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annotate lispref/nonascii.texi @ 46635:3bb9ca3da897
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author | Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org> |
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date | Tue, 23 Jul 2002 04:48:43 +0000 |
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rev | line source |
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21006 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
27189 | 3 @c Copyright (C) 1998, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
21006 | 4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @setfilename ../info/characters | |
6 @node Non-ASCII Characters, Searching and Matching, Text, Top | |
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7 @chapter Non-@sc{ascii} Characters |
21006 | 8 @cindex multibyte characters |
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9 @cindex non-@sc{ascii} characters |
21006 | 10 |
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11 This chapter covers the special issues relating to non-@sc{ascii} |
21006 | 12 characters and how they are stored in strings and buffers. |
13 | |
14 @menu | |
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15 * Text Representations:: Unibyte and multibyte representations |
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16 * Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa. |
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17 * Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi. |
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18 * Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to |
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19 codes of individual characters. |
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20 * Character Sets:: The space of possible characters codes |
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21 is divided into various character sets. |
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22 * Chars and Bytes:: More information about multibyte encodings. |
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23 * Splitting Characters:: Converting a character to its byte sequence. |
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24 * Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer? |
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25 * Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion. |
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26 * Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files. |
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27 * Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various |
40834 | 28 non-ASCII characters without special keyboards. |
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29 * Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale. |
21006 | 30 @end menu |
31 | |
32 @node Text Representations | |
33 @section Text Representations | |
34 @cindex text representations | |
35 | |
36 Emacs has two @dfn{text representations}---two ways to represent text | |
37 in a string or buffer. These are called @dfn{unibyte} and | |
38 @dfn{multibyte}. Each string, and each buffer, uses one of these two | |
39 representations. For most purposes, you can ignore the issue of | |
40 representations, because Emacs converts text between them as | |
41 appropriate. Occasionally in Lisp programming you will need to pay | |
42 attention to the difference. | |
43 | |
44 @cindex unibyte text | |
45 In unibyte representation, each character occupies one byte and | |
46 therefore the possible character codes range from 0 to 255. Codes 0 | |
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47 through 127 are @sc{ascii} characters; the codes from 128 through 255 |
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48 are used for one non-@sc{ascii} character set (you can choose which |
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49 character set by setting the variable @code{nonascii-insert-offset}). |
21006 | 50 |
51 @cindex leading code | |
52 @cindex multibyte text | |
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53 @cindex trailing codes |
21006 | 54 In multibyte representation, a character may occupy more than one |
55 byte, and as a result, the full range of Emacs character codes can be | |
56 stored. The first byte of a multibyte character is always in the range | |
57 128 through 159 (octal 0200 through 0237). These values are called | |
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58 @dfn{leading codes}. The second and subsequent bytes of a multibyte |
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59 character are always in the range 160 through 255 (octal 0240 through |
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60 0377); these values are @dfn{trailing codes}. |
21006 | 61 |
28877 | 62 Some sequences of bytes are not valid in multibyte text: for example, |
32523 | 63 a single isolated byte in the range 128 through 159 is not allowed. But |
64 character codes 128 through 159 can appear in multibyte text, | |
65 represented as two-byte sequences. All the character codes 128 through | |
66 255 are possible (though slightly abnormal) in multibyte text; they | |
28877 | 67 appear in multibyte buffers and strings when you do explicit encoding |
68 and decoding (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). | |
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69 |
21006 | 70 In a buffer, the buffer-local value of the variable |
71 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} specifies the representation used. | |
24952 | 72 The representation for a string is determined and recorded in the string |
73 when the string is constructed. | |
21006 | 74 |
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75 @defvar enable-multibyte-characters |
21006 | 76 This variable specifies the current buffer's text representation. |
77 If it is non-@code{nil}, the buffer contains multibyte text; otherwise, | |
78 it contains unibyte text. | |
79 | |
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80 You cannot set this variable directly; instead, use the function |
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81 @code{set-buffer-multibyte} to change a buffer's representation. |
21006 | 82 @end defvar |
83 | |
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84 @defvar default-enable-multibyte-characters |
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85 This variable's value is entirely equivalent to @code{(default-value |
21006 | 86 'enable-multibyte-characters)}, and setting this variable changes that |
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87 default value. Setting the local binding of |
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88 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} in a specific buffer is not allowed, |
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89 but changing the default value is supported, and it is a reasonable |
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90 thing to do, because it has no effect on existing buffers. |
21006 | 91 |
92 The @samp{--unibyte} command line option does its job by setting the | |
93 default value to @code{nil} early in startup. | |
94 @end defvar | |
95 | |
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96 @defun position-bytes position |
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97 @tindex position-bytes |
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98 Return the byte-position corresponding to buffer position @var{position} |
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99 in the current buffer. |
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100 @end defun |
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101 |
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102 @defun byte-to-position byte-position |
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103 @tindex byte-to-position |
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104 Return the buffer position corresponding to byte-position |
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105 @var{byte-position} in the current buffer. |
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106 @end defun |
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107 |
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108 @defun multibyte-string-p string |
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109 Return @code{t} if @var{string} is a multibyte string. |
21006 | 110 @end defun |
111 | |
112 @node Converting Representations | |
113 @section Converting Text Representations | |
114 | |
115 Emacs can convert unibyte text to multibyte; it can also convert | |
116 multibyte text to unibyte, though this conversion loses information. In | |
117 general these conversions happen when inserting text into a buffer, or | |
118 when putting text from several strings together in one string. You can | |
119 also explicitly convert a string's contents to either representation. | |
120 | |
121 Emacs chooses the representation for a string based on the text that | |
122 it is constructed from. The general rule is to convert unibyte text to | |
123 multibyte text when combining it with other multibyte text, because the | |
124 multibyte representation is more general and can hold whatever | |
125 characters the unibyte text has. | |
126 | |
127 When inserting text into a buffer, Emacs converts the text to the | |
128 buffer's representation, as specified by | |
129 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} in that buffer. In particular, when | |
130 you insert multibyte text into a unibyte buffer, Emacs converts the text | |
131 to unibyte, even though this conversion cannot in general preserve all | |
132 the characters that might be in the multibyte text. The other natural | |
133 alternative, to convert the buffer contents to multibyte, is not | |
134 acceptable because the buffer's representation is a choice made by the | |
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135 user that cannot be overridden automatically. |
21006 | 136 |
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137 Converting unibyte text to multibyte text leaves @sc{ascii} characters |
32523 | 138 unchanged, and likewise character codes 128 through 159. It converts |
139 the non-@sc{ascii} codes 160 through 255 by adding the value | |
140 @code{nonascii-insert-offset} to each character code. By setting this | |
141 variable, you specify which character set the unibyte characters | |
142 correspond to (@pxref{Character Sets}). For example, if | |
143 @code{nonascii-insert-offset} is 2048, which is @code{(- (make-char | |
144 'latin-iso8859-1) 128)}, then the unibyte non-@sc{ascii} characters | |
145 correspond to Latin 1. If it is 2688, which is @code{(- (make-char | |
146 'greek-iso8859-7) 128)}, then they correspond to Greek letters. | |
21006 | 147 |
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148 Converting multibyte text to unibyte is simpler: it discards all but |
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149 the low 8 bits of each character code. If @code{nonascii-insert-offset} |
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150 has a reasonable value, corresponding to the beginning of some character |
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151 set, this conversion is the inverse of the other: converting unibyte |
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152 text to multibyte and back to unibyte reproduces the original unibyte |
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153 text. |
21006 | 154 |
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155 @defvar nonascii-insert-offset |
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156 This variable specifies the amount to add to a non-@sc{ascii} character |
21006 | 157 when converting unibyte text to multibyte. It also applies when |
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158 @code{self-insert-command} inserts a character in the unibyte |
29339 | 159 non-@sc{ascii} range, 128 through 255. However, the functions |
29265 | 160 @code{insert} and @code{insert-char} do not perform this conversion. |
21006 | 161 |
162 The right value to use to select character set @var{cs} is @code{(- | |
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163 (make-char @var{cs}) 128)}. If the value of |
21006 | 164 @code{nonascii-insert-offset} is zero, then conversion actually uses the |
165 value for the Latin 1 character set, rather than zero. | |
166 @end defvar | |
167 | |
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168 @defvar nonascii-translation-table |
21006 | 169 This variable provides a more general alternative to |
170 @code{nonascii-insert-offset}. You can use it to specify independently | |
