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annotate man/macos.texi @ 88346:3be7f212f8bc
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author | Henrik Enberg <henrik.enberg@telia.com> |
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date | Fri, 27 Apr 2007 21:33:38 +0000 |
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34198 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
88155 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
3 @c 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
34198 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Mac OS, MS-DOS, Antinews, Top | |
88155 | 6 @appendix Emacs and Mac OS |
34198 | 7 @cindex Mac OS |
8 @cindex Macintosh | |
9 | |
88155 | 10 This section briefly describes the peculiarities of using Emacs |
11 under Mac OS with native window system support. For Mac OS X, Emacs | |
12 can be built either without window system support, with X11, or with | |
13 Carbon API. This section only applies to the Carbon build. For Mac | |
14 OS Classic, Emacs can be built with or without Carbon API, and this | |
15 section applies to either of them because they run on the native | |
16 window system. | |
34198 | 17 |
88155 | 18 Emacs built on Mac OS X supports most of its major features except |
19 display support of PostScript images. The following features of Emacs | |
20 are not supported on Mac OS Classic: unexec (@code{dump-emacs}), | |
21 asynchronous subprocesses (@code{start-process}), and networking | |
22 (@code{open-network-stream}). As a result, packages such as Gnus, | |
23 GUD, and Comint do not work. Synchronous subprocesses | |
24 (@code{call-process}) are supported on non-Carbon build, but | |
25 specially-crafted external programs are needed. Since external | |
26 programs to handle commands such as @code{print-buffer} and | |
27 @code{diff} are not available on Mac OS Classic, they are not | |
28 supported. Non-Carbon build on Mac OS Classic does not support some | |
29 features such as file dialogs, drag-and-drop, and Unicode menus. | |
34198 | 30 |
31 @menu | |
88155 | 32 * Input: Mac Input. Keyboard and mouse input on Mac. |
33 * Intl: Mac International. International character sets on Mac. | |
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34 * Env: Mac Environment Variables. Setting environment variables for Emacs. |
88155 | 35 * Directories: Mac Directories. Volumes and directories on Mac. |
36 * Font: Mac Font Specs. Specifying fonts on Mac. | |
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37 * Functions: Mac Functions. Mac-specific Lisp functions. |
34198 | 38 @end menu |
39 | |
40 @node Mac Input | |
88155 | 41 @section Keyboard and Mouse Input on Mac |
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42 @cindex Meta (Mac OS) |
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43 @cindex keyboard coding (Mac OS) |
34198 | 44 |
88155 | 45 @vindex mac-control-modifier |
46 @vindex mac-command-modifier | |
47 @vindex mac-option-modifier | |
48 On Mac, Emacs can use @key{control}, @key{command}, and @key{option} | |
49 keys as any of Emacs modifier keys except @key{SHIFT} (i.e., | |
50 @key{ALT}, @key{CTRL}, @key{HYPER}, @key{META}, and @key{SUPER}). The | |
51 assignment is controlled by the variables @code{mac-control-modifier}, | |
52 @code{mac-command-modifier}, and @code{mac-option-modifier}. The | |
53 value for each of these variables can be one of the following symbols: | |
54 @code{alt}, @code{control}, @code{hyper}, @code{meta}, @code{super}, | |
55 and @code{nil} (no particular assignment). By default, the | |
56 @key{control} key works as @key{CTRL}, and the @key{command} key as | |
57 @key{META}. | |
34198 | 58 |
88155 | 59 For the @key{option} key, if @code{mac-option-modifier} is set to |
60 @code{nil}, which is the default, the key works as the normal | |
61 @key{option} key, i.e., dead-key processing will work. This is useful | |
62 for entering non-@acronym{ASCII} Latin characters directly from the | |
63 Mac keyboard, for example. | |
34198 | 64 |
88155 | 65 Emacs recognizes the setting in the Keyboard control panel (Mac OS |
66 Classic) or the International system preference pane (Mac OS X) and | |
67 supports international and alternative keyboard layouts (e.g., Dvorak) | |
68 if its script is either Roman, Japanese, Traditional Chinese, Korean, | |
69 Cyrillic, Simplified Chinese, or Central European. Keyboard layouts | |
70 based on Unicode may not work properly. Selecting one of the layouts | |
71 from the keyboard layout pull-down menu will affect how the keys typed | |
72 on the keyboard are interpreted. | |
34198 | 73 |
88155 | 74 @vindex mac-pass-command-to-system |
