annotate etc/TUTORIAL.cn @ 71120:3c66cf4b4ded

(Vhistory_add_new_input): New variable. (read_minibuf): Use it. (syms_of_minibuf) <history-add-new-input>: New Lisp variable. (syms_of_minibuf) <history-delete-duplicates>: Doc fix.
author Juri Linkov <juri@jurta.org>
date Wed, 31 May 2006 21:11:07 +0000
parents d54acaa5097b
children 11f0b40e677c 34c8b755296d
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
rev   line source
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1 Emacs 快速指南.(查看版权声明请至本文末尾)
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2
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3 【注意:位于【】之间的内容是译注,比如本行,下同。】
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4
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5 Emacs 键盘命令通常包含 CONTROL 键(有时候以 CTRL 或 CTL 来标示)和
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6 META 键(有时候用 EDIT 或 ALT 来标示)。为了避免每次都要写出全名,我们
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7 约定使用下述缩写:
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8
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9 C-<chr> 表示当输入字符 <chr> 时按住 CONTROL 键。
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10 因此 C-f 就表示:按住 CONTROL 键再输入 f。
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11
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12 M-<chr> 表示当输入字符 <chr> 时按住 META(或 EDIT 或 ALT)键。
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13 如果你的键盘上没有 META 、EDIT 或 ALT 键,用下述方法也等效:
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14 先按一下 ESC 键然后放开,再输入 <chr>。我们用 <ESC> 来表示
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15 ESC 键。
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16
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17 重要提示:要退出 Emacs,请用 C-x C-c(两个连续的组合键)。下文中左边顶
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18 行的“>>”字样用来提示你尝试键盘命令。比如:
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19 <<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>>
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20 [本页当中特意留出一些空白是出于教学目的,请继续往后看]
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21 >> 现在输入 C-v (查看下一屏文字)移动到下一屏。
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22 (别紧张,在输入字符 v 的同时注意要按住 CONTROL 键)
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23 从现在开始,每读完当前一屏你都需要这样做一次。
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24
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25 值得注意的是,当你从上一屏滚到下一屏时,中间会有两行的重复;这样做是为
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26 了维持滚屏的连续性,方便你顺畅、连续地阅读。
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27
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28 用编辑器,开门第一件事就是学会在文字中移动。你已经知道了 C-v 可以向下移
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29 动一屏,要往上移,请用 M-v (也就是按住 META 键,然后输入v,如果你没有
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30 META、EDIT 或 ALT 键那么就先按 <ESC> 再按 v)。
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32 >> 试试 M-v,然后再试试 C-v,来回遛几次。
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34
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35 * 小结(SUMMARY)
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36 -----------------
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37
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38 以下命令在翻页浏览时相当有用:
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39
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40 C-v 向前移动一屏
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41 M-v 向后移动一屏
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42 C-l 重绘屏幕,并将光标所在行置于屏幕的中央
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43 (注意是 CONTROL-L,不是 CONTROL-1)
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44
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45 >> 找到光标,留意其附近的文字,然后输入 C-l。
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46 找找光标在哪里,你会发现其附近的文字并没有变化。
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47
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48 如果你的键盘上有 PageUp 和 PageDn,也可以用这两个键来滚屏。不过使用
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49 C-v 和 M-v 的效率要更高一些。
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50
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51
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52 * 基本的光标控制(BASIC CURSOR CONTROL)
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53 ----------------------------------------
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54
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55 整屏的移动很有用,但是如何在文字中精确定位呢?
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56
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57 有几种方式可以选择。用方向键当然可以,不过更有效率的方法是保持双手位于
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58 主键盘区,然后使用 C-p 、 C-b 、 C-f 和 C-n 这四个命令。它们的功能和方
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59 向键是一样的,如下图所示:
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60
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61 上一行 C-p
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62 :
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63 :
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64 向左移 C-b .... 目前光标位置 .... 向右移 C-f
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65 :
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66 :
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67 下一行 C-n
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68
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69 >> 用 C-n 或 C-p 将光标移到上图的中央。
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70 按 C-l,整幅图会被显示在屏幕的中央。
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71
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72 “P N B F”四个字母分别代表了四个词,用这四个词记忆这些组合键会更容易:
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73 P 代表 previous(上一行),N 代表 next(下一行),B 代表 backward(回
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74 退),而 F 则代表 forward(前进)。这些组合键今后将与你形影不离。
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75
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76 >> 按几次 C-n 把光标往下挪到这里。
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78 >> 用 C-f 把光标移动到这一行,然后再用 C-p 往上挪。
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79 注意观察当光标在一行的中央时 C-p 命令的行为。
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80
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81 每行文字都以一个“换行符”结束,“换行符”把行与行区分开来。文件的最后
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82 一行也应该也有一个换行符(不过 Emacs 并不强制要求这一点)。
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83
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84 >> 在一行的行头输入 C-b。
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85 光标应该会移动到前一行的行尾,因为光标在回退过程中越过了换行符。
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86
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87 同样 C-f 也可以像 C-b 一样越过换行符。
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88
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89 >> 连按几次 C-b,感受一下光标的移动。
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90 然后按几次 C-f 回到本行的行尾。
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91 再按一次 C-f,光标会移动到下一行。
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92
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93 当你移动光标穿越屏幕的上下边界时,在边界外的文字会移动到屏幕内,这称为
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94 “滚动”(scrolling)。滚动使得光标可以被移动到文字中的任何位置,并且还
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95 不会让光标跑到屏幕外边去。
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96
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97 >> 用 C-n 将光标下移,一直越过屏幕边界,同时观察发生了什么变化。
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99 如果你嫌一个字符一个字符地挪光标太慢,你还可以一个词一个词地跳。M-f
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100 (META-f) 可以将光标往前移动一个词,而 M-b 则是往后移。【这里的“词”指
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101 英文单词,对中文来说,则是指移动到下一个标点符号。】
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102
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103 >> 试试 M-f 和 M-b。
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104
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105 如果光标停在一个词的中间,M-f 会移动到这个词的末尾。如果光标处于词与词
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106 之间的空白处,M-f 会移动到下一个词的末尾。M-b 的功能类似,只是方向相反。
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107
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108 >> 按几次 M-f 和 M-b,中间夹杂一些 C-f 和 C-b。
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109 你可以观察到 M-f 和 M-b 在不同位置上所表现出来的不同行为。
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110
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111 请注意 C-f 、C-b 和 M-f 、M-b 两对之间的类比关系。通常的惯例是:META 系
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112 列组合键用来操作“由语言定义的单位(比如词、句子、段落)”,而 CONTROL
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113 系列组合键用来操作“与语言无关的基本单位(比如字符、行等等)”。
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114
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115 类似的惯例在“行”与“句子”之间也同样适用:C-a 和 C-e 可以将光标移动到
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116 “一行”的头部和尾部;而 M-a 和 M-e 则将光标移动到“一句”的头部和尾部。
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117
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118 >> 按两次 C-a,再按两次 C-e。
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119 按两次 M-a,再按两次 M-e。
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120
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121 想一想为什么重复的 C-a 命令会没有作用,而重复的 M-a 命令则会让光标不断