171 how to translate each code in the range of 128 through 255 into a | |
29265 | 172 multibyte character. The value should be a char-table, or @code{nil}. |
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173 If this is non-@code{nil}, it overrides @code{nonascii-insert-offset}. |
21006 | 174 @end defvar |
175 | |
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176 @defun string-make-unibyte string |
21006 | 177 This function converts the text of @var{string} to unibyte |
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178 representation, if it isn't already, and returns the result. If |
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179 @var{string} is a unibyte string, it is returned unchanged. Multibyte |
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180 character codes are converted to unibyte according to |
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181 @code{nonascii-translation-table} or, if that is @code{nil}, using |
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182 @code{nonascii-insert-offset}. If the lookup in the translation table |
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183 fails, this function takes just the low 8 bits of each character. |
21006 | 184 @end defun |
185 | |
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186 @defun string-make-multibyte string |
21006 | 187 This function converts the text of @var{string} to multibyte |
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188 representation, if it isn't already, and returns the result. If |
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189 @var{string} is a multibyte string, it is returned unchanged. |
33912 | 190 The function @code{unibyte-char-to-multibyte} is used to convert |
191 each unibyte character to a multibyte character. | |
21006 | 192 @end defun |
193 | |
194 @node Selecting a Representation | |
195 @section Selecting a Representation | |
196 | |
197 Sometimes it is useful to examine an existing buffer or string as | |
198 multibyte when it was unibyte, or vice versa. | |
199 | |
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200 @defun set-buffer-multibyte multibyte |
21006 | 201 Set the representation type of the current buffer. If @var{multibyte} |
202 is non-@code{nil}, the buffer becomes multibyte. If @var{multibyte} | |
203 is @code{nil}, the buffer becomes unibyte. | |
204 | |
205 This function leaves the buffer contents unchanged when viewed as a | |
206 sequence of bytes. As a consequence, it can change the contents viewed | |
207 as characters; a sequence of two bytes which is treated as one character | |
208 in multibyte representation will count as two characters in unibyte | |
29265 | 209 representation. Character codes 128 through 159 are an exception. They |
210 are represented by one byte in a unibyte buffer, but when the buffer is | |
211 set to multibyte, they are converted to two-byte sequences, and vice | |
212 versa. | |
21006 | 213 |
214 This function sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to record which | |
215 representation is in use. It also adjusts various data in the buffer | |
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216 (including overlays, text properties and markers) so that they cover the |
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217 same text as they did before. |
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218 |
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219 You cannot use @code{set-buffer-multibyte} on an indirect buffer, |
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220 because indirect buffers always inherit the representation of the |
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221 base buffer. |
21006 | 222 @end defun |
223 | |
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224 @defun string-as-unibyte string |
21006 | 225 This function returns a string with the same bytes as @var{string} but |
226 treating each byte as a character. This means that the value may have | |
227 more characters than @var{string} has. | |
228 | |
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229 If @var{string} is already a unibyte string, then the value is |
33912 | 230 @var{string} itself. Otherwise it is a newly created string, with no |
231 text properties. If @var{string} is multibyte, any characters it | |
232 contains of charset @var{eight-bit-control} or @var{eight-bit-graphic} | |
233 are converted to the corresponding single byte. | |
21006 | 234 @end defun |
235 | |
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236 @defun string-as-multibyte string |
21006 | 237 This function returns a string with the same bytes as @var{string} but |
238 treating each multibyte sequence as one character. This means that the | |
239 value may have fewer characters than @var{string} has. | |
240 | |
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241 If @var{string} is already a multibyte string, then the value is |
33912 | 242 @var{string} itself. Otherwise it is a newly created string, with no |
243 text properties. If @var{string} is unibyte and contains any individual | |
244 8-bit bytes (i.e.@: not part of a multibyte form), they are converted to | |
245 the corresponding multibyte character of charset @var{eight-bit-control} | |
246 or @var{eight-bit-graphic}. | |
21006 | 247 @end defun |
248 | |
249 @node Character Codes | |
250 @section Character Codes | |
251 @cindex character codes | |
252 | |
253 The unibyte and multibyte text representations use different character | |
254 codes. The valid character codes for unibyte representation range from | |
255 0 to 255---the values that can fit in one byte. The valid character | |
256 codes for multibyte representation range from 0 to 524287, but not all | |
28877 | 257 values in that range are valid. The values 128 through 255 are not |
32523 | 258 entirely proper in multibyte text, but they can occur if you do explicit |
28877 | 259 encoding and decoding (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). Some other character |
260 codes cannot occur at all in multibyte text. Only the @sc{ascii} codes | |
32523 | 261 0 through 127 are completely legitimate in both representations. |
21006 | 262 |
29265 | 263 @defun char-valid-p charcode &optional genericp |
21006 | 264 This returns @code{t} if @var{charcode} is valid for either one of the two |
265 text representations. | |
266 | |
267 @example | |
268 (char-valid-p 65) | |
269 @result{} t | |
270 (char-valid-p 256) | |
271 @result{} nil | |
272 (char-valid-p 2248) | |
273 @result{} t | |
274 @end example | |
29265 | 275 |
276 If the optional argument @var{genericp} is non-nil, this function | |
277 returns @code{t} if @var{charcode} is a generic character | |
29339 | 278 (@pxref{Splitting Characters}). |
21006 | 279 @end defun |
280 | |
281 @node Character Sets | |
282 @section Character Sets | |
283 @cindex character sets | |
284 | |
285 Emacs classifies characters into various @dfn{character sets}, each of | |
286 which has a name which is a symbol. Each character belongs to one and | |
287 only one character set. | |
288 | |
289 In general, there is one character set for each distinct script. For | |
290 example, @code{latin-iso8859-1} is one character set, | |
291 @code{greek-iso8859-7} is another, and @code{ascii} is another. An | |
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292 Emacs character set can hold at most 9025 characters; therefore, in some |
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293 cases, characters that would logically be grouped together are split |
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294 into several character sets. For example, one set of Chinese |
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295 characters, generally known as Big 5, is divided into two Emacs |
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296 character sets, @code{chinese-big5-1} and @code{chinese-big5-2}. |
21006 | 297 |
28900 | 298 @sc{ascii} characters are in character set @code{ascii}. The |
299 non-@sc{ascii} characters 128 through 159 are in character set | |
300 @code{eight-bit-control}, and codes 160 through 255 are in character set | |
301 @code{eight-bit-graphic}. | |
302 | |
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303 @defun charsetp object |
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304 Returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a symbol that names a character set, |
21006 | 305 @code{nil} otherwise. |
306 @end defun | |
307 | |
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308 @defun charset-list |
21006 | 309 This function returns a list of all defined character set names. |
310 @end defun | |
311 | |
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312 @defun char-charset character |
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313 This function returns the name of the character set that @var{character} |
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314 belongs to. |
21006 | 315 @end defun |
316 | |
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317 @defun charset-plist charset |
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318 @tindex charset-plist |
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319 This function returns the charset property list of the character set |
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320 @var{charset}. Although @var{charset} is a symbol, this is not the same |
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321 as the property list of that symbol. Charset properties are used for |
29265 | 322 special purposes within Emacs; for example, |
323 @code{preferred-coding-system} helps determine which coding system to | |
324 use to encode characters in a charset. | |
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325 @end defun |
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326 |
21006 | 327 @node Chars and Bytes |
328 @section Characters and Bytes | |
329 @cindex bytes and characters | |
330 | |
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331 @cindex introduction sequence |
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332 @cindex dimension (of character set) |
21006 | 333 In multibyte representation, each character occupies one or more |
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334 bytes. Each character set has an @dfn{introduction sequence}, which is |
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335 normally one or two bytes long. (Exception: the @sc{ascii} character |
29265 | 336 set and the @sc{eight-bit-graphic} character set have a zero-length |
337 introduction sequence.) The introduction sequence is the beginning of | |
338 the byte sequence for any character in the character set. The rest of | |
339 the character's bytes distinguish it from the other characters in the | |
340 same character set. Depending on the character set, there are either | |
341 one or two distinguishing bytes; the number of such bytes is called the | |
342 @dfn{dimension} of the character set. | |
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343 |
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344 @defun charset-dimension charset |
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345 This function returns the dimension of @var{charset}; at present, the |
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346 dimension is always 1 or 2. |
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347 @end defun |
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348 |
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349 @defun charset-bytes charset |
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350 @tindex charset-bytes |
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351 This function returns the number of bytes used to represent a character |
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352 in character set @var{charset}. |
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353 @end defun |
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354 |
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355 This is the simplest way to determine the byte length of a character |
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356 set's introduction sequence: |
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357 |
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358 @example |
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359 (- (charset-bytes @var{charset}) |
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360 (charset-dimension @var{charset})) |
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361 @end example |
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362 |
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363 @node Splitting Characters |