75 @vindex mac-pass-control-to-system | |
76 Mac OS intercepts and handles certain key combinations (e.g., | |
77 @key{command}-@key{SPC} for switching input languages). These will not | |
78 be passed to Emacs. One can disable this interception by setting | |
79 @code{mac-pass-command-to-system} or @code{mac-pass-control-to-system} | |
80 to @code{nil}. | |
34198 | 81 |
88155 | 82 @vindex mac-emulate-three-button-mouse |
83 Especially for one-button mice, the multiple button feature can be | |
84 emulated by setting @code{mac-emulate-three-button-mouse} to @code{t} | |
85 or @code{reverse}. If set to @code{t} (@code{reverse}, respectively), | |
86 pressing the mouse button with the @key{option} key is recognized as | |
87 the second (third) button, and that with the @key{command} key is | |
88 recognized as the third (second) button. | |
89 | |
90 @vindex mac-wheel-button-is-mouse-2 | |
91 For multi-button mice, the wheel button and the secondary button are | |
92 recognized as the second and the third button, respectively. If | |
93 @code{mac-wheel-button-is-mouse-2} is set to @code{nil}, their roles | |
94 are exchanged. | |
34198 | 95 |
96 @node Mac International | |
88155 | 97 @section International Character Set Support on Mac |
34198 | 98 @cindex Mac Roman coding system |
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99 @cindex clipboard support (Mac OS) |
34198 | 100 |
88155 | 101 Mac uses non-standard encodings for the upper 128 single-byte |
102 characters. They also deviate from the ISO 2022 standard by using | |
103 character codes in the range 128-159. The coding systems | |
104 @code{mac-roman}, @code{mac-centraleurroman}, and @code{mac-cyrillic} | |
105 are used to represent these Mac encodings. | |
34198 | 106 |
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107 The fontset @code{fontset-mac} is created automatically when Emacs |
88155 | 108 is run on Mac, and used by default. It displays as many kinds of |
109 characters as possible using 12-point Monaco as a base font. If you | |
110 see some character as a hollow box with this fontset, then it's almost | |
111 impossible to display it only by customizing font settings (@pxref{Mac | |
112 Font Specs}). | |
34198 | 113 |
114 You can use input methods provided either by LEIM (@pxref{Input | |
88155 | 115 Methods}) or Mac OS to enter international characters. To use the |
116 former, see the International Character Set Support section of the | |
117 manual (@pxref{International}). | |
34198 | 118 |
88155 | 119 Emacs on Mac OS automatically changes the value of |
120 @code{keyboard-coding-system} according to the current keyboard | |
121 layout. So users don't need to set it manually, and even if set, it | |
122 will be changed when the keyboard layout change is detected next time. | |
34198 | 123 |
124 The Mac clipboard and the Emacs kill ring (@pxref{Killing}) are | |
88155 | 125 synchronized by default: you can yank a piece of text and paste it |
126 into another Mac application, or cut or copy one in another Mac | |
127 application and yank it into a Emacs buffer. This feature can be | |
128 disabled by setting @code{x-select-enable-clipboard} to @code{nil}. | |
129 One can still do copy and paste with another application from the Edit | |
130 menu. | |
131 | |
132 On Mac, the role of the coding system for selection that is set by | |
133 @code{set-selection-coding-system} (@pxref{Specify Coding}) is | |
134 two-fold. First, it is used as a preferred coding system for the | |
135 traditional text flavor that does not specify any particular encodings | |
136 and is mainly used by applications on Mac OS Classic. Second, it | |
137 specifies the intermediate encoding for the UTF-16 text flavor that is | |
138 mainly used by applications on Mac OS X. | |
34198 | 139 |
88155 | 140 When pasting UTF-16 text data from the clipboard, it is first |
141 converted to the encoding specified by the selection coding system | |
142 using the converter in the Mac OS system, and then decoded into the | |
143 Emacs internal encoding using the converter in Emacs. If the first | |
144 conversion failed, then the UTF-16 data is directly converted to Emacs | |
145 internal encoding using the converter in Emacs. Copying UTF-16 text | |
146 to the clipboard goes through the inverse path. The reason for this | |
147 two-pass decoding is to avoid subtle differences in Unicode mappings | |
148 between the Mac OS system and Emacs such as various kinds of hyphens, | |
149 and to minimize users' customization. For example, users that mainly | |
150 use Latin characters would prefer Greek characters to be decoded into | |