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122 地回退到上一个句子。虽然这个类比规律并不严格,但是很自然。
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123
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124 光标停留的位置也可以称作“点位”(point)。或者干脆说,光标指示出了屏幕
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125 上“点位”在文本中的位置。
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126
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127 这里对简单的光标移动命令做一个总结,其中也包括了整词和整句的移动:
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128
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129 C-f 向右移动一个字符
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130 C-b 向左移动一个字符
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131
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132 M-f 向右移动一个词【中文是移动到下一个标点符号】
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133 M-b 向左移动一个词【中文是移动到上一个标点符号】
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134
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135 C-n 移动到下一行
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136 C-p 移动到上一行
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137
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138 C-a 移动到行首
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139 C-e 移动到行尾
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140
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141 M-a 移动到句首
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142 M-e 移动到句尾
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143
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144 >> 把上面所有的命令都练习几次,这些可都是最常用的命令。
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145
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146 这里还要介绍两个重要的光标移动命令:M-< (META 小于号)可以将光标移动到
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147 所有文字的最开头;M-> (META 大于号)可以将光标移动到所有文字的最末尾。
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148
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149 注意,在大部分键盘上,小于号(<)需要用上档键(Shift)来输入,所以在这
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150 些键盘上你应该用 Shift 键来输入 M-<,如果不按 Shift 键,你输入的会是
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151 M-comma(META 逗号)。
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152
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153 >> 试一试 M-< ,移到本快速指南的最开始。
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154 然后再按几次 C-v 回到这里。
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155
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156 >> 试一试 M-> ,移到本快速指南的最末尾。
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157 然后再按几次 M-v 回到这里。
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158
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159 如果你的键盘上有方向键的话,也可以用它们来移动光标。不过我们有三个理由
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160 推荐你学习 C-b 、C-f 、C-n 、和 C-p:(1)它们在任何键盘上都能用。(2)
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161 当你熟练使用 Emacs 之后,你会发现用这些组合键比用方向键要快得多,因为你
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162 的手不需要离开打字区。(3)一旦你习惯了使用这些组合键,你也可以很容易地
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163 适应其它更高级的光标移动命令。
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164
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165 大部分的 Emacs 命令接受数字参数,并且对于多数命令而言,这些数字参数的作
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166 用是指定命令的重复次数。为一个命令指定数字参数(也就是重复次数)的方法
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167 是:先输入 C-u,然后输入数字作为参数,最后再输入命令。如果你有META (或
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168 EDIT 或 ALT)键,那么还有另一种办法:按住 META 键不动,然后输入数字。不
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169 过我们还是建议你用 C-u,因为它在任何终端机上都能用。这种数字参数也称为
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170 “前缀参数”,意思是说这个参数是先于使用它的命令而输入的。
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171
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172 举例来说, C-u 8 C-f 会向前移动 8 个字符。
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173
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174 >> 为 C-n 或者 C-p 指定一个数字参数,这样你可以只用一个命令就把光标移动
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175 到本行的附近。
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176
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177 虽然大部分命令用数字参数来作为其重复次数,但是也有些命令例外,它们将数
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178 字参数另做它用。比如有些命令(目前还没学到)仅仅将前缀参数作为一个标
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179 志——只要有一个前缀参数出现,不管其值为何,命令的功能都会改变。
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180
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181 而 C-v 和 M-v 则属于另一种类型的例外。当给定一个参数时,它们将滚动你指
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182 定的“行数”,而不是“屏数”。举例来说,C-u 8 C-v 将屏幕向下滚动 8 行,
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183 而不是 8 屏。
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184
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185 >> 现在试试看,输入 C-u 8 C-v。
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186
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187 这个命令应该已经将文字向上滚动了 8 行。如果你想将它再次地向下滚动,你可
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188 以给定一个参数然后执行 M-v。
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189
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190 如果你正在使用一个窗口系统,比如 X11 或者微软的 Windows,那么在 Emacs
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191 窗口的左边或者右边应该有一个长方形的区域叫“滚动条”,你可以用鼠标操纵
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192 滚动条来滚动文字。
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193
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194 >> 试着在“滚动条内的反白区域”上按一下鼠标中键。
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195 文字应该会滚动到鼠标所指示的位置。
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196
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197 >> 当按住中键时,试着将鼠标上下移动。
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198 你会看到文字随着鼠标的移动而上下滚动。
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199 【Windows 版本符合 Windows 程序的传统操作习惯,上述操作不适用。】
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200
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201
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202 * 在 EMACS 失去响应的时候(WHEN EMACS IS HUNG)
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203 -----------------------------------------------
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204
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205 如果 Emacs 对你的命令失去响应,你可以很安全地用 C-g 来终止这个命令。
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206 C-g 也可以被用来终止一个执行过久的命令。
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207
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208 C-g 还可以被来取消数字参数和那些输入到一半的命令。
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209
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210 >> 输入 C-u 100 设定一个值为 100 的数字参数,然后按 C-g。
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211 现在再按 C-f,光标应该只会移动一个字符,因为你已经用 C-g 取消了参数。
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212
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213 如果你不小心按了一下 <ESC>,你也可以用 C-g 来取消它。
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214 【这个说法似乎有问题,因为按照这个按键顺序输入的应该是 C-M-g。
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215 取消<ESC> 的正确做法是再连按两次 <ESC>。】
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216
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217
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218 * 被禁用的命令(DISABLED COMMANDS)
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219 -----------------------------------
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220
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221 有一些 Emacs 命令被“禁用”了,以避免初学者在不了解其确切功能的情况下误
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222 用这些命令,造成麻烦。
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223
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224 如果你用到了一个被禁用的命令,Emacs 会显示一个提示消息,告诉你这个命令
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225 到底是干什么的,询问你是否要继续,并在得到你的肯定之后再执行这命令。
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226
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227 你要是真的想执行被禁用的命令,那么在 Emacs 询问你的时候应该按空格。一般
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228 来说,如果你不想执行,按“n”就行了。
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229
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230 >> 试试 C-x C-l (这是一个被禁用的命令)
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231 然后用 n 来回答问题。
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232
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233
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234 * 窗格(WINDOWS)
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235 -----------------
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236
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237 Emacs 可以有多个窗格,每个窗格都显示不同的文字。我们后面再介绍怎么对付
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238 多个窗格,现在先让我们先搞明白如何关掉多余的窗格。其实也很简单:
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239
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240 C-x 1 只保留一个窗格(也就是关掉其他所有的窗格)。
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241
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242 也就是先按 CONTROL-x 然后再按 1。C-x 1 会保留光标所在的窗格,并将其扩大
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243 到整个屏幕,同时关掉所有其它的窗格。
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244
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245 >> 把光标移到本行然后输入 C-u 0 C-l。
