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annotate lispref/display.texi @ 52143:3b706f94b559
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6598 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
45745 | 3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 |
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4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6598 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/display | |
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7 @node Display, Calendar, Processes, Top |
6598 | 8 @chapter Emacs Display |
9 | |
10 This chapter describes a number of features related to the display | |
11 that Emacs presents to the user. | |
12 | |
13 @menu | |
14 * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it. | |
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15 * Forcing Redisplay:: Forcing redisplay. |
6598 | 16 * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines. |
17 * The Echo Area:: Where messages are displayed. | |
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18 * Warnings:: Displaying warning messages for the user. |
12067 | 19 * Invisible Text:: Hiding part of the buffer text. |
20 * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text (the old way). | |
6598 | 21 * Overlay Arrow:: Display of an arrow to indicate position. |
22 * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically. | |
23 * Overlays:: Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer. | |
25875 | 24 * Width:: How wide a character or string is on the screen. |
25 * Faces:: A face defines a graphics style for text characters: | |
26 font, colors, etc. | |
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27 * Fringes:: Controlling window fringes. |
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28 * Display Property:: Enabling special display features. |
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29 * Images:: Displaying images in Emacs buffers. |
6598 | 30 * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis. |
31 * Inverse Video:: Specifying how the screen looks. | |
32 * Usual Display:: The usual conventions for displaying nonprinting chars. | |
33 * Display Tables:: How to specify other conventions. | |
34 * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user. | |
35 * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used. | |
36 @end menu | |
37 | |
38 @node Refresh Screen | |
39 @section Refreshing the Screen | |
40 | |
41 The function @code{redraw-frame} redisplays the entire contents of a | |
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42 given frame (@pxref{Frames}). |
6598 | 43 |
44 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
45 @defun redraw-frame frame | |
46 This function clears and redisplays frame @var{frame}. | |
47 @end defun | |
48 | |
49 Even more powerful is @code{redraw-display}: | |
50 | |
51 @deffn Command redraw-display | |
52 This function clears and redisplays all visible frames. | |
53 @end deffn | |
54 | |
12098 | 55 Processing user input takes absolute priority over redisplay. If you |
56 call these functions when input is available, they do nothing | |
57 immediately, but a full redisplay does happen eventually---after all the | |
58 input has been processed. | |
59 | |
6598 | 60 Normally, suspending and resuming Emacs also refreshes the screen. |
61 Some terminal emulators record separate contents for display-oriented | |
62 programs such as Emacs and for ordinary sequential display. If you are | |
63 using such a terminal, you might want to inhibit the redisplay on | |
9009 | 64 resumption. |
6598 | 65 |
66 @defvar no-redraw-on-reenter | |
67 @cindex suspend (cf. @code{no-redraw-on-reenter}) | |
68 @cindex resume (cf. @code{no-redraw-on-reenter}) | |
69 This variable controls whether Emacs redraws the entire screen after it | |
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70 has been suspended and resumed. Non-@code{nil} means there is no need |
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71 to redraw, @code{nil} means redrawing is needed. The default is @code{nil}. |
6598 | 72 @end defvar |
73 | |
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74 @node Forcing Redisplay |
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75 @section Forcing Redisplay |
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76 @cindex forcing redisplay |
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77 |
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78 Emacs redisplay normally stops if input arrives, and does not happen |
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79 at all if input is available before it starts. Most of the time, this |
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80 is exactly what you want. However, you can prevent preemption by |
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81 binding @code{redisplay-dont-pause} to a non-@code{nil} value. |
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82 |
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83 @tindex redisplay-dont-pause |
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84 @defvar redisplay-dont-pause |
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85 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, pending input does not |
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86 prevent or halt redisplay; redisplay occurs, and finishes, |
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87 regardless of whether input is available. This feature is available |
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88 as of Emacs 21. |
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89 @end defvar |
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90 |
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91 You can request a display update, but only if no input is pending, |
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92 with @code{(sit-for 0)}. To force a display update even when input is |
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93 pending, do this: |
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94 |
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95 @example |
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96 (let ((redisplay-dont-pause t)) |
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97 (sit-for 0)) |
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98 @end example |
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99 |
6598 | 100 @node Truncation |
101 @section Truncation | |
102 @cindex line wrapping | |
103 @cindex continuation lines | |
104 @cindex @samp{$} in display | |
105 @cindex @samp{\} in display | |
106 | |
107 When a line of text extends beyond the right edge of a window, the | |
108 line can either be continued on the next screen line, or truncated to | |
109 one screen line. The additional screen lines used to display a long | |
110 text line are called @dfn{continuation} lines. Normally, a @samp{$} in | |
111 the rightmost column of the window indicates truncation; a @samp{\} on | |
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112 the rightmost column indicates a line that ``wraps'' onto the next line, |
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113 which is also called @dfn{continuing} the line. (The display table can |
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114 specify alternative indicators; see @ref{Display Tables}.) |
6598 | 115 |
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116 On a windowed display, the @samp{$} and @samp{\} indicators are |
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117 replaced with graphics bitmaps displayed in the window fringes |
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118 (@pxref{Fringes}). |
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119 |
6598 | 120 Note that continuation is different from filling; continuation happens |
121 on the screen only, not in the buffer contents, and it breaks a line | |
122 precisely at the right margin, not at a word boundary. @xref{Filling}. | |
123 | |
124 @defopt truncate-lines | |
125 This buffer-local variable controls how Emacs displays lines that extend | |
126 beyond the right edge of the window. The default is @code{nil}, which | |
127 specifies continuation. If the value is non-@code{nil}, then these | |
128 lines are truncated. | |
129 | |
130 If the variable @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} is non-@code{nil}, | |
131 then truncation is always used for side-by-side windows (within one | |
132 frame) regardless of the value of @code{truncate-lines}. | |
133 @end defopt | |
134 | |
12098 | 135 @defopt default-truncate-lines |
6598 | 136 This variable is the default value for @code{truncate-lines}, for |
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137 buffers that do not have buffer-local values for it. |
12098 | 138 @end defopt |
6598 | 139 |
140 @defopt truncate-partial-width-windows | |
141 This variable controls display of lines that extend beyond the right | |
142 edge of the window, in side-by-side windows (@pxref{Splitting Windows}). | |
143 If it is non-@code{nil}, these lines are truncated; otherwise, | |
144 @code{truncate-lines} says what to do with them. | |
145 @end defopt | |
146 | |
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147 When horizontal scrolling (@pxref{Horizontal Scrolling}) is in use in |
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148 a window, that forces truncation. |
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149 |
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150 You can override the glyphs that indicate continuation or truncation |
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151 using the display table; see @ref{Display Tables}. |
6598 | 152 |
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153 If your buffer contains @emph{very} long lines, and you use |
12067 | 154 continuation to display them, just thinking about them can make Emacs |
12098 | 155 redisplay slow. The column computation and indentation functions also |
156 become slow. Then you might find it advisable to set | |
157 @code{cache-long-line-scans} to @code{t}. | |
12067 | 158 |
159 @defvar cache-long-line-scans | |
160 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, various indentation and motion | |
12098 | 161 functions, and Emacs redisplay, cache the results of scanning the |
162 buffer, and consult the cache to avoid rescanning regions of the buffer | |
163 unless they are modified. | |
12067 | 164 |
12098 | 165 Turning on the cache slows down processing of short lines somewhat. |
12067 | 166 |
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167 This variable is automatically buffer-local in every buffer. |
12067 | 168 @end defvar |
169 | |
6598 | 170 @node The Echo Area |
171 @section The Echo Area | |
172 @cindex error display | |
173 @cindex echo area | |
174 | |
12067 | 175 The @dfn{echo area} is used for displaying messages made with the |
6598 | 176 @code{message} primitive, and for echoing keystrokes. It is not the |
177 same as the minibuffer, despite the fact that the minibuffer appears | |
178 (when active) in the same place on the screen as the echo area. The | |
179 @cite{GNU Emacs Manual} specifies the rules for resolving conflicts | |
180 between the echo area and the minibuffer for use of that screen space | |
181 (@pxref{Minibuffer,, The Minibuffer, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). | |
182 Error messages appear in the echo area; see @ref{Errors}. | |
183 | |
184 You can write output in the echo area by using the Lisp printing | |
185 functions with @code{t} as the stream (@pxref{Output Functions}), or as | |
186 follows: | |
187 | |
188 @defun message string &rest arguments | |
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189 This function displays a message in the echo area. The |
6598 | 190 argument @var{string} is similar to a C language @code{printf} control |
191 string. See @code{format} in @ref{String Conversion}, for the details | |
192 on the conversion specifications. @code{message} returns the | |
193 constructed string. | |
194 | |
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195 In batch mode, @code{message} prints the message text on the standard |
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196 error stream, followed by a newline. |
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197 |
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198 If @var{string}, or strings among the @var{arguments}, have @code{face} |
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199 text properties, these affect the way the message is displayed. |
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200 |
6598 | 201 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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202 If @var{string} is @code{nil}, @code{message} clears the echo area; if |
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203 the echo area has been expanded automatically, this brings it back to |
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204 its normal size. If the minibuffer is active, this brings the |
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205 minibuffer contents back onto the screen immediately. |
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206 |
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207 @vindex message-truncate-lines |
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208 Normally, displaying a long message resizes the echo area to display |
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209 the entire message. But if the variable @code{message-truncate-lines} |
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210 is non-@code{nil}, the echo area does not resize, and the message is |
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211 truncated to fit it, as in Emacs 20 and before. |
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212 |
6598 | 213 @example |
214 @group | |
215 (message "Minibuffer depth is %d." | |
216 (minibuffer-depth)) | |
217 @print{} Minibuffer depth is 0. | |
218 @result{} "Minibuffer depth is 0." | |
219 @end group | |
220 | |
221 @group | |
222 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
223 Minibuffer depth is 0. | |
224 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
225 @end group | |
226 @end example | |
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227 |
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228 To automatically display a message in the echo area or in a pop-buffer, |
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229 depending on its size, use @code{display-message-or-buffer}. |
6598 | 230 @end defun |
231 | |
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232 @tindex with-temp-message |
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233 @defmac with-temp-message message &rest body |
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234 This construct displays a message in the echo area temporarily, during |
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235 the execution of @var{body}. It displays @var{message}, executes |
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236 @var{body}, then returns the value of the last body form while restoring |
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237 the previous echo area contents. |
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238 @end defmac |
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239 |
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240 @defun message-or-box string &rest arguments |
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241 This function displays a message like @code{message}, but may display it |
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242 in a dialog box instead of the echo area. If this function is called in |
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243 a command that was invoked using the mouse---more precisely, if |
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244 @code{last-nonmenu-event} (@pxref{Command Loop Info}) is either |
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245 @code{nil} or a list---then it uses a dialog box or pop-up menu to |
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246 display the message. Otherwise, it uses the echo area. (This is the |
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247 same criterion that @code{y-or-n-p} uses to make a similar decision; see |
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248 @ref{Yes-or-No Queries}.) |
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249 |
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250 You can force use of the mouse or of the echo area by binding |
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251 @code{last-nonmenu-event} to a suitable value around the call. |
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252 @end defun |
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253 |
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254 @defun message-box string &rest arguments |
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255 This function displays a message like @code{message}, but uses a dialog |
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256 box (or a pop-up menu) whenever that is possible. If it is impossible |
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257 to use a dialog box or pop-up menu, because the terminal does not |
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258 support them, then @code{message-box} uses the echo area, like |
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259 @code{message}. |
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260 @end defun |
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261 |
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262 @defun display-message-or-buffer message &optional buffer-name not-this-window frame |
32840 | 263 @tindex display-message-or-buffer |
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264 This function displays the message @var{message}, which may be either a |
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265 string or a buffer. If it is shorter than the maximum height of the |
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266 echo area, as defined by @code{max-mini-window-height}, it is displayed |
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267 in the echo area, using @code{message}. Otherwise, |
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268 @code{display-buffer} is used to show it in a pop-up buffer. |
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269 |
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270 Returns either the string shown in the echo area, or when a pop-up |
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271 buffer is used, the window used to display it. |
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272 |
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273 If @var{message} is a string, then the optional argument |
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274 @var{buffer-name} is the name of the buffer used to display it when a |
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275 pop-up buffer is used, defaulting to @samp{*Message*}. In the case |
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276 where @var{message} is a string and displayed in the echo area, it is |
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277 not specified whether the contents are inserted into the buffer anyway. |
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278 |
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279 The optional arguments @var{not-this-window} and @var{frame} are as for |
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280 @code{display-buffer}, and only used if a buffer is displayed. |
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281 @end defun |
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282 |
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283 @defun current-message |
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284 This function returns the message currently being displayed in the |
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285 echo area, or @code{nil} if there is none. |
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286 @end defun |
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287 |
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288 @defvar cursor-in-echo-area |
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289 This variable controls where the cursor appears when a message is |
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290 displayed in the echo area. If it is non-@code{nil}, then the cursor |
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291 appears at the end of the message. Otherwise, the cursor appears at |
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292 point---not in the echo area at all. |
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293 |
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294 The value is normally @code{nil}; Lisp programs bind it to @code{t} |
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295 for brief periods of time. |
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296 @end defvar |
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297 |
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298 @defvar echo-area-clear-hook |
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299 This normal hook is run whenever the echo area is cleared---either by |
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300 @code{(message nil)} or for any other reason. |
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301 @end defvar |
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302 |
12067 | 303 Almost all the messages displayed in the echo area are also recorded |
304 in the @samp{*Messages*} buffer. | |
305 | |
306 @defopt message-log-max | |
307 This variable specifies how many lines to keep in the @samp{*Messages*} | |
308 buffer. The value @code{t} means there is no limit on how many lines to | |
309 keep. The value @code{nil} disables message logging entirely. Here's | |
310 how to display a message and prevent it from being logged: | |
311 | |
312 @example | |
313 (let (message-log-max) | |
314 (message @dots{})) | |
315 @end example | |
316 @end defopt | |
317 | |
12098 | 318 @defvar echo-keystrokes |
319 This variable determines how much time should elapse before command | |
27971 | 320 characters echo. Its value must be an integer or floating point number, |
321 which specifies the | |
12098 | 322 number of seconds to wait before echoing. If the user types a prefix |
323 key (such as @kbd{C-x}) and then delays this many seconds before | |
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324 continuing, the prefix key is echoed in the echo area. (Once echoing |
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325 begins in a key sequence, all subsequent characters in the same key |
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326 sequence are echoed immediately.) |
12098 | 327 |
328 If the value is zero, then command input is not echoed. | |
329 @end defvar | |
330 | |
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331 @node Warnings |
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332 @section Reporting Warnings |
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333 @cindex warnings |
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334 |
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335 @dfn{Warnings} are a facility for a program to inform the user of a |
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336 possible problem, but continue running. |
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337 |
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338 @menu |
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339 * Warning Basics:: Warnings concepts and functions to report them. |
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340 * Warning Variables:: Variables programs bind to customize their warnings. |
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341 * Warning Options:: Variables users set to control display of warnings. |
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342 @end menu |
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343 |
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344 @node Warning Basics |
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345 @subsection Warning Basics |
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346 @cindex severity level |
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347 |
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348 Every warning has a textual message, which explains the problem for |
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349 the user, and a @dfn{severity level} which is a symbol. Here are the |
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350 possible severity levels, in order of decreasing severity, and their |
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351 meanings: |
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352 |
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353 @table @code |
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354 @item :emergency |
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355 A problem that will seriously impair Emacs operation soon |
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356 if you do not attend to it promptly. |
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357 @item :error |
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358 A report of data or circumstances that are inherently wrong. |
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359 @item :warning |
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360 A report of data or circumstances that are not inherently wrong, but |
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361 raise suspicion of a possible problem. |
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362 @item :debug |
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363 A report of information that may be useful if you are debugging. |
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364 @end table |
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365 |
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366 When your program encounters invalid input data, it can either |
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367 signal a Lisp error by calling @code{error} or @code{signal} or report |
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368 a warning with severity @code{:error}. Signaling a Lisp error is the |
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369 easiest thing to do, but it means the program cannot continue |
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370 processing. If you want to take the trouble to implement a way to |
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371 continue processing despite the bad data, then reporting a warning of |
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372 severity @code{:error} is the right way to inform the user of the |
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373 problem. For instance, the Emacs Lisp byte compiler can report an |
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374 error that way and continue compiling other functions. (If the |
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375 program signals a Lisp error and then handles it with |
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376 @code{condition-case}, the user won't see the error message; it could |
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377 show the message to the user by reporting it as a warning.) |
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378 |
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379 @cinedex warning type |
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380 Each warning has a @dfn{warning type} to classify it. The type is a |
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381 list of symbols. The first symbol should be the custom group that you |
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382 use for the program's user options. For example, byte compiler |
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383 warnings use the warning type @code{(bytecomp)}. You can also |
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384 subcategorize the warnings, if you wish, by using more symbols in the |
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385 list. |
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386 |
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387 @defun display-warning type message &optional level buffer-name |
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388 This function reports a warning, using @var{message} as the message |
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389 and @var{type} as the warning type. @var{level} should be the |
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390 severity level, with @code{:warning} being the default. |
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391 |
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392 @var{buffer-name}, if non-@code{nil}, specifies the name of the buffer |
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393 for logging the warning. By default, it is @samp{*Warnings*}. |
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394 @end defun |
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395 |
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396 @defun lwarn type level message &rest args |
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397 This function reports a warning using the value of @code{(format |
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398 @var{message} @var{args}...)} as the message. In other respects it is |
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399 equivalent to @code{display-warning}. |
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400 @end defun |
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401 |
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402 @defun warn message &rest args |
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403 This function reports a warning using the value of @code{(format |
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404 @var{message} @var{args}...)} as the message, @code{(emacs)} as the |
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405 type, and @code{:warning} as the severity level. It exists for |
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406 compatibility only; we recommend not using it, because you should |
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407 specify a specific warning type. |
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408 @end defun |
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409 |
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410 @node Warning Variables |
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411 @subsection Warning Variables |
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|
412 |
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413 Programs can customize how their warnings appear by binding |
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414 the variables described in this section. |
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|
415 |
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416 @defvar warning-levels |
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417 This list defines the meaning and severity order of the warning |
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418 severity levels. Each element defines one severity level, |
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419 and they are arranged in order of decreasing severity. |
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420 |
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421 Each element has the form @code{(@var{level} @var{string} |
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422 @var{function})}, where @var{level} is the severity level it defines. |
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423 @var{string} specifies the textual description of this level. |
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424 @var{string} should use @samp{%s} to specify where to put the warning |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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425 type information, or it can omit the @samp{%s} so as not to include |
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426 that information. |
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|
427 |
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428 The optional @var{function}, if non-@code{nil}, is a function to call |