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364 @section Splitting Characters |
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365 |
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366 The functions in this section convert between characters and the byte |
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367 values used to represent them. For most purposes, there is no need to |
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368 be concerned with the sequence of bytes used to represent a character, |
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369 because Emacs translates automatically when necessary. |
21006 | 370 |
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371 @defun split-char character |
21006 | 372 Return a list containing the name of the character set of |
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373 @var{character}, followed by one or two byte values (integers) which |
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374 identify @var{character} within that character set. The number of byte |
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375 values is the character set's dimension. |
21006 | 376 |
377 @example | |
378 (split-char 2248) | |
379 @result{} (latin-iso8859-1 72) | |
380 (split-char 65) | |
381 @result{} (ascii 65) | |
29265 | 382 (split-char 128) |
383 @result{} (eight-bit-control 128) | |
21006 | 384 @end example |
385 @end defun | |
386 | |
34811 | 387 @defun make-char charset &optional code1 code2 |
388 This function returns the character in character set @var{charset} whose | |
389 position codes are @var{code1} and @var{code2}. This is roughly the | |
390 inverse of @code{split-char}. Normally, you should specify either one | |
391 or both of @var{code1} and @var{code2} according to the dimension of | |
392 @var{charset}. For example, | |
21006 | 393 |
394 @example | |
395 (make-char 'latin-iso8859-1 72) | |
396 @result{} 2248 | |
397 @end example | |
398 @end defun | |
399 | |
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400 @cindex generic characters |
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401 If you call @code{make-char} with no @var{byte-values}, the result is |
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402 a @dfn{generic character} which stands for @var{charset}. A generic |
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403 character is an integer, but it is @emph{not} valid for insertion in the |
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404 buffer as a character. It can be used in @code{char-table-range} to |
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405 refer to the whole character set (@pxref{Char-Tables}). |
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406 @code{char-valid-p} returns @code{nil} for generic characters. |
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407 For example: |
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408 |
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409 @example |
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410 (make-char 'latin-iso8859-1) |
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411 @result{} 2176 |
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412 (char-valid-p 2176) |
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413 @result{} nil |
29265 | 414 (char-valid-p 2176 t) |
415 @result{} t | |
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416 (split-char 2176) |
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417 @result{} (latin-iso8859-1 0) |
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418 @end example |
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419 |
29265 | 420 The character sets @sc{ascii}, @sc{eight-bit-control}, and |
34811 | 421 @sc{eight-bit-graphic} don't have corresponding generic characters. If |
422 @var{charset} is one of them and you don't supply @var{code1}, | |
423 @code{make-char} returns the character code corresponding to the | |
424 smallest code in @var{charset}. | |
29265 | 425 |
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426 @node Scanning Charsets |
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427 @section Scanning for Character Sets |
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428 |
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429 Sometimes it is useful to find out which character sets appear in a |
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430 part of a buffer or a string. One use for this is in determining which |
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431 coding systems (@pxref{Coding Systems}) are capable of representing all |
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432 of the text in question. |
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433 |
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434 @defun find-charset-region beg end &optional translation |
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435 This function returns a list of the character sets that appear in the |
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436 current buffer between positions @var{beg} and @var{end}. |
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437 |
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438 The optional argument @var{translation} specifies a translation table to |
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439 be used in scanning the text (@pxref{Translation of Characters}). If it |
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440 is non-@code{nil}, then each character in the region is translated |
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441 through this table, and the value returned describes the translated |
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442 characters instead of the characters actually in the buffer. |
28887 | 443 @end defun |
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444 |
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445 @defun find-charset-string string &optional translation |
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446 This function returns a list of the character sets that appear in the |
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447 string @var{string}. It is just like @code{find-charset-region}, except |
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448 that it applies to the contents of @var{string} instead of part of the |
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449 current buffer. |
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450 @end defun |
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451 |
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452 @node Translation of Characters |
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453 @section Translation of Characters |
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454 @cindex character translation tables |
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455 @cindex translation tables |
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456 |
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457 A @dfn{translation table} specifies a mapping of characters |
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458 into characters. These tables are used in encoding and decoding, and |
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459 for other purposes. Some coding systems specify their own particular |
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460 translation tables; there are also default translation tables which |
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461 apply to all other coding systems. |
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462 |
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463 @defun make-translation-table &rest translations |
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464 This function returns a translation table based on the argument |
35752 | 465 @var{translations}. Each element of @var{translations} should be a |
466 list of elements of the form @code{(@var{from} . @var{to})}; this says | |
467 to translate the character @var{from} into @var{to}. | |
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468 |
35493 | 469 The arguments and the forms in each argument are processed in order, |
470 and if a previous form already translates @var{to} to some other | |
471 character, say @var{to-alt}, @var{from} is also translated to | |
472 @var{to-alt}. | |
473 | |
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474 You can also map one whole character set into another character set with |
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475 the same dimension. To do this, you specify a generic character (which |
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476 designates a character set) for @var{from} (@pxref{Splitting Characters}). |
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477 In this case, @var{to} should also be a generic character, for another |
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478 character set of the same dimension. Then the translation table |
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479 translates each character of @var{from}'s character set into the |
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480 corresponding character of @var{to}'s character set. |
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481 @end defun |
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482 |
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483 In decoding, the translation table's translations are applied to the |
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484 characters that result from ordinary decoding. If a coding system has |
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485 property @code{character-translation-table-for-decode}, that specifies |
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486 the translation table to use. Otherwise, if |
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487 @code{standard-translation-table-for-decode} is non-@code{nil}, decoding |
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488 uses that table. |
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489 |
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490 In encoding, the translation table's translations are applied to the |
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491 characters in the buffer, and the result of translation is actually |
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492 encoded. If a coding system has property |
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493 @code{character-translation-table-for-encode}, that specifies the |
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494 translation table to use. Otherwise the variable |
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495 @code{standard-translation-table-for-encode} specifies the translation |
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496 table. |
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497 |
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498 @defvar standard-translation-table-for-decode |
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499 This is the default translation table for decoding, for |
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500 coding systems that don't specify any other translation table. |
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501 @end defvar |
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502 |
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503 @defvar standard-translation-table-for-encode |
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504 This is the default translation table for encoding, for |
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505 coding systems that don't specify any other translation table. |
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506 @end defvar |
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507 |
21006 | 508 @node Coding Systems |
509 @section Coding Systems | |
510 | |
511 @cindex coding system | |
512 When Emacs reads or writes a file, and when Emacs sends text to a | |
513 subprocess or receives text from a subprocess, it normally performs | |
514 character code conversion and end-of-line conversion as specified | |
515 by a particular @dfn{coding system}. | |
516 | |
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517 How to define a coding system is an arcane matter, and is not |
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518 documented here. |
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519 |
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520 @menu |
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521 * Coding System Basics:: Basic concepts. |