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246
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247 >> 输入 CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f。观察当一个新窗格出现时当前窗格(用来显示
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248 CONTROL-f 命令的文档)是如何缩小的。
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249
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250 >> 输入 C-x 1 关掉文档窗格。
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251
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252 这个命令跟先前学到的命令不太一样,因为它包含了两个字符,以 CONTROL-x 开
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253 始。有一系列命令都是以 CONTROL-x 开始的,这些命令许多都跟“窗格、文件、
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254 缓冲区【缓冲区(buffer)会在后文详细介绍】”等等诸如此类的东西有关,其
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255 中有些命令可能有 2 个、3 个或者 4 个字符长。
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256
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257
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258 * 插入与删除(INSERTING AND DELETING)
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259 --------------------------------------
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260
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261 插入文字很简单,敲键盘就行了。你能看到的字符,比如 A、7、* 等等,都被
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262 Emacs 视为文字并且可以直接插入。敲 <Return>(回车键)会插入一个换行符。
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263
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264 你可以用 <Delback> 来删除最后输入的的一个字符,这个跟你在 Emacs 之外的
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265 用法应该一样。一般来说 <Delback> 就是位于 <Return> 键上方某处的一个大号
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266 键,通常被标示为“Delete”、“Del”或者“Backspace”。
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267
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268 如果你找到了标着“Backspace”的键,那么它应该就是 <Delback>;即便你又在
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269 键盘其它地方找到了一个标示为“Del”的键,那么它也应该不是 <Delback>。
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270
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271 一种更通用的说法是,<Delback> 将位于光标前的一个字符删除。
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272
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273 >> 现在就试试——敲点字,然后按几下 <Delback> 删除它们。
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274 不用担心你会修改文件,你干什么都没关系,这里就是专给你练习用的。
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275
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276 如果一行文字很长、超出了窗格的宽度,显示不下的部分会在紧邻的下一行继续
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277 显示。这时会有一个反斜线(控制台下是反斜线,如果你用图形窗口系统,则应
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278 该是一个小小的转弯箭头)显示在右边沿,表明这是某一行的接续显示。
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279
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280 >> 输入文字,一直到屏幕的右边界,然后继续,你会看到一个接续行出现。
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281
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282 >> 用 <Delback> 删掉一些文字,直到此行长度小于窗格宽度,接续行就消失了。
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283
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284 你可以像删除其他字符一样删除换行符。删除两行中间的换行符会将两行合并成
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285 一行。如果合并的结果使这一行太长,超出了窗格的宽度,它就会以一个接续行
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286 来显示。
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287
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288 >> 移动光标到本行的开头并输入 <Delback>。
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289 这时本行与其前一行将被合并为一行。
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290
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291 >> 输入 <Return> 重新插入你刚才删除的换行符。
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292
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293 前面说过,大部分的 Emacs 命令都可以指定重复次数,这其中也包括输入字符的
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294 命令。重复执行输入字符的命令实际上就是输入多个一样的字符。
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295
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296 >> 试试 C-u 8 *,这将会插入 ********。
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297
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298 好,现在你应该已经掌握了最基本的的文本插入和修改功能,其实删除还可以
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299 “以词为单位”进行,下面是一个关于“删除”操作的小结:
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300
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301 <Delback> 删除光标前的一个字符
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302 C-d 删除光标后的一个字符
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303
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304 M-<Delback> 移除光标前的一个词
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305 M-d 移除光标后的一个词
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306
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307 C-k 移除从光标到“行尾”间的字符
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308 M-k 移除从光标到“句尾”间的字符
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309
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310 【可能你已经注意到了“删除(delete)”和“移除(kill)”的用词区别,后
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311 文会有详细说明。】
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312
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313 注意“<Delback> 和 C-d”还有“M-<Delback> 和 M-d”是根据前述惯例从 C-f
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314 和 M-f 衍生出来的(其实<Delback>不是控制字符,我们先忽略这一点)。C-k
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315 和 M-k 的关系在某种程度上与 C-e 和 M-e 一样——如果把“一行”和“一句”
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316 作一个类比的话。
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317
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318 你也可以用一种统一的办法来移除缓冲区里的任何一部分:首先把光标移动到你
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319 想要移除的区域的一端,然后按 C-@ 或 C-SPC(任一即可,SPC指空格)【注意,
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320 C-SPC 往往被中文用户设定成输入法热键,如果这样,C-SPC 就被系统拦截而无
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321 法输入给 Emacs 了,因此这里还是推荐使用C-@。】,然后再移动到另一端,再
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322 按 C-w 就可以把位于这两点之间的所有文字移除了。
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323
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324 >> 移动光标到上一段开头的“你”字。
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325 >> 输入 C-@ 。Emacs 应该会在屏幕的下方显示一个“Mark set”的消息。
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326 >> 移动光标到第二行中的“端”字。
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327 >> 输入 C-w,就会把从“你”开始到“端”之前的文字全部移除。
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328
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329 注意,“移除(kill)”和“删除(delete)”的不同在于被移除的东西可以找回
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330 来,而被删除的就不行了。【实际上,移除掉的东西虽然看起来“消失”了,但
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331 实际上被 Emacs 记录了下来,因此还可以找回来;而删除掉的东西虽然也可能还
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332 在内存里,但是已经被Emacs“抛弃”了,所以就找不回来了。】重新插入被移除
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333 的文字称为“召回(yank)”。一般而言,那些会去除很多文字的命令会把去除
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334 掉的文字储存起来(它们被设定成了“可召回”),而那些只是去除一个字符或
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335 者只是去除空白的命令就不会储存那些被去除掉的东西(因此你就无法召回)。
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336
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337 >> 移动光标到一非空白行的行头,然后输入 C-k 移除那一行上的文字。
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338
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339 >> 再次 C-k,你可以看到它移除了跟在那一行后面的换行符。
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340
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341 注意,单独的 C-k 会把一行的内容移除,而第二个 C-k 则会移除换行符,并使
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342 其后所有的行都向上移动。C-k 处理数字参数的方式很特别,它会把参数指定的
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343 那么多行连同其后的换行符一起移除,而不仅仅是重复 C-k 而已。比如 C-u 2
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344 C-k 会把两行以及它们的换行符移除;而如果只是输入 C-k 两次显然不是这个结
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345 果。
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346
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347 将被移除的文字恢复的动作称为“召回(yanking)”。(就好像你把别人从你身
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348 边移走的东西又猛力地拉回来。)你可以在你删除文字的地方召回,也可以在别
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349 的地方召回,还可以多次召回同样的文字以得到它的多个拷贝。
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350
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351 召回的命令是 C-y。它会在光标所在处插入你最后移除的文字。
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352
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353 >> 试试看,输入 C-y 将文字召回。
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354
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355 如果你一次连按了好几下 C-k,那么所有被移除的行会被存储在一起,只要一个
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356 C-y 就可以把它们都召回。
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357
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358 >> 在这里试试,连续按几次 C-k。
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359
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360 现在再来恢复刚刚被我们移除的文字:
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361
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362 >> 按 C-y。然后把光标往下移动几行,再按一次 C-y。
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363 现在你应该知道怎么复制文字了。