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429 with no arguments, to get the user's attention. |
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|
430 |
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|
431 Normally you should not change the value of this variable. |
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432 @end defvar |
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|
433 |
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434 @defvar warning-prefix-function |
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435 If non-@code{nil}, te value is a function to generate prefix text for |
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436 warnings. Programs can bind the variable to a suitable function. |
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437 @code{display-warning} calls this function with the warnings buffer |
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438 current, and the function can insert text in it. That text becomes |
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439 the beginning of the warning message. |
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|
440 |
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441 The function is called with two arguments, the severity level and its |
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442 entry in @code{warning-levels}. It should return a list to use as the |
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443 entry (this value need not be an actual member of |
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444 @code{warning-levels}). By constructing this value, the function to |
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|
445 change the severity of the warning, or specify different handling for |
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446 a given severity level. |
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diff
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|
447 |
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|
448 If the variable's value is @code{nil} then there is no function |
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449 to call. |
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450 @end defvar |
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|
451 |
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|
452 @defvar warning-series |
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453 Programs can bind this variable to @code{t} to say that the next |
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454 warning should begin a series. When several warnings form a series, |
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|
455 that means to leave point on the first warning of the series, rather |
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|
456 than keep move it for each warning so that it appears on the last one. |
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457 The series ends when the local binding is unbound and |
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|
458 @code{warning-series} becomes @code{nil} again. |
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|
459 |
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|
460 The value can also be a symbol with a function definition. That is |
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461 equivalent to @code{t}, except that the next warning will also call |
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462 the function with no arguments with the warnings buffer current. The |
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463 function can insert text which will serve as a header for the series |
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464 of warnings. |
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|
465 |
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466 Once a series has begun, the value is a marker which points to the |
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467 buffer position in the warnings buffer of the start of the series. |
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|
468 |
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469 The variable's normal value is @code{nil}, which means to handle |
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470 each warning separately. |
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471 @end defvar |
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|
472 |
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|
473 @defvar warning-fill-prefix |
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474 When this variable is non-@code{nil}, it specifies a fill prefix to |
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|
475 use for filling each warning's text. |
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|
476 @end defvar |
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diff
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|
477 |
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|
478 @defvar warning-type-format |
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|
479 This variable specifies the format for displaying the warning type |
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|
480 in the warning message. The result of formatting the type this way |
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481 gets included in the message under the control of the string in the |
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482 entry in @code{warning-levels}. The default value is @code{" (%s)"}. |
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|
483 If you bind it to @code{""} then the warning type won't appear at |
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|
484 all. |
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|
485 @end defvar |
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|
486 |
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|
487 @node Warning Options |
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|
488 @subsection Warning Options |
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|
489 |
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|
490 These variables are used by users to control what happens |
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491 when a Lisp program reports a warning. |
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diff
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|
492 |
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|
493 @defopt warning-minimum-level |
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494 This user option specifies the minimum severity level that should be |
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|
495 shown immediately to the user. The default is @code{:warning}, which |
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|
496 means to immediately display all warnings except @code{:debug} |
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497 warnings. |
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498 @end defopt |
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499 |
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500 @defopt warning-minimum-log-level |
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501 This user option specifies the minimum severity level that should be |
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502 logged in the warnings buffer. The default is @code{:warning}, which |
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503 means to log all warnings except @code{:debug} warnings. |
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504 @end defopt |
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505 |
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506 @defopt warning-suppress-types |
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507 This list specifies which warning types should not be displayed |
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508 immediately for the user. Each element of the list should be a list |
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509 of symbols. If its elements match the first elements in a warning |
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510 type, then that warning is not displayed immediately. |
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511 @end defopt |
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512 |
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513 @defopt warning-suppress-log-types |
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514 This list specifies which warning types should not be logged in the |
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515 warnings buffer. Each element of the list should be a list of |
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516 symbols. If it matches the first few elements in a warning type, then |
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517 that warning is not logged. |
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518 @end defopt |
12067 | 519 @node Invisible Text |
520 @section Invisible Text | |
521 | |
522 @cindex invisible text | |
523 You can make characters @dfn{invisible}, so that they do not appear on | |
524 the screen, with the @code{invisible} property. This can be either a | |
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525 text property (@pxref{Text Properties}) or a property of an overlay |
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526 (@pxref{Overlays}). |
12067 | 527 |
528 In the simplest case, any non-@code{nil} @code{invisible} property makes | |
529 a character invisible. This is the default case---if you don't alter | |
530 the default value of @code{buffer-invisibility-spec}, this is how the | |
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531 @code{invisible} property works. You should normally use @code{t} |
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532 as the value of the @code{invisible} property if you don't plan |
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533 to set @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} yourself. |
12067 | 534 |
535 More generally, you can use the variable @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} | |
536 to control which values of the @code{invisible} property make text | |
537 invisible. This permits you to classify the text into different subsets | |
538 in advance, by giving them different @code{invisible} values, and | |
539 subsequently make various subsets visible or invisible by changing the | |
540 value of @code{buffer-invisibility-spec}. | |
541 | |
542 Controlling visibility with @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} is | |
25875 | 543 especially useful in a program to display the list of entries in a |
544 database. It permits the implementation of convenient filtering | |
545 commands to view just a part of the entries in the database. Setting | |
546 this variable is very fast, much faster than scanning all the text in | |
547 the buffer looking for properties to change. | |
12067 | 548 |
549 @defvar buffer-invisibility-spec | |
550 This variable specifies which kinds of @code{invisible} properties | |
551 actually make a character invisible. | |
552 | |
553 @table @asis | |
554 @item @code{t} | |
555 A character is invisible if its @code{invisible} property is | |
556 non-@code{nil}. This is the default. | |
557 | |
558 @item a list | |
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559 Each element of the list specifies a criterion for invisibility; if a |
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560 character's @code{invisible} property fits any one of these criteria, |
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561 the character is invisible. The list can have two kinds of elements: |
12067 | 562 |
563 @table @code | |
564 @item @var{atom} | |
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565 A character is invisible if its @code{invisible} property value |
12067 | 566 is @var{atom} or if it is a list with @var{atom} as a member. |
567 | |
568 @item (@var{atom} . t) | |
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569 A character is invisible if its @code{invisible} property value |
12067 | 570 is @var{atom} or if it is a list with @var{atom} as a member. |
571 Moreover, if this character is at the end of a line and is followed | |
572 by a visible newline, it displays an ellipsis. | |
573 @end table | |
574 @end table | |
575 @end defvar | |
576 | |
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577 Two functions are specifically provided for adding elements to |
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578 @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} and removing elements from it. |
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579 |
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580 @defun add-to-invisibility-spec element |
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581 This function adds the element @var{element} to |
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582 @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} (if it is not already present in that |
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583 list). If @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} was @code{t}, it changes to |
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584 a list, @code{(t)}, so that text whose @code{invisible} property |
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585 is @code{t} remains invisible. |
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586 @end defun |
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587 |
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588 @defun remove-from-invisibility-spec element |
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589 This removeds the element @var{element} from |
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590 @code{buffer-invisibility-spec}. This does nothing if @var{element} |
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591 is not in the list. |
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592 @end defun |
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593 |
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594 A convention for use of @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} is that a |
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595 major mode should use the mode's own name as an element of |
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596 @code{buffer-invisibility-spec} and as the value of the |
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597 @code{invisible} property: |
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598 |
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599 @example |
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600 ;; @r{If you want to display an ellipsis:} |
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601 (add-to-invisibility-spec '(my-symbol . t)) |
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602 ;; @r{If you don't want ellipsis:} |
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603 (add-to-invisibility-spec 'my-symbol) |
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604 |
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605 (overlay-put (make-overlay beginning end) |
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606 'invisible 'my-symbol) |
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607 |
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608 ;; @r{When done with the overlays:} |
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609 (remove-from-invisibility-spec '(my-symbol . t)) |
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610 ;; @r{Or respectively:} |
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611 (remove-from-invisibility-spec 'my-symbol) |
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612 @end example |
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613 |
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614 @vindex line-move-ignore-invisible |
12098 | 615 Ordinarily, commands that operate on text or move point do not care |
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616 whether the text is invisible. The user-level line motion commands |
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617 explicitly ignore invisible newlines if |
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618 @code{line-move-ignore-invisible} is non-@code{nil}, but only because |
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619 they are explicitly programmed to do so. |
12098 | 620 |
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621 Incremental search can make invisible overlays visible temporarily |
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622 and/or permanently when a match includes invisible text. To enable |
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623 this, the overlay should have a non-@code{nil} |
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624 @code{isearch-open-invisible} property. The property value should be a |
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625 function to be called with the overlay as an argument. This function |
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626 should make the overlay visible permanently; it is used when the match |
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627 overlaps the overlay on exit from the search. |
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628 |
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629 During the search, such overlays are made temporarily visible by |
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630 temporarily modifying their invisible and intangible properties. If you |
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631 want this to be done differently for a certain overlay, give it an |
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632 @code{isearch-open-invisible-temporary} property which is a function. |
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633 The function is called with two arguments: the first is the overlay, and |
26986 | 634 the second is @code{nil} to make the overlay visible, or @code{t} to |
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635 make it invisible again. |
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636 |
6598 | 637 @node Selective Display |
638 @section Selective Display | |
639 @cindex selective display | |
640 | |
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641 @dfn{Selective display} refers to a pair of related features for |
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642 hiding certain lines on the screen. |
6598 | 643 |
644 The first variant, explicit selective display, is designed for use in | |
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645 a Lisp program: it controls which lines are hidden by altering the text. |
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646 The invisible text feature (@pxref{Invisible Text}) has partially |
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647 replaced this feature. |
12067 | 648 |
649 In the second variant, the choice of lines to hide is made | |
12098 | 650 automatically based on indentation. This variant is designed to be a |
12067 | 651 user-level feature. |
6598 | 652 |
653 The way you control explicit selective display is by replacing a | |
9009 | 654 newline (control-j) with a carriage return (control-m). The text that |
6598 | 655 was formerly a line following that newline is now invisible. Strictly |
656 speaking, it is temporarily no longer a line at all, since only newlines | |
657 can separate lines; it is now part of the previous line. | |
658 | |
659 Selective display does not directly affect editing commands. For | |
660 example, @kbd{C-f} (@code{forward-char}) moves point unhesitatingly into | |
661 invisible text. However, the replacement of newline characters with | |
662 carriage return characters affects some editing commands. For example, | |
663 @code{next-line} skips invisible lines, since it searches only for | |
664 newlines. Modes that use selective display can also define commands | |
665 that take account of the newlines, or that make parts of the text | |
666 visible or invisible. | |
667 | |
668 When you write a selectively displayed buffer into a file, all the | |
669 control-m's are output as newlines. This means that when you next read | |
670 in the file, it looks OK, with nothing invisible. The selective display | |
671 effect is seen only within Emacs. | |
672 | |
673 @defvar selective-display | |
674 This buffer-local variable enables selective display. This means that | |
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675 lines, or portions of lines, may be made invisible. |
6598 | 676 |
677 @itemize @bullet | |
678 @item | |
25875 | 679 If the value of @code{selective-display} is @code{t}, then the character |
680 control-m marks the start of invisible text; the control-m, and the rest | |
681 of the line following it, are not displayed. This is explicit selective | |
682 display. | |
6598 | 683 |
684 @item | |
685 If the value of @code{selective-display} is a positive integer, then | |
686 lines that start with more than that many columns of indentation are not | |
687 displayed. | |
688 @end itemize | |
689 | |
690 When some portion of a buffer is invisible, the vertical movement | |
691 commands operate as if that portion did not exist, allowing a single | |
692 @code{next-line} command to skip any number of invisible lines. | |
693 However, character movement commands (such as @code{forward-char}) do | |
694 not skip the invisible portion, and it is possible (if tricky) to insert | |
695 or delete text in an invisible portion. | |
696 | |
697 In the examples below, we show the @emph{display appearance} of the | |
698 buffer @code{foo}, which changes with the value of | |
699 @code{selective-display}. The @emph{contents} of the buffer do not | |
700 change. | |
701 | |
702 @example | |
703 @group | |
704 (setq selective-display nil) | |
705 @result{} nil | |
706 | |
707 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
708 1 on this column | |
709 2on this column | |
710 3n this column | |
711 3n this column | |
712 2on this column | |
713 1 on this column | |
714 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
715 @end group | |
716 | |
717 @group | |
718 (setq selective-display 2) | |
719 @result{} 2 | |
720 | |
721 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
722 1 on this column | |
723 2on this column | |
724 2on this column | |
725 1 on this column | |
726 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
727 @end group | |
728 @end example | |
729 @end defvar | |
730 | |
731 @defvar selective-display-ellipses | |
732 If this buffer-local variable is non-@code{nil}, then Emacs displays | |
733 @samp{@dots{}} at the end of a line that is followed by invisible text. | |
734 This example is a continuation of the previous one. | |
735 | |
736 @example | |
737 @group | |
738 (setq selective-display-ellipses t) | |
739 @result{} t | |
740 | |
741 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
742 1 on this column | |
743 2on this column ... | |
744 2on this column | |
745 1 on this column | |
746 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
747 @end group | |
748 @end example | |
749 | |
750 You can use a display table to substitute other text for the ellipsis | |
751 (@samp{@dots{}}). @xref{Display Tables}. | |
752 @end defvar | |
753 | |
754 @node Overlay Arrow | |
755 @section The Overlay Arrow | |
756 @cindex overlay arrow | |
757 | |
758 The @dfn{overlay arrow} is useful for directing the user's attention | |
759 to a particular line in a buffer. For example, in the modes used for | |
760 interface to debuggers, the overlay arrow indicates the line of code | |
761 about to be executed. | |
762 | |
763 @defvar overlay-arrow-string | |
9009 | 764 This variable holds the string to display to call attention to a |
765 particular line, or @code{nil} if the arrow feature is not in use. | |
29471 | 766 On a graphical display the contents of the string are ignored; instead a |
767 glyph is displayed in the fringe area to the left of the display area. | |
6598 | 768 @end defvar |
769 | |
770 @defvar overlay-arrow-position | |
9009 | 771 This variable holds a marker that indicates where to display the overlay |
29471 | 772 arrow. It should point at the beginning of a line. On a non-graphical |
773 display the arrow text | |
9009 | 774 appears at the beginning of that line, overlaying any text that would |
775 otherwise appear. Since the arrow is usually short, and the line | |
776 usually begins with indentation, normally nothing significant is | |
777 overwritten. | |
6598 | 778 |
9009 | 779 The overlay string is displayed only in the buffer that this marker |
6598 | 780 points into. Thus, only one buffer can have an overlay arrow at any |
781 given time. | |
782 @c !!! overlay-arrow-position: but the overlay string may remain in the display | |
783 @c of some other buffer until an update is required. This should be fixed | |
784 @c now. Is it? | |
785 @end defvar | |
786 | |
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787 You can do a similar job by creating an overlay with a |
12067 | 788 @code{before-string} property. @xref{Overlay Properties}. |
789 | |
6598 | 790 @node Temporary Displays |
791 @section Temporary Displays | |
792 | |
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793 Temporary displays are used by Lisp programs to put output into a |
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794 buffer and then present it to the user for perusal rather than for |
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795 editing. Many help commands use this feature. |
6598 | 796 |
797 @defspec with-output-to-temp-buffer buffer-name forms@dots{} | |
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798 This function executes @var{forms} while arranging to insert any output |
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799 they print into the buffer named @var{buffer-name}, which is first |
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800 created if necessary, and put into Help mode. Finally, the buffer is |
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801 displayed in some window, but not selected. |
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802 |
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803 If the @var{forms} do not change the major mode in the output buffer, so |
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804 that it is still Help mode at the end of their execution, then |
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805 @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} makes this buffer read-only at the |
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806 end, and also scans it for function and variable names to make them into |
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807 clickable cross-references. |
6598 | 808 |
809 The string @var{buffer-name} specifies the temporary buffer, which | |
810 need not already exist. The argument must be a string, not a buffer. | |
811 The buffer is erased initially (with no questions asked), and it is | |
812 marked as unmodified after @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} exits. | |
813 | |
814 @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} binds @code{standard-output} to the | |
815 temporary buffer, then it evaluates the forms in @var{forms}. Output | |
816 using the Lisp output functions within @var{forms} goes by default to | |
817 that buffer (but screen display and messages in the echo area, although | |
818 they are ``output'' in the general sense of the word, are not affected). | |
819 @xref{Output Functions}. | |
820 | |
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821 Several hooks are available for customizing the behavior |
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822 of this construct; they are listed below. |
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823 |
6598 | 824 The value of the last form in @var{forms} is returned. |
825 | |
826 @example | |
827 @group | |
828 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
829 This is the contents of foo. | |
830 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
831 @end group | |
832 | |
833 @group | |
834 (with-output-to-temp-buffer "foo" | |
835 (print 20) | |
836 (print standard-output)) | |
837 @result{} #<buffer foo> | |
838 | |
839 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
840 20 | |
841 | |
842 #<buffer foo> | |
843 | |
844 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
845 @end group | |
846 @end example | |
847 @end defspec | |
848 | |
849 @defvar temp-buffer-show-function | |
9009 | 850 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} |
6598 | 851 calls it as a function to do the job of displaying a help buffer. The |
852 function gets one argument, which is the buffer it should display. | |
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853 |
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854 It is a good idea for this function to run @code{temp-buffer-show-hook} |
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855 just as @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} normally would, inside of |
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856 @code{save-selected-window} and with the chosen window and buffer |
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857 selected. |
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858 @end defvar |
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859 |
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860 @defvar temp-buffer-setup-hook |
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861 @tindex temp-buffer-setup-hook |
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862 This normal hook is run by @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} before |
42082 | 863 evaluating @var{body}. When the hook runs, the temporary buffer is |
864 current. This hook is normally set up with a function to put the | |
865 buffer in Help mode. | |
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866 @end defvar |
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867 |
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868 @defvar temp-buffer-show-hook |
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869 This normal hook is run by @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer} after |
42082 | 870 displaying the temporary buffer. When the hook runs, the temporary buffer |
871 is current, and the window it was displayed in is selected. This hook | |
872 is normally set up with a function to make the buffer read only, and | |
873 find function names and variable names in it, provided the major mode | |
874 is Help mode. | |
6598 | 875 @end defvar |
876 | |
877 @defun momentary-string-display string position &optional char message | |
878 This function momentarily displays @var{string} in the current buffer at | |
879 @var{position}. It has no effect on the undo list or on the buffer's | |
880 modification status. | |
881 | |
882 The momentary display remains until the next input event. If the next | |
883 input event is @var{char}, @code{momentary-string-display} ignores it | |
884 and returns. Otherwise, that event remains buffered for subsequent use | |
885 as input. Thus, typing @var{char} will simply remove the string from | |
886 the display, while typing (say) @kbd{C-f} will remove the string from | |
887 the display and later (presumably) move point forward. The argument | |
888 @var{char} is a space by default. | |
889 | |
890 The return value of @code{momentary-string-display} is not meaningful. | |
891 | |
12098 | 892 If the string @var{string} does not contain control characters, you can |
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893 do the same job in a more general way by creating (and then subsequently |
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894 deleting) an overlay with a @code{before-string} property. |
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895 @xref{Overlay Properties}. |
12098 | 896 |
6598 | 897 If @var{message} is non-@code{nil}, it is displayed in the echo area |
898 while @var{string} is displayed in the buffer. If it is @code{nil}, a | |
899 default message says to type @var{char} to continue. | |
900 | |
901 In this example, point is initially located at the beginning of the | |
902 second line: | |
903 | |
904 @example | |
905 @group | |
906 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
907 This is the contents of foo. | |
908 @point{}Second line. | |
909 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
910 @end group | |
911 | |
912 @group | |
913 (momentary-string-display | |
914 "**** Important Message! ****" | |