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522 * Encoding and I/O:: How file I/O functions handle coding systems. |
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523 * Lisp and Coding Systems:: Functions to operate on coding system names. |
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524 * User-Chosen Coding Systems:: Asking the user to choose a coding system. |
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525 * Default Coding Systems:: Controlling the default choices. |
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526 * Specifying Coding Systems:: Requesting a particular coding system |
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527 for a single file operation. |
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528 * Explicit Encoding:: Encoding or decoding text without doing I/O. |
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529 * Terminal I/O Encoding:: Use of encoding for terminal I/O. |
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530 * MS-DOS File Types:: How DOS "text" and "binary" files |
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531 relate to coding systems. |
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532 @end menu |
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533 |
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534 @node Coding System Basics |
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535 @subsection Basic Concepts of Coding Systems |
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536 |
21006 | 537 @cindex character code conversion |
538 @dfn{Character code conversion} involves conversion between the encoding | |
539 used inside Emacs and some other encoding. Emacs supports many | |
540 different encodings, in that it can convert to and from them. For | |
541 example, it can convert text to or from encodings such as Latin 1, Latin | |
542 2, Latin 3, Latin 4, Latin 5, and several variants of ISO 2022. In some | |
543 cases, Emacs supports several alternative encodings for the same | |
544 characters; for example, there are three coding systems for the Cyrillic | |
545 (Russian) alphabet: ISO, Alternativnyj, and KOI8. | |
546 | |
547 Most coding systems specify a particular character code for | |
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548 conversion, but some of them leave the choice unspecified---to be chosen |
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549 heuristically for each file, based on the data. |
21006 | 550 |
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551 @cindex end of line conversion |
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552 @dfn{End of line conversion} handles three different conventions used |
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553 on various systems for representing end of line in files. The Unix |
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554 convention is to use the linefeed character (also called newline). The |
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555 DOS convention is to use a carriage-return and a linefeed at the end of |
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556 a line. The Mac convention is to use just carriage-return. |
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557 |
21006 | 558 @cindex base coding system |
559 @cindex variant coding system | |
560 @dfn{Base coding systems} such as @code{latin-1} leave the end-of-line | |
561 conversion unspecified, to be chosen based on the data. @dfn{Variant | |
562 coding systems} such as @code{latin-1-unix}, @code{latin-1-dos} and | |
563 @code{latin-1-mac} specify the end-of-line conversion explicitly as | |
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564 well. Most base coding systems have three corresponding variants whose |
21006 | 565 names are formed by adding @samp{-unix}, @samp{-dos} and @samp{-mac}. |
566 | |
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567 The coding system @code{raw-text} is special in that it prevents |
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568 character code conversion, and causes the buffer visited with that |
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569 coding system to be a unibyte buffer. It does not specify the |
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570 end-of-line conversion, allowing that to be determined as usual by the |
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571 data, and has the usual three variants which specify the end-of-line |
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572 conversion. @code{no-conversion} is equivalent to @code{raw-text-unix}: |
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573 it specifies no conversion of either character codes or end-of-line. |
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574 |
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575 The coding system @code{emacs-mule} specifies that the data is |
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576 represented in the internal Emacs encoding. This is like |
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577 @code{raw-text} in that no code conversion happens, but different in |
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578 that the result is multibyte data. |
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579 |
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580 @defun coding-system-get coding-system property |
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581 This function returns the specified property of the coding system |
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582 @var{coding-system}. Most coding system properties exist for internal |
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583 purposes, but one that you might find useful is @code{mime-charset}. |
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584 That property's value is the name used in MIME for the character coding |
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585 which this coding system can read and write. Examples: |
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586 |
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587 @example |
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588 (coding-system-get 'iso-latin-1 'mime-charset) |
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589 @result{} iso-8859-1 |
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590 (coding-system-get 'iso-2022-cn 'mime-charset) |
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591 @result{} iso-2022-cn |
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592 (coding-system-get 'cyrillic-koi8 'mime-charset) |
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593 @result{} koi8-r |
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594 @end example |
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595 |
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596 The value of the @code{mime-charset} property is also defined |
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597 as an alias for the coding system. |
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598 @end defun |
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599 |
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600 @node Encoding and I/O |
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601 @subsection Encoding and I/O |
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602 |
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603 The principal purpose of coding systems is for use in reading and |
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604 writing files. The function @code{insert-file-contents} uses |
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605 a coding system for decoding the file data, and @code{write-region} |
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606 uses one to encode the buffer contents. |
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607 |
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608 You can specify the coding system to use either explicitly |
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609 (@pxref{Specifying Coding Systems}), or implicitly using the defaulting |
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610 mechanism (@pxref{Default Coding Systems}). But these methods may not |
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611 completely specify what to do. For example, they may choose a coding |
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612 system such as @code{undefined} which leaves the character code |
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613 conversion to be determined from the data. In these cases, the I/O |
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614 operation finishes the job of choosing a coding system. Very often |
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615 you will want to find out afterwards which coding system was chosen. |
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616 |
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617 @defvar buffer-file-coding-system |
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618 This variable records the coding system that was used for visiting the |
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619 current buffer. It is used for saving the buffer, and for writing part |
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620 of the buffer with @code{write-region}. If the text to be written |
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621 cannot be safely encoded using the coding system specified by this |
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622 variable, these operations select an alternative encoding by calling |
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623 the function @code{select-safe-coding-system} (@pxref{User-Chosen |
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624 Coding Systems}). If selecting a different encoding requires to ask |
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625 the user to specify a coding system, @code{buffer-file-coding-system} |
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626 is updated to the newly selected coding system. |
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627 |
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628 @code{buffer-file-coding-system} does @emph{not} affect sending text |
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629 to a subprocess. |
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630 @end defvar |
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631 |
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632 @defvar save-buffer-coding-system |
29265 | 633 This variable specifies the coding system for saving the buffer (by |
634 overriding @code{buffer-file-coding-system}). Note that it is not used | |
635 for @code{write-region}. | |
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636 |
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637 When a command to save the buffer starts out to use |
29265 | 638 @code{buffer-file-coding-system} (or @code{save-buffer-coding-system}), |
639 and that coding system cannot handle | |
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640 the actual text in the buffer, the command asks the user to choose |
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641 another coding system (by calling @code{select-safe-coding-system}). |
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642 After that happens, the command also updates |
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643 @code{buffer-file-coding-system} to represent the coding system that |
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644 the user specified. |
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645 @end defvar |
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646 |
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647 @defvar last-coding-system-used |
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648 I/O operations for files and subprocesses set this variable to the |
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649 coding system name that was used. The explicit encoding and decoding |
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650 functions (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}) set it too. |
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651 |
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652 @strong{Warning:} Since receiving subprocess output sets this variable, |
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653 it can change whenever Emacs waits; therefore, you should copy the |
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654 value shortly after the function call that stores the value you are |