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364
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365 C-y 可以把最近移除的文字召回,但如果你想召回的东西不是最近移除的,该怎
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366 么办呢?它们当然没有丢,你可以用 M-y 来召回它们。在用 C-y 召回最近移除
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367 的文字之后,紧接着再用 M-y 就可以召回再前一次被移除的文字,再按一次
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368 M-y 又可以召回再上一次的,因此只要多按几次 M-y 就可以找到你想要召回的东
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369 西了。找到了之后,你什么也不用做,把它们晾在那里,继续你的编辑就行了。
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370
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371 如果你一次按 M-y 按了很多下,你可能会回到起始点,也就是最近移除的文字。
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372 【看得出这实际上是一个环。】
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373
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374 >> 移除一行,移动一下光标,然后再移除另外一行。
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375 按 C-y 将第二次移除的那行召回来。
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376 紧接着再按 M-y,它将会被第一次移除的那行取代。
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377 试着再按几下 M-y 看看会发生什么。
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378 再继续,直到第二行被召回来,然后再做个几次。
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379 如果你愿意,你可以试着给 M-y 指定一个正的或负的参数。
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380
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381
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382 * 撤销(UNDO)
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383 --------------
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384
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385 如果你修改了一段文字,又觉得改得不好,可以用 undo 命令进行撤销:
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386 C-x u。
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387
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388 通常 C-x u 会消除一个命令所造成的所有改变;如果你在一行中连续多次地使用
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389 C-x u,你会把以前的命令也依次撤销。
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390
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391 但是有两个例外:
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392 1) 没有改变文字的命令不算(包括光标移动命令和滚动命令)
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393 2) 从键盘输入的字符以组为单位——每组 20 个字符——来进行处理。
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394 (这是为了减少你在撤销“插入文字”动作时需要输入 C-x u 的次数)
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395
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396 >> 用 C-k 将这一行移除,然后输入 C-x u ,它会再次出现。
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397
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398 C-_ 也是撤销命令;它的作用跟 C-x u 一样,但是它比较容易多次输入。C-_ 的
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399 缺点是在某些键盘上可能不太容易按,这也正是我们同时提供 C-x u 的原因。在
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400 某些终端上,你可以按住 CONTROL 再按“/”来输入 C-_。
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401
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402 数字参数对于 C-_ 和 C-x u 的意义是执行撤销的重复次数。
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403
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404
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405 * 文件(FILE)
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406 --------------
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407
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408 想保存工作成果就要记得存盘,否则一旦退出 Emacs 你编辑的文字就都丢了。要
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409 存盘,就要在编辑前“寻找”到一个存盘文件。(这个过程通常也被称为“访问”
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410 文件。)
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411
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412 寻找到一个文件意味着你可以在 Emacs 里查看这个文件的内容。从很多角度讲,
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413 这就等于你在直接编辑这个文件。但是你所做的修改只有在“存盘”的时候才会
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414 被写入文件。也正因为如此,你可以丢弃一个改到一半的文件而不必把这个残废
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415 文件也保存到计算机上。最后就算你真正存了盘,Emacs 也会把存盘前的文件重
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416 命名保存,以防你改完之后又想反悔。
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417
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418 在屏幕的下方,你应该能够看到头尾都是短线“-”的一行,其开头通常都是诸如
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419 “--:-- TUTORIAL.cn”这样的东西,这些文字就代表了你当前正在访问的文件。
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420 现在你访问的文件叫“TUTORIAL.cn”,它只是给你个人临时使用的一个拷贝。只
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421 要你用 Emacs 寻找到一个文件,文件名就会出现在上述位置。
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422
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423 寻找文件的命令有一个特别之处,那就是你必须给出文件名。我们称这个命令
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424 “从终端读入了一个参数”(在这里,这个参数显然就是文件名)。当你输入了
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425 这个命令之后:
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426
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427 C-x C-f 寻找一个文件
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428
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429 Emacs 会提示你输入文件名。你输入的文件名会出现在屏幕最底端的一行,这一
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430 行被称为小缓冲(minibuffer),在小缓冲里你可以使用通常的 Emacs 编辑命令
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431 来编辑文件名。
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432
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433 在小缓冲里输入文件名(其实输入别的东西也一样)时可以用 C-g 取消。
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434
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435 >> 输入 C-x C-f,然后输入 C-g
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436 这会关掉小缓冲,同时也会取消使用小缓冲的 C-x C-f 命令。
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437 当然了,你也没有找任何文件。
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438
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439 输入完文件名之后用 <Return> 结束,然后 C-x C-f 命令开始工作并找到你指定
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440 的文件。小缓冲在 C-x C-f 命令结束之后也会消失。
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441
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442 眨眼间文件就会显示在屏幕上,你可以开始编辑了。存盘用这个命令:
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443
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444 C-x C-s 储存这个文件
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445
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446 这个命令把 Emacs 中的文字存储到文件中。第一次存盘的时候 Emacs 会将原文
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447 件重命名以保留原文。重命名的规则通常是在原文件名之后添加一个“~”字符。
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448
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449 存盘结束后,Emacs 会显示写入文件的文件名。你最好养成经常存盘的习惯,这
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450 样在系统崩溃或者死机的时候你不会损失太多。
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451
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452 >> 输入 C-x C-s 把本快速指南存下来。
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453 你会看到“Wrote ...TUTORIAL.cn”这样的消息显示在屏幕的下方。
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454
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455 注意:使用某些终端的时候,输入 C-x C-s 会冻结屏幕【屏幕没有任何输出】,
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456 这样你就看不到 Emacs 的任何变化。其原因是操作系统的“流量控制”功能把
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457 C-s 拦截了,并且冻结了屏幕,Emacs 自然也就看不到这个输入了。用 C-q 可以
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458 解除屏幕冻结。要解决这个问题,请参考 Emacs 手册里的“Spontaneous Entry
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459 to Incremental Search”一节【Emacs 手册可能还没有中文翻译】,那里可能有
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460 一些有用的建议。
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461
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462 你可以寻找一个已有的文件然后查看或者编辑,你还可以寻找一个不存在的文件。
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463 实际上这正是用 Emacs 创建新文件的方法:找到不存在的新文件,然后从零开始。
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464 在存盘的时候,Emacs 才真正创建这个文件然后再存盘。在这之后一切就跟你编
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465 辑一个已有文件一样了。
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466
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467
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468 * 缓冲区(BUFFER)
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469 ------------------
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470
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471 如果你用 C-x C-f 找到第二个文件,第一个文件仍然会在 Emacs 里。要切回第
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472 一个文件,你可以 C-x C-f 再次寻找它。这样,你可以在 Emacs 里同时打开很
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473 多文件。
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474
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475 >> 用 C-x C-f foo <Return> 的方式建立一个名为“foo”的文件。
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476 然后敲入一些文字,再用 C-x C-s 保存文件“foo”。
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477 最后,输入 C-x C-f TUTORIAL.cn <Return> 回到这里。
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478
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479 Emacs 把每个编辑中的文件都放在一个称为“缓冲区(buffer)”的地方。每寻
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480 找到一个文件,Emacs 就在其内部开辟一个缓冲区。用下面的命令可以列出当前
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481 所有的缓冲区:
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482
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483 C-x C-b 列出缓冲区
