all the windows where it appears. But these |
33 windows can show different parts of the buffer, because each window | |
34 has its own value of point. | |
25829 | 35 |
36 @cindex selected window | |
68545 | 37 At any time, one Emacs window is the @dfn{selected window}; the |
25829 | 38 buffer this window is displaying is the current buffer. The terminal's |
39 cursor shows the location of point in this window. Each other window | |
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40 has a location of point as well. On text-only terminals, there is no |
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41 way to show where those locations are, since the terminal has only one |
68545 | 42 cursor. On a graphical display, the location of point in a |
43 non-selected window is indicated by a hollow box; the cursor in the | |
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44 selected window is blinking or solid. |
25829 | 45 |
46 Commands to move point affect the value of point for the selected Emacs | |
68545 | 47 window only. They do not change the value of point in other Emacs |
48 windows, even those showing the same buffer. The same is true for commands | |
49 such as @kbd{C-x b} to switch buffers in the selected window; | |
25829 | 50 they do not affect other windows at all. However, there are other commands |
51 such as @kbd{C-x 4 b} that select a different window and switch buffers in | |
52 it. Also, all commands that display information in a window, including | |
53 (for example) @kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}) and @kbd{C-x C-b} | |
54 (@code{list-buffers}), work by switching buffers in a nonselected window | |
55 without affecting the selected window. | |
56 | |
57 When multiple windows show the same buffer, they can have different | |
58 regions, because they can have different values of point. However, | |
59 they all have the same value for the mark, because each buffer has | |
60 only one mark position. | |
61 | |
62 Each window has its own mode line, which displays the buffer name, | |
63 modification status and major and minor modes of the buffer that is | |
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64 displayed in the window. The selected window's mode line appears in a |
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65 different color. @xref{Mode Line}, for full details on the mode line. |
25829 | 66 |
67 @iftex | |
68 @break | |
69 @end iftex | |
70 | |
71 @node Split Window | |
72 @section Splitting Windows | |
73 | |
74 @table @kbd | |
75 @item C-x 2 | |
76 Split the selected window into two windows, one above the other | |
77 (@code{split-window-vertically}). | |
78 @item C-x 3 | |
79 Split the selected window into two windows positioned side by side | |
80 (@code{split-window-horizontally}). | |
81 @item C-Mouse-2 | |
82 In the mode line or scroll bar of a window, split that window. | |
83 @end table | |
84 | |
85 @kindex C-x 2 | |
86 @findex split-window-vertically | |
87 The command @kbd{C-x 2} (@code{split-window-vertically}) breaks the | |
88 selected window into two windows, one above the other. Both windows start | |
89 out displaying the same buffer, with the same value of point. By default | |
90 the two windows each get half the height of the window that was split; a | |
91 numeric argument specifies how many lines to give to the top window. | |
92 | |
93 @kindex C-x 3 | |
94 @findex split-window-horizontally | |
95 @kbd{C-x 3} (@code{split-window-horizontally}) breaks the selected | |
96 window into two side-by-side windows. A numeric argument specifies how | |
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97 many columns to give the one on the left. If you are not using |
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98 scrollbars, a vertical line separates the two windows. |
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99 You can customize its color with the face @code{vertical-border}. |
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100 Windows that are not the full width of the screen have mode lines, but |
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101 they are truncated. On terminals where Emacs does not support |
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102 highlighting, truncated mode lines sometimes do not appear in inverse |
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103 video. |
25829 | 104 |
105 @kindex C-Mouse-2 @r{(scroll bar)} | |
106 You can split a window horizontally or vertically by clicking | |
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107 @kbd{C-Mouse-2} in the mode line or the scroll bar. The line of |
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108 splitting goes through the place where you click: if you click on the |
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109 mode line, the new scroll bar goes above the spot; if you click in the |
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110 scroll bar, the mode line of the split window is side by side with |
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111 your click. |
25829 | 112 |
113 @vindex truncate-partial-width-windows | |
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114 When a window is less than the full width, text lines too long to |
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115 fit are frequent. Continuing all those lines might be confusing, so |