915 (point) ?\r | |
916 "Type RET when done reading") | |
917 @result{} t | |
918 @end group | |
919 | |
920 @group | |
921 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
922 This is the contents of foo. | |
923 **** Important Message! ****Second line. | |
924 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
925 | |
926 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
927 Type RET when done reading | |
928 ---------- Echo Area ---------- | |
929 @end group | |
930 @end example | |
931 @end defun | |
932 | |
933 @node Overlays | |
934 @section Overlays | |
935 @cindex overlays | |
936 | |
937 You can use @dfn{overlays} to alter the appearance of a buffer's text on | |
12098 | 938 the screen, for the sake of presentation features. An overlay is an |
939 object that belongs to a particular buffer, and has a specified | |
940 beginning and end. It also has properties that you can examine and set; | |
941 these affect the display of the text within the overlay. | |
6598 | 942 |
943 @menu | |
944 * Overlay Properties:: How to read and set properties. | |
945 What properties do to the screen display. | |
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946 * Managing Overlays:: Creating and moving overlays. |
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947 * Finding Overlays:: Searching for overlays. |
6598 | 948 @end menu |
949 | |
950 @node Overlay Properties | |
951 @subsection Overlay Properties | |
952 | |
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953 Overlay properties are like text properties in that the properties that |
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954 alter how a character is displayed can come from either source. But in |
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955 most respects they are different. Text properties are considered a part |
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956 of the text; overlays are specifically considered not to be part of the |
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957 text. Thus, copying text between various buffers and strings preserves |
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958 text properties, but does not try to preserve overlays. Changing a |
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959 buffer's text properties marks the buffer as modified, while moving an |
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960 overlay or changing its properties does not. Unlike text property |
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961 changes, overlay changes are not recorded in the buffer's undo list. |
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962 @xref{Text Properties}, for comparison. |
6598 | 963 |
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964 These functions are used for reading and writing the properties of an |
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965 overlay: |
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966 |
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967 @defun overlay-get overlay prop |
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968 This function returns the value of property @var{prop} recorded in |
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969 @var{overlay}, if any. If @var{overlay} does not record any value for |
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970 that property, but it does have a @code{category} property which is a |
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971 symbol, that symbol's @var{prop} property is used. Otherwise, the value |
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972 is @code{nil}. |
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973 @end defun |
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974 |
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975 @defun overlay-put overlay prop value |
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976 This function sets the value of property @var{prop} recorded in |
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977 @var{overlay} to @var{value}. It returns @var{value}. |
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978 @end defun |
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979 |
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980 See also the function @code{get-char-property} which checks both |
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981 overlay properties and text properties for a given character. |
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982 @xref{Examining Properties}. |
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983 |
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984 Many overlay properties have special meanings; here is a table |
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985 of them: |
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986 |
6598 | 987 @table @code |
988 @item priority | |
989 @kindex priority @r{(overlay property)} | |
990 This property's value (which should be a nonnegative number) determines | |
991 the priority of the overlay. The priority matters when two or more | |
992 overlays cover the same character and both specify a face for display; | |
993 the one whose @code{priority} value is larger takes priority over the | |
994 other, and its face attributes override the face attributes of the lower | |
995 priority overlay. | |
996 | |
997 Currently, all overlays take priority over text properties. Please | |
998 avoid using negative priority values, as we have not yet decided just | |
999 what they should mean. | |
1000 | |
1001 @item window | |
1002 @kindex window @r{(overlay property)} | |
1003 If the @code{window} property is non-@code{nil}, then the overlay | |
1004 applies only on that window. | |
1005 | |
12067 | 1006 @item category |
1007 @kindex category @r{(overlay property)} | |
1008 If an overlay has a @code{category} property, we call it the | |
12098 | 1009 @dfn{category} of the overlay. It should be a symbol. The properties |
12067 | 1010 of the symbol serve as defaults for the properties of the overlay. |
1011 | |
6598 | 1012 @item face |
1013 @kindex face @r{(overlay property)} | |
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1014 This property controls the way text is displayed---for example, which |
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1015 font and which colors. @xref{Faces}, for more information. |
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1016 |
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1017 In the simplest case, the value is a face name. It can also be a list; |
25875 | 1018 then each element can be any of these possibilities: |
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1019 |
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1020 @itemize @bullet |
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1021 @item |
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1022 A face name (a symbol or string). |
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1023 |
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1024 @item |
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1025 Starting in Emacs 21, a property list of face attributes. This has the |
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1026 form (@var{keyword} @var{value} @dots{}), where each @var{keyword} is a |
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1027 face attribute name and @var{value} is a meaningful value for that |
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1028 attribute. With this feature, you do not need to create a face each |
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1029 time you want to specify a particular attribute for certain text. |
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1030 @xref{Face Attributes}. |
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1031 |
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1032 @item |
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1033 A cons cell of the form @code{(foreground-color . @var{color-name})} or |
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1034 @code{(background-color . @var{color-name})}. These elements specify |
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1035 just the foreground color or just the background color. |
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1036 |
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1037 @code{(foreground-color . @var{color-name})} is equivalent to |
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1038 @code{(:foreground @var{color-name})}, and likewise for the background. |
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1039 @end itemize |
6598 | 1040 |
1041 @item mouse-face | |
1042 @kindex mouse-face @r{(overlay property)} | |
1043 This property is used instead of @code{face} when the mouse is within | |
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1044 the range of the overlay. |
6598 | 1045 |
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1046 @item display |
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1047 @kindex display @r{(overlay property)} |
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1048 This property activates various features that change the |
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1049 way text is displayed. For example, it can make text appear taller |
38278 | 1050 or shorter, higher or lower, wider or narrower, or replaced with an image. |
25751
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1051 @xref{Display Property}. |
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1052 |
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1053 @item help-echo |
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1054 @kindex help-echo @r{(text property)} |
31373
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1055 If an overlay has a @code{help-echo} property, then when you move the |
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1056 mouse onto the text in the overlay, Emacs displays a help string in the |
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1057 echo area, or in the tooltip window. For details see @ref{Text |
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1058 help-echo}. |
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1059 |
6598 | 1060 @item modification-hooks |
1061 @kindex modification-hooks @r{(overlay property)} | |
1062 This property's value is a list of functions to be called if any | |
1063 character within the overlay is changed or if text is inserted strictly | |
12067 | 1064 within the overlay. |
1065 | |
1066 The hook functions are called both before and after each change. | |
1067 If the functions save the information they receive, and compare notes | |
1068 between calls, they can determine exactly what change has been made | |
1069 in the buffer text. | |
1070 | |
1071 When called before a change, each function receives four arguments: the | |
1072 overlay, @code{nil}, and the beginning and end of the text range to be | |
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1073 modified. |
6598 | 1074 |
12067 | 1075 When called after a change, each function receives five arguments: the |
1076 overlay, @code{t}, the beginning and end of the text range just | |
1077 modified, and the length of the pre-change text replaced by that range. | |
1078 (For an insertion, the pre-change length is zero; for a deletion, that | |
1079 length is the number of characters deleted, and the post-change | |
12098 | 1080 beginning and end are equal.) |
12067 | 1081 |
6598 | 1082 @item insert-in-front-hooks |
1083 @kindex insert-in-front-hooks @r{(overlay property)} | |
12067 | 1084 This property's value is a list of functions to be called before and |
1085 after inserting text right at the beginning of the overlay. The calling | |
1086 conventions are the same as for the @code{modification-hooks} functions. | |
6598 | 1087 |
1088 @item insert-behind-hooks | |
1089 @kindex insert-behind-hooks @r{(overlay property)} | |
12067 | 1090 This property's value is a list of functions to be called before and |
1091 after inserting text right at the end of the overlay. The calling | |
1092 conventions are the same as for the @code{modification-hooks} functions. | |
6598 | 1093 |
1094 @item invisible | |
1095 @kindex invisible @r{(overlay property)} | |
12067 | 1096 The @code{invisible} property can make the text in the overlay |
1097 invisible, which means that it does not appear on the screen. | |
1098 @xref{Invisible Text}, for details. | |
1099 | |
1100 @item intangible | |
1101 @kindex intangible @r{(overlay property)} | |
1102 The @code{intangible} property on an overlay works just like the | |
12098 | 1103 @code{intangible} text property. @xref{Special Properties}, for details. |
21007
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1104 |
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1105 @item isearch-open-invisible |
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1106 This property tells incremental search how to make an invisible overlay |
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1107 visible, permanently, if the final match overlaps it. @xref{Invisible |
21007
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1108 Text}. |
6598 | 1109 |
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1110 @item isearch-open-invisible-temporary |
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1111 This property tells incremental search how to make an invisible overlay |
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1112 visible, temporarily, during the search. @xref{Invisible Text}. |
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1113 |
6598 | 1114 @item before-string |
1115 @kindex before-string @r{(overlay property)} | |
1116 This property's value is a string to add to the display at the beginning | |
1117 of the overlay. The string does not appear in the buffer in any | |
25875 | 1118 sense---only on the screen. |
6598 | 1119 |
1120 @item after-string | |
1121 @kindex after-string @r{(overlay property)} | |
1122 This property's value is a string to add to the display at the end of | |
1123 the overlay. The string does not appear in the buffer in any | |
25875 | 1124 sense---only on the screen. |
12067 | 1125 |
1126 @item evaporate | |
1127 @kindex evaporate @r{(overlay property)} | |
1128 If this property is non-@code{nil}, the overlay is deleted automatically | |
1129 if it ever becomes empty (i.e., if it spans no characters). | |
16123
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1130 |
29102 | 1131 @item local-map |
29076 | 1132 @cindex keymap of character (and overlays) |
29102 | 1133 @kindex local-map @r{(overlay property)} |
29076 | 1134 If this property is non-@code{nil}, it specifies a keymap for a portion |
1135 of the text. The property's value replaces the buffer's local map, when | |
1136 the character after point is within the overlay. @xref{Active Keymaps}. | |
33996 | 1137 |
1138 @item keymap | |
1139 @kindex keymap @r{(overlay property)} | |
1140 The @code{keymap} property is similar to @code{local-map} but overrides the | |
1141 buffer's local map (and the map specified by the @code{local-map} | |
1142 property) rather than replacing it. | |
29076 | 1143 @end table |
1144 | |
6598 | 1145 @node Managing Overlays |
1146 @subsection Managing Overlays | |
1147 | |
1148 This section describes the functions to create, delete and move | |
1149 overlays, and to examine their contents. | |
1150 | |
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1151 @defun make-overlay start end &optional buffer front-advance rear-advance |
9009 | 1152 This function creates and returns an overlay that belongs to |
6598 | 1153 @var{buffer} and ranges from @var{start} to @var{end}. Both @var{start} |
1154 and @var{end} must specify buffer positions; they may be integers or | |
1155 markers. If @var{buffer} is omitted, the overlay is created in the | |
1156 current buffer. | |
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1157 |
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1158 The arguments @var{front-advance} and @var{rear-advance} specify the |
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1159 insertion type for the start of the overlay and for the end of the |
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1160 overlay, respectively. @xref{Marker Insertion Types}. |
6598 | 1161 @end defun |
1162 | |
1163 @defun overlay-start overlay | |
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1164 This function returns the position at which @var{overlay} starts, |
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1165 as an integer. |
6598 | 1166 @end defun |
1167 | |
1168 @defun overlay-end overlay | |
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1169 This function returns the position at which @var{overlay} ends, |
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1170 as an integer. |
6598 | 1171 @end defun |
1172 | |
1173 @defun overlay-buffer overlay | |
1174 This function returns the buffer that @var{overlay} belongs to. | |
1175 @end defun | |
1176 | |
1177 @defun delete-overlay overlay | |
1178 This function deletes @var{overlay}. The overlay continues to exist as | |
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1179 a Lisp object, and its property list is unchanged, but it ceases to be |
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1180 attached to the buffer it belonged to, and ceases to have any effect on |
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1181 display. |
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1182 |
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1183 A deleted overlay is not permanently disconnected. You can give it a |
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1184 position in a buffer again by calling @code{move-overlay}. |
6598 | 1185 @end defun |
1186 | |
1187 @defun move-overlay overlay start end &optional buffer | |
1188 This function moves @var{overlay} to @var{buffer}, and places its bounds | |
1189 at @var{start} and @var{end}. Both arguments @var{start} and @var{end} | |
26696
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1190 must specify buffer positions; they may be integers or markers. |
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1191 |
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1192 If @var{buffer} is omitted, @var{overlay} stays in the same buffer it |
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1193 was already associated with; if @var{overlay} was deleted, it goes into |
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1194 the current buffer. |
6598 | 1195 |
1196 The return value is @var{overlay}. | |
1197 | |
1198 This is the only valid way to change the endpoints of an overlay. Do | |
1199 not try modifying the markers in the overlay by hand, as that fails to | |
1200 update other vital data structures and can cause some overlays to be | |
1201 ``lost''. | |
1202 @end defun | |
1203 | |
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1204 Here are some examples: |
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1205 |
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1206 @example |
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1207 ;; @r{Create an overlay.} |
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1208 (setq foo (make-overlay 1 10)) |
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1209 @result{} #<overlay from 1 to 10 in display.texi> |
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1210 (overlay-start foo) |
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1211 @result{} 1 |
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1212 (overlay-end foo) |
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1213 @result{} 10 |
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1214 (overlay-buffer foo) |
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1215 @result{} #<buffer display.texi> |
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1216 ;; @r{Give it a property we can check later.} |
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1217 (overlay-put foo 'happy t) |
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1218 @result{} t |
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1219 ;; @r{Verify the property is present.} |
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1220 (overlay-get foo 'happy) |
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1221 @result{} t |
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1222 ;; @r{Move the overlay.} |
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1223 (move-overlay foo 5 20) |
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1224 @result{} #<overlay from 5 to 20 in display.texi> |
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1225 (overlay-start foo) |
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1226 @result{} 5 |
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1227 (overlay-end foo) |
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1228 @result{} 20 |
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1229 ;; @r{Delete the overlay.} |
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1230 (delete-overlay foo) |
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1231 @result{} nil |
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1232 ;; @r{Verify it is deleted.} |
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1233 foo |
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1234 @result{} #<overlay in no buffer> |
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1235 ;; @r{A deleted overlay has no position.} |
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1236 (overlay-start foo) |
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1237 @result{} nil |
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Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1238 (overlay-end foo) |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1239 @result{} nil |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1240 (overlay-buffer foo) |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1241 @result{} nil |
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|
1242 ;; @r{Undelete the overlay.} |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
1243 (move-overlay foo 1 20) |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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parents:
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|
1244 @result{} #<overlay from 1 to 20 in display.texi> |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
1245 ;; @r{Verify the results.} |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
1246 (overlay-start foo) |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
1247 @result{} 1 |
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|
1248 (overlay-end foo) |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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parents:
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|
1249 @result{} 20 |
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|
1250 (overlay-buffer foo) |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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parents:
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|
1251 @result{} #<buffer display.texi> |
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1252 ;; @r{Moving and deleting the overlay does not change its properties.} |
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|
1253 (overlay-get foo 'happy) |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
1254 @result{} t |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
1255 @end example |
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|
1256 |
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|
1257 @node Finding Overlays |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
1258 @subsection Searching for Overlays |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
1259 |
6598 | 1260 @defun overlays-at pos |
26696
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|
1261 This function returns a list of all the overlays that cover the |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
1262 character at position @var{pos} in the current buffer. The list is in |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
1263 no particular order. An overlay contains position @var{pos} if it |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
1264 begins at or before @var{pos}, and ends after @var{pos}. |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
1265 |
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|
1266 To illustrate usage, here is a Lisp function that returns a list of the |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
1267 overlays that specify property @var{prop} for the character at point: |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
1268 |
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|
1269 @smallexample |
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|
1270 (defun find-overlays-specifying (prop) |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
1271 (let ((overlays (overlays-at (point))) |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
1272 found) |
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|
1273 (while overlays |
37170
29f2615d958f
(Finding Overlays): Fix example code.
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|
1274 (let ((overlay (car overlays))) |
26696
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|
1275 (if (overlay-get overlay prop) |
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1276 (setq found (cons overlay found)))) |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
1277 (setq overlays (cdr overlays))) |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
1278 found)) |
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|
1279 @end smallexample |
6598 | 1280 @end defun |
1281 | |
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1282 @defun overlays-in beg end |
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1283 This function returns a list of the overlays that overlap the region |
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|
1284 @var{beg} through @var{end}. ``Overlap'' means that at least one |
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1285 character is contained within the overlay and also contained within the |
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|
1286 specified region; however, empty overlays are included in the result if |
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|
1287 they are located at @var{beg}, or strictly between @var{beg} and @var{end}. |
21007
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1288 @end defun |
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|
1289 |
6598 | 1290 @defun next-overlay-change pos |
1291 This function returns the buffer position of the next beginning or end | |
1292 of an overlay, after @var{pos}. | |
1293 @end defun | |
1294 | |
12067 | 1295 @defun previous-overlay-change pos |
1296 This function returns the buffer position of the previous beginning or | |
1297 end of an overlay, before @var{pos}. | |
1298 @end defun | |
1299 | |
26696
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|
1300 Here's an easy way to use @code{next-overlay-change} to search for the |
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|
1301 next character which gets a non-@code{nil} @code{happy} property from |
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1302 either its overlays or its text properties (@pxref{Property Search}): |
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|
1303 |
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|
1304 @smallexample |
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|
1305 (defun find-overlay-prop (prop) |
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|
1306 (save-excursion |
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|
1307 (while (and (not (eobp)) |
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|
1308 (not (get-char-property (point) 'happy))) |
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|
1309 (goto-char (min (next-overlay-change (point)) |
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|
1310 (next-single-property-change (point) 'happy)))) |
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|
1311 (point))) |
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|
1312 @end smallexample |
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|
1313 |
21007
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1314 @node Width |
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|
1315 @section Width |
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|
1316 |
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|
1317 Since not all characters have the same width, these functions let you |
21682
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1318 check the width of a character. @xref{Primitive Indent}, and |
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1319 @ref{Screen Lines}, for related functions. |
21007
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1320 |
22138
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1321 @defun char-width char |
21007
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1322 This function returns the width in columns of the character @var{char}, |
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1323 if it were displayed in the current buffer and the selected window. |
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1324 @end defun |
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1325 |
22138
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1326 @defun string-width string |
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1327 This function returns the width in columns of the string @var{string}, |
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|
1328 if it were displayed in the current buffer and the selected window. |
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1329 @end defun |
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1330 |
22138
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1331 @defun truncate-string-to-width string width &optional start-column padding |
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1332 This function returns the part of @var{string} that fits within |
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1333 @var{width} columns, as a new string. |
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1334 |
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1335 If @var{string} does not reach @var{width}, then the result ends where |
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1336 @var{string} ends. If one multi-column character in @var{string} |
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1337 extends across the column @var{width}, that character is not included in |
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1338 the result. Thus, the result can fall short of @var{width} but cannot |
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1339 go beyond it. |
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1340 |
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1341 The optional argument @var{start-column} specifies the starting column. |
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1342 If this is non-@code{nil}, then the first @var{start-column} columns of |
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1343 the string are omitted from the value. If one multi-column character in |
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1344 @var{string} extends across the column @var{start-column}, that |
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1345 character is not included. |
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1346 |
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1347 The optional argument @var{padding}, if non-@code{nil}, is a padding |
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1348 character added at the beginning and end of the result string, to extend |
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1349 it to exactly @var{width} columns. The padding character is used at the |
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1350 end of the result if it falls short of @var{width}. It is also used at |
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1351 the beginning of the result if one multi-column character in |
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1352 @var{string} extends across the column @var{start-column}. |
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1353 |
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1354 @example |
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1355 (truncate-string-to-width "\tab\t" 12 4) |
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1356 @result{} "ab" |
52002
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(Width): Use \s syntax in example.