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484
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485 >> 现在就试一下 C-x C-b
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486
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487 观察一下缓冲区是如何命名的,它很可能跟其对应的文件同名。事实上,你在一
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488 个 Emacs 窗格里看到的任何文字都是某个缓冲区的一部分。
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489
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490 >> 输入 C-x 1 离开缓冲区列表
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491
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492 不管存在多少缓冲区,任何时候都只能有一个是“当前”缓冲区,也就是你正在
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493 编辑的这个。如果你想编辑另外一个缓冲区,那么你必须“切换”过去。上面讲
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494 过,用 C-x C-f 可以切换到某个文件对应的缓冲区。不过还有一个更简单点的办
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495 法,那就是用 C-x b。用这个命令,你必须输入缓冲区的名称。
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496
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497 >> 输入 C-x b foo <Return> 以回到文件“foo”的缓冲区。
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498 然后输入 C-x b TUTORIAL.cn <Return> 回到这里。
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499
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500 大多数情况下,缓冲区和与其对应的文件是同名的(不包括目录名),不过这也
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501 不是绝对的。用 C-x C-b 得到的缓冲区列表中显示的总是缓冲区的名称。
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502
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503 你在 Emacs 窗格里看到的“任何”文字都一定是属于某个缓冲区的。也有些缓冲
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504 区并没有对应文件:比如显示缓冲区列表的缓冲区就是这样,再比如一个名叫
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505 “*Messages*”的缓冲区也没有对应的文件,这个缓冲区里存放的都是在 Emacs
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506 底部出现的消息。
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507
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508 >> 输入 C-x b *Messages* <Return> 瞅瞅消息缓冲区里都有什么东西。
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509 然后再输入 C-x b TUTORIAL.cn <Return> 回到这里。
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510
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511 如果你对文件做了修改,然后切换到另一个文件,这个动作并不会帮你把第一个
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512 文件存盘,对第一个文件的修改仍然仅限于 Emacs 中,也就是在它对应的缓冲区
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513 里。同时对第二个文件的修改也不会影响到第一个文件。这很有用,但是也挺麻
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514 烦,因为如果你又想要存储第一个文件,你还需要先用 C-x C-f 切换回去,然后
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515 再用 C-x C-s 存盘,这显然太麻烦了。你需要一个更简便的方法,而 Emacs 当
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516 然已经替你想到了:
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517
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518 C-x s 保存多个缓冲区
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519
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520 C-x s 会找到所有已被修改但尚未存盘的缓冲区,然后向你逐个询问,是否需要
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521 存盘?
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522
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523 >> 插入一行文字,然后输入 C-x s。
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524 它应该会问你,是否要储存名为 TUTORIAL.cn 的缓冲区?
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525 按“y”告诉它你想存盘。
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526
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527
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528 * 命令集扩展(EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET)
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529 -----------------------------------------
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530
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531 Emacs 的命令就像天上的星星,数也数不清。把它们都对应到 CONTROL 和 META
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532 组合键上显然是不可能的事情。Emacs 用扩展(eXtend)命令来解决这个问题,
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533 扩展命令有两种风格:
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534
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535 C-x 字符扩展。 C-x 之后输入另一个字符或者组合键。
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536 M-x 命令名扩展。M-x 之后输入一个命令名。
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537
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538 很多扩展命令都很有用,虽然与你已经学过的命令比起来,他们可能不那么常用。
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539 你应该已经见过一些扩展命令了,比如用 C-x C-f 寻找文件和用 C-x C-s 保存
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540 文件。退出 Emacs 用的 C-x C-c 也是扩展命令。(不用担心退出 Emacs 会给你
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541 带来什么损失,Emacs 会在退出之前提醒你保存文件的)
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542
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543 在控制台下,C-z 可以暂时离开 Emacs——当然,你还可以再回来。
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544
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545 在允许 C-z 的系统中,C-z 会把 Emacs“挂起”,也就是说,它会回到 shell
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546 但不退出 Emacs。在那些最常用的 shell 中,通常可以用“fg”或者“%emacs”
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547 命令再次回到 Emacs 中。
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548
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549 在没有提供挂起功能的系统中,C-z 会在 Emacs 之下创建一个子 shell 来让你
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550 运行其它程序,并且再次“回到” Emacs 中——虽然我们并没有真正离开过。这
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551 种情况下,通常用shell 命令“exit”从子 shell 回到 Emacs。
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552
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553 C-x C-c 最好在你打算退出登陆的时候再用。在 Emacs 被诸如邮件处理程序之类
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554 的外部程序调用之后,也可以用 C-x C-c 退出。不过一般来讲,如果你不想退出
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555 登录,最好还是把 Emacs 挂起而不是退出。
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556
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557 C-x 的扩展命令有很多,下面列出的是你已经学过的:
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558
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559 C-x C-f 寻找文件。
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560 C-x C-s 保存文件。
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561 C-x C-b 列出缓冲区。
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562 C-x C-c 离开 Emacs。
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563 C-x 1 关掉其它所有窗格,只保留一个。
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564 C-x u 撤销。
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565
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566 用命令名扩展的命令一般都不太常用,或者只在部分模式下被用到。比如
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567 replace-string(字符串替换)这个命令,它会在全文范围内把一个字符串替换
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568 成另一个。在你输入 M-x 的时候,Emacs 会在屏幕底端向你询问,然后你应该输
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569 入命令名。如果你想输入“replace-string”,其实只需要敲“repl s<TAB>”就
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570 行了,Emacs 会帮你自动补齐的。输入完之后按 <Return> 。
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571
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572 字符串替换命令需要两个参数——被替换的字符串和用来替换它的字符串。每个
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573 参数的输入用换行符来结束。
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574
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575 >> 将光标移到本行的下两行空白,然后输入
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576 M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>。
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577
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578 【为了继续练习,保留一行原文如下:
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579 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced... 】
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580
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581 请注意这一行是怎么改变的:在光标之后的范围内,你已经将“changed”这个
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582 词——不管它在哪里出现——全部用“altered”替换掉了。
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583
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584
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585 * 自动保存(AUTO SAVE)
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586 -----------------------
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587
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588 如果你修改了一个文件但是还没来得及存盘,然后你的计算机罢工了,那么你编
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589 辑的东西很可能就找不回来了。为了避免这样的不幸一再发生,Emacs 会定期将
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590 你正在编辑的文件存入一个“自动保存”文件中。自动保存的文件名的头尾各有
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591 一个“#”字符,比如你正在编辑“hello.c”,那么它的自动保存文件就叫
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592 “#hello.c#”。在你正常存盘之后,Emacs 会删除自动保存文件。
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593
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594 假如不幸真的发生了,你大可以从容的打开原来的文件(注意不是自动保存文件)
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595 然后输入 M-x recover file<Return> 来恢复你的自动保存文件。在提示确认的
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596 时候,输入 yes<Return> 就行了。
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597
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598
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599 * 回显区(ECHO AREA)
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600 ---------------------
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601