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116 if the variable @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} is |
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117 non-@code{nil}, that forces truncation in all windows less than the |
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118 full width of the screen, independent of the buffer being displayed |
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119 and its value for @code{truncate-lines}. @xref{Display Custom}. |
25829 | 120 |
121 Horizontal scrolling is often used in side-by-side windows. | |
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122 @xref{Horizontal Scrolling}. |
25829 | 123 |
124 @vindex split-window-keep-point | |
37121 | 125 If @code{split-window-keep-point} is non-@code{nil}, the default, |
126 both of the windows resulting from @kbd{C-x 2} inherit the value of | |
127 point from the window that was split. This means that scrolling is | |
25829 | 128 inevitable. If this variable is @code{nil}, then @kbd{C-x 2} tries to |
37121 | 129 avoid scrolling the text currently visible on the screen, by putting |
130 point in each window at a position already visible in the window. It | |
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131 also selects whichever window contains the screen line that the cursor |
68545 | 132 was previously on. Some users prefer that mode on slow terminals. |
25829 | 133 |
134 @node Other Window | |
135 @section Using Other Windows | |
136 | |
137 @table @kbd | |
138 @item C-x o | |
139 Select another window (@code{other-window}). That is @kbd{o}, not zero. | |
140 @item C-M-v | |
141 Scroll the next window (@code{scroll-other-window}). | |
142 @item M-x compare-windows | |
143 Find next place where the text in the selected window does not match | |
144 the text in the next window. | |
145 @item Mouse-1 | |
146 @kbd{Mouse-1}, in a window's mode line, selects that window | |
147 but does not move point in it (@code{mouse-select-window}). | |
148 @end table | |
149 | |
150 @kindex C-x o | |
151 @findex other-window | |
152 To select a different window, click with @kbd{Mouse-1} on its mode | |
153 line. With the keyboard, you can switch windows by typing @kbd{C-x o} | |
36185 | 154 (@code{other-window}). That is an @kbd{o}, for ``other,'' not a zero. |
25829 | 155 When there are more than two windows, this command moves through all the |
156 windows in a cyclic order, generally top to bottom and left to right. | |
157 After the rightmost and bottommost window, it goes back to the one at | |
158 the upper left corner. A numeric argument means to move several steps | |
159 in the cyclic order of windows. A negative argument moves around the | |
160 cycle in the opposite order. When the minibuffer is active, the | |
161 minibuffer is the last window in the cycle; you can switch from the | |
162 minibuffer window to one of the other windows, and later switch back and | |
163 finish supplying the minibuffer argument that is requested. | |
164 @xref{Minibuffer Edit}. | |
165 | |
166 @kindex C-M-v | |
167 @findex scroll-other-window | |
168 The usual scrolling commands (@pxref{Display}) apply to the selected | |
169 window only, but there is one command to scroll the next window. | |
170 @kbd{C-M-v} (@code{scroll-other-window}) scrolls the window that | |
171 @kbd{C-x o} would select. It takes arguments, positive and negative, | |
172 like @kbd{C-v}. (In the minibuffer, @kbd{C-M-v} scrolls the window | |
173 that contains the minibuffer help display, if any, rather than the | |
174 next window in the standard cyclic order.) | |
175 | |
176 The command @kbd{M-x compare-windows} lets you compare two files or | |
177 buffers visible in two windows, by moving through them to the next | |
178 mismatch. @xref{Comparing Files}, for details. | |
179 | |
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180 @vindex mouse-autoselect-window |
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181 If you set @code{mouse-autoselect-window} to a non-@code{nil} value, |
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182 moving the mouse into a different window selects that window. This |
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183 feature is off by default. |
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184 |
25829 | 185 @node Pop Up Window |
186 @section Displaying in Another Window | |
187 | |
188 @cindex selecting buffers in other windows | |
189 @kindex C-x 4 | |
190 @kbd{C-x 4} is a prefix key for commands that select another window | |
191 (splitting the window if there is only one) and select a buffer in that | |
192 window. Different @kbd{C-x 4} commands have different ways of finding the | |
193 buffer to select. | |
194 | |
195 @table @kbd | |
196 @item C-x 4 b @var{bufname} @key{RET} | |
197 Select buffer @var{bufname} in another window. This runs | |
198 @code{switch-to-buffer-other-window}. | |
199 @item C-x 4 C-o @var{bufname} @key{RET} | |
200 Display buffer @var{bufname} in another window, but | |
201 don't select that buffer or that window. This runs | |
202 @code{display-buffer}. | |
203 @item C-x 4 f @var{filename} @key{RET} | |
204 Visit file @var{filename} and select its buffer in another window. This | |
205 runs @code{find-file-other-window}. @xref{Visiting}. | |