151 the @code{mule-unicode-0100-24ff} charset, but Japanese users would | |
152 prefer them to be decoded into the @code{japanese-jisx0208} charset. | |
153 Since the coding system for selection is automatically set according | |
154 to the system locale setting, users usually don't have to set it | |
155 manually. | |
156 | |
157 The default language environment (@pxref{Language Environments}) is | |
158 set according to the locale setting at the startup time. On Mac OS, | |
159 the locale setting is consulted in the following order: | |
34198 | 160 |
88155 | 161 @enumerate |
162 @item | |
163 Environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE} and @env{LANG} as | |
164 in other systems. | |
165 | |
166 @item | |
167 Preference @code{AppleLocale} that is set by default on Mac OS X 10.3 | |
168 and later. | |
169 | |
170 @item | |
171 Preference @code{AppleLanguages} that is set by default on Mac OS X | |
172 10.1 and later. | |
173 | |
174 @item | |
175 Variable @code{mac-system-locale} that is derived from the system | |
176 language and region codes. This variable is available on all | |
177 supported Mac OS versions including Mac OS Classic. | |
178 @end enumerate | |
179 | |
180 The default values of almost all variables about coding systems are | |
181 also set according to the language environment. So usually you don't | |
182 have to customize these variables manually. | |
34198 | 183 |
184 @node Mac Environment Variables | |
185 @section Environment Variables and Command Line Arguments. | |
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186 @cindex environment variables (Mac OS) |
34198 | 187 |
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188 On Mac OS X, when Emacs is run in a terminal, it inherits the values |
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189 of environment variables from the shell from which it is invoked. |
88155 | 190 However, when it is run from the Finder as a GUI application, it only |
191 inherits environment variable values defined in the file | |
192 @file{~/.MacOSX/environment.plist} that affects all the applications | |
193 invoked from the Finder or the @command{open} command. | |
194 | |
195 Command line arguments are specified like | |
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196 |
88155 | 197 @example |
198 /Applications/Emacs.app/Contents/MacOS/Emacs -geometry 80x25 & | |
199 @end example | |
200 | |
201 @noindent | |
202 if Emacs is installed at @file{/Applications/Emacs.app}. If Emacs is | |
203 invoked like this, then it also inherits the values of environment | |
204 variables from the shell from which it is invoked. | |
205 | |
206 On Mac OS Classic, environment variables and command line arguments | |
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207 for Emacs can be set by modifying the @samp{STR#} resources 128 and |
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208 129, respectively. A common environment variable that one may want to |
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209 set is @samp{HOME}. |
34198 | 210 |
211 The way to set an environment variable is by adding a string of the | |
212 form | |
213 | |
214 @example | |
215 ENV_VAR=VALUE | |
216 @end example | |
217 | |
218 @noindent | |
219 to resource @samp{STR#} number 128 using @code{ResEdit}. To set up the | |
220 program to use unibyte characters exclusively, for example, add the | |
221 string | |
222 | |
223 @example | |
224 EMACS_UNIBYTE=1 | |
225 @end example | |
226 | |
88155 | 227 @cindex Mac Preferences |
228 Although Emacs on Mac does not support X resources (@pxref{X | |
229 Resources}) directly, one can use the Preferences system in place of X | |
230 resources. For example, adding the line | |
231 | |
232 @example | |
233 Emacs.cursorType: bar | |
234 @end example | |
235 | |
236 @noindent | |
237 to @file{~/.Xresources} in X11 corresponds to the execution of | |
238 | |
239 @example | |
240 defaults write org.gnu.Emacs Emacs.cursorType bar | |
241 @end example | |
242 | |
243 @noindent | |
244 on Mac OS X. One can use boolean or numeric values as well as string | |
245 values as follows: | |
246 | |
247 @example | |
248 defaults write org.gnu.Emacs Emacs.toolBar -bool false | |
249 defaults write org.gnu.Emacs Emacs.lineSpacing -int 3 | |
250 @end example | |
251 | |
252 @noindent | |
253 Try @kbd{M-x man RET defaults RET} for the usage of the | |
254 @command{defaults} command. Alternatively, if you have Developer | |
255 Tools installed on Mac OS X, you can use Property List Editor to edit | |
256 the file @file{~/Library/Preferences/org.gnu.Emacs.plist}. | |
257 | |
34198 | 258 |
259 @node Mac Directories | |
88155 | 260 @section Volumes and Directories on Mac |