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602 如果 Emacs 发现你输入多字符命令的节奏很慢,它会在窗格的下方称为“回显区”
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603 的地方给你提示。回显区位于屏幕的最后一行。
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604
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605
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606 * 状态栏(MODE LINE)
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607 ---------------------
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608
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609 位于回显区的正上方的一行被称为“状态栏”。状态栏上会显示一些信息,比如:
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610
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611 --:** TUTORIAL.cn (Fundamental)--L670--54%----------------
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612
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613 状态栏显示了 Emacs 的状态和你正在编辑的文字的一些信息。
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614
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615 你应该知道文件名的意思吧?就是你找到的那个文件嘛。-NN%-- 显示的是光标在
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616 全文中的位置。如果位于文件的开头,那么就显示 --Top-- 而不是 --00%--;如
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617 果位于文件的末尾,就显示 --Bot--。如果文件很小,一屏就足以显示全部内容,
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618 那么状态栏会显示 --All--。
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619
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620 L 和其后的数字给出了光标所在行的行号。
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621
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622 最开头的星号(*)表示你已经对文字做过改动。刚刚打开的文件肯定没有被改动
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623 过,所以状态栏上显示的不是星号而是短线(-)。
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624
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625 状态栏上小括号里的内容告诉你当前正在使用的编辑模式。缺省的模式是
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626 Fundamental,就是你现在正在使用的这个。它是一种“主模式”。
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627
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628 Emacs 的主模式林林总总。有用来编辑程序代码的——比如 Lisp 模式;也有用
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629 来编辑各种自然语言文本的——比如 Text 模式。任何情况下只能应用一个主模
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630 式,其名称会显示在状态栏上,就在现在显示“Fundamental”的地方。
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631
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632 主模式有时会改变一些命令的行为。比如说,不管编辑什么样的程序代码,你都
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633 可以用一个统一的命令来添加注释,但是在不同的语言中注释的语法往往是不同
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634 的,这时相应的主模式就会分别用各自的语法规则来添加注释。主模式都是可以
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635 用 M-x 启动的命令,所以 M-x fundamental-mode 就可以切换到 Fundamental
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636 模式。
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637
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638 如果你要编辑自然语言文本——比如现在——你应该用 Text 模式。
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639
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640 >> 输入 M-x text mode<Return>。
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641
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642 别害怕,没有什么命令会改变功能。不过你可以发现,M-f 和 M-b 现在把单引号
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643 (')视为词的一部分了。而在先前,在 Fundamental 模式中,M-f 和 M-b 都将
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644 单引号视为分隔单词的符号。
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645
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646 主模式通常都会搞一些类似的小动作,因为很多命令其实完成的是“相同的工
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647 作”,只是在不同情况下会有不同的工作方式而已。【所谓“求同存异”,在
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648 Emacs 里得到了很好的体现】
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649
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650 用 C-h m 可以查看当前主模式的文档。
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651
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652 >> 用 C-u C-v 将本行带到靠近屏幕的上方。
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653 >> 输入 C-h m,看看 Text 模式与 Fundamental 模式有哪些不同。
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654 >> 输入 C-x 1 关掉文档窗格。
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655
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656 主模式之所以称之为“主(major)”模式,是因为同时还有“辅模式”(minor
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657 mode)存在。辅模式并不能替代主模式,而是在主模式之外再做一些辅助的修改。
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658 每个辅模式都可以独立地开启和关闭,跟其它辅模式无关,跟主模式也无关。所
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659 以你可以不用辅模式,也可以用一个或者多个辅模式。
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660
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661 有一个叫做自动折行(Auto Fill)的辅模式用处很大,特别是在编辑自然语言文
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662 本的时候。这个辅模式启动后,Emacs 会在你打字超出一行边界时自动替你换行。
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663
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664 用 M-x auto fill mode<Return> 启动自动折行模式。启动之后,如果我们再用
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665 一次 M-x auto fill mode<Return>,自动折行模式就被关闭了。也就是说,如果
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666 自动折行模式没有开启,这个命令会开启它;而如果已经开启了,这个命令会关
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667 闭它。我们说这个命令用来“开关(toggle)”模式。
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668
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669 >> 现在输入 M-x auto fill mode<Return>。然后随便敲点什么,直到你看到它
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670 分成两行。必须敲一些空格,因为 Auto Fill 只在空白处进行断行。【空格
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671 对英文来说是必须的,而对中文则不必。】
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672
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673 行边界通常被设定为 70 个字符【这里指英文字符】,你可以用 C-x f 命令来重
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674 新设定之。指定新行边界可以用数字参数来进行传递。
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675
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676 >> 输入 C-x f 并传递参数 20: C-u 2 0 C-x f。
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677 然后输入一些文字,观察 Emacs 的自动折行动作
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678 最后再用 C-x f 将边界设回 70。
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679
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680 如果你在段落的中间做了一些修改,那么自动折行模式不会替你把整个段落重新
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681 折行。重新自动折行用 M-q,注意使用的时候光标必须位于你想折行的那一段里。
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682
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683 >> 移动光标到前一段中,然后输入 M-q。
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684
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685
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686 * 搜索(SEARCHING)
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687 -------------------
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688
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689 Emacs 可以向前或者向后搜索字符串。搜索命令是一个移动光标的命令:搜索成
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690 功后,光标会停留在搜索目标出现的地方。
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691
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692 Emacs 的搜索命令的独特之处在于,它是“渐进的(incremental)”,意思是搜
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693 索与输入同时进行:你在这边一个字一个字地输入你想搜索的东西,同时 Emacs
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694 在那边就替你搜索了。
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695
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696 C-s 是向前搜索,C-r 是向后搜索。不过手别这么快!先等等别着急试。
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697
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698 在你按下 C-s 之后,你会发现回显区里有“I-search”字样出现,这是在提示
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699 你目前 Emacs 正处于“渐进搜索”状态,正在等待你输入搜索字串。<Return>
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700 会结束搜索。
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701
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702 >> 输入 C-s 开始一个搜索。注意敲慢一点,一次输入一个字符。
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703 慢慢输入“cursor”整个词,每敲一个字就暂停一下,注意观察光标。
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704 现在你应该已曾经找到“cursor”这个词了。
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705 >> 再按一次 C-s,搜索下一个“cursor”出现的位置。
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706 >> 现在按四次退格键,看看光标是如何移动的。
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707 >> 敲 <Return> 结束搜索。
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708
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709 刚才看仔细了么?在一个渐进式搜索中,Emacs 会尝试跳到你输入的字符串的出
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710 现位置。想跳到下一个搜索目标出现的位置,只要再按一次 C-s 就行了。如果找
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711 不到,Emacs 会发出“哔”的一声,告诉你搜索失败。在整个过程中,都可以用
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712 C-g 来终止搜索。【你会发现 C-g 之后光标回到了搜索开始前的地方,而
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713 <Return> 会让光标留在搜索结果上,这是很有用的功能。】
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714
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715 注意:使用某些终端的时候,输入 C-x C-s 会冻结屏幕【屏幕没有任何输出】,
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
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716 这样你就看不到 Emacs 的任何变化。其原因是操作系统的“流量控制”功能把
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
717 C-s 拦截了,并且冻结了屏幕,Emacs 自然也就看不到这个输入了。用 C-q 可以
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