206 @item C-x 4 d @var{directory} @key{RET} | |
207 Select a Dired buffer for directory @var{directory} in another window. | |
208 This runs @code{dired-other-window}. @xref{Dired}. | |
209 @item C-x 4 m | |
210 Start composing a mail message in another window. This runs | |
211 @code{mail-other-window}; its same-window analogue is @kbd{C-x m} | |
212 (@pxref{Sending Mail}). | |
213 @item C-x 4 . | |
214 Find a tag in the current tags table, in another window. This runs | |
215 @code{find-tag-other-window}, the multiple-window variant of @kbd{M-.} | |
216 (@pxref{Tags}). | |
217 @item C-x 4 r @var{filename} @key{RET} | |
218 Visit file @var{filename} read-only, and select its buffer in another | |
219 window. This runs @code{find-file-read-only-other-window}. | |
220 @xref{Visiting}. | |
221 @end table | |
222 | |
223 @node Force Same Window | |
224 @section Forcing Display in the Same Window | |
225 | |
226 Certain Emacs commands switch to a specific buffer with special | |
227 contents. For example, @kbd{M-x shell} switches to a buffer named | |
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228 @samp{*shell*}. By convention, all these commands are written to pop up |
25829 | 229 the buffer in a separate window. But you can specify that certain of |
230 these buffers should appear in the selected window. | |
231 | |
232 @vindex same-window-buffer-names | |
233 If you add a buffer name to the list @code{same-window-buffer-names}, | |
234 the effect is that such commands display that particular buffer by | |
235 switching to it in the selected window. For example, if you add the | |
236 element @code{"*grep*"} to the list, the @code{grep} command will | |
237 display its output buffer in the selected window. | |
238 | |
239 The default value of @code{same-window-buffer-names} is not | |
240 @code{nil}: it specifies buffer names @samp{*info*}, @samp{*mail*} and | |
241 @samp{*shell*} (as well as others used by more obscure Emacs packages). | |
242 This is why @kbd{M-x shell} normally switches to the @samp{*shell*} | |
243 buffer in the selected window. If you delete this element from the | |
244 value of @code{same-window-buffer-names}, the behavior of @kbd{M-x | |
245 shell} will change---it will pop up the buffer in another window | |
246 instead. | |
247 | |
248 @vindex same-window-regexps | |
249 You can specify these buffers more generally with the variable | |
250 @code{same-window-regexps}. Set it to a list of regular expressions; | |
251 then any buffer whose name matches one of those regular expressions is | |
252 displayed by switching to it in the selected window. (Once again, this | |
253 applies only to buffers that normally get displayed for you in a | |
254 separate window.) The default value of this variable specifies Telnet | |
255 and rlogin buffers. | |
256 | |
257 An analogous feature lets you specify buffers which should be | |
258 displayed in their own individual frames. @xref{Special Buffer Frames}. | |
259 | |
260 @node Change Window | |
261 @section Deleting and Rearranging Windows | |
262 | |
263 @table @kbd | |
264 @item C-x 0 | |
265 Delete the selected window (@code{delete-window}). The last character | |
266 in this key sequence is a zero. | |
267 @item C-x 1 | |
268 Delete all windows in the selected frame except the selected window | |
269 (@code{delete-other-windows}). | |
270 @item C-x 4 0 | |
271 Delete the selected window and kill the buffer that was showing in it | |
272 (@code{kill-buffer-and-window}). The last character in this key | |
273 sequence is a zero. | |
274 @item C-x ^ | |
275 Make selected window taller (@code{enlarge-window}). | |
276 @item C-x @} | |
277 Make selected window wider (@code{enlarge-window-horizontally}). | |
278 @item C-x @{ | |
279 Make selected window narrower (@code{shrink-window-horizontally}). | |
280 @item C-x - | |
281 Shrink this window if its buffer doesn't need so many lines | |
282 (@code{shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer}). | |
283 @item C-x + | |
284 Make all windows the same height (@code{balance-windows}). | |
285 @end table | |
286 | |
287 @kindex C-x 0 | |
288 @findex delete-window | |
289 To delete a window, type @kbd{C-x 0} (@code{delete-window}). (That is | |
290 a zero.) The space occupied by the deleted window is given to an | |
291 adjacent window (but not the minibuffer window, even if that is active | |
292 at the time). Once a window is deleted, its attributes are forgotten; | |
293 only restoring a window configuration can bring it back. Deleting the | |
294 window has no effect on the buffer it used to display; the buffer | |
295 continues to exist, and you can select it in any window with @kbd{C-x | |
296 b}. | |
297 | |
298 @findex kill-buffer-and-window | |
299 @kindex C-x 4 0 | |
300 @kbd{C-x 4 0} (@code{kill-buffer-and-window}) is a stronger command | |
301 than @kbd{C-x 0}; it kills the current buffer and then deletes the | |
302 selected window. | |
303 | |
304 @kindex C-x 1 | |
305 @findex delete-other-windows | |
306 @kbd{C-x 1} (@code{delete-other-windows}) is more powerful in a | |
307 different way; it deletes all the windows except the selected one (and | |
308 the minibuffer); the selected window expands to use the whole frame | |
309 except for the echo area. | |
310 | |
311 @kindex C-x ^ | |
312 @findex enlarge-window | |
313 @kindex C-x @} | |