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1357 (truncate-string-to-width "\tab\t" 12 4 ?\s) |
21007
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1358 @result{} " ab " |
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1359 @end example |
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1360 @end defun |
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1361 |
6598 | 1362 @node Faces |
1363 @section Faces | |
40469
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|
1364 @cindex faces |
6598 | 1365 |
25751
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1366 A @dfn{face} is a named collection of graphical attributes: font |
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1367 family, foreground color, background color, optional underlining, and |
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1368 many others. Faces are used in Emacs to control the style of display of |
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1369 particular parts of the text or the frame. |
6598 | 1370 |
1371 @cindex face id | |
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1372 Each face has its own @dfn{face number}, which distinguishes faces at |
25751
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|
1373 low levels within Emacs. However, for most purposes, you refer to |
6598 | 1374 faces in Lisp programs by their names. |
1375 | |
12067 | 1376 @defun facep object |
1377 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a face name symbol (or | |
1378 if it is a vector of the kind used internally to record face data). It | |
1379 returns @code{nil} otherwise. | |
1380 @end defun | |
1381 | |
6598 | 1382 Each face name is meaningful for all frames, and by default it has the |
1383 same meaning in all frames. But you can arrange to give a particular | |
1384 face name a special meaning in one frame if you wish. | |
1385 | |
1386 @menu | |
1387 * Standard Faces:: The faces Emacs normally comes with. | |
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1388 * Defining Faces:: How to define a face with @code{defface}. |
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1389 * Face Attributes:: What is in a face? |
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1390 * Attribute Functions:: Functions to examine and set face attributes. |
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1391 * Merging Faces:: How Emacs combines the faces specified for a character. |
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1392 * Font Selection:: Finding the best available font for a face. |
6598 | 1393 * Face Functions:: How to define and examine faces. |
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1394 * Auto Faces:: Hook for automatic face assignment. |
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1395 * Font Lookup:: Looking up the names of available fonts |
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1396 and information about them. |
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1397 * Fontsets:: A fontset is a collection of fonts |
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1398 that handle a range of character sets. |
6598 | 1399 @end menu |
1400 | |
1401 @node Standard Faces | |
1402 @subsection Standard Faces | |
1403 | |
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1404 This table lists all the standard faces and their uses. Most of them |
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1405 are used for displaying certain parts of the frames or certain kinds of |
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1406 text; you can control how those places look by customizing these faces. |
6598 | 1407 |
1408 @table @code | |
1409 @item default | |
1410 @kindex default @r{(face name)} | |
1411 This face is used for ordinary text. | |
1412 | |
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1413 @item mode-line |
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1414 @kindex mode-line @r{(face name)} |
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1415 This face is used for the mode line of the selected window, and for |
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1416 menu bars when toolkit menus are not used---but only if |
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1417 @code{mode-line-inverse-video} is non-@code{nil}. |
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1418 |
6598 | 1419 @item modeline |
1420 @kindex modeline @r{(face name)} | |
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1421 This is an alias for the @code{mode-line} face, for compatibility with |
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1422 old Emacs versions. |
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1423 |
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1424 @item mode-line-inactive |
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1425 @kindex mode-line-inactive @r{(face name)} |
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1426 This face is used for mode lines of non-selected windows. |
43290 | 1427 This face inherits from @code{mode-line}, so changes |
1428 in that face affect all windows. | |
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1429 |
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1430 @item header-line |
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1431 @kindex header-line @r{(face name)} |
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1432 This face is used for the header lines of windows that have them. |
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1433 |
25875 | 1434 @item menu |
1435 This face controls the display of menus, both their colors and their | |
1436 font. (This works only on certain systems.) | |
1437 | |
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1438 @item fringe |
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1439 @kindex fringe @r{(face name)} |
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1440 This face controls the colors of window fringes, the thin areas on |
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1441 either side that are used to display continuation and truncation glyphs. |
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1442 |
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1443 @item minibuffer-prompt |
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1444 @kindex minibuffer-prompt @r{(face name)} |
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1445 @vindex minibuffer-prompt-properties |
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1446 This face is used for the text of minibuffer prompts. By default, |
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1447 Emacs automatically adds this face to the value of |
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1448 @code{minibuffer-prompt-properties}, which is a list of text |
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1449 properties used to display the prompt text. |
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1450 |
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1451 @item scroll-bar |
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1452 @kindex scroll-bar @r{(face name)} |
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1453 This face controls the colors for display of scroll bars. |
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1454 |
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1455 @item tool-bar |
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1456 @kindex tool-bar @r{(face name)} |
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1457 This face is used for display of the tool bar, if any. |
6598 | 1458 |
1459 @item region | |
1460 @kindex region @r{(face name)} | |
1461 This face is used for highlighting the region in Transient Mark mode. | |
1462 | |
1463 @item secondary-selection | |
1464 @kindex secondary-selection @r{(face name)} | |
1465 This face is used to show any secondary selection you have made. | |
1466 | |
1467 @item highlight | |
1468 @kindex highlight @r{(face name)} | |
1469 This face is meant to be used for highlighting for various purposes. | |
1470 | |
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1471 @item trailing-whitespace |
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1472 @kindex trailing-whitespace @r{(face name)} |
25875 | 1473 This face is used to display excess whitespace at the end of a line, |
1474 if @code{show-trailing-whitespace} is non-@code{nil}. | |
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1475 @end table |
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1476 |
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1477 In contrast, these faces are provided to change the appearance of text |
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1478 in specific ways. You can use them on specific text, when you want |
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1479 the effects they produce. |
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1480 |
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1481 @table @code |
6598 | 1482 @item bold |
1483 @kindex bold @r{(face name)} | |
1484 This face uses a bold font, if possible. It uses the bold variant of | |
1485 the frame's font, if it has one. It's up to you to choose a default | |
1486 font that has a bold variant, if you want to use one. | |
1487 | |
1488 @item italic | |
1489 @kindex italic @r{(face name)} | |
1490 This face uses the italic variant of the frame's font, if it has one. | |
1491 | |
1492 @item bold-italic | |
1493 @kindex bold-italic @r{(face name)} | |
1494 This face uses the bold italic variant of the frame's font, if it has | |
1495 one. | |
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1496 |
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1497 @item underline |
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1498 @kindex underline @r{(face name)} |
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1499 This face underlines text. |
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1500 |
38278 | 1501 @item fixed-pitch |
1502 @kindex fixed-pitch @r{(face name)} | |
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1503 This face forces use of a particular fixed-width font. |
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1504 |
38278 | 1505 @item variable-pitch |
1506 @kindex variable-pitch @r{(face name)} | |
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1507 This face forces use of a particular variable-width font. It's |
25875 | 1508 reasonable to customize this to use a different variable-width font, if |
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1509 you like, but you should not make it a fixed-width font. |
6598 | 1510 @end table |
1511 | |
25875 | 1512 @defvar show-trailing-whitespace |
1513 @tindex show-trailing-whitespace | |
1514 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, Emacs uses the | |
1515 @code{trailing-whitespace} face to display any spaces and tabs at the | |
1516 end of a line. | |
1517 @end defvar | |
1518 | |
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1519 @node Defining Faces |
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1520 @subsection Defining Faces |
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1521 |
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1522 The way to define a new face is with @code{defface}. This creates a |
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1523 kind of customization item (@pxref{Customization}) which the user can |
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1524 customize using the Customization buffer (@pxref{Easy Customization,,, |
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1525 emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). |
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1526 |
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1527 @defmac defface face spec doc [keyword value]... |
25875 | 1528 This declares @var{face} as a customizable face that defaults according |
1529 to @var{spec}. You should not quote the symbol @var{face}. The | |
1530 argument @var{doc} specifies the face documentation. The keywords you | |
1531 can use in @code{defface} are the same ones that are meaningful in both | |
1532 @code{defgroup} and @code{defcustom} (@pxref{Common Keywords}). | |
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1533 |
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1534 When @code{defface} executes, it defines the face according to |
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1535 @var{spec}, then uses any customizations that were read from the |
25875 | 1536 init file (@pxref{Init File}) to override that specification. |
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1537 |
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1538 The purpose of @var{spec} is to specify how the face should appear on |
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1539 different kinds of terminals. It should be an alist whose elements have |
25875 | 1540 the form @code{(@var{display} @var{atts})}. Each element's @sc{car}, |
1541 @var{display}, specifies a class of terminals. The element's second element, | |
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1542 @var{atts}, is a list of face attributes and their values; it specifies |
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1543 what the face should look like on that kind of terminal. The possible |
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1544 attributes are defined in the value of @code{custom-face-attributes}. |
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1545 |
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1546 The @var{display} part of an element of @var{spec} determines which |
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1547 frames the element applies to. If more than one element of @var{spec} |
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1548 matches a given frame, the first matching element is the only one used |
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1549 for that frame. There are two possibilities for @var{display}: |
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1550 |
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1551 @table @asis |
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1552 @item @code{t} |
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1553 This element of @var{spec} matches all frames. Therefore, any |
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1554 subsequent elements of @var{spec} are never used. Normally |
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1555 @code{t} is used in the last (or only) element of @var{spec}. |
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1556 |
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1557 @item a list |
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1558 If @var{display} is a list, each element should have the form |
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1559 @code{(@var{characteristic} @var{value}@dots{})}. Here |
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1560 @var{characteristic} specifies a way of classifying frames, and the |
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1561 @var{value}s are possible classifications which @var{display} should |
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1562 apply to. Here are the possible values of @var{characteristic}: |
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1563 |
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1564 @table @code |
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1565 @item type |
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1566 The kind of window system the frame uses---either @code{graphic} (any |
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1567 graphics-capable display), @code{x}, @code{pc} (for the MS-DOS console), |
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1568 @code{w32} (for MS Windows 9X/NT), or @code{tty} (a non-graphics-capable |
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1569 display). |
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1570 |
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1571 @item class |
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1572 What kinds of colors the frame supports---either @code{color}, |
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1573 @code{grayscale}, or @code{mono}. |
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1574 |
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1575 @item background |
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1576 The kind of background---either @code{light} or @code{dark}. |
45745 | 1577 |
1578 @item supports | |
46170 | 1579 Whether or not the frame can display the face attributes given in |
1580 @var{value}@dots{} (@pxref{Face Attributes}). See the documentation | |
1581 for the function @code{display-supports-face-attributes-p} for more | |
1582 information on exactly how this testing is done. @xref{Display Face | |
1583 Attribute Testing}. | |
21682
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1584 @end table |
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1585 |
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1586 If an element of @var{display} specifies more than one @var{value} for a |
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1587 given @var{characteristic}, any of those values is acceptable. If |
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1588 @var{display} has more than one element, each element should specify a |
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1589 different @var{characteristic}; then @emph{each} characteristic of the |
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1590 frame must match one of the @var{value}s specified for it in |
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1591 @var{display}. |
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1592 @end table |
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1593 @end defmac |
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1594 |
25875 | 1595 Here's how the standard face @code{region} is defined: |
21682
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1596 |
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1597 @example |
25875 | 1598 @group |
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1599 (defface region |
25875 | 1600 `((((type tty) (class color)) |
1601 (:background "blue" :foreground "white")) | |
1602 @end group | |
1603 (((type tty) (class mono)) | |
1604 (:inverse-video t)) | |
1605 (((class color) (background dark)) | |
1606 (:background "blue")) | |
1607 (((class color) (background light)) | |
1608 (:background "lightblue")) | |
1609 (t (:background "gray"))) | |
1610 @group | |
1611 "Basic face for highlighting the region." | |
1612 :group 'basic-faces) | |
1613 @end group | |
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1614 @end example |
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1615 |
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1616 Internally, @code{defface} uses the symbol property |
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1617 @code{face-defface-spec} to record the face attributes specified in |
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1618 @code{defface}, @code{saved-face} for the attributes saved by the user |
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1619 with the customization buffer, and @code{face-documentation} for the |
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1620 documentation string. |
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1621 |
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1622 @defopt frame-background-mode |
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1623 This option, if non-@code{nil}, specifies the background type to use for |
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1624 interpreting face definitions. If it is @code{dark}, then Emacs treats |
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1625 all frames as if they had a dark background, regardless of their actual |
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1626 background colors. If it is @code{light}, then Emacs treats all frames |
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1627 as if they had a light background. |
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1628 @end defopt |
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1629 |
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1630 @node Face Attributes |
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1631 @subsection Face Attributes |
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1632 @cindex face attributes |
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1633 |
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1634 The effect of using a face is determined by a fixed set of @dfn{face |
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1635 attributes}. This table lists all the face attributes, and what they |
25875 | 1636 mean. Note that in general, more than one face can be specified for a |
1637 given piece of text; when that happens, the attributes of all the faces | |
1638 are merged to specify how to display the text. @xref{Merging Faces}. | |
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1639 |
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1640 In Emacs 21, any attribute in a face can have the value |
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1641 @code{unspecified}. This means the face doesn't specify that attribute. |
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1642 In face merging, when the first face fails to specify a particular |
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1643 attribute, that means the next face gets a chance. However, the |
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1644 @code{default} face must specify all attributes. |
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1645 |
25875 | 1646 Some of these font attributes are meaningful only on certain kinds of |
1647 displays---if your display cannot handle a certain attribute, the | |
1648 attribute is ignored. (The attributes @code{:family}, @code{:width}, | |
1649 @code{:height}, @code{:weight}, and @code{:slant} correspond to parts of | |
1650 an X Logical Font Descriptor.) | |
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1651 |
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1652 @table @code |
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1653 @item :family |
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1654 Font family name, or fontset name (@pxref{Fontsets}). If you specify a |
25875 | 1655 font family name, the wild-card characters @samp{*} and @samp{?} are |
1656 allowed. | |
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1657 |
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1658 @item :width |
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1659 Relative proportionate width, also known as the character set width or |
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1660 set width. This should be one of the symbols @code{ultra-condensed}, |
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1661 @code{extra-condensed}, @code{condensed}, @code{semi-condensed}, |
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1662 @code{normal}, @code{semi-expanded}, @code{expanded}, |
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1663 @code{extra-expanded}, or @code{ultra-expanded}. |
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1664 |
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1665 @item :height |
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1666 Either the font height, an integer in units of 1/10 point, a floating |
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1667 point number specifying the amount by which to scale the height of any |
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1668 underlying face, or a function, which is called with the old height |
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1669 (from the underlying face), and should return the new height. |
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1670 |
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1671 @item :weight |
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1672 Font weight---a symbol from this series (from most dense to most faint): |
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1673 @code{ultra-bold}, @code{extra-bold}, @code{bold}, @code{semi-bold}, |
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1674 @code{normal}, @code{semi-light}, @code{light}, @code{extra-light}, |
25875 | 1675 or @code{ultra-light}. |
25809
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1676 |
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1677 On a text-only terminal, any weight greater than normal is displayed as |
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1678 extra bright, and any weight less than normal is displayed as |
25875 | 1679 half-bright (provided the terminal supports the feature). |
1680 | |
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1681 @item :slant |
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1682 Font slant---one of the symbols @code{italic}, @code{oblique}, @code{normal}, |
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1683 @code{reverse-italic}, or @code{reverse-oblique}. |
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1684 |
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1685 On a text-only terminal, slanted text is displayed as half-bright, if |
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1686 the terminal supports the feature. |
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1687 |
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1688 @item :foreground |
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1689 Foreground color, a string. |
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1690 |
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1691 @item :background |
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1692 Background color, a string. |
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1693 |
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1694 @item :inverse-video |
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1695 Whether or not characters should be displayed in inverse video. The |
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1696 value should be @code{t} (yes) or @code{nil} (no). |
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1697 |
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1698 @item :stipple |
25875 | 1699 The background stipple, a bitmap. |
1700 | |
1701 The value can be a string; that should be the name of a file containing | |
1702 external-format X bitmap data. The file is found in the directories | |
1703 listed in the variable @code{x-bitmap-file-path}. | |
1704 | |
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1705 Alternatively, the value can specify the bitmap directly, with a list |
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1706 of the form @code{(@var{width} @var{height} @var{data})}. Here, |
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1707 @var{width} and @var{height} specify the size in pixels, and |
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1708 @var{data} is a string containing the raw bits of the bitmap, row by |
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1709 row. Each row occupies @math{(@var{width} + 7) / 8} consecutive bytes |
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1710 in the string (which should be a unibyte string for best results). |
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1711 This means that each row always occupies at least one whole byte. |
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1712 |
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1713 If the value is @code{nil}, that means use no stipple pattern. |
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1714 |
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1715 Normally you do not need to set the stipple attribute, because it is |
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1716 used automatically to handle certain shades of gray. |
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1717 |
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1718 @item :underline |
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1719 Whether or not characters should be underlined, and in what color. If |
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1720 the value is @code{t}, underlining uses the foreground color of the |
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1721 face. If the value is a string, underlining uses that color. The |
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1722 value @code{nil} means do not underline. |
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1723 |
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1724 @item :overline |
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1725 Whether or not characters should be overlined, and in what color. |
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1726 The value is used like that of @code{:underline}. |
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1727 |
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1728 @item :strike-through |
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1729 Whether or not characters should be strike-through, and in what |
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1730 color. The value is used like that of @code{:underline}. |
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1731 |
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1732 @item :inherit |
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1733 The name of a face from which to inherit attributes, or a list of face |
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1734 names. Attributes from inherited faces are merged into the face like an |
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1735 underlying face would be, with higher priority than underlying faces. |
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1736 |
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1737 @item :box |
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1738 Whether or not a box should be drawn around characters, its color, the |
25875 | 1739 width of the box lines, and 3D appearance. |
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1740 @end table |
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1741 |
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1742 Here are the possible values of the @code{:box} attribute, and what |
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1743 they mean: |
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1744 |
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1745 @table @asis |
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1746 @item @code{nil} |
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1747 Don't draw a box. |
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1748 |
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1749 @item @code{t} |
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1750 Draw a box with lines of width 1, in the foreground color. |
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1751 |
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1752 @item @var{color} |
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1753 Draw a box with lines of width 1, in color @var{color}. |
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1754 |
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1755 @item @code{(:line-width @var{width} :color @var{color} :style @var{style})} |
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1756 This way you can explicitly specify all aspects of the box. The value |
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1757 @var{width} specifies the width of the lines to draw; it defaults to 1. |
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1758 |
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1759 The value @var{color} specifies the color to draw with. The default is |
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1760 the foreground color of the face for simple boxes, and the background |
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1761 color of the face for 3D boxes. |
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1762 |
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1763 The value @var{style} specifies whether to draw a 3D box. If it is |
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1764 @code{released-button}, the box looks like a 3D button that is not being |
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1765 pressed. If it is @code{pressed-button}, the box looks like a 3D button |
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1766 that is being pressed. If it is @code{nil} or omitted, a plain 2D box |
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1767 is used. |
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1768 @end table |
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1769 |
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1770 The attributes @code{:overline}, @code{:strike-through} and |
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1771 @code{:box} are new in Emacs 21. The attributes @code{:family}, |
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1772 @code{:height}, @code{:width}, @code{:weight}, @code{:slant} are also |
25875 | 1773 new; previous versions used the following attributes, now semi-obsolete, |
1774 to specify some of the same information: | |
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1775 |
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1776 @table @code |
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1777 @item :font |
25875 | 1778 This attribute specifies the font name. |
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1779 |
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1780 @item :bold |
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1781 A non-@code{nil} value specifies a bold font. |
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1782 |
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1783 @item :italic |
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1784 A non-@code{nil} value specifies an italic font. |
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1785 @end table |
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1786 |
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1787 For compatibility, you can still set these ``attributes'' in Emacs 21, |
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1788 even though they are not real face attributes. Here is what that does: |
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1789 |
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1790 @table @code |
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1791 @item :font |
25875 | 1792 You can specify an X font name as the ``value'' of this ``attribute''; |
1793 that sets the @code{:family}, @code{:width}, @code{:height}, | |
1794 @code{:weight}, and @code{:slant} attributes according to the font name. | |
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1795 |
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1796 If the value is a pattern with wildcards, the first font that matches |
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1797 the pattern is used to set these attributes. |
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1798 |
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1799 @item :bold |
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1800 A non-@code{nil} makes the face bold; @code{nil} makes it normal. |
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1801 This actually works by setting the @code{:weight} attribute. |
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1802 |
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1803 @item :italic |
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1804 A non-@code{nil} makes the face italic; @code{nil} makes it normal. |
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1805 This actually works by setting the @code{:slant} attribute. |
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1806 @end table |
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1807 |
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1808 @defvar x-bitmap-file-path |
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1809 This variable specifies a list of directories for searching |
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1810 for bitmap files, for the @code{:stipple} attribute. |
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1811 @end defvar |
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1812 |
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1813 @defun bitmap-spec-p object |
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1814 This returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a valid bitmap specification, |
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1815 suitable for use with @code{:stipple} (see above). It returns |
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1816 @code{nil} otherwise. |
25875 | 1817 @end defun |
1818 | |
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1819 @node Attribute Functions |
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1820 @subsection Face Attribute Functions |
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1821 |
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1822 You can modify the attributes of an existing face with the following |
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1823 functions. If you specify @var{frame}, they affect just that frame; |
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1824 otherwise, they affect all frames as well as the defaults that apply to |
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1825 new frames. |
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1826 |
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1827 @tindex set-face-attribute |
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1828 @defun set-face-attribute face frame &rest arguments |
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1829 This function sets one or more attributes of face @var{face} |
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1830 for frame @var{frame}. If @var{frame} is @code{nil}, it sets |
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1831 the attribute for all frames, and the defaults for new frames. |
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1832 |
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1833 The extra arguments @var{arguments} specify the attributes to set, and |
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1834 the values for them. They should consist of alternating attribute names |
25875 | 1835 (such as @code{:family} or @code{:underline}) and corresponding values. |
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1836 Thus, |
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1837 |
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1838 @example |
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1839 (set-face-attribute 'foo nil |
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1840 :width 'extended |
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1841 :weight 'bold |
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1842 :underline "red") |
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1843 @end example |
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1844 |
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1845 @noindent |