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655 interested in. |
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656 @end defvar |
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657 |
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658 The variable @code{selection-coding-system} specifies how to encode |
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659 selections for the window system. @xref{Window System Selections}. |
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660 |
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661 @node Lisp and Coding Systems |
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662 @subsection Coding Systems in Lisp |
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663 |
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664 Here are the Lisp facilities for working with coding systems: |
21006 | 665 |
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666 @defun coding-system-list &optional base-only |
21006 | 667 This function returns a list of all coding system names (symbols). If |
668 @var{base-only} is non-@code{nil}, the value includes only the | |
29265 | 669 base coding systems. Otherwise, it includes alias and variant coding |
670 systems as well. | |
21006 | 671 @end defun |
672 | |
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673 @defun coding-system-p object |
21006 | 674 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a coding system |
675 name. | |
676 @end defun | |
677 | |
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678 @defun check-coding-system coding-system |
21006 | 679 This function checks the validity of @var{coding-system}. |
680 If that is valid, it returns @var{coding-system}. | |
681 Otherwise it signals an error with condition @code{coding-system-error}. | |
682 @end defun | |
683 | |
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684 @defun coding-system-change-eol-conversion coding-system eol-type |
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685 This function returns a coding system which is like @var{coding-system} |
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686 except for its eol conversion, which is specified by @code{eol-type}. |
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687 @var{eol-type} should be @code{unix}, @code{dos}, @code{mac}, or |
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688 @code{nil}. If it is @code{nil}, the returned coding system determines |
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689 the end-of-line conversion from the data. |
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690 @end defun |
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691 |
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692 @defun coding-system-change-text-conversion eol-coding text-coding |
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693 This function returns a coding system which uses the end-of-line |
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694 conversion of @var{eol-coding}, and the text conversion of |
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695 @var{text-coding}. If @var{text-coding} is @code{nil}, it returns |
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696 @code{undecided}, or one of its variants according to @var{eol-coding}. |
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697 @end defun |
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698 |
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699 @defun find-coding-systems-region from to |
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700 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to |
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701 encode a text between @var{from} and @var{to}. All coding systems in |
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702 the list can safely encode any multibyte characters in that portion of |
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703 the text. |
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704 |
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705 If the text contains no multibyte characters, the function returns the |
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706 list @code{(undecided)}. |
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707 @end defun |
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708 |
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709 @defun find-coding-systems-string string |
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710 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to |
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711 encode the text of @var{string}. All coding systems in the list can |
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712 safely encode any multibyte characters in @var{string}. If the text |
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713 contains no multibyte characters, this returns the list |
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714 @code{(undecided)}. |
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715 @end defun |
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716 |
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717 @defun find-coding-systems-for-charsets charsets |
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718 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to |
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719 encode all the character sets in the list @var{charsets}. |
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720 @end defun |
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721 |
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722 @defun detect-coding-region start end &optional highest |
21006 | 723 This function chooses a plausible coding system for decoding the text |
28877 | 724 from @var{start} to @var{end}. This text should be a byte sequence |
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725 (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). |
21006 | 726 |
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727 Normally this function returns a list of coding systems that could |
21006 | 728 handle decoding the text that was scanned. They are listed in order of |
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729 decreasing priority. But if @var{highest} is non-@code{nil}, then the |
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730 return value is just one coding system, the one that is highest in |
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731 priority. |
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732 |
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733 If the region contains only @sc{ascii} characters, the value |
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734 is @code{undecided} or @code{(undecided)}. |
21006 | 735 @end defun |
736 | |
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737 @defun detect-coding-string string highest |
21006 | 738 This function is like @code{detect-coding-region} except that it |
739 operates on the contents of @var{string} instead of bytes in the buffer. | |
740 @end defun | |
741 | |
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742 @xref{Process Information}, for how to examine or set the coding |
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743 systems used for I/O to a subprocess. |
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744 |
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745 @node User-Chosen Coding Systems |
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746 @subsection User-Chosen Coding Systems |
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747 |
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748 @cindex select safe coding system |
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749 @defun select-safe-coding-system from to &optional default-coding-system accept-default-p |
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750 This function selects a coding system for encoding specified text, |
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751 asking the user to choose if necessary. Normally the specified text |
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752 is the text in the current buffer between @var{from} and @var{to}, |
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753 defaulting to the whole buffer if they are @code{nil}. If @var{from} |
40855 | 754 is a string, the string specifies the text to encode, and @var{to} is |
755 ignored. | |
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756 |
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757 If @var{default-coding-system} is non-@code{nil}, that is the first |
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758 coding system to try; if that can handle the text, |
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759 @code{select-safe-coding-system} returns that coding system. It can |
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760 also be a list of coding systems; then the function tries each of them |
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761 one by one. After trying all of them, it next tries the user's most |
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762 preferred coding system (@pxref{Recognize Coding, |
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763 prefer-coding-system, the description of @code{prefer-coding-system}, |
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764 emacs, GNU Emacs Manual}), and after that the current buffer's value |
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765 of @code{buffer-file-coding-system} (if it is not @code{undecided}). |
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766 |
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767 If one of those coding systems can safely encode all the specified |
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768 text, @code{select-safe-coding-system} chooses it and returns it. |
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769 Otherwise, it asks the user to choose from a list of coding systems |
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770 which can encode all the text, and returns the user's choice. |
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771 |
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772 The optional argument @var{accept-default-p}, if non-@code{nil}, |
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773 should be a function to determine whether the coding system selected |
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774 without user interaction is acceptable. If this function returns |
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775 @code{nil}, the silently selected coding system is rejected, and the |
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776 user is asked to select a coding system from a list of possible |
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777 candidates. |
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778 |
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779 @vindex select-safe-coding-system-accept-default-p |
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780 If the variable @code{select-safe-coding-system-accept-default-p} is |
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781 non-@code{nil}, its value overrides the value of |
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782 @var{accept-default-p}. |
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783 @end defun |
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784 |
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785 Here are two functions you can use to let the user specify a coding |
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786 system, with completion. @xref{Completion}. |
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787 |
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788 @defun read-coding-system prompt &optional default |
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789 This function reads a coding system using the minibuffer, prompting with |
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790 string @var{prompt}, and returns the coding system name as a symbol. If |
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791 the user enters null input, @var{default} specifies which coding system |
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792 to return. It should be a symbol or a string. |
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793 @end defun |
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794 |
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795 @defun read-non-nil-coding-system prompt |