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261 @cindex file names (Mac OS) |
34198 | 262 |
88155 | 263 This node applies to Mac OS Classic only. |
264 | |
265 The directory structure in Mac OS Classic is seen by Emacs as | |
34198 | 266 |
267 @example | |
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268 /@var{volumename}/@var{filename} |
34198 | 269 @end example |
270 | |
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271 So when Emacs requests a file name, doing file name completion on |
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272 @file{/} will display all volumes on the system. You can use @file{..} |
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273 to go up a directory level. |
34198 | 274 |
88155 | 275 On Mac OS Classic, to access files and folders on the desktop, look |
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276 in the folder @file{Desktop Folder} in your boot volume (this folder |
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277 is usually invisible in the Mac @code{Finder}). |
34198 | 278 |
88155 | 279 On Mac OS Classic, Emacs creates the Mac folder |
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280 @file{:Preferences:Emacs:} in the @file{System Folder} and uses it as |
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281 the temporary directory. Emacs maps the directory name @file{/tmp/} |
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282 to that. Therefore it is best to avoid naming a volume @file{tmp}. |
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283 If everything works correctly, the program should leave no files in it |
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284 when it exits. You should be able to set the environment variable |
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285 @code{TMPDIR} to use another directory but this folder will still be |
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286 created. |
34198 | 287 |
288 | |
289 @node Mac Font Specs | |
88155 | 290 @section Specifying Fonts on Mac |
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291 @cindex font names (Mac OS) |
34198 | 292 |
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293 It is rare that you need to specify a font name in Emacs; usually |
88155 | 294 you specify face attributes instead. For example, you can use 14pt |
295 Courier by customizing the default face attributes for all frames: | |
296 | |
297 @lisp | |
298 (set-face-attribute 'default nil :family "courier" :height 140) | |
299 @end lisp | |
300 | |
301 @noindent | |
302 Alternatively, an interactive one is also available | |
303 (@pxref{Face Customization}). | |
304 | |
305 But when you do need to specify a font name in Emacs on Mac, use a | |
306 standard X font name: | |
34198 | 307 |
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308 @smallexample |
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309 -@var{maker}-@var{family}-@var{weight}-@var{slant}-@var{widthtype}-@var{style}@dots{} |
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310 @dots{}-@var{pixels}-@var{height}-@var{horiz}-@var{vert}-@var{spacing}-@var{width}-@var{charset} |
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311 @end smallexample |
34198 | 312 |
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313 @noindent |
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314 @xref{Font X}. Wildcards are supported as they are on X. |
34198 | 315 |
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316 Native Apple fonts in Mac Roman encoding has maker name @code{apple} |
34198 | 317 and charset @code{mac-roman}. For example 12-point Monaco can be |
88155 | 318 specified by the name @samp{-apple-monaco-*-12-*-mac-roman}. When |
319 using a particular size of scalable fonts, it must be specified in a | |
320 format containing 14 @samp{-}s like | |
321 @samp{-apple-monaco-medium-r-normal--13-*-*-*-*-*-mac-roman}. | |
322 | |
323 You can specify a @code{mac-roman} font for @acronym{ASCII} | |
324 characters like | |
325 | |
326 @lisp | |
327 (add-to-list | |
328 'default-frame-alist | |
329 '(font . "-apple-monaco-medium-r-normal--13-*-*-*-*-*-mac-roman")) | |
330 @end lisp | |
331 | |
332 @noindent | |
333 but that does not extend to ISO-8859-1: specifying a @code{mac-roman} | |
334 font for Latin-1 characters introduces wrong glyphs. | |
335 | |
336 Native Apple Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese, Japanese, | |
337 Korean, Central European, Cyrillic, Symbol, and Dingbats fonts have | |
338 charsets @samp{big5-0}, @samp{gb2312.1980-0}, | |
339 @samp{jisx0208.1983-sjis} and @samp{jisx0201.1976-0}, | |