314 @findex enlarge-window-horizontally | |
315 @vindex window-min-height | |
316 @vindex window-min-width | |
317 To readjust the division of space among vertically adjacent windows, | |
318 use @kbd{C-x ^} (@code{enlarge-window}). It makes the currently | |
68545 | 319 selected window one line bigger, or as many lines as is specified |
25829 | 320 with a numeric argument. With a negative argument, it makes the |
321 selected window smaller. @kbd{C-x @}} | |
322 (@code{enlarge-window-horizontally}) makes the selected window wider by | |
323 the specified number of columns. @kbd{C-x @{} | |
324 (@code{shrink-window-horizontally}) makes the selected window narrower | |
325 by the specified number of columns. | |
326 | |
68545 | 327 When you make a window bigger, the space comes from its peers. If |
328 this makes any window too small, it is deleted and its space is given | |
329 to an adjacent window. The minimum size is specified by the variables | |
330 @code{window-min-height} and @code{window-min-width}. | |
25829 | 331 |
332 @kindex C-x - | |
333 @findex shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer | |
334 The command @kbd{C-x -} (@code{shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer}) | |
335 reduces the height of the selected window, if it is taller than | |
336 necessary to show the whole text of the buffer it is displaying. It | |
337 gives the extra lines to other windows in the frame. | |
338 | |
339 @kindex C-x + | |
340 @findex balance-windows | |
341 You can also use @kbd{C-x +} (@code{balance-windows}) to even out the | |
342 heights of all the windows in the selected frame. | |
343 | |
68545 | 344 Mouse clicks on the mode line provide another way to change window |
345 heights and to delete windows. @xref{Mode Line Mouse}. | |
346 | |
28551 | 347 @node Window Convenience |
348 @section Window Handling Convenience Features and Customization | |
349 | |
350 @findex winner-mode | |
30875 | 351 @cindex Winner mode |
352 @cindex mode, Winner | |
28551 | 353 @cindex undoing window configuration changes |
354 @cindex window configuration changes, undoing | |
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355 @kbd{M-x winner-mode} is a global minor mode that records the |
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356 changes in the window configuration (i.e. how the frames are |
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357 partitioned into windows), so that you can ``undo'' them. To undo, |
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358 use @kbd{C-c left} (@code{winner-undo}). If you change your mind |
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359 while undoing, you can redo the changes you had undone using @kbd{C-c |
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360 right} (@code{M-x winner-redo}). Another way to enable Winner mode is |
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361 by customizing the variable @code{winner-mode}. |
28551 | 362 |
363 @cindex Windmove package | |
364 @cindex directional window selection | |
30875 | 365 @findex windmove-right |
366 @findex windmove-default-keybindings | |
39268 | 367 The Windmove commands move directionally between neighboring windows in |
30875 | 368 a frame. @kbd{M-x windmove-right} selects the window immediately to the |
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369 right of the currently selected one, and similarly for the ``left,'' ``up,'' |
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370 and ``down'' counterparts. @kbd{M-x windmove-default-keybindings} binds |
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371 these commands to @kbd{S-right} etc. (Not all terminals support shifted |
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372 arrow keys, however.) |
28551 | 373 |
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374 Follow minor mode (@kbd{M-x follow-mode}) synchronizes several |
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375 windows on the same buffer so that they always display adjacent |
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376 sections of that buffer. @xref{Follow Mode}. |
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377 |
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378 @vindex scroll-all-mode |
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379 @cindex scrolling windows together |
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380 @cindex Scroll-all mode |
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381 @cindex mode, Scroll-all |
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382 @kbd{M-x scroll-all-mode} provides commands to scroll all visible |
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383 windows together. You can also turn it on by customizing the variable |
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384 @code{scroll-all-mode}. The commands provided are @kbd{M-x |
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385 scroll-all-scroll-down-all}, @kbd{M-x scroll-all-page-down-all} and |
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386 their corresponding ``up'' equivalents. To make this mode useful, |
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387 you should bind these commands to appropriate keys. |
52401 | 388 |
389 @ignore | |
390 arch-tag: 8bea7453-d4b1-49b1-9bf4-cfe4383e1113 | |
391 @end ignore |