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796 This function reads a coding system using the minibuffer, prompting with |
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797 string @var{prompt}, and returns the coding system name as a symbol. If |
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798 the user tries to enter null input, it asks the user to try again. |
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799 @xref{Coding Systems}. |
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800 @end defun |
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801 |
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802 @node Default Coding Systems |
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803 @subsection Default Coding Systems |
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804 |
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805 This section describes variables that specify the default coding |
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806 system for certain files or when running certain subprograms, and the |
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807 function that I/O operations use to access them. |
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808 |
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809 The idea of these variables is that you set them once and for all to the |
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810 defaults you want, and then do not change them again. To specify a |
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811 particular coding system for a particular operation in a Lisp program, |
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812 don't change these variables; instead, override them using |
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813 @code{coding-system-for-read} and @code{coding-system-for-write} |
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814 (@pxref{Specifying Coding Systems}). |
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815 |
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816 @defvar auto-coding-regexp-alist |
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817 This variable is an alist of text patterns and corresponding coding |
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818 systems. Each element has the form @code{(@var{regexp} |
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819 . @var{coding-system})}; a file whose first few kilobytes match |
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820 @var{regexp} is decoded with @var{coding-system} when its contents are |
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821 read into a buffer. The settings in this alist take priority over |
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822 @code{coding:} tags in the files and the contents of |
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823 @code{file-coding-system-alist} (see below). The default value is set |
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824 so that Emacs automatically recognizes mail files in Babyl format and |
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825 reads them with no code conversions. |
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826 @end defvar |
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827 |
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828 @defvar file-coding-system-alist |
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829 This variable is an alist that specifies the coding systems to use for |
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830 reading and writing particular files. Each element has the form |
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831 @code{(@var{pattern} . @var{coding})}, where @var{pattern} is a regular |
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832 expression that matches certain file names. The element applies to file |
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833 names that match @var{pattern}. |
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834 |
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835 The @sc{cdr} of the element, @var{coding}, should be either a coding |
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836 system, a cons cell containing two coding systems, or a function name (a |
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837 symbol with a function definition). If @var{coding} is a coding system, |
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838 that coding system is used for both reading the file and writing it. If |
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839 @var{coding} is a cons cell containing two coding systems, its @sc{car} |
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840 specifies the coding system for decoding, and its @sc{cdr} specifies the |
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841 coding system for encoding. |
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842 |
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843 If @var{coding} is a function name, the function must return a coding |
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844 system or a cons cell containing two coding systems. This value is used |
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845 as described above. |
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846 @end defvar |
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847 |
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848 @defvar process-coding-system-alist |
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849 This variable is an alist specifying which coding systems to use for a |
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850 subprocess, depending on which program is running in the subprocess. It |
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851 works like @code{file-coding-system-alist}, except that @var{pattern} is |
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852 matched against the program name used to start the subprocess. The coding |
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853 system or systems specified in this alist are used to initialize the |
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854 coding systems used for I/O to the subprocess, but you can specify |
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855 other coding systems later using @code{set-process-coding-system}. |
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856 @end defvar |
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857 |
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858 @strong{Warning:} Coding systems such as @code{undecided}, which |
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859 determine the coding system from the data, do not work entirely reliably |
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860 with asynchronous subprocess output. This is because Emacs handles |
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861 asynchronous subprocess output in batches, as it arrives. If the coding |
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862 system leaves the character code conversion unspecified, or leaves the |
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863 end-of-line conversion unspecified, Emacs must try to detect the proper |
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864 conversion from one batch at a time, and this does not always work. |
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865 |
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866 Therefore, with an asynchronous subprocess, if at all possible, use a |
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867 coding system which determines both the character code conversion and |
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868 the end of line conversion---that is, one like @code{latin-1-unix}, |
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869 rather than @code{undecided} or @code{latin-1}. |
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870 |
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871 @defvar network-coding-system-alist |
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872 This variable is an alist that specifies the coding system to use for |
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873 network streams. It works much like @code{file-coding-system-alist}, |
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874 with the difference that the @var{pattern} in an element may be either a |
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875 port number or a regular expression. If it is a regular expression, it |
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876 is matched against the network service name used to open the network |
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877 stream. |
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878 @end defvar |
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879 |
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880 @defvar default-process-coding-system |
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881 This variable specifies the coding systems to use for subprocess (and |
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882 network stream) input and output, when nothing else specifies what to |
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883 do. |
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884 |
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885 The value should be a cons cell of the form @code{(@var{input-coding} |
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886 . @var{output-coding})}. Here @var{input-coding} applies to input from |
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887 the subprocess, and @var{output-coding} applies to output to it. |
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888 @end defvar |
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889 |
21006 | 890 @defun find-operation-coding-system operation &rest arguments |
891 This function returns the coding system to use (by default) for | |
892 performing @var{operation} with @var{arguments}. The value has this | |
893 form: | |
894 | |
895 @example | |
896 (@var{decoding-system} @var{encoding-system}) | |
897 @end example | |
898 | |
899 The first element, @var{decoding-system}, is the coding system to use | |
900 for decoding (in case @var{operation} does decoding), and | |
901 @var{encoding-system} is the coding system for encoding (in case | |
902 @var{operation} does encoding). | |
903 | |
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904 The argument @var{operation} should be a symbol, one of |
21006 | 905 @code{insert-file-contents}, @code{write-region}, @code{call-process}, |
906 @code{call-process-region}, @code{start-process}, or | |
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907 @code{open-network-stream}. These are the names of the Emacs I/O primitives |
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908 that can do coding system conversion. |
21006 | 909 |
910 The remaining arguments should be the same arguments that might be given | |
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911 to that I/O primitive. Depending on the primitive, one of those |
21006 | 912 arguments is selected as the @dfn{target}. For example, if |
913 @var{operation} does file I/O, whichever argument specifies the file | |
914 name is the target. For subprocess primitives, the process name is the | |
915 target. For @code{open-network-stream}, the target is the service name | |
916 or port number. | |
917 | |
918 This function looks up the target in @code{file-coding-system-alist}, | |
919 @code{process-coding-system-alist}, or | |
920 @code{network-coding-system-alist}, depending on @var{operation}. | |
921 @xref{Default Coding Systems}. | |
922 @end defun | |
923 | |
924 @node Specifying Coding Systems | |
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925 @subsection Specifying a Coding System for One Operation |
21006 | 926 |
927 You can specify the coding system for a specific operation by binding | |
928 the variables @code{coding-system-for-read} and/or | |
929 @code{coding-system-for-write}. | |
930 | |
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931 @defvar coding-system-for-read |
21006 | 932 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it specifies the coding system to |
933 use for reading a file, or for input from a synchronous subprocess. | |
934 | |
935 It also applies to any asynchronous subprocess or network stream, but in | |
936 a different way: the value of @code{coding-system-for-read} when you | |
937 start the subprocess or open the network stream specifies the input | |