340 @samp{ksc5601.1989-0}, @samp{mac-centraleurroman}, | |
341 @samp{mac-cyrillic}, @samp{mac-symbol}, and @samp{mac-dingbats}, | |
342 respectively. | |
34198 | 343 |
88155 | 344 Since Emacs as of the current version uses QuickDraw Text routines |
345 for drawing texts, only characters in the charsets listed above can be | |
346 displayed with the OS-bundled fonts, even if other applications that | |
347 use @acronym{ATSUI} or Cocoa can display variety of characters with | |
348 them. | |
349 | |
350 The use of @code{create-fontset-from-fontset-spec} (@pxref{Defining | |
351 Fontsets}) for defining fontsets often results in wrong ones | |
352 especially when using only OS-bundled fonts. The recommended way is | |
353 to create a fontset using @code{create-fontset-from-mac-roman-font}: | |
354 | |
355 @lisp | |
356 (create-fontset-from-mac-roman-font | |
357 "-apple-courier-medium-r-normal--13-*-*-*-*-*-mac-roman" | |
358 nil "foo") | |
359 @end lisp | |
360 | |
361 @noindent | |
362 and then optionally specifying Chinese, Japanese, or Korean font | |
363 families using @code{set-fontset-font}: | |
364 | |
365 @lisp | |
366 (set-fontset-font "fontset-foo" | |
367 'chinese-gb2312 '("song" . "gb2312.1980-0")) | |
368 @end lisp | |
34198 | 369 |
370 Single-byte fonts converted from GNU fonts in BDF format, which are not | |
371 in the Mac Roman encoding, have foundry, family, and character sets | |
372 encoded in the names of their font suitcases. E.g., the font suitcase | |
373 @samp{ETL-Fixed-ISO8859-1} contains fonts which can be referred to by | |
374 the name @samp{-ETL-fixed-*-iso8859-1}. | |
375 | |
88155 | 376 @vindex mac-allow-anti-aliasing |
377 Emacs uses the QuickDraw text rendering by default. On Mac OS X | |
378 10.2 and later, it can be changed so that it uses the Quartz 2D text | |
379 rendering (aka CG text rendering) by setting | |
380 @code{mac-allow-anti-aliasing} to @code{t}. However, it is reported | |
381 to sometimes leave some garbages. | |
34198 | 382 |
383 @node Mac Functions | |
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One more small cleanup.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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384 @section Mac-Specific Lisp Functions |
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11db0318031d
Remove redundant index entries.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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385 @cindex Lisp functions specific to Mac OS |
34198 | 386 |
387 @findex do-applescript | |
388 The function @code{do-applescript} takes a string argument, | |
389 executes it as an AppleScript command, and returns the result as a | |
390 string. | |
391 | |
38892
8ae568af6251
2001-08-21 Andrew Choi <akochoi@i-cable.com>
Andrew Choi <akochoi@shaw.ca>
parents:
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392 @findex mac-file-name-to-posix |
8ae568af6251
2001-08-21 Andrew Choi <akochoi@i-cable.com>
Andrew Choi <akochoi@shaw.ca>
parents:
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393 @findex posix-file-name-to-mac |
8ae568af6251
2001-08-21 Andrew Choi <akochoi@i-cable.com>
Andrew Choi <akochoi@shaw.ca>
parents:
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394 The function @code{mac-file-name-to-posix} takes a Mac file name and |
38944 | 395 returns the GNU or Unix equivalent. The function |
38892
8ae568af6251
2001-08-21 Andrew Choi <akochoi@i-cable.com>
Andrew Choi <akochoi@shaw.ca>
parents:
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396 @code{posix-file-name-to-mac} performs the opposite conversion. They |
8ae568af6251
2001-08-21 Andrew Choi <akochoi@i-cable.com>
Andrew Choi <akochoi@shaw.ca>
parents:
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397 are useful for constructing AppleScript commands to be passed to |
8ae568af6251
2001-08-21 Andrew Choi <akochoi@i-cable.com>
Andrew Choi <akochoi@shaw.ca>
parents:
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398 @code{do-applescript}. |
88155 | 399 |
400 @findex mac-set-file-creator | |
401 @findex mac-get-file-creator | |
402 @findex mac-set-file-type | |
403 @findex mac-get-file-type | |
404 The functions @code{mac-set-file-creator}, | |
405 @code{mac-get-file-creator}, @code{mac-set-file-type}, and | |
406 @code{mac-get-file-type} can be used to set and get creator and file | |
407 codes. | |
408 | |
409 @findex mac-get-preference | |
410 The function @code{mac-get-preference} returns the preferences value | |
411 converted to a Lisp object for a specified key and application. | |
412 | |
413 @ignore | |
414 arch-tag: a822c2ab-4273-4997-927e-c153bb71dcf6 | |
415 @end ignore |