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1846 sets the attributes @code{:width}, @code{:weight} and @code{:underline} |
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1847 to the corresponding values. |
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1848 @end defun |
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1849 |
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1850 @tindex face-attribute |
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1851 @defun face-attribute face attribute &optional frame inherit |
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1852 This returns the value of the @var{attribute} attribute of face |
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1853 @var{face} on @var{frame}. If @var{frame} is @code{nil}, |
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1854 that means the selected frame (@pxref{Input Focus}). |
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1855 |
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1856 If @var{frame} is @code{t}, the value is the default for |
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1857 @var{face} for new frames. |
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1858 |
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1859 If @var{inherit} is @code{nil}, only attributes directly defined by |
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1860 @var{face} are considered, so the return value may be |
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1861 @code{unspecified}, or a relative value. If @var{inherit} is |
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1862 non-@code{nil}, @var{face}'s definition of @var{attribute} is merged |
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1863 with the faces specified by its @code{:inherit} attribute; however the |
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1864 return value may still be @code{unspecified} or relative. If |
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1865 @var{inherit} is a face or a list of faces, then the result is further |
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1866 merged with that face (or faces), until it becomes specified and |
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1867 absolute. |
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1868 |
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1869 To ensure that the return value is always specified and absolute, use |
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1870 a value of @code{default} for @var{inherit}; this will resolve any |
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1871 unspecified or relative values by merging with the @code{default} face |
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1872 (which is always completely specified). |
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1873 |
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1874 For example, |
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1875 |
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1876 @example |
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1877 (face-attribute 'bold :weight) |
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1878 @result{} bold |
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1879 @end example |
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1880 @end defun |
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1881 |
25875 | 1882 The functions above did not exist before Emacs 21. For compatibility |
1883 with older Emacs versions, you can use the following functions to set | |
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1884 and examine the face attributes which existed in those versions. |
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1885 |
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1886 @tindex face-attribute-relative-p |
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1887 @defun face-attribute-relative-p attribute value |
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1888 This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{value}, when used as a |
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1889 the value of the face attribute @var{attribute}, is relative (that is, |
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1890 if it modifies an underlying or inherited value of @var{attribute}). |
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1891 @end defun |
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1892 |
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1893 @tindex merge-face-attribute |
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1894 @defun merge-face-attribute attribute value1 value2 |
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1895 If @var{value1} is a relative value for the face attribute |
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1896 @var{attribute}, returns it merged with the underlying value |
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1897 @var{value2}; otherwise, if @var{value1} is an absolute value for the |
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1898 face attribute @var{attribute}, returns @var{value1} unchanged. |
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1899 @end defun |
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1900 |
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1901 @defun set-face-foreground face color &optional frame |
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1902 @defunx set-face-background face color &optional frame |
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1903 These functions set the foreground (or background, respectively) color |
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1904 of face @var{face} to @var{color}. The argument @var{color} should be a |
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1905 string, the name of a color. |
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1906 |
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1907 Certain shades of gray are implemented by stipple patterns on |
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1908 black-and-white screens. |
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1909 @end defun |
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1910 |
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1911 @defun set-face-stipple face pattern &optional frame |
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1912 This function sets the background stipple pattern of face @var{face} |
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1913 to @var{pattern}. The argument @var{pattern} should be the name of a |
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1914 stipple pattern defined by the X server, or actual bitmap data |
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1915 (@pxref{Face Attributes}), or @code{nil} meaning don't use stipple. |
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1916 |
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1917 Normally there is no need to pay attention to stipple patterns, because |
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1918 they are used automatically to handle certain shades of gray. |
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1919 @end defun |
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1920 |
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1921 @defun set-face-font face font &optional frame |
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1922 This function sets the font of face @var{face}. |
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1923 |
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1924 In Emacs 21, this actually sets the attributes @code{:family}, |
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1925 @code{:width}, @code{:height}, @code{:weight}, and @code{:slant} |
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1926 according to the font name @var{font}. |
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1927 |
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1928 In Emacs 20, this sets the font attribute. Once you set the font |
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1929 explicitly, the bold and italic attributes cease to have any effect, |
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1930 because the precise font that you specified is used. |
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1931 @end defun |
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1932 |
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1933 @defun set-face-bold-p face bold-p &optional frame |
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1934 This function specifies whether @var{face} should be bold. If |
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1935 @var{bold-p} is non-@code{nil}, that means yes; @code{nil} means no. |
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1936 |
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1937 In Emacs 21, this sets the @code{:weight} attribute. |
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1938 In Emacs 20, it sets the @code{:bold} attribute. |
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1939 @end defun |
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1940 |
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1941 @defun set-face-italic-p face italic-p &optional frame |
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1942 This function specifies whether @var{face} should be italic. If |
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1943 @var{italic-p} is non-@code{nil}, that means yes; @code{nil} means no. |
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1944 |
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1945 In Emacs 21, this sets the @code{:slant} attribute. |
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1946 In Emacs 20, it sets the @code{:italic} attribute. |
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1947 @end defun |
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1948 |
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1949 @defun set-face-underline-p face underline-p &optional frame |
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1950 This function sets the underline attribute of face @var{face}. |
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1951 Non-@code{nil} means do underline; @code{nil} means don't. |
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1952 @end defun |
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1953 |
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1954 @defun invert-face face &optional frame |
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1955 This function inverts the @code{:inverse-video} attribute of face |
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1956 @var{face}. If the attribute is @code{nil}, this function sets it to |
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1957 @code{t}, and vice versa. |
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1958 @end defun |
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1959 |
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1960 These functions examine the attributes of a face. If you don't |
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1961 specify @var{frame}, they refer to the default data for new frames. |
25875 | 1962 They return the symbol @code{unspecified} if the face doesn't define any |
1963 value for that attribute. | |
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1964 |
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1965 @defun face-foreground face &optional frame inherit |
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1966 @defunx face-background face &optional frame |
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1967 These functions return the foreground color (or background color, |
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1968 respectively) of face @var{face}, as a string. |
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1969 |
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1970 If @var{inherit} is nil, only a color directly defined by the face is |
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1971 returned. If @var{inherit} is non-nil, any faces specified by its |
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1972 @code{:inherit} attribute are considered as well, and if @var{inherit} |
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1973 is a face or a list of faces, then they are also considered, until a |
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1974 specified color is found. To ensure that the return value is always |
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1975 specified, use a value of @code{default} for @var{inherit}. |
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1976 @end defun |
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1977 |
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1978 @defun face-stipple face &optional frame inherit |
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1979 This function returns the name of the background stipple pattern of face |
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1980 @var{face}, or @code{nil} if it doesn't have one. |
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1981 |
51652
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1982 If @var{inherit} is @code{nil}, only a stipple directly defined by the |
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1983 face is returned. If @var{inherit} is non-@code{nil}, any faces |
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1984 specified by its @code{:inherit} attribute are considered as well, and |
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1985 if @var{inherit} is a face or a list of faces, then they are also |
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1986 considered, until a specified stipple is found. To ensure that the |
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1987 return value is always specified, use a value of @code{default} for |
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1988 @var{inherit}. |
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1989 @end defun |
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1990 |
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1991 @defun face-font face &optional frame |
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1992 This function returns the name of the font of face @var{face}. |
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1993 @end defun |
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1994 |
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1995 @defun face-bold-p face &optional frame |
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1996 This function returns @code{t} if @var{face} is bold---that is, if it is |
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1997 bolder than normal. It returns @code{nil} otherwise. |
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1998 @end defun |
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1999 |
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2000 @defun face-italic-p face &optional frame |
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2001 This function returns @code{t} if @var{face} is italic or oblique, |
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2002 @code{nil} otherwise. |
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2003 @end defun |
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2004 |
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2005 @defun face-underline-p face &optional frame |
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2006 This function returns the @code{:underline} attribute of face @var{face}. |
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2007 @end defun |
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2008 |
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2009 @defun face-inverse-video-p face &optional frame |
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2010 This function returns the @code{:inverse-video} attribute of face @var{face}. |
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2011 @end defun |
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2012 |
6598 | 2013 @node Merging Faces |
2014 @subsection Merging Faces for Display | |
2015 | |
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2016 Here are the ways to specify which faces to use for display of text: |
6598 | 2017 |
2018 @itemize @bullet | |
2019 @item | |
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2020 With defaults. The @code{default} face is used as the ultimate |
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2021 default for all text. (In Emacs 19 and 20, the @code{default} |
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2022 face is used only when no other face is specified.) |
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2023 |
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2024 For a mode line or header line, the face @code{modeline} or |
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2025 @code{header-line} is used just before @code{default}. |
6598 | 2026 |
2027 @item | |
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2028 With text properties. A character can have a @code{face} property; if |
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2029 so, the faces and face attributes specified there apply. @xref{Special |
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2030 Properties}. |
6598 | 2031 |
2032 If the character has a @code{mouse-face} property, that is used instead | |
2033 of the @code{face} property when the mouse is ``near enough'' to the | |
2034 character. | |
2035 | |
2036 @item | |
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2037 With overlays. An overlay can have @code{face} and @code{mouse-face} |
6598 | 2038 properties too; they apply to all the text covered by the overlay. |
2039 | |
2040 @item | |
12098 | 2041 With a region that is active. In Transient Mark mode, the region is |
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2042 highlighted with the face @code{region} (@pxref{Standard Faces}). |
12098 | 2043 |
2044 @item | |
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2045 With special glyphs. Each glyph can specify a particular face |
6598 | 2046 number. @xref{Glyphs}. |
2047 @end itemize | |
2048 | |
2049 If these various sources together specify more than one face for a | |
2050 particular character, Emacs merges the attributes of the various faces | |
2051 specified. The attributes of the faces of special glyphs come first; | |
12098 | 2052 then comes the face for region highlighting, if appropriate; |
6598 | 2053 then come attributes of faces from overlays, followed by those from text |
2054 properties, and last the default face. | |
2055 | |
2056 When multiple overlays cover one character, an overlay with higher | |
2057 priority overrides those with lower priority. @xref{Overlays}. | |
2058 | |
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2059 In Emacs 20, if an attribute such as the font or a color is not |
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2060 specified in any of the above ways, the frame's own font or color is |
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2061 used. In newer Emacs versions, this cannot happen, because the |
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2062 @code{default} face specifies all attributes---in fact, the frame's own |
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2063 font and colors are synonymous with those of the default face. |
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2064 |
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2065 @node Font Selection |
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2066 @subsection Font Selection |
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2067 |
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2068 @dfn{Selecting a font} means mapping the specified face attributes for |
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2069 a character to a font that is available on a particular display. The |
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2070 face attributes, as determined by face merging, specify most of the |
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2071 font choice, but not all. Part of the choice depends on what character |
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2072 it is. |
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2073 |
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2074 For multibyte characters, typically each font covers only one |
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2075 character set. So each character set (@pxref{Character Sets}) specifies |
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2076 a registry and encoding to use, with the character set's |
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2077 @code{x-charset-registry} property. Its value is a string containing |
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2078 the registry and the encoding, with a dash between them: |
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2079 |
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2080 @example |
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2081 (plist-get (charset-plist 'latin-iso8859-1) |
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2082 'x-charset-registry) |
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2083 @result{} "ISO8859-1" |
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2084 @end example |
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2085 |
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2086 Unibyte text does not have character sets, so displaying a unibyte |
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2087 character takes the registry and encoding from the variable |
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2088 @code{face-default-registry}. |
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2089 |
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2090 @defvar face-default-registry |
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2091 This variable specifies which registry and encoding to use in choosing |
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2092 fonts for unibyte characters. The value is initialized at Emacs startup |
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2093 time from the font the user specified for Emacs. |
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2094 @end defvar |
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2095 |
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2096 If the face specifies a fontset name, that fontset determines a |
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2097 pattern for fonts of the given charset. If the face specifies a font |
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2098 family, a font pattern is constructed. |
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2099 |
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2100 Emacs tries to find an available font for the given face attributes |
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2101 and character's registry and encoding. If there is a font that matches |
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2102 exactly, it is used, of course. The hard case is when no available font |
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2103 exactly fits the specification. Then Emacs looks for one that is |
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2104 ``close''---one attribute at a time. You can specify the order to |
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2105 consider the attributes. In the case where a specified font family is |
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2106 not available, you can specify a set of mappings for alternatives to |
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2107 try. |
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2108 |
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2109 @defvar face-font-selection-order |
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2110 @tindex face-font-selection-order |
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2111 This variable specifies the order of importance of the face attributes |
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2112 @code{:width}, @code{:height}, @code{:weight}, and @code{:slant}. The |
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2113 value should be a list containing those four symbols, in order of |
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2114 decreasing importance. |
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2115 |
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2116 Font selection first finds the best available matches for the first |
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2117 attribute listed; then, among the fonts which are best in that way, it |
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2118 searches for the best matches in the second attribute, and so on. |
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2119 |
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2120 The attributes @code{:weight} and @code{:width} have symbolic values in |
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2121 a range centered around @code{normal}. Matches that are more extreme |
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2122 (farther from @code{normal}) are somewhat preferred to matches that are |
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2123 less extreme (closer to @code{normal}); this is designed to ensure that |
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2124 non-normal faces contrast with normal ones, whenever possible. |
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2125 |
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2126 The default is @code{(:width :height :weight :slant)}, which means first |
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2127 find the fonts closest to the specified @code{:width}, then---among the |
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2128 fonts with that width---find a best match for the specified font height, |
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2129 and so on. |
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2130 |
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2131 One example of a case where this variable makes a difference is when the |
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2132 default font has no italic equivalent. With the default ordering, the |
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2133 @code{italic} face will use a non-italic font that is similar to the |
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2134 default one. But if you put @code{:slant} before @code{:height}, the |
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2135 @code{italic} face will use an italic font, even if its height is not |
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2136 quite right. |
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2137 @end defvar |
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2138 |
33373 | 2139 @defvar face-font-family-alternatives |
2140 @tindex face-font-family-alternatives | |
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2141 This variable lets you specify alternative font families to try, if a |
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2142 given family is specified and doesn't exist. Each element should have |
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2143 this form: |
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2144 |
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2145 @example |
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2146 (@var{family} @var{alternate-families}@dots{}) |
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2147 @end example |
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2148 |
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2149 If @var{family} is specified but not available, Emacs will try the other |
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2150 families given in @var{alternate-families}, one by one, until it finds a |
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2151 family that does exist. |
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2152 @end defvar |
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2153 |
33373 | 2154 @defvar face-font-registry-alternatives |
2155 @tindex face-font-registry-alternatives | |
2156 This variable lets you specify alternative font registries to try, if a | |
2157 given registry is specified and doesn't exist. Each element should have | |
2158 this form: | |
2159 | |
2160 @example | |
2161 (@var{registry} @var{alternate-registries}@dots{}) | |
2162 @end example | |
2163 | |
2164 If @var{registry} is specified but not available, Emacs will try the | |
2165 other registries given in @var{alternate-registries}, one by one, | |
2166 until it finds a registry that does exist. | |
2167 @end defvar | |
2168 | |
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2169 Emacs can make use of scalable fonts, but by default it does not use |
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2170 them, since the use of too many or too big scalable fonts can crash |
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2171 XFree86 servers. |
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2172 |
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2173 @defvar scalable-fonts-allowed |
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2174 @tindex scalable-fonts-allowed |
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2175 This variable controls which scalable fonts to use. A value of |
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2176 @code{nil}, the default, means do not use scalable fonts. @code{t} |
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2177 means to use any scalable font that seems appropriate for the text. |
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2178 |
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2179 Otherwise, the value must be a list of regular expressions. Then a |
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2180 scalable font is enabled for use if its name matches any regular |
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2181 expression in the list. For example, |
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2182 |
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2183 @example |
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2184 (setq scalable-fonts-allowed '("muleindian-2$")) |
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2185 @end example |
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2186 |
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2187 @noindent |
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2188 allows the use of scalable fonts with registry @code{muleindian-2}. |
26698
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2189 @end defvar |
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2190 |
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2191 @defun clear-face-cache &optional unload-p |
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2192 @tindex clear-face-cache |
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2193 This function clears the face cache for all frames. |
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2194 If @var{unload-p} is non-@code{nil}, that means to unload |
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2195 all unused fonts as well. |
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2196 @end defun |
6598 | 2197 |
52002
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2198 @defvar face-font-rescale-alist |
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2199 This variable specifies scaling for certain faces. Its value should |
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2200 be a list of elements of the form |
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2201 |
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2202 @example |
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2203 (@var{fontname-regexp} . @var{scale-factor}) |
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2204 @end example |
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2205 |
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2206 If @var{fontname-regexp} matches the font name that is about to be |
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2207 used, this says to choose a larger similar font according to the |
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2208 factor @var{scale-factor}. You would use this feature to normalize |
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2209 the font size if certain fonts are bigger or smaller than their |
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2210 nominal heights and widths would suggest. |
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2211 @end defvar |
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2212 |
6598 | 2213 @node Face Functions |
2214 @subsection Functions for Working with Faces | |
2215 | |
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2216 Here are additional functions for creating and working with faces. |
6598 | 2217 |
2218 @defun make-face name | |
2219 This function defines a new face named @var{name}, initially with all | |
2220 attributes @code{nil}. It does nothing if there is already a face named | |
2221 @var{name}. | |
2222 @end defun | |
2223 | |
2224 @defun face-list | |
2225 This function returns a list of all defined face names. | |
2226 @end defun | |
2227 | |
2228 @defun copy-face old-face new-name &optional frame new-frame | |
2229 This function defines the face @var{new-name} as a copy of the existing | |
2230 face named @var{old-face}. It creates the face @var{new-name} if that | |
2231 doesn't already exist. | |
2232 | |
2233 If the optional argument @var{frame} is given, this function applies | |
2234 only to that frame. Otherwise it applies to each frame individually, | |
2235 copying attributes from @var{old-face} in each frame to @var{new-face} | |
2236 in the same frame. | |
2237 | |
2238 If the optional argument @var{new-frame} is given, then @code{copy-face} | |
2239 copies the attributes of @var{old-face} in @var{frame} to @var{new-name} | |
2240 in @var{new-frame}. | |
2241 @end defun | |
2242 | |
12098 | 2243 @defun face-id face |
21682
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2244 This function returns the face number of face @var{face}. |
6598 | 2245 @end defun |
2246 | |
22138
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2247 @defun face-documentation face |
21007
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2248 This function returns the documentation string of face @var{face}, or |
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2249 @code{nil} if none was specified for it. |
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2250 @end defun |
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2251 |
6598 | 2252 @defun face-equal face1 face2 &optional frame |
2253 This returns @code{t} if the faces @var{face1} and @var{face2} have the | |
2254 same attributes for display. | |
2255 @end defun | |
2256 | |
2257 @defun face-differs-from-default-p face &optional frame | |
2258 This returns @code{t} if the face @var{face} displays differently from | |
25875 | 2259 the default face. A face is considered to be ``the same'' as the |
2260 default face if each attribute is either the same as that of the default | |
2261 face, or unspecified (meaning to inherit from the default). | |
22252
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2262 @end defun |
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2263 |
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2264 @node Auto Faces |
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2265 @subsection Automatic Face Assignment |
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2266 @cindex automatic face assignment |
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2267 @cindex faces, automatic choice |
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2268 |
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2269 @cindex Font-Lock mode |
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2270 Starting with Emacs 21, a hook is available for automatically |
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2271 assigning faces to text in the buffer. This hook is used for part of |
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2272 the implementation of Font-Lock mode. |
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2273 |
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2274 @tindex fontification-functions |
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2275 @defvar fontification-functions |
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2276 This variable holds a list of functions that are called by Emacs |
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2277 redisplay as needed to assign faces automatically to text in the buffer. |
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2278 |
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2279 The functions are called in the order listed, with one argument, a |
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2280 buffer position @var{pos}. Each function should attempt to assign faces |
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2281 to the text in the current buffer starting at @var{pos}. |
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2282 |
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2283 Each function should record the faces they assign by setting the |
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2284 @code{face} property. It should also add a non-@code{nil} |
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2285 @code{fontified} property for all the text it has assigned faces to. |
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2286 That property tells redisplay that faces have been assigned to that text |
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2287 already. |
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2288 |
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2289 It is probably a good idea for each function to do nothing if the |
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2290 character after @var{pos} already has a non-@code{nil} @code{fontified} |
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2291 property, but this is not required. If one function overrides the |
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2292 assignments made by a previous one, the properties as they are |
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2293 after the last function finishes are the ones that really matter. |
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2294 |
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2295 For efficiency, we recommend writing these functions so that they |
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2296 usually assign faces to around 400 to 600 characters at each call. |
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2297 @end defvar |
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2298 |
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2299 @node Font Lookup |
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2300 @subsection Looking Up Fonts |
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2301 |
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2302 @defun x-list-fonts pattern &optional face frame maximum |