718 解除屏幕冻结。要解决这个问题,请参考 Emacs 手册里的“Spontaneous Entry
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
719 to Incremental Search”一节【Emacs 手册可能还没有中文翻译】,那里可能有
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
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diff changeset
720 一些有用的建议。
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721
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722 如果你正在渐进式搜索中,按退格键会删除目标字符串的最后一个字符,并且光
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
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723 标会回到最近一次搜索的命中位置。比如你已经输入了“c”,光标就停在“c”
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
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724 第一次出现的地方,再输入“u”,光标停在“cu”第一次出现的地方,这时再按
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
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725 退格键,“u”就从搜索字串中消失了,然后光标会回到“c”第一次出现的地方。
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726
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727 另外如果你在搜索的时候输入了 CONTROL 或者 META 组合键的话,搜索可能会
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
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728 结束。(也有例外,比如 C-s 和 M-r 这些对搜索有特别意义的组合键。)
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729
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parents: 68640
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730 前面说的都是“向下”搜索,如果想“向上”搜索,可以用 C-r。C-r 与 C-s
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
731 相比除了搜索方向相反之外,其它的操作都一样。
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732
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733
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734 * 多窗格(MULTIPLE WINDOWS)
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735 ----------------------------
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736
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737 Emacs 的迷人之处很多,能够在屏幕上同时显示多个窗格就是其中之一。
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738
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739 >> 移动光标到这一行,然后输入 C-u 0 C-l。
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740
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741 >> 现在输入 C-x 2,它会将屏幕划分成两个窗格。
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742 这两个窗格里显示的都是本篇快速指南,而光标则停留在上方的窗格里。
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743
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744 >> 试试用 C-M-v 滚动下方的窗格。
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
745 (如果你并没有 META 键,用 ESC C-v 也可以。)
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
746 【向上滚动是 C-M-S-v,也就是同时按住 CONTROL、META 和 SHIFT 再按 v】
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747
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748 >> 输入 C-x o(“o”指的是“其它(other)”),
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
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parents: 68640
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749 将光标转移到下方的窗格。
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750
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751 >> 在下方的窗格中,用 C-v 和 M-v 来滚动。
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
752 同时继续在上方的窗格里阅读这些指导。
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
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753
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
754 >> 再输入 C-x o 将光标移回到上方的窗格里。
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
755 光标会回到它在上方窗格中原本所在的位置。
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756
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parents: 68640
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757 连续使用 C-x o 可以遍历所有窗格。每一个窗格都有它自己的光标位置,但是只
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
758 有一个窗格会真正显示这个光标。【其它窗格在控制台下不会显示光标,在图形
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
759 窗口下缺省显示为镂空光标。】一般所有的编辑命令都作用于这个光标所在的窗
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
760 格,我们称这个窗格为“被选中的窗格”。
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761
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762 当你在一个窗格中编辑,但是想用另一个窗格作参考的时候,C-M-v 是很有用的
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
763 命令。你可以保持光标始终处于编辑窗格中,然后用 C-M-v 命令在另外一个窗格
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
764 里滚动。【翻译和校对就很适合用这种方式进行。】
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
765
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
766 C-M-v 是一个 CONTROL-META 组合键。如果你有 META 键,你可以同时按住
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
767 CONTROL 和 META 键然后输入 v。CONTROL 和 META 键哪个先按没有关系,因为
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
768 它们只是用来“修饰(modify)”你输入的字符的。
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769
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parents: 68640
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770 如果你并没有 META 键,你也可以用 ESC 来代替,不过这样子按键顺序就有关系
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
771 了:你必须输入 ESC ,然后再输入 CONTROL-v。CONTROL-ESC v 是没用的,因为
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
772 ESC 本身是一个字符键,而不是一个修饰键(modifier key)。
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
773
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
774 >> (在上方窗格里)输入 C-x 1 关掉下方窗格。
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
775
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
776 (如果你在下方的窗格里输入 C-x 1,那么就会关掉上方的窗格。你可以把这个
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
777 命令看成是“只保留一个窗格”——就是我正在编辑的这个。)
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778
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
779 不同的窗格里可以显示不同的缓冲区。如果你在一个窗格里用 C-x C-f 打开了
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
780 一个文件,另一个窗格并不会有什么变化。在任何一个窗格里都可以打开文件。
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
781
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
782 有一种方式可以让你在另一个窗格里打开文件:
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parents: 49994
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783
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
784 >> 输入 C-x 4 C-f,后面紧跟着输入一个文件名,用 <Return> 结束。
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
785 可以看到你指定的文件出现在下方的窗格中,同时光标也跳到了那里。
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parents: 49994
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786
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parents: 68640
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787 >> 输入 C-x o 回到上方的窗格,然后再用 C-x 1 关掉下方窗格。
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788
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 49994
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789
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
790 * 递归编辑(RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS)
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
791 --------------------------------------
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792
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
793 有时候你会进入所谓的“递归编辑”。递归编辑状态由位于状态栏的方括号所指
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
794 示,其中包含了用小括号来指明的模式名称。比如说,你有时可能会看到
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
795 [(Fundamental)],而不是 (Fundamental)。【比如在用 M-% 进行交互式替换的
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
796 时候你又用了 C-s 进行搜索,这时替换模式并没有结束,但你又进入了搜索模式,
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
797 这就是所谓的递归编辑。】
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parents: 49994
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798
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
799 离开递归编辑可以用 ESC ESC ESC。这是一个最通用的“离开”命令,你甚至可
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
800 以使用它来关掉多余的窗格,或者离开小缓冲。
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801
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802 >> 输入 M-x 进入小缓冲;然后输入 ESC ESC ESC 离开。
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803
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parents: 68640
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804 你不能用 C-g 来离开递归编辑,因为 C-g 的作用是取消命令和“参数
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
805 (arguments)”,而这些东西都位于本层递归编辑“之内”。
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806
173ef569a9e0 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 49994
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807
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parents: 68640
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808 * 获得更多帮助(GETTING MORE HELP)
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
809 -----------------------------------
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810
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
811 本快速指南的目的仅仅是帮助你学会在 Emacs 的大海里游泳,不至于一上来就淹
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
812 死。有关 Emacs 的话题三天三夜也讲不完,这里自然是写不下了。Emacs 很理解
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
813 你求知若渴的心情,因为它提供的强劲功能实在是太多了。Emacs 提供了一些命
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
814 令来查看 Emacs 命令的文档,这些命令都以 CONTROL-h 开头,这个字符也因此
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
815 被称为“Help(帮助)字符”。
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parents: 49994
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816
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
817 要使用帮助(Help)功能,请先输入 C-h,然后再输入一个说明你需求的字符。
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
818 如果你晕到连需要什么帮助都不知道,那么就输入 C-h ?,Emacs 会告诉你它能