938 decoding method for that subprocess or network stream. It remains in | |
939 use for that subprocess or network stream unless and until overridden. | |
940 | |
941 The right way to use this variable is to bind it with @code{let} for a | |
942 specific I/O operation. Its global value is normally @code{nil}, and | |
943 you should not globally set it to any other value. Here is an example | |
944 of the right way to use the variable: | |
945 | |
946 @example | |
947 ;; @r{Read the file with no character code conversion.} | |
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948 ;; @r{Assume @sc{crlf} represents end-of-line.} |
21006 | 949 (let ((coding-system-for-write 'emacs-mule-dos)) |
950 (insert-file-contents filename)) | |
951 @end example | |
952 | |
953 When its value is non-@code{nil}, @code{coding-system-for-read} takes | |
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954 precedence over all other methods of specifying a coding system to use for |
21006 | 955 input, including @code{file-coding-system-alist}, |
956 @code{process-coding-system-alist} and | |
957 @code{network-coding-system-alist}. | |
958 @end defvar | |
959 | |
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960 @defvar coding-system-for-write |
21006 | 961 This works much like @code{coding-system-for-read}, except that it |
962 applies to output rather than input. It affects writing to files, | |
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963 as well as sending output to subprocesses and net connections. |
21006 | 964 |
965 When a single operation does both input and output, as do | |
966 @code{call-process-region} and @code{start-process}, both | |
967 @code{coding-system-for-read} and @code{coding-system-for-write} | |
968 affect it. | |
969 @end defvar | |
970 | |
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971 @defvar inhibit-eol-conversion |
21006 | 972 When this variable is non-@code{nil}, no end-of-line conversion is done, |
973 no matter which coding system is specified. This applies to all the | |
974 Emacs I/O and subprocess primitives, and to the explicit encoding and | |
975 decoding functions (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). | |
976 @end defvar | |
977 | |
978 @node Explicit Encoding | |
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979 @subsection Explicit Encoding and Decoding |
21006 | 980 @cindex encoding text |
981 @cindex decoding text | |
982 | |
983 All the operations that transfer text in and out of Emacs have the | |
984 ability to use a coding system to encode or decode the text. | |
985 You can also explicitly encode and decode text using the functions | |
986 in this section. | |
987 | |
988 The result of encoding, and the input to decoding, are not ordinary | |
28877 | 989 text. They logically consist of a series of byte values; that is, a |
990 series of characters whose codes are in the range 0 through 255. In a | |
991 multibyte buffer or string, character codes 128 through 159 are | |
992 represented by multibyte sequences, but this is invisible to Lisp | |
993 programs. | |
21006 | 994 |
28877 | 995 The usual way to read a file into a buffer as a sequence of bytes, so |
996 you can decode the contents explicitly, is with | |
997 @code{insert-file-contents-literally} (@pxref{Reading from Files}); | |
998 alternatively, specify a non-@code{nil} @var{rawfile} argument when | |
999 visiting a file with @code{find-file-noselect}. These methods result in | |
1000 a unibyte buffer. | |
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1001 |
28877 | 1002 The usual way to use the byte sequence that results from explicitly |
1003 encoding text is to copy it to a file or process---for example, to write | |
1004 it with @code{write-region} (@pxref{Writing to Files}), and suppress | |
1005 encoding by binding @code{coding-system-for-write} to | |
1006 @code{no-conversion}. | |
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1007 |
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1008 Here are the functions to perform explicit encoding or decoding. The |
28877 | 1009 decoding functions produce sequences of bytes; the encoding functions |
1010 are meant to operate on sequences of bytes. All of these functions | |
1011 discard text properties. | |
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1012 |
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1013 @defun encode-coding-region start end coding-system |
21006 | 1014 This function encodes the text from @var{start} to @var{end} according |
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1015 to coding system @var{coding-system}. The encoded text replaces the |
28877 | 1016 original text in the buffer. The result of encoding is logically a |
1017 sequence of bytes, but the buffer remains multibyte if it was multibyte | |
1018 before. | |
21006 | 1019 @end defun |
1020 | |
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1021 @defun encode-coding-string string coding-system |
21006 | 1022 This function encodes the text in @var{string} according to coding |
1023 system @var{coding-system}. It returns a new string containing the | |
28877 | 1024 encoded text. The result of encoding is a unibyte string. |
21006 | 1025 @end defun |
1026 | |
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1027 @defun decode-coding-region start end coding-system |
21006 | 1028 This function decodes the text from @var{start} to @var{end} according |
1029 to coding system @var{coding-system}. The decoded text replaces the | |
1030 original text in the buffer. To make explicit decoding useful, the text | |
28877 | 1031 before decoding ought to be a sequence of byte values, but both |
1032 multibyte and unibyte buffers are acceptable. | |
21006 | 1033 @end defun |
1034 | |
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1035 @defun decode-coding-string string coding-system |
21006 | 1036 This function decodes the text in @var{string} according to coding |
1037 system @var{coding-system}. It returns a new string containing the | |
1038 decoded text. To make explicit decoding useful, the contents of | |
28877 | 1039 @var{string} ought to be a sequence of byte values, but a multibyte |
1040 string is acceptable. | |
21006 | 1041 @end defun |
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1042 |
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1043 @node Terminal I/O Encoding |
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1044 @subsection Terminal I/O Encoding |
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1045 |
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1046 Emacs can decode keyboard input using a coding system, and encode |
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1047 terminal output. This is useful for terminals that transmit or display |
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1048 text using a particular encoding such as Latin-1. Emacs does not set |
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1049 @code{last-coding-system-used} for encoding or decoding for the |
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1050 terminal. |
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1051 |
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1052 @defun keyboard-coding-system |
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1053 This function returns the coding system that is in use for decoding |
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1054 keyboard input---or @code{nil} if no coding system is to be used. |
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1055 @end defun |
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1056 |
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1057 @defun set-keyboard-coding-system coding-system |
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1058 This function specifies @var{coding-system} as the coding system to |
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1059 use for decoding keyboard input. If @var{coding-system} is @code{nil}, |
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1060 that means do not decode keyboard input. |
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1061 @end defun |
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1062 |
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1063 @defun terminal-coding-system |
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1064 This function returns the coding system that is in use for encoding |
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1065 terminal output---or @code{nil} for no encoding. |
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1066 @end defun |
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1067 |
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1068 @defun set-terminal-coding-system coding-system |
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1069 This function specifies @var{coding-system} as the coding system to use |
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1070 for encoding terminal output. If @var{coding-system} is @code{nil}, |
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1071 that means do not encode terminal output. |
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1072 @end defun |
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1073 |
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1074 @node MS-DOS File Types |
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1075 @subsection MS-DOS File Types |
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1076 @cindex DOS file types |
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1077 @cindex MS-DOS file types |
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1078 @cindex Windows file types |
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1079 @cindex file types on MS-DOS and Windows |
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1080 @cindex text files and binary files |
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1081 @cindex binary files and text files |
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1082 |
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1083 On MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows, Emacs guesses the appropriate |
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1084 end-of-line conversion for a file by looking at the file's name. This |
28877 | 1085 feature classifies files as @dfn{text files} and @dfn{binary files}. By |
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1086 ``binary file'' we mean a file of literal byte values that are not |
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1087 necessarily meant to be characters; Emacs does no end-of-line conversion |
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1088 and no character code conversion for them. On the other hand, the bytes |
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1089 in a text file are intended to represent characters; when you create a |
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1090 new file whose name implies that it is a text file, Emacs uses DOS |
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1091 end-of-line conversion. |
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1092 |
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1093 @defvar buffer-file-type |
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1094 This variable, automatically buffer-local in each buffer, records the |
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1095 file type of the buffer's visited file. When a buffer does not specify |
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1096 a coding system with @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, this variable is |
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1097 used to determine which coding system to use when writing the contents |
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1098 of the buffer. It should be @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary. |
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1099 If it is @code{t}, the coding system is @code{no-conversion}. |
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1100 Otherwise, @code{undecided-dos} is used. |
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1101 |
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1102 Normally this variable is set by visiting a file; it is set to |
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1103 @code{nil} if the file was visited without any actual conversion. |
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1104 @end defvar |
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1105 |
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1106 @defopt file-name-buffer-file-type-alist |
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1107 This variable holds an alist for recognizing text and binary files. |