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2303 This function returns a list of available font names that match |
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2304 @var{pattern}. If the optional arguments @var{face} and @var{frame} are |
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2305 specified, then the list is limited to fonts that are the same size as |
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2306 @var{face} currently is on @var{frame}. |
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2307 |
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2308 The argument @var{pattern} should be a string, perhaps with wildcard |
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2309 characters: the @samp{*} character matches any substring, and the |
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2310 @samp{?} character matches any single character. Pattern matching |
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2311 of font names ignores case. |
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2312 |
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2313 If you specify @var{face} and @var{frame}, @var{face} should be a face name |
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2314 (a symbol) and @var{frame} should be a frame. |
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2315 |
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2316 The optional argument @var{maximum} sets a limit on how many fonts to |
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2317 return. If this is non-@code{nil}, then the return value is truncated |
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2318 after the first @var{maximum} matching fonts. Specifying a small value |
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2319 for @var{maximum} can make this function much faster, in cases where |
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2320 many fonts match the pattern. |
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2321 @end defun |
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2322 |
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2323 These additional functions are available starting in Emacs 21. |
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2324 |
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2325 @defun x-family-fonts &optional family frame |
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2326 @tindex x-family-fonts |
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2327 This function returns a list describing the available fonts for family |
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2328 @var{family} on @var{frame}. If @var{family} is omitted or @code{nil}, |
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2329 this list applies to all families, and therefore, it contains all |
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2330 available fonts. Otherwise, @var{family} must be a string; it may |
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2331 contain the wildcards @samp{?} and @samp{*}. |
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2332 |
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2333 The list describes the display that @var{frame} is on; if @var{frame} is |
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2334 omitted or @code{nil}, it applies to the selected frame's display |
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2335 (@pxref{Input Focus}). |
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2336 |
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2337 The list contains a vector of the following form for each font: |
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2338 |
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2339 @example |
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2340 [@var{family} @var{width} @var{point-size} @var{weight} @var{slant} |
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2341 @var{fixed-p} @var{full} @var{registry-and-encoding}] |
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2342 @end example |
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2343 |
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2344 The first five elements correspond to face attributes; if you |
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2345 specify these attributes for a face, it will use this font. |
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2346 |
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2347 The last three elements give additional information about the font. |
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2348 @var{fixed-p} is non-@code{nil} if the font is fixed-pitch. |
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2349 @var{full} is the full name of the font, and |
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2350 @var{registry-and-encoding} is a string giving the registry and |
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2351 encoding of the font. |
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2352 |
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2353 The result list is sorted according to the current face font sort order. |
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2354 @end defun |
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2355 |
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2356 @defun x-font-family-list &optional frame |
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2357 @tindex x-font-family-list |
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2358 This function returns a list of the font families available for |
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2359 @var{frame}'s display. If @var{frame} is omitted or @code{nil}, it |
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2360 describes the selected frame's display (@pxref{Input Focus}). |
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2361 |
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2362 The value is a list of elements of this form: |
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2363 |
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2364 @example |
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2365 (@var{family} . @var{fixed-p}) |
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2366 @end example |
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2367 |
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2368 @noindent |
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2369 Here @var{family} is a font family, and @var{fixed-p} is |
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2370 non-@code{nil} if fonts of that family are fixed-pitch. |
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2371 @end defun |
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2372 |
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2373 @defvar font-list-limit |
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2374 @tindex font-list-limit |
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2375 This variable specifies maximum number of fonts to consider in font |
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2376 matching. The function @code{x-family-fonts} will not return more than |
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2377 that many fonts, and font selection will consider only that many fonts |
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2378 when searching a matching font for face attributes. The default is |
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2379 currently 100. |
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2380 @end defvar |
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2381 |
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2382 @node Fontsets |
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2383 @subsection Fontsets |
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2384 |
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2385 A @dfn{fontset} is a list of fonts, each assigned to a range of |
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2386 character codes. An individual font cannot display the whole range of |
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2387 characters that Emacs supports, but a fontset can. Fontsets have names, |
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2388 just as fonts do, and you can use a fontset name in place of a font name |
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2389 when you specify the ``font'' for a frame or a face. Here is |
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2390 information about defining a fontset under Lisp program control. |
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2391 |
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2392 @defun create-fontset-from-fontset-spec fontset-spec &optional style-variant-p noerror |
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2393 This function defines a new fontset according to the specification |
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2394 string @var{fontset-spec}. The string should have this format: |
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2395 |
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2396 @smallexample |
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2397 @var{fontpattern}, @r{[}@var{charsetname}:@var{fontname}@r{]@dots{}} |
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2398 @end smallexample |
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2399 |
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2400 @noindent |
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2401 Whitespace characters before and after the commas are ignored. |
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2402 |
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2403 The first part of the string, @var{fontpattern}, should have the form of |
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2404 a standard X font name, except that the last two fields should be |
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2405 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. |
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2406 |
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2407 The new fontset has two names, one long and one short. The long name is |
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2408 @var{fontpattern} in its entirety. The short name is |
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2409 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. You can refer to the fontset by either |
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2410 name. If a fontset with the same name already exists, an error is |
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2411 signaled, unless @var{noerror} is non-@code{nil}, in which case this |
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2412 function does nothing. |
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2413 |
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2414 If optional argument @var{style-variant-p} is non-@code{nil}, that says |
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2415 to create bold, italic and bold-italic variants of the fontset as well. |
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2416 These variant fontsets do not have a short name, only a long one, which |
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2417 is made by altering @var{fontpattern} to indicate the bold or italic |
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2418 status. |
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2419 |
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2420 The specification string also says which fonts to use in the fontset. |
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2421 See below for the details. |
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2422 @end defun |
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2423 |
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2424 The construct @samp{@var{charset}:@var{font}} specifies which font to |
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2425 use (in this fontset) for one particular character set. Here, |
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2426 @var{charset} is the name of a character set, and @var{font} is the font |
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2427 to use for that character set. You can use this construct any number of |
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2428 times in the specification string. |
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2429 |
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2430 For the remaining character sets, those that you don't specify |
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2431 explicitly, Emacs chooses a font based on @var{fontpattern}: it replaces |
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2432 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} with a value that names one character set. |
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2433 For the @sc{ascii} character set, @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} is replaced |
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2434 with @samp{ISO8859-1}. |
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|
2435 |
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|
2436 In addition, when several consecutive fields are wildcards, Emacs |
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|
2437 collapses them into a single wildcard. This is to prevent use of |
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|
2438 auto-scaled fonts. Fonts made by scaling larger fonts are not usable |
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|
2439 for editing, and scaling a smaller font is not useful because it is |
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|
2440 better to use the smaller font in its own size, which Emacs does. |
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|
2441 |
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|
2442 Thus if @var{fontpattern} is this, |
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|
2443 |
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changeset
|
2444 @example |
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|
2445 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24 |
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|
2446 @end example |
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|
2447 |
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|
2448 @noindent |
27374
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|
2449 the font specification for @sc{ascii} characters would be this: |
25751
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|
2450 |
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changeset
|
2451 @example |
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|
2452 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-ISO8859-1 |
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|
2453 @end example |
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|
2454 |
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|
2455 @noindent |
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|
2456 and the font specification for Chinese GB2312 characters would be this: |
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|
2457 |
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changeset
|
2458 @example |
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|
2459 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-* |
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|
2460 @end example |
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|
2461 |
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|
2462 You may not have any Chinese font matching the above font |
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changeset
|
2463 specification. Most X distributions include only Chinese fonts that |
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|
2464 have @samp{song ti} or @samp{fangsong ti} in the @var{family} field. In |
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|
2465 such a case, @samp{Fontset-@var{n}} can be specified as below: |
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|
2466 |
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|
2467 @smallexample |
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|
2468 Emacs.Fontset-0: -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24,\ |
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|
2469 chinese-gb2312:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-* |
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|
2470 @end smallexample |
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|
2471 |
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|
2472 @noindent |
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|
2473 Then, the font specifications for all but Chinese GB2312 characters have |
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parents:
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|
2474 @samp{fixed} in the @var{family} field, and the font specification for |
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parents:
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|
2475 Chinese GB2312 characters has a wild card @samp{*} in the @var{family} |
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|
2476 field. |
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|
2477 |
52141
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2478 @node Fringes |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2479 @section Fringes |
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(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2480 @cindex Fringes |
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(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2481 |
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(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2482 The @dfn{fringes} of a window are thin vertical strips down the |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2483 sides that are used for displaying bitmaps that indicate truncation, |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2484 continuation, and horizontal scrolling, the overlay arrow. The |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2485 fringes normally appear between the display margins and the window |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2486 text, but you can put them outside the display margins for a specific |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2487 buffer by setting @code{fringes-outside-margins} buffer-locally to a |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2488 non-@code{nil} value. |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2489 |
a5d4d0a7b284
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2490 @defvar fringes-outside-margins |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2491 If the value is non-@code{nil}, the frames appear outside |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2492 the display margins. |
a5d4d0a7b284
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2493 @end defvar |
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(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2494 |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2495 @defvar left-fringe-width |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2496 This variable, if non-@code{nil}, specifies the width of the left |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2497 fringe in pixels. |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2498 @end defvar |
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(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2499 |
a5d4d0a7b284
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2500 @defvar right-fringe-width |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2501 This variable, if non-@code{nil}, specifies the width of the right |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2502 fringe in pixels. |
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(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2503 @end defvar |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2504 |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2505 The values of these variables take effect when you display the |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2506 buffer in a window. If you change them while the buffer is visible, |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2507 you can call @code{set-buffer-window} to display it in a window again. |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2508 |
a5d4d0a7b284
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2509 @defun set-window-fringes window left &optional right outside-margins |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2510 This function sets the fringe widthes of window @var{window}. |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2511 If window is @code{nil}, that stands for the selected window. |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2512 |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2513 The argument @var{left} specifies the width in pixels of the left |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2514 fringe, and likewise @var{right} for the right fringe. A value of |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2515 @code{nil} for either one stands for the default width. If |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2516 @var{outside-margins} is non-@code{nil}, that specifies that fringes |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2517 should appear outside of the display margins. |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2518 @end defun |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2519 |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2520 @defun window-fringes window |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2521 This function returns information about the fringes of a window |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2522 @var{window}. The value as the form @code{(@var{left-width} |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2523 @var{right-width} @var{frames-outside-margins}). |
a5d4d0a7b284
(Warnings): New node, and subnodes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2524 @end defun |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52002
diff
changeset
|
2525 |
25751
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diff
changeset
|
2526 @node Display Property |
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diff
changeset
|
2527 @section The @code{display} Property |
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changeset
|
2528 @cindex display specification |
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diff
changeset
|
2529 @kindex display @r{(text property)} |
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|
2530 |
25875 | 2531 The @code{display} text property (or overlay property) is used to |
2532 insert images into text, and also control other aspects of how text | |
2533 displays. These features are available starting in Emacs 21. The value | |
2534 of the @code{display} property should be a display specification, or a | |
2535 list or vector containing several display specifications. The rest of | |
2536 this section describes several kinds of display specifications and what | |
2537 they mean. | |
25751
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|
2538 |
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|
2539 @menu |
25875 | 2540 * Specified Space:: Displaying one space with a specified width. |
2541 * Other Display Specs:: Displaying an image; magnifying text; moving it | |
49600
23a1cea22d13
Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
48948
diff
changeset
|
2542 up or down on the page; adjusting the width |
25875 | 2543 of spaces within text. |
2544 * Display Margins:: Displaying text or images to the side of the main text. | |
2545 * Conditional Display:: Making any of the above features conditional | |
2546 depending on some Lisp expression. | |
25751
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changeset
|
2547 @end menu |
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diff
changeset
|
2548 |
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changeset
|
2549 @node Specified Space |
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diff
changeset
|
2550 @subsection Specified Spaces |
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diff
changeset
|
2551 @cindex spaces, specified height or width |
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*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2552 @cindex specified spaces |
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*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2553 @cindex variable-width spaces |
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*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2554 |
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25454
diff
changeset
|
2555 To display a space of specified width and/or height, use a display |
25875 | 2556 specification of the form @code{(space . @var{props})}, where |
2557 @var{props} is a property list (a list of alternating properties and | |
2558 values). You can put this property on one or more consecutive | |
2559 characters; a space of the specified height and width is displayed in | |
2560 place of @emph{all} of those characters. These are the properties you | |
44281 | 2561 can use in @var{props} to specify the weight of the space: |
25751
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|
2562 |
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diff
changeset
|
2563 @table @code |
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parents:
25454
diff
changeset
|
2564 @item :width @var{width} |
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diff
changeset
|
2565 Specifies that the space width should be @var{width} times the normal |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
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diff
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|
2566 character width. @var{width} can be an integer or floating point |
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diff
changeset
|
2567 number. |
467b88fab665
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2568 |
467b88fab665
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2569 @item :relative-width @var{factor} |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
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diff
changeset
|
2570 Specifies that the width of the stretch should be computed from the |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
25454
diff
changeset
|
2571 first character in the group of consecutive characters that have the |
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*** empty log message ***
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2572 same @code{display} property. The space width is the width of that |
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2573 character, multiplied by @var{factor}. |
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2574 |
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2575 @item :align-to @var{hpos} |
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2576 Specifies that the space should be wide enough to reach @var{hpos}. The |
25875 | 2577 value @var{hpos} is measured in units of the normal character width. It |
48701 | 2578 may be an integer or a floating point number. |
25751
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2579 @end table |
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2580 |
44281 | 2581 You should use one and only one of the above properties. You can |
2582 also specify the height of the space, with other properties: | |
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2583 |
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2584 @table @code |
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2585 @item :height @var{height} |
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2586 Specifies the height of the space, as @var{height}, |
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2587 measured in terms of the normal line height. |
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2588 |
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2589 @item :relative-height @var{factor} |
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2590 Specifies the height of the space, multiplying the ordinary height |
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2591 of the text having this display specification by @var{factor}. |
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2592 |
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2593 @item :ascent @var{ascent} |
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2594 Specifies that @var{ascent} percent of the height of the space should be |
25875 | 2595 considered as the ascent of the space---that is, the part above the |
2596 baseline. The value of @var{ascent} must be a non-negative number no | |
2597 greater than 100. | |
25751
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2598 @end table |
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2599 |
44281 | 2600 Don't use both @code{:height} and @code{:relative-height} together. |
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2601 |
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2602 @node Other Display Specs |
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2603 @subsection Other Display Specifications |
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2604 |
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2605 @table @code |
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2606 @item (image . @var{image-props}) |
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2607 This is in fact an image descriptor (@pxref{Images}). When used as a |
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2608 display specification, it means to display the image instead of the text |
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2609 that has the display specification. |
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2610 |
32467 | 2611 @item ((margin nil) @var{string}) |
2612 @itemx @var{string} | |
2613 A display specification of this form means to display @var{string} | |
2614 instead of the text that has the display specification, at the same | |
2615 position as that text. This is a special case of marginal display | |
2616 (@pxref{Display Margins}). | |
2617 | |
44281 | 2618 Recursive display specifications are not supported---string display |
2619 specifications must not have @code{display} properties themselves. | |
36935 | 2620 |
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2621 @item (space-width @var{factor}) |
25875 | 2622 This display specification affects all the space characters within the |
2623 text that has the specification. It displays all of these spaces | |
2624 @var{factor} times as wide as normal. The element @var{factor} should | |
2625 be an integer or float. Characters other than spaces are not affected | |
2626 at all; in particular, this has no effect on tab characters. | |
25751
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2627 |
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2628 @item (height @var{height}) |
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2629 This display specification makes the text taller or shorter. |
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2630 Here are the possibilities for @var{height}: |
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2631 |
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2632 @table @asis |
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2633 @item @code{(+ @var{n})} |
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2634 This means to use a font that is @var{n} steps larger. A ``step'' is |
25875 | 2635 defined by the set of available fonts---specifically, those that match |
2636 what was otherwise specified for this text, in all attributes except | |
2637 height. Each size for which a suitable font is available counts as | |
2638 another step. @var{n} should be an integer. | |
25751
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2639 |
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2640 @item @code{(- @var{n})} |
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2641 This means to use a font that is @var{n} steps smaller. |
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2642 |
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2643 @item a number, @var{factor} |
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2644 A number, @var{factor}, means to use a font that is @var{factor} times |
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2645 as tall as the default font. |
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2646 |
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2647 @item a symbol, @var{function} |
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2648 A symbol is a function to compute the height. It is called with the |
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2649 current height as argument, and should return the new height to use. |
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2650 |
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2651 @item anything else, @var{form} |
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2652 If the @var{height} value doesn't fit the previous possibilities, it is |
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2653 a form. Emacs evaluates it to get the new height, with the symbol |
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2654 @code{height} bound to the current specified font height. |
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2655 @end table |
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2656 |
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2657 @item (raise @var{factor}) |
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2658 This kind of display specification raises or lowers the text |
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2659 it applies to, relative to the baseline of the line. |
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2660 |
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2661 @var{factor} must be a number, which is interpreted as a multiple of the |
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2662 height of the affected text. If it is positive, that means to display |
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2663 the characters raised. If it is negative, that means to display them |
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2664 lower down. |
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2665 |
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2666 If the text also has a @code{height} display specification, that does |
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2667 not affect the amount of raising or lowering, which is based on the |
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2668 faces used for the text. |
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2669 @end table |
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2670 |
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2671 @node Display Margins |
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2672 @subsection Displaying in the Margins |
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2673 @cindex display margins |
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2674 @cindex margins, display |
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2675 |
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2676 A buffer can have blank areas called @dfn{display margins} on the left |
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2677 and on the right. Ordinary text never appears in these areas, but you |
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2678 can put things into the display margins using the @code{display} |
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2679 property. |
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2680 |
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2681 To put text in the left or right display margin of the window, use a |
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2682 display specification of the form @code{(margin right-margin)} or |
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2683 @code{(margin left-margin)} on it. To put an image in a display margin, |
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2684 use that display specification along with the display specification for |
42476
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2685 the image. Unfortunately, there is currently no way to make |
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2686 text or images in the margin mouse-sensitive. |
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2687 |
42297
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Explain using a before-string to put something in the margin.
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2688 If you put such a display specification directly on text in the |
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2689 buffer, the specified margin display appears @emph{instead of} that |
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2690 buffer text itself. To put something in the margin @emph{in |
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2691 association with} certain buffer text without preventing or altering |
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2692 the display of that text, put a @code{before-string} property on the |
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2693 text and put the display specification on the contents of the |
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2694 before-string. |
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2695 |
25751
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2696 Before the display margins can display anything, you must give |
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2697 them a nonzero width. The usual way to do that is to set these |
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2698 variables: |
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2699 |
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2700 @defvar left-margin-width |
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2701 @tindex left-margin-width |
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2702 This variable specifies the width of the left margin. |
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2703 It is buffer-local in all buffers. |
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2704 @end defvar |
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2705 |
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2706 @defvar right-margin-width |
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2707 @tindex right-margin-width |
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2708 This variable specifies the width of the right margin. |
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2709 It is buffer-local in all buffers. |
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2710 @end defvar |
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2711 |
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2712 Setting these variables does not immediately affect the window. These |
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2713 variables are checked when a new buffer is displayed in the window. |
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2714 Thus, you can make changes take effect by calling |
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2715 @code{set-window-buffer}. |
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2716 |
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2717 You can also set the margin widths immediately. |
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2718 |
36935 | 2719 @defun set-window-margins window left &optional right |
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2720 @tindex set-window-margins |
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2721 This function specifies the margin widths for window @var{window}. |
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2722 The argument @var{left} controls the left margin and |
36935 | 2723 @var{right} controls the right margin (default @code{0}). |
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2724 @end defun |
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2725 |
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2726 @defun window-margins &optional window |
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2727 @tindex window-margins |
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2728 This function returns the left and right margins of @var{window} |
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2729 as a cons cell of the form @code{(@var{left} . @var{right})}. |
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2730 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is used. |
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2731 @end defun |
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2732 |
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2733 @node Conditional Display |
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2734 @subsection Conditional Display Specifications |
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2735 @cindex conditional display specifications |
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2736 |
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2737 You can make any display specification conditional. To do that, |
29471 | 2738 package it in another list of the form @code{(when @var{condition} . |
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2739 @var{spec})}. Then the specification @var{spec} applies only when |
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2740 @var{condition} evaluates to a non-@code{nil} value. During the |
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2741 evaluation, @code{object} is bound to the string or buffer having the |
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2742 conditional @code{display} property. @code{position} and |
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2743 @code{buffer-position} are bound to the position within @code{object} |
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2744 and the buffer position where the @code{display} property was found, |
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2745 respectively. Both positions can be different when @code{object} is a |
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2746 string. |
25751
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2747 |
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2748 @node Images |
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2749 @section Images |
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2750 @cindex images in buffers |
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2751 |
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2752 To display an image in an Emacs buffer, you must first create an image |
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2753 descriptor, then use it as a display specifier in the @code{display} |
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2754 property of text that is displayed (@pxref{Display Property}). Like the |
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2755 @code{display} property, this feature is available starting in Emacs 21. |
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2756 |
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2757 Emacs can display a number of different image formats; some of them |
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2758 are supported only if particular support libraries are installed on your |
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2759 machine. The supported image formats include XBM, XPM (needing the |
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2760 libraries @code{libXpm} version 3.4k and @code{libz}), GIF (needing |
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2761 @code{libungif} 4.1.0), Postscript, PBM, JPEG (needing the |
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2762 @code{libjpeg} library version v6a), TIFF (needing @code{libtiff} v3.4), |
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2763 and PNG (needing @code{libpng} 1.0.2). |
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2764 |
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2765 You specify one of these formats with an image type symbol. The image |
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2766 type symbols are @code{xbm}, @code{xpm}, @code{gif}, @code{postscript}, |
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2767 @code{pbm}, @code{jpeg}, @code{tiff}, and @code{png}. |
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2768 |
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2769 @defvar image-types |
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2770 This variable contains a list of those image type symbols that are |
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2771 supported in the current configuration. |
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2772 @end defvar |
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2773 |
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2774 @menu |
25875 | 2775 * Image Descriptors:: How to specify an image for use in @code{:display}. |
2776 * XBM Images:: Special features for XBM format. | |
2777 * XPM Images:: Special features for XPM format. | |
2778 * GIF Images:: Special features for GIF format. | |
2779 * Postscript Images:: Special features for Postscript format. | |
2780 * Other Image Types:: Various other formats are supported. | |
2781 * Defining Images:: Convenient ways to define an image for later use. | |
2782 * Showing Images:: Convenient ways to display an image once it is defined. | |
2783 * Image Cache:: Internal mechanisms of image display. | |
25751
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2784 @end menu |
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2785 |
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2786 @node Image Descriptors |
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2787 @subsection Image Descriptors |
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2788 @cindex image descriptor |
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2789 |
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2790 An image description is a list of the form @code{(image |
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2791 . @var{props})}, where @var{props} is a property list containing |
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2792 alternating keyword symbols (symbols whose names start with a colon) and |
26400 | 2793 their values. You can use any Lisp object as a property, but the only |
2794 properties that have any special meaning are certain symbols, all of | |
2795 them keywords. | |
2796 | |
2797 Every image descriptor must contain the property @code{:type | |
2798 @var{type}} to specify the format of the image. The value of @var{type} | |
2799 should be an image type symbol; for example, @code{xpm} for an image in | |
2800 XPM format. | |
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2801 |
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2802 Here is a list of other properties that are meaningful for all image |
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2803 types: |
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2804 |
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2805 @table @code |
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2806 @item :file @var{file} |
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2807 The @code{:file} property specifies to load the image from file |
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2808 @var{file}. If @var{file} is not an absolute file name, it is expanded |
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2809 in @code{data-directory}. |
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2810 |
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2811 @item :data @var{data} |
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2812 The @code{:data} property specifies the actual contents of the image. |
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2813 Each image must use either @code{:data} or @code{:file}, but not both. |
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2814 For most image types, the value of the @code{:data} property should be a |
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2815 string containing the image data; we recommend using a unibyte string. |
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2816 |
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2817 Before using @code{:data}, look for further information in the section |
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2818 below describing the specific image format. For some image types, |
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2819 @code{:data} may not be supported; for some, it allows other data types; |
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2820 for some, @code{:data} alone is not enough, so you need to use other |
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2821 image properties along with @code{:data}. |
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2822 |
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2823 @item :margin @var{margin} |
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2824 The @code{:margin} property specifies how many pixels to add as an |
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2825 extra margin around the image. The value, @var{margin}, must be a |
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2826 non-negative number, or a pair @code{(@var{x} . @var{y})} of such |
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2827 numbers. If it is a pair, @var{x} specifies how many pixels to add |
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2828 horizontally, and @var{y} specifies how many pixels to add vertically. |
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2829 If @code{:margin} is not specified, the default is zero. |
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2830 |
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2831 @item :ascent @var{ascent} |
29151 | 2832 The @code{:ascent} property specifies the amount of the image's |
2833 height to use for its ascent---that is, the part above the baseline. | |
2834 The value, @var{ascent}, must be a number in the range 0 to 100, or | |
2835 the symbol @code{center}. | |
2836 | |
2837 If @var{ascent} is a number, that percentage of the image's height is | |
2838 used for its ascent. | |
2839 | |
2840 If @var{ascent} is @code{center}, the image is vertically centered | |
2841 around a centerline which would be the vertical centerline of text drawn | |
2842 at the position of the image, in the manner specified by the text | |
2843 properties and overlays that apply to the image. | |
2844 | |
2845 If this property is omitted, it defaults to 50. | |
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2846 |
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2847 @item :relief @var{relief} |
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2848 The @code{:relief} property, if non-@code{nil}, adds a shadow rectangle |
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2849 around the image. The value, @var{relief}, specifies the width of the |
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2850 shadow lines, in pixels. If @var{relief} is negative, shadows are drawn |
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2851 so that the image appears as a pressed button; otherwise, it appears as |
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2852 an unpressed button. |
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2853 |
35364 | 2854 @item :conversion @var{algorithm} |
2855 The @code{:conversion} property, if non-@code{nil}, specifies a | |
25751
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2856 conversion algorithm that should be applied to the image before it is |
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2857 displayed; the value, @var{algorithm}, specifies which algorithm. |
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2858 |
33996 | 2859 @table @code |
2860 @item laplace | |
2861 @itemx emboss | |
2862 Specifies the Laplace edge detection algorithm, which blurs out small | |
2863 differences in color while highlighting larger differences. People | |
2864 sometimes consider this useful for displaying the image for a | |
2865 ``disabled'' button. | |
2866 | |
2867 @item (edge-detection :matrix @var{matrix} :color-adjust @var{adjust}) | |
2868 Specifies a general edge-detection algorithm. @var{matrix} must be | |
2869 either a nine-element list or a nine-element vector of numbers. A pixel | |
2870 at position @math{x/y} in the transformed image is computed from | |
2871 original pixels around that position. @var{matrix} specifies, for each | |
2872 pixel in the neighborhood of @math{x/y}, a factor with which that pixel | |
2873 will influence the transformed pixel; element @math{0} specifies the | |
2874 factor for the pixel at @math{x-1/y-1}, element @math{1} the factor for | |
2875 the pixel at @math{x/y-1} etc., as shown below: | |
2876 @iftex | |
2877 @tex | |
2878 $$\pmatrix{x-1/y-1 & x/y-1 & x+1/y-1 \cr | |
2879 x-1/y & x/y & x+1/y \cr | |
2880 x-1/y+1& x/y+1 & x+1/y+1 \cr}$$ | |
2881 @end tex | |
2882 @end iftex | |
2883 @ifnottex | |
2884 @display | |
2885 (x-1/y-1 x/y-1 x+1/y-1 | |
2886 x-1/y x/y x+1/y | |
2887 x-1/y+1 x/y+1 x+1/y+1) | |
2888 @end display | |
2889 @end ifnottex | |
2890 | |
2891 The resulting pixel is computed from the color intensity of the color | |
2892 resulting from summing up the RGB values of surrounding pixels, | |
2893 multiplied by the specified factors, and dividing that sum by the sum | |
2894 of the factors' absolute values. | |
2895 | |
2896 Laplace edge-detection currently uses a matrix of | |
2897 @iftex | |
2898 @tex | |
2899 $$\pmatrix{1 & 0 & 0 \cr | |
2900 0& 0 & 0 \cr | |
2901 9 & 9 & -1 \cr}$$ | |
2902 @end tex | |
2903 @end iftex | |
2904 @ifnottex | |
2905 @display | |
2906 (1 0 0 | |
2907 0 0 0 | |
2908 9 9 -1) | |
2909 @end display | |
2910 @end ifnottex | |
2911 | |
2912 Emboss edge-detection uses a matrix of | |
2913 @iftex | |
2914 @tex | |
2915 $$\pmatrix{ 2 & -1 & 0 \cr | |
2916 -1 & 0 & 1 \cr | |
2917 0 & 1 & -2 \cr}$$ | |
2918 @end tex | |
2919 @end iftex | |
2920 @ifnottex | |
2921 @display | |
2922 ( 2 -1 0 | |
2923 -1 0 1 | |
2924 0 1 -2) | |
2925 @end display | |
2926 @end ifnottex | |
2927 | |
2928 @item disabled | |
2929 Specifies transforming the image so that it looks ``disabled''. | |
2930 @end table | |
2931 | |
2932 @item :mask @var{mask} | |
2933 If @var{mask} is @code{heuristic} or @code{(heuristic @var{bg})}, build | |
2934 a clipping mask for the image, so that the background of a frame is | |
2935 visible behind the image. If @var{bg} is not specified, or if @var{bg} | |
2936 is @code{t}, determine the background color of the image by looking at | |
2937 the four corners of the image, assuming the most frequently occurring | |
2938 color from the corners is the background color of the image. Otherwise, | |
2939 @var{bg} must be a list @code{(@var{red} @var{green} @var{blue})} | |
2940 specifying the color to assume for the background of the image. | |
2941 | |
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2942 If @var{mask} is @code{nil}, remove a mask from the image, if it has |
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2943 one. Images in some formats include a mask which can be removed by |
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2944 specifying @code{:mask nil}. |
25751
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2945 @end table |
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2946 |
33996 | 2947 @defun image-mask-p spec &optional frame |
2948 @tindex image-mask-p | |
2949 This function returns @code{t} if image @var{spec} has a mask bitmap. | |
2950 @var{frame} is the frame on which the image will be displayed. | |
39404
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2951 @var{frame} @code{nil} or omitted means to use the selected frame |
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2952 (@pxref{Input Focus}). |
33996 | 2953 @end defun |
2954 | |
25751
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2955 @node XBM Images |
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2956 @subsection XBM Images |
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2957 @cindex XBM |
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2958 |
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2959 To use XBM format, specify @code{xbm} as the image type. This image |
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2960 format doesn't require an external library, so images of this type are |
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2961 always supported. |
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2962 |
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2963 Additional image properties supported for the @code{xbm} image type are: |
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2964 |
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2965 @table @code |
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2966 @item :foreground @var{foreground} |
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2967 The value, @var{foreground}, should be a string specifying the image |
37949
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2968 foreground color, or @code{nil} for the default color. This color is |
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2969 used for each pixel in the XBM that is 1. The default is the frame's |
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2970 foreground color. |
25751
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2971 |
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2972 @item :background @var{background} |
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2973 The value, @var{background}, should be a string specifying the image |
37949
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2974 background color, or @code{nil} for the default color. This color is |
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2975 used for each pixel in the XBM that is 0. The default is the frame's |
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2976 background color. |
25751
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2977 @end table |
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2978 |
27093
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2979 If you specify an XBM image using data within Emacs instead of an |
28792 | 2980 external file, use the following three properties: |
25751
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2981 |
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2982 @table @code |
28792 | 2983 @item :data @var{data} |
2984 The value, @var{data}, specifies the contents of the image. | |
2985 There are three formats you can use for @var{data}: | |
2986 | |
2987 @itemize @bullet | |
2988 @item | |
2989 A vector of strings or bool-vectors, each specifying one line of the | |
2990 image. Do specify @code{:height} and @code{:width}. | |
2991 | |
2992 @item | |
2993 A string containing the same byte sequence as an XBM file would contain. | |
2994 You must not specify @code{:height} and @code{:width} in this case, | |
2995 because omitting them is what indicates the data has the format of an | |
2996 XBM file. The file contents specify the height and width of the image. | |
2997 | |
2998 @item | |
2999 A string or a bool-vector containing the bits of the image (plus perhaps | |
3000 some extra bits at the end that will not be used). It should contain at | |
3001 least @var{width} * @code{height} bits. In this case, you must specify | |
3002 @code{:height} and @code{:width}, both to indicate that the string | |
3003 contains just the bits rather than a whole XBM file, and to specify the | |
3004 size of the image. | |
3005 @end itemize | |
3006 | |
25751
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3007 @item :width @var{width} |
28792 | 3008 The value, @var{width}, specifies the width of the image, in pixels. |
25751
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3009 |
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3010 @item :height @var{height} |
28792 | 3011 The value, @var{height}, specifies the height of the image, in pixels. |
25751
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3012 @end table |
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3013 |
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3014 @node XPM Images |
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3015 @subsection XPM Images |
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3016 @cindex XPM |
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3017 |
27093
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3018 To use XPM format, specify @code{xpm} as the image type. The |
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3019 additional image property @code{:color-symbols} is also meaningful with |
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3020 the @code{xpm} image type: |
25751
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3021 |
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3022 @table @code |
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3023 @item :color-symbols @var{symbols} |
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3024 The value, @var{symbols}, should be an alist whose elements have the |
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3025 form @code{(@var{name} . @var{color})}. In each element, @var{name} is |
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3026 the name of a color as it appears in the image file, and @var{color} |
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3027 specifies the actual color to use for displaying that name. |
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3028 @end table |
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3029 |
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3030 @node GIF Images |
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3031 @subsection GIF Images |
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3032 @cindex GIF |
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3033 |
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3034 For GIF images, specify image type @code{gif}. Because of the patents |
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3035 in the US covering the LZW algorithm, the continued use of GIF format is |
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3036 a problem for the whole Internet; to end this problem, it is a good idea |
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3037 for everyone, even outside the US, to stop using GIFS right away |
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3038 (@uref{http://www.burnallgifs.org/}). But if you still want to use |
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3039 them, Emacs can display them. |
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3040 |
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3041 @table @code |
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3042 @item :index @var{index} |
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3043 You can use @code{:index} to specify one image from a GIF file that |
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3044 contains more than one image. This property specifies use of image |
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3045 number @var{index} from the file. An error is signaled if the GIF file |
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3046 doesn't contain an image with index @var{index}. |
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3047 @end table |
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3048 |
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3049 @ignore |
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3050 This could be used to implement limited support for animated GIFs. |
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3051 For example, the following function displays a multi-image GIF file |
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3052 at point-min in the current buffer, switching between sub-images |
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3053 every 0.1 seconds. |
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3054 |
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3055 (defun show-anim (file max) |
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3056 "Display multi-image GIF file FILE which contains MAX subimages." |
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3057 (display-anim (current-buffer) file 0 max t)) |
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3058 |
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3059 (defun display-anim (buffer file idx max first-time) |
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3060 (when (= idx max) |
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3061 (setq idx 0)) |
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3062 (let ((img (create-image file nil :image idx))) |
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3063 (save-excursion |
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3064 (set-buffer buffer) |
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3065 (goto-char (point-min)) |
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3066 (unless first-time (delete-char 1)) |
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3067 (insert-image img)) |
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3068 (run-with-timer 0.1 nil 'display-anim buffer file (1+ idx) max nil))) |
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3069 @end ignore |
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3070 |
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3071 @node Postscript Images |
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3072 @subsection Postscript Images |
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3073 @cindex Postscript images |
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3074 |
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3075 To use Postscript for an image, specify image type @code{postscript}. |
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3076 This works only if you have Ghostscript installed. You must always use |
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3077 these three properties: |
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3078 |
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3079 @table @code |
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3080 @item :pt-width @var{width} |
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3081 The value, @var{width}, specifies the width of the image measured in |
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3082 points (1/72 inch). @var{width} must be an integer. |
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3083 |
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3084 @item :pt-height @var{height} |
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3085 The value, @var{height}, specifies the height of the image in points |
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3086 (1/72 inch). @var{height} must be an integer. |
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3087 |
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3088 @item :bounding-box @var{box} |
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3089 The value, @var{box}, must be a list or vector of four integers, which |
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3090 specifying the bounding box of the Postscript image, analogous to the |
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3091 @samp{BoundingBox} comment found in Postscript files. |
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3092 |
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3093 @example |
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3094 %%BoundingBox: 22 171 567 738 |
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3095 @end example |
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3096 @end table |
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3097 |
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3098 Displaying Postscript images from Lisp data is not currently |
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3099 implemented, but it may be implemented by the time you read this. |
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3100 See the @file{etc/NEWS} file to make sure. |
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3101 |
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3102 @node Other Image Types |
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3103 @subsection Other Image Types |
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3104 @cindex PBM |
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3105 |
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3106 For PBM images, specify image type @code{pbm}. Color, gray-scale and |
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3107 monochromatic images are supported. For mono PBM images, two additional |
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3108 image properties are supported. |
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3109 |
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3110 @table @code |
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3111 @item :foreground @var{foreground} |
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3112 The value, @var{foreground}, should be a string specifying the image |
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3113 foreground color, or @code{nil} for the default color. This color is |
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3114 used for each pixel in the XBM that is 1. The default is the frame's |
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3115 foreground color. |
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3116 |
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3117 @item :background @var{background} |
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3118 The value, @var{background}, should be a string specifying the image |
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3119 background color, or @code{nil} for the default color. This color is |
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3120 used for each pixel in the XBM that is 0. The default is the frame's |
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3121 background color. |
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3122 @end table |
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3123 |
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3124 For JPEG images, specify image type @code{jpeg}. |
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3125 |
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3126 For TIFF images, specify image type @code{tiff}. |
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3127 |
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3128 For PNG images, specify image type @code{png}. |
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3129 |
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3130 @node Defining Images |
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3131 @subsection Defining Images |
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3132 |
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3133 The functions @code{create-image}, @code{defimage} and |
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3134 @code{find-image} provide convenient ways to create image descriptors. |
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3135 |
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3136 @defun create-image file &optional type &rest props |
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3137 @tindex create-image |
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3138 This function creates and returns an image descriptor which uses the |
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3139 data in @var{file}. |
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3140 |
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3141 The optional argument @var{type} is a symbol specifying the image type. |
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3142 If @var{type} is omitted or @code{nil}, @code{create-image} tries to |
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3143 determine the image type from the file's first few bytes, or else |
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3144 from the file's name. |
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3145 |
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3146 The remaining arguments, @var{props}, specify additional image |
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3147 properties---for example, |
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3148 |
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3149 @example |
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3150 (create-image "foo.xpm" 'xpm :heuristic-mask t) |
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3151 @end example |
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3152 |
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3153 The function returns @code{nil} if images of this type are not |
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3154 supported. Otherwise it returns an image descriptor. |
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3155 @end defun |
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3156 |
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3157 @defmac defimage symbol specs &optional doc |
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3158 @tindex defimage |
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3159 This macro defines @var{symbol} as an image name. The arguments |
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3160 @var{specs} is a list which specifies how to display the image. |
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3161 The third argument, @var{doc}, is an optional documentation string. |
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3162 |
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3163 Each argument in @var{specs} has the form of a property list, and each |
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3164 one should specify at least the @code{:type} property and either the |
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3165 @code{:file} or the @code{:data} property. The value of @code{:type} |
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3166 should be a symbol specifying the image type, the value of |
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3167 @code{:file} is the file to load the image from, and the value of |
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3168 @code{:data} is a string containing the actual image data. Here is an |
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|
3169 example: |
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3170 |
25875 | 3171 @example |
3172 (defimage test-image | |
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3173 ((:type xpm :file "~/test1.xpm") |
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3174 (:type xbm :file "~/test1.xbm"))) |
25875 | 3175 @end example |
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3176 |
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3177 @code{defimage} tests each argument, one by one, to see if it is |
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3178 usable---that is, if the type is supported and the file exists. The |
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3179 first usable argument is used to make an image descriptor which is |
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3180 stored in @var{symbol}. |
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3181 |
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3182 If none of the alternatives will work, then @var{symbol} is defined |
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3183 as @code{nil}. |
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3184 @end defmac |
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3185 |
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3186 @defun find-image specs |
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3187 @tindex find-image |
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3188 This function provides a convenient way to find an image satisfying one |
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3189 of a list of image specifications @var{specs}. |
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3190 |
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3191 Each specification in @var{specs} is a property list with contents |
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3192 depending on image type. All specifications must at least contain the |
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3193 properties @code{:type @var{type}} and either @w{@code{:file @var{file}}} |
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3194 or @w{@code{:data @var{DATA}}}, where @var{type} is a symbol specifying |
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3195 the image type, e.g.@: @code{xbm}, @var{file} is the file to load the |
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3196 image from, and @var{data} is a string containing the actual image data. |
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|
3197 The first specification in the list whose @var{type} is supported, and |
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3198 @var{file} exists, is used to construct the image specification to be |
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3199 returned. If no specification is satisfied, @code{nil} is returned. |
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3200 |
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|
3201 The image is looked for first on @code{load-path} and then in |
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|
3202 @code{data-directory}. |
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|
3203 @end defun |
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3204 |
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3205 @node Showing Images |
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3206 @subsection Showing Images |
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3207 |
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3208 You can use an image descriptor by setting up the @code{display} |
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3209 property yourself, but it is easier to use the functions in this |
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3210 section. |