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1108 Each element has the form (@var{regexp} . @var{type}), where |
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1109 @var{regexp} is matched against the file name, and @var{type} may be |
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1110 @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary, or a function to call to |
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1111 compute which. If it is a function, then it is called with a single |
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1112 argument (the file name) and should return @code{t} or @code{nil}. |
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1113 |
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1114 When running on MS-DOS or MS-Windows, Emacs checks this alist to decide |
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1115 which coding system to use when reading a file. For a text file, |
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1116 @code{undecided-dos} is used. For a binary file, @code{no-conversion} |
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1117 is used. |
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1118 |
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1119 If no element in this alist matches a given file name, then |
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1120 @code{default-buffer-file-type} says how to treat the file. |
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1121 @end defopt |
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1122 |
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1123 @defopt default-buffer-file-type |
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1124 This variable says how to handle files for which |
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1125 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} says nothing about the type. |
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1126 |
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1127 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then these files are treated as |
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1128 binary: the coding system @code{no-conversion} is used. Otherwise, |
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1129 nothing special is done for them---the coding system is deduced solely |
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1130 from the file contents, in the usual Emacs fashion. |
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1131 @end defopt |
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1132 |
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1133 @node Input Methods |
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1134 @section Input Methods |
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1135 @cindex input methods |
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1136 |
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1137 @dfn{Input methods} provide convenient ways of entering non-@sc{ascii} |
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1138 characters from the keyboard. Unlike coding systems, which translate |
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1139 non-@sc{ascii} characters to and from encodings meant to be read by |
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1140 programs, input methods provide human-friendly commands. (@xref{Input |
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1141 Methods,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for information on how users |
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1142 use input methods to enter text.) How to define input methods is not |
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1143 yet documented in this manual, but here we describe how to use them. |
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1144 |
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1145 Each input method has a name, which is currently a string; |
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1146 in the future, symbols may also be usable as input method names. |
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1147 |
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1148 @defvar current-input-method |
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1149 This variable holds the name of the input method now active in the |
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1150 current buffer. (It automatically becomes local in each buffer when set |
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1151 in any fashion.) It is @code{nil} if no input method is active in the |
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1152 buffer now. |
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1153 @end defvar |
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1154 |
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1155 @defvar default-input-method |
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1156 This variable holds the default input method for commands that choose an |
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1157 input method. Unlike @code{current-input-method}, this variable is |
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1158 normally global. |
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1159 @end defvar |
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1160 |
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1161 @defun set-input-method input-method |
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1162 This function activates input method @var{input-method} for the current |
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1163 buffer. It also sets @code{default-input-method} to @var{input-method}. |
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1164 If @var{input-method} is @code{nil}, this function deactivates any input |
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1165 method for the current buffer. |
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1166 @end defun |
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1167 |
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1168 @defun read-input-method-name prompt &optional default inhibit-null |
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1169 This function reads an input method name with the minibuffer, prompting |
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1170 with @var{prompt}. If @var{default} is non-@code{nil}, that is returned |
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1171 by default, if the user enters empty input. However, if |
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1172 @var{inhibit-null} is non-@code{nil}, empty input signals an error. |
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1173 |
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1174 The returned value is a string. |
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1175 @end defun |
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1176 |
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1177 @defvar input-method-alist |
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1178 This variable defines all the supported input methods. |
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1179 Each element defines one input method, and should have the form: |
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1180 |
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1181 @example |
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1182 (@var{input-method} @var{language-env} @var{activate-func} |
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1183 @var{title} @var{description} @var{args}...) |
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1184 @end example |
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1185 |
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1186 Here @var{input-method} is the input method name, a string; |
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1187 @var{language-env} is another string, the name of the language |
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1188 environment this input method is recommended for. (That serves only for |
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1189 documentation purposes.) |
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1190 |
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1191 @var{activate-func} is a function to call to activate this method. The |
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1192 @var{args}, if any, are passed as arguments to @var{activate-func}. All |
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1193 told, the arguments to @var{activate-func} are @var{input-method} and |
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1194 the @var{args}. |
28877 | 1195 |
1196 @var{title} is a string to display in the mode line while this method is | |
1197 active. @var{description} is a string describing this method and what | |
1198 it is good for. | |
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1199 @end defvar |
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1200 |
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1201 The fundamental interface to input methods is through the |
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1202 variable @code{input-method-function}. @xref{Reading One Event}. |
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1203 |
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1204 @node Locales |
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1205 @section Locales |
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1206 @cindex locale |
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1207 |
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1208 POSIX defines a concept of ``locales'' which control which language |
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1209 to use in language-related features. These Emacs variables control |
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1210 how Emacs interacts with these features. |
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1211 |
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1212 @defvar locale-coding-system |
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1213 @tindex locale-coding-system |
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1214 @cindex keyboard input decoding on X |
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1215 This variable specifies the coding system to use for decoding system |
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1216 error messages and---on X Window system only---keyboard input, for |
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1217 encoding the format argument to @code{format-time-string}, and for |
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1218 decoding the return value of @code{format-time-string}. |
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1219 @end defvar |
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1220 |
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1221 @defvar system-messages-locale |
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1222 @tindex system-messages-locale |
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1223 This variable specifies the locale to use for generating system error |
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1224 messages. Changing the locale can cause messages to come out in a |
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1225 different language or in a different orthography. If the variable is |
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1226 @code{nil}, the locale is specified by environment variables in the |
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1227 usual POSIX fashion. |
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1228 @end defvar |
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1229 |
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1230 @defvar system-time-locale |
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1231 @tindex system-time-locale |
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1232 This variable specifies the locale to use for formatting time values. |
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1233 Changing the locale can cause messages to appear according to the |
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1234 conventions of a different language. If the variable is @code{nil}, the |
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1235 locale is specified by environment variables in the usual POSIX fashion. |
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1236 @end defvar |
28877 | 1237 |