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3211 |
29471 | 3212 @defun insert-image image &optional string area |
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3213 This function inserts @var{image} in the current buffer at point. The |
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3214 value @var{image} should be an image descriptor; it could be a value |
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3215 returned by @code{create-image}, or the value of a symbol defined with |
25875 | 3216 @code{defimage}. The argument @var{string} specifies the text to put in |
3217 the buffer to hold the image. | |
25751
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3218 |
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3219 The argument @var{area} specifies whether to put the image in a margin. |
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3220 If it is @code{left-margin}, the image appears in the left margin; |
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3221 @code{right-margin} specifies the right margin. If @var{area} is |
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3222 @code{nil} or omitted, the image is displayed at point within the |
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3223 buffer's text. |
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3224 |
25875 | 3225 Internally, this function inserts @var{string} in the buffer, and gives |
3226 it a @code{display} property which specifies @var{image}. @xref{Display | |
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3227 Property}. |
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3228 @end defun |
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3229 |
29471 | 3230 @defun put-image image pos &optional string area |
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3231 This function puts image @var{image} in front of @var{pos} in the |
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3232 current buffer. The argument @var{pos} should be an integer or a |
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3233 marker. It specifies the buffer position where the image should appear. |
29471 | 3234 The argument @var{string} specifies the text that should hold the image |
3235 as an alternative to the default. | |
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3236 |
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3237 The argument @var{image} must be an image descriptor, perhaps returned |
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3238 by @code{create-image} or stored by @code{defimage}. |
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3239 |
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3240 The argument @var{area} specifies whether to put the image in a margin. |
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3241 If it is @code{left-margin}, the image appears in the left margin; |
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3242 @code{right-margin} specifies the right margin. If @var{area} is |
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3243 @code{nil} or omitted, the image is displayed at point within the |
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3244 buffer's text. |
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3245 |
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3246 Internally, this function creates an overlay, and gives it a |
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3247 @code{before-string} property containing text that has a @code{display} |
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3248 property whose value is the image. (Whew!) |
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3249 @end defun |
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3250 |
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3251 @defun remove-images start end &optional buffer |
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3252 This function removes images in @var{buffer} between positions |
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3253 @var{start} and @var{end}. If @var{buffer} is omitted or @code{nil}, |
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3254 images are removed from the current buffer. |
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3255 |
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3256 This removes only images that were put into @var{buffer} the way |
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3257 @code{put-image} does it, not images that were inserted with |
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3258 @code{insert-image} or in other ways. |
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3259 @end defun |
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3260 |
31373
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3261 @defun image-size spec &optional pixels frame |
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3262 @tindex image-size |
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3263 This function returns the size of an image as a pair |
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3264 @w{@code{(@var{width} . @var{height})}}. @var{spec} is an image |
51652
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3265 specification. @var{pixels} non-@code{nil} means return sizes |
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3266 measured in pixels, otherwise return sizes measured in canonical |
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3267 character units (fractions of the width/height of the frame's default |
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3268 font). @var{frame} is the frame on which the image will be displayed. |
39404
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3269 @var{frame} null or omitted means use the selected frame (@pxref{Input |
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3270 Focus}). |
31373
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3271 @end defun |
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3272 |
25751
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3273 @node Image Cache |
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3274 @subsection Image Cache |
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3275 |
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3276 Emacs stores images in an image cache when it displays them, so it can |
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3277 display them again more efficiently. It removes an image from the cache |
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3278 when it hasn't been displayed for a specified period of time. |
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3279 |
28770 | 3280 When an image is looked up in the cache, its specification is compared |
3281 with cached image specifications using @code{equal}. This means that | |
3282 all images with equal specifications share the same image in the cache. | |
3283 | |
25751
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3284 @defvar image-cache-eviction-delay |
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3285 @tindex image-cache-eviction-delay |
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3286 This variable specifies the number of seconds an image can remain in the |
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3287 cache without being displayed. When an image is not displayed for this |
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3288 length of time, Emacs removes it from the image cache. |
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3289 |
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3290 If the value is @code{nil}, Emacs does not remove images from the cache |
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3291 except when you explicitly clear it. This mode can be useful for |
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3292 debugging. |
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3293 @end defvar |
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3294 |
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3295 @defun clear-image-cache &optional frame |
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3296 @tindex clear-image-cache |
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3297 This function clears the image cache. If @var{frame} is non-@code{nil}, |
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3298 only the cache for that frame is cleared. Otherwise all frames' caches |
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3299 are cleared. |
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3300 @end defun |
27447
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3301 |
6598 | 3302 @node Blinking |
3303 @section Blinking Parentheses | |
3304 @cindex parenthesis matching | |
3305 @cindex blinking | |
3306 @cindex balancing parentheses | |
3307 @cindex close parenthesis | |
3308 | |
3309 This section describes the mechanism by which Emacs shows a matching | |
3310 open parenthesis when the user inserts a close parenthesis. | |
3311 | |
3312 @defvar blink-paren-function | |
3313 The value of this variable should be a function (of no arguments) to | |
3314 be called whenever a character with close parenthesis syntax is inserted. | |
3315 The value of @code{blink-paren-function} may be @code{nil}, in which | |
3316 case nothing is done. | |
3317 @end defvar | |
3318 | |
22252
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3319 @defopt blink-matching-paren |
6598 | 3320 If this variable is @code{nil}, then @code{blink-matching-open} does |
3321 nothing. | |
22252
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3322 @end defopt |
6598 | 3323 |
22252
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3324 @defopt blink-matching-paren-distance |
6598 | 3325 This variable specifies the maximum distance to scan for a matching |
3326 parenthesis before giving up. | |
22252
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3327 @end defopt |
6598 | 3328 |
22252
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3329 @defopt blink-matching-delay |
12098 | 3330 This variable specifies the number of seconds for the cursor to remain |
3331 at the matching parenthesis. A fraction of a second often gives | |
3332 good results, but the default is 1, which works on all systems. | |
22252
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3333 @end defopt |
12098 | 3334 |
22252
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3335 @deffn Command blink-matching-open |
6598 | 3336 This function is the default value of @code{blink-paren-function}. It |
3337 assumes that point follows a character with close parenthesis syntax and | |
3338 moves the cursor momentarily to the matching opening character. If that | |
3339 character is not already on the screen, it displays the character's | |
3340 context in the echo area. To avoid long delays, this function does not | |
3341 search farther than @code{blink-matching-paren-distance} characters. | |
3342 | |
3343 Here is an example of calling this function explicitly. | |
3344 | |
3345 @smallexample | |
3346 @group | |
3347 (defun interactive-blink-matching-open () | |
3348 @c Do not break this line! -- rms. | |
3349 @c The first line of a doc string | |
3350 @c must stand alone. | |
3351 "Indicate momentarily the start of sexp before point." | |
3352 (interactive) | |
3353 @end group | |
3354 @group | |
3355 (let ((blink-matching-paren-distance | |
3356 (buffer-size)) | |
3357 (blink-matching-paren t)) | |
3358 (blink-matching-open))) | |
3359 @end group | |
3360 @end smallexample | |
22252
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3361 @end deffn |
6598 | 3362 |
3363 @node Inverse Video | |
3364 @section Inverse Video | |
3365 @cindex Inverse Video | |
3366 | |
3367 @defopt inverse-video | |
3368 @cindex highlighting | |
3369 This variable controls whether Emacs uses inverse video for all text | |
3370 on the screen. Non-@code{nil} means yes, @code{nil} means no. The | |
3371 default is @code{nil}. | |
3372 @end defopt | |
3373 | |
3374 @defopt mode-line-inverse-video | |
25875 | 3375 This variable controls the use of inverse video for mode lines and menu |
3376 bars. If it is non-@code{nil}, then these lines are displayed in | |
27331
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3377 inverse video. Otherwise, these lines are displayed normally, just like |
25875 | 3378 other text. The default is @code{t}. |
3379 | |
3380 For window frames, this feature actually applies the face named | |
3381 @code{mode-line}; that face is normally set up as the inverse of the | |
3382 default face, unless you change it. | |
6598 | 3383 @end defopt |
3384 | |
3385 @node Usual Display | |
3386 @section Usual Display Conventions | |
3387 | |
3388 The usual display conventions define how to display each character | |
3389 code. You can override these conventions by setting up a display table | |
3390 (@pxref{Display Tables}). Here are the usual display conventions: | |
3391 | |
3392 @itemize @bullet | |
3393 @item | |
3394 Character codes 32 through 126 map to glyph codes 32 through 126. | |
3395 Normally this means they display as themselves. | |
3396 | |
3397 @item | |
3398 Character code 9 is a horizontal tab. It displays as whitespace | |
3399 up to a position determined by @code{tab-width}. | |
3400 | |
3401 @item | |
3402 Character code 10 is a newline. | |
3403 | |
3404 @item | |
3405 All other codes in the range 0 through 31, and code 127, display in one | |
9009 | 3406 of two ways according to the value of @code{ctl-arrow}. If it is |
6598 | 3407 non-@code{nil}, these codes map to sequences of two glyphs, where the |
25751
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3408 first glyph is the @sc{ascii} code for @samp{^}. (A display table can |
6598 | 3409 specify a glyph to use instead of @samp{^}.) Otherwise, these codes map |
3410 just like the codes in the range 128 to 255. | |
3411 | |
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3412 On MS-DOS terminals, Emacs arranges by default for the character code |
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3413 127 to be mapped to the glyph code 127, which normally displays as an |
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3414 empty polygon. This glyph is used to display non-@sc{ascii} characters |
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3415 that the MS-DOS terminal doesn't support. @xref{MS-DOS and MULE,,, |
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3416 emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. |
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3417 |
6598 | 3418 @item |
3419 Character codes 128 through 255 map to sequences of four glyphs, where | |
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3420 the first glyph is the @sc{ascii} code for @samp{\}, and the others are |
22138
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3421 digit characters representing the character code in octal. (A display |
21682
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3422 table can specify a glyph to use instead of @samp{\}.) |
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3423 |
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3424 @item |
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3425 Multibyte character codes above 256 are displayed as themselves, or as a |
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3426 question mark or empty box if the terminal cannot display that |
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3427 character. |
6598 | 3428 @end itemize |
3429 | |
3430 The usual display conventions apply even when there is a display | |
3431 table, for any character whose entry in the active display table is | |
3432 @code{nil}. Thus, when you set up a display table, you need only | |
21682
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3433 specify the characters for which you want special behavior. |
6598 | 3434 |
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3435 These display rules apply to carriage return (character code 13), when |
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3436 it appears in the buffer. But that character may not appear in the |
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3437 buffer where you expect it, if it was eliminated as part of end-of-line |
25454 | 3438 conversion (@pxref{Coding System Basics}). |
24951
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3439 |
6598 | 3440 These variables affect the way certain characters are displayed on the |
3441 screen. Since they change the number of columns the characters occupy, | |
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3442 they also affect the indentation functions. These variables also affect |
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3443 how the mode line is displayed; if you want to force redisplay of the |
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3444 mode line using the new values, call the function |
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3445 @code{force-mode-line-update} (@pxref{Mode Line Format}). |
6598 | 3446 |
3447 @defopt ctl-arrow | |
3448 @cindex control characters in display | |
3449 This buffer-local variable controls how control characters are | |
3450 displayed. If it is non-@code{nil}, they are displayed as a caret | |
3451 followed by the character: @samp{^A}. If it is @code{nil}, they are | |
3452 displayed as a backslash followed by three octal digits: @samp{\001}. | |
3453 @end defopt | |
3454 | |
3455 @c Following may have overfull hbox. | |
3456 @defvar default-ctl-arrow | |
3457 The value of this variable is the default value for @code{ctl-arrow} in | |
3458 buffers that do not override it. @xref{Default Value}. | |
3459 @end defvar | |
3460 | |
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3461 @defopt indicate-empty-lines |
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3462 @tindex indicate-empty-lines |
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3463 @cindex fringes, and empty line indication |
52141
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3464 When this is non-@code{nil}, Emacs displays a special glyph in the |
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3465 fringe of each empty line at the end of the buffer, on terminals that |
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3466 support it (window systems). @xref{Fringes}. |
26696
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3467 @end defopt |
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3468 |
6598 | 3469 @defopt tab-width |
3470 The value of this variable is the spacing between tab stops used for | |
25875 | 3471 displaying tab characters in Emacs buffers. The value is in units of |
3472 columns, and the default is 8. Note that this feature is completely | |
3473 independent of the user-settable tab stops used by the command | |
3474 @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. @xref{Indent Tabs}. | |
6598 | 3475 @end defopt |
3476 | |
3477 @node Display Tables | |
3478 @section Display Tables | |
3479 | |
3480 @cindex display table | |
21682
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3481 You can use the @dfn{display table} feature to control how all possible |
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3482 character codes display on the screen. This is useful for displaying |
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3483 European languages that have letters not in the @sc{ascii} character |
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3484 set. |
6598 | 3485 |
3486 The display table maps each character code into a sequence of | |
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3487 @dfn{glyphs}, each glyph being a graphic that takes up one character |
6598 | 3488 position on the screen. You can also define how to display each glyph |
3489 on your terminal, using the @dfn{glyph table}. | |
3490 | |
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3491 Display tables affect how the mode line is displayed; if you want to |
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3492 force redisplay of the mode line using a new display table, call |
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3493 @code{force-mode-line-update} (@pxref{Mode Line Format}). |
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3494 |
6598 | 3495 @menu |
3496 * Display Table Format:: What a display table consists of. | |
3497 * Active Display Table:: How Emacs selects a display table to use. | |
3498 * Glyphs:: How to define a glyph, and what glyphs mean. | |
3499 @end menu | |
3500 | |
3501 @node Display Table Format | |
3502 @subsection Display Table Format | |
3503 | |
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3504 A display table is actually a char-table (@pxref{Char-Tables}) with |
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3505 @code{display-table} as its subtype. |
6598 | 3506 |
3507 @defun make-display-table | |
3508 This creates and returns a display table. The table initially has | |
3509 @code{nil} in all elements. | |
3510 @end defun | |
3511 | |
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3512 The ordinary elements of the display table are indexed by character |
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3513 codes; the element at index @var{c} says how to display the character |
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3514 code @var{c}. The value should be @code{nil} or a vector of glyph |
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3515 values (@pxref{Glyphs}). If an element is @code{nil}, it says to |
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3516 display that character according to the usual display conventions |
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3517 (@pxref{Usual Display}). |
12067 | 3518 |
3519 If you use the display table to change the display of newline | |
3520 characters, the whole buffer will be displayed as one long ``line.'' | |
6598 | 3521 |
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3522 The display table also has six ``extra slots'' which serve special |
21682
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3523 purposes. Here is a table of their meanings; @code{nil} in any slot |
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3524 means to use the default for that slot, as stated below. |
6598 | 3525 |
3526 @table @asis | |
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3527 @item 0 |
6598 | 3528 The glyph for the end of a truncated screen line (the default for this |
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3529 is @samp{$}). @xref{Glyphs}. Newer Emacs versions, on some platforms, |
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3530 display arrows to indicate truncation---the display table has no effect |
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3531 in these situations. |
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3532 @item 1 |
6598 | 3533 The glyph for the end of a continued line (the default is @samp{\}). |
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3534 Newer Emacs versions, on some platforms, display curved arrows to |
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3535 indicate truncation---the display table has no effect in these |
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3536 situations. |
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3537 @item 2 |
6598 | 3538 The glyph for indicating a character displayed as an octal character |
3539 code (the default is @samp{\}). | |
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3540 @item 3 |
6598 | 3541 The glyph for indicating a control character (the default is @samp{^}). |
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3542 @item 4 |
6598 | 3543 A vector of glyphs for indicating the presence of invisible lines (the |
3544 default is @samp{...}). @xref{Selective Display}. | |
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3545 @item 5 |
8925 | 3546 The glyph used to draw the border between side-by-side windows (the |
25751
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3547 default is @samp{|}). @xref{Splitting Windows}. This takes effect only |
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3548 when there are no scroll bars; if scroll bars are supported and in use, |
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3549 a scroll bar separates the two windows. |
6598 | 3550 @end table |
3551 | |
3552 For example, here is how to construct a display table that mimics the | |
3553 effect of setting @code{ctl-arrow} to a non-@code{nil} value: | |
3554 | |
3555 @example | |
3556 (setq disptab (make-display-table)) | |
3557 (let ((i 0)) | |
3558 (while (< i 32) | |
3559 (or (= i ?\t) (= i ?\n) | |
3560 (aset disptab i (vector ?^ (+ i 64)))) | |
3561 (setq i (1+ i))) | |
3562 (aset disptab 127 (vector ?^ ??))) | |
3563 @end example | |
3564 | |
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3565 @defun display-table-slot display-table slot |
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3566 This function returns the value of the extra slot @var{slot} of |
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3567 @var{display-table}. The argument @var{slot} may be a number from 0 to |
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3568 5 inclusive, or a slot name (symbol). Valid symbols are |
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3569 @code{truncation}, @code{wrap}, @code{escape}, @code{control}, |
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3570 @code{selective-display}, and @code{vertical-border}. |
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3571 @end defun |
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3572 |
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3573 @defun set-display-table-slot display-table slot value |
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3574 This function stores @var{value} in the extra slot @var{slot} of |
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3575 @var{display-table}. The argument @var{slot} may be a number from 0 to |
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3576 5 inclusive, or a slot name (symbol). Valid symbols are |
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3577 @code{truncation}, @code{wrap}, @code{escape}, @code{control}, |
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3578 @code{selective-display}, and @code{vertical-border}. |
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3579 @end defun |
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3580 |
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3581 @defun describe-display-table display-table |
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3582 @tindex describe-display-table |
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3583 This function displays a description of the display table |
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3584 @var{display-table} in a help buffer. |
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3585 @end defun |
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3586 |
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3587 @deffn Command describe-current-display-table |
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3588 @tindex describe-current-display-table |
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3589 This command displays a description of the current display table in a |
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3590 help buffer. |
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3591 @end deffn |
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3592 |
6598 | 3593 @node Active Display Table |
3594 @subsection Active Display Table | |
3595 @cindex active display table | |
3596 | |
3597 Each window can specify a display table, and so can each buffer. When | |
3598 a buffer @var{b} is displayed in window @var{w}, display uses the | |
3599 display table for window @var{w} if it has one; otherwise, the display | |
3600 table for buffer @var{b} if it has one; otherwise, the standard display | |
3601 table if any. The display table chosen is called the @dfn{active} | |
3602 display table. | |
3603 | |
3604 @defun window-display-table window | |
3605 This function returns @var{window}'s display table, or @code{nil} | |
3606 if @var{window} does not have an assigned display table. | |
3607 @end defun | |
3608 | |
3609 @defun set-window-display-table window table | |
3610 This function sets the display table of @var{window} to @var{table}. | |
3611 The argument @var{table} should be either a display table or | |
3612 @code{nil}. | |
3613 @end defun | |
3614 | |
3615 @defvar buffer-display-table | |
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3616 This variable is automatically buffer-local in all buffers; its value in |
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3617 a particular buffer specifies the display table for that buffer. If it |
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3618 is @code{nil}, that means the buffer does not have an assigned display |
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3619 table. |
6598 | 3620 @end defvar |
3621 | |
3622 @defvar standard-display-table | |
3623 This variable's value is the default display table, used whenever a | |
3624 window has no display table and neither does the buffer displayed in | |
3625 that window. This variable is @code{nil} by default. | |
3626 @end defvar | |
3627 | |
3628 If there is no display table to use for a particular window---that is, | |
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3629 if the window specifies none, its buffer specifies none, and |
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3630 @code{standard-display-table} is @code{nil}---then Emacs uses the usual |
6598 | 3631 display conventions for all character codes in that window. @xref{Usual |
3632 Display}. | |
3633 | |
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3634 A number of functions for changing the standard display table |
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3635 are defined in the library @file{disp-table}. |
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3636 |
6598 | 3637 @node Glyphs |
3638 @subsection Glyphs | |
3639 | |
3640 @cindex glyph | |
3641 A @dfn{glyph} is a generalization of a character; it stands for an | |
3642 image that takes up a single character position on the screen. Glyphs | |
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3643 are represented in Lisp as integers, just as characters are. Normally |
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3644 Emacs finds glyphs in the display table (@pxref{Display Tables}). |
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3645 |
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3646 A glyph can be @dfn{simple} or it can be defined by the @dfn{glyph |
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3647 table}. A simple glyph is just a way of specifying a character and a |
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3648 face to output it in. The glyph code for a simple glyph, mod 524288, |
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3649 is the character to output, and the glyph code divided by 524288 |
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3650 specifies the face number (@pxref{Face Functions}) to use while |
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3651 outputting it. (524288 is |
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3652 @ifnottex |
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3653 2**19.) |
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3654 @end ifnottex |
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3655 @tex |
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3656 $2^{19}$.) |
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3657 @end tex |
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3658 @xref{Faces}. |
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3659 |
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3660 On character terminals, you can set up a @dfn{glyph table} to define |
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3661 the meaning of glyph codes. The glyph codes is the value of the |
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3662 variable @code{glyph-table}. |
6598 | 3663 |
3664 @defvar glyph-table | |
3665 The value of this variable is the current glyph table. It should be a | |
49600
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3666 vector; the @var{g}th element defines glyph code @var{g}. |
47482
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3667 |
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3668 If a glyph code is greater than or equal to the length of the glyph |
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3669 table, that code is automatically simple. If the value of |
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3670 @code{glyph-table} is @code{nil} instead of a vector, then all glyphs |
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3671 are simple. The glyph table is not used on graphical displays, only |
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3672 on character terminals. On graphical displays, all glyphs are simple. |
6598 | 3673 @end defvar |
3674 | |
3675 Here are the possible types of elements in the glyph table: | |
3676 | |
22252
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3677 @table @asis |
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3678 @item @var{string} |
6598 | 3679 Send the characters in @var{string} to the terminal to output |
3680 this glyph. This alternative is available on character terminals, | |
21682
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3681 but not under a window system. |
6598 | 3682 |
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3683 @item @var{integer} |
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3684 Define this glyph code as an alias for glyph code @var{integer}. You |
47482
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3685 can use an alias to specify a face code for the glyph and use a small |
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3686 number as its code. |
6598 | 3687 |
3688 @item @code{nil} | |
47482
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3689 This glyph is simple. |
6598 | 3690 @end table |
3691 | |
25751
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3692 @defun create-glyph string |
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3693 @tindex create-glyph |
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3694 This function returns a newly-allocated glyph code which is set up to |
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3695 display by sending @var{string} to the terminal. |
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3696 @end defun |
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3697 |
6598 | 3698 @node Beeping |
3699 @section Beeping | |
3700 @cindex beeping | |
3701 @cindex bell | |
3702 | |
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3703 This section describes how to make Emacs ring the bell (or blink the |
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3704 screen) to attract the user's attention. Be conservative about how |
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3705 often you do this; frequent bells can become irritating. Also be |
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3706 careful not to use just beeping when signaling an error is more |
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3707 appropriate. (@xref{Errors}.) |
6598 | 3708 |
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3709 @defun ding &optional do-not-terminate |
6598 | 3710 @cindex keyboard macro termination |
3711 This function beeps, or flashes the screen (see @code{visible-bell} below). | |
3712 It also terminates any keyboard macro currently executing unless | |
22138
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3713 @var{do-not-terminate} is non-@code{nil}. |
6598 | 3714 @end defun |
3715 | |
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3716 @defun beep &optional do-not-terminate |
6598 | 3717 This is a synonym for @code{ding}. |
3718 @end defun | |
3719 | |
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3720 @defopt visible-bell |
6598 | 3721 This variable determines whether Emacs should flash the screen to |
3722 represent a bell. Non-@code{nil} means yes, @code{nil} means no. This | |
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3723 is effective on a window system, and on a character-only terminal |
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3724 provided the terminal's Termcap entry defines the visible bell |
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3725 capability (@samp{vb}). |
22252
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3726 @end defopt |
6598 | 3727 |
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3728 @defvar ring-bell-function |
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3729 If this is non-@code{nil}, it specifies how Emacs should ``ring the |
25875 | 3730 bell.'' Its value should be a function of no arguments. If this is |
3731 non-@code{nil}, it takes precedence over the @code{visible-bell} | |
3732 variable. | |
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3733 @end defvar |
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3734 |
6598 | 3735 @node Window Systems |
3736 @section Window Systems | |
3737 | |
3738 Emacs works with several window systems, most notably the X Window | |
3739 System. Both Emacs and X use the term ``window'', but use it | |
3740 differently. An Emacs frame is a single window as far as X is | |
3741 concerned; the individual Emacs windows are not known to X at all. | |
3742 | |
3743 @defvar window-system | |
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3744 This variable tells Lisp programs what window system Emacs is running |
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3745 under. The possible values are |
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3746 |
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3747 @table @code |
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3748 @item x |
6598 | 3749 @cindex X Window System |
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3750 Emacs is displaying using X. |
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3751 @item pc |
25751
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3752 Emacs is displaying using MS-DOS. |
22252
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3753 @item w32 |
27332
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3754 Emacs is displaying using Windows. |
25751
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3755 @item mac |
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3756 Emacs is displaying using a Macintosh. |
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3757 @item nil |
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3758 Emacs is using a character-based terminal. |
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3759 @end table |
6598 | 3760 @end defvar |
3761 | |
3762 @defvar window-setup-hook | |
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3763 This variable is a normal hook which Emacs runs after handling the |
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3764 initialization files. Emacs runs this hook after it has completed |
25875 | 3765 loading your init file, the default initialization file (if |
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3766 any), and the terminal-specific Lisp code, and running the hook |
6598 | 3767 @code{term-setup-hook}. |
3768 | |
3769 This hook is used for internal purposes: setting up communication with | |
3770 the window system, and creating the initial window. Users should not | |
3771 interfere with it. | |
3772 @end defvar |