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
819 提供哪些帮助。如果你已经按了 C-h 又想反悔,那么用 C-g 取消它就是了。
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parents: 49994
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820
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
821 (有些站点改变了 C-h 的意思,他们这种以己度人外加一刀切的做法让倒是让你
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
822 可以义正辞严的抱怨系统管理员,真的不是太好。话说回来,如果你按 C-h 之后
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
823 没有任何帮助信息显示出来,那么试试 F1 键或者 M-x help <Return>。)
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824
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diff changeset
825 最基本的帮助功能是 C-h c。输入 C-h c 之后在输入一个组合键,Emacs 会很简
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 68640
diff changeset
826 要地给出这个命令的说明。
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827
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
828 >> 输入 C-h c C-p。
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parents: 50009
diff changeset
829
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830 显示的消息应该会是这样:
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831
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832 C-p runs the command previous-line
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833
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834 这条消息显示了 C-p 命令对应的函数名,函数名主要用来定制和扩展 Emacs。命
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835 令的功能由函数完成,所以函数名本身也可以被看成是最简单的文档——至少对
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836 于你已经学过的命令来说,它们的函数名足以解释它们所完成的工作了。
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837
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838 多字符命令一样可以用 C-h c 来查看。
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839
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840 想得到更多的信息,请把 C-h c 换成 C-h k 试试看。
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841
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842 >> 输入 C-h k C-p。
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843
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844 上面的命令会新打开一个 Emacs 窗格,并在其中显示函数的名称及其文档。你读
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845 完之后,可以用 C-x 1 关掉这个帮助窗格。当然你并不需要在 C-h k 之后立即
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846 这样做,你完全可以先在编辑窗格里做点别的事情,然后再用 C-x 1 关掉帮助。
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847
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848 还有一些其他有用的 C-h 命令:
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849
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850 C-h f 解释一个函数。你要输入函数名。
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851
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852 >> 试试看,输入 C-h f previous-line<Return>。
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853 Emacs 会给出它所知道的所有有关“实现 C-p 命令功能的函数”的信息。
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854
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855 C-h v 用来显示 Emacs 变量的文档,Emacs 变量可以被用来“定制 Emacs 的行
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856 为”。同样,你需要输入变量的名称。
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857
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858 C-h a 相关命令搜索(Command Apropos)。
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859 输入一个关键词然后 Emacs 会列出所有命令名中包含此关键词
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860 的命令。这些命令全都可以用 M-x 来启动。对于某些命令来说,
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861 相关命令搜索还会列出一两个组合键。
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862
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863 >> 输入 C-h a file<Return>。
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864
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865 Emacs 会在另一个窗格里显示一个 M-x 命令列表,这个列表包含了所有名称中含
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866 有“file”的命令。你可以看到像“C-x C-f”这样的组合键显示在“find-file”
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867 这样的命令名的旁边。
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868
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869 >> 用 C-M-v 来回滚动 help 窗格,多试几次。
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870
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871 >> 输入 C-x 1 来删除 help 窗格。
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872
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873 C-h i 阅读联机手册(也就是通常讲的 Info)。
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874 这个命令会打开一个称为“*info*”的特殊缓冲区,在那里,
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875 你可以阅读安装在系统里的软件包使用手册。要读 Emacs 的使
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876 用手册,按 m emacs <Return> 就可以了。如果你之前从没用
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
877 过 Info 系统,那么请按“?”,Emacs 会带你进入 Info 的使
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878 用指南。在看完本快速指南之后,Emacs Info 会成为你的主要
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879 参考文档。
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880
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881
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882 * 更多精彩(MORE FEATURES)
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883 ---------------------------
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884
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885 想了解更多使用 Emacs 的知识,应该去读一读 Emacs 使用手册——可以是纸版
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
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parents: 68640
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886 的书,也可以是电子版的联机帮助(可以从 Help 菜单进入或者按 F10 h r)。
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887 提两个你可能会很感兴趣的功能吧,一个是可以帮你少敲键盘的 completion(自
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
888 动补全),一个是方便文件处理的 dired(目录编辑)。
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889
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890 Completion 可以替你节省不必要的键盘输入。比如说你想切换到 *Message* 缓
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parents: 68640
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891 冲区,你就可以用 C-x b *M<Tab> 来完成,只要 Emacs 能够从你已经输入的文
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
892 字中判断出你想要输入的东西,它会自动帮你补齐余下的。有关 Completion 的
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
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parents: 68640
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893 详细解释可以在 Emacs Info 中的“Completion”一节里找到。
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894
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895 Dired 可以在一个缓冲区里列出一个目录里的所有文件(可以选择是否也列出子
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Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
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diff changeset
896 目录),然后你可以在这个文件列表上完成对文件的移动、访问、改名或者删除
5e3a3ea43563 Reworked.
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
897 等等操作。Dired 也在 Emacs Info 中有详细说明,就在“Dired”一节。
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parents: 50009
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898
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899 Emacs 使用手册里还有很多很多的精彩功能等着你来了解。
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900
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901
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902 * 总结(CONCLUSION)
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903 --------------------
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904
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905 记住,要退出 Emacs 请用 C-x C-c。要暂时切换到 shell 并且稍后再回到
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parents: 68640
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906 Emacs 里来,请用 C-z。【切换到 shell 仅对控制台下的 Emacs 有效】
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907
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908 本文完全是为零起点新手写的傻瓜教程。如果你觉得哪里还看不明白,千万不要
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parents: 68640
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909 觉得不好意思,那一定是我们没有写好。我们永远欢迎你的不满和抱怨。
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910
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911
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912 * 翻译(TRANSLATION)
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
913 ---------------------
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914
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diff changeset
915 翻译:孙 一江 <sunyijiang@gmail.com>
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
916 校对:水木社区(www.newsmth.net)Emacs 板众多网友
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
917
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918 Emacs 快速指南(Tutorial)早有两个刘昭宏的中文译本,繁简各一。其简体版本
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919 (TUTORIAL.cn)基本由繁体版本(TUTORIAL.zh)经词语替换而得。然而繁简中文
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920 不仅在用词习惯上有所不同,更有诸多表达方式和句法方面的差异。因此一直以来
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
921 阅读 TUTORIAL.cn 都略觉晦涩和生硬。这次重新翻译 TUTORIAL.cn 的动机正是源
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
922 于这种体验,希望我们的工作能够让本文更好的发挥其应有的作用。TUTORIAL.zh
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diff changeset
923 的译文质量很高,在翻译过程中给予过我们很多借鉴和参考,在此对刘昭宏的工作
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parents: 68640
diff changeset
924 表示感谢。
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925
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926 翻译过程中最大的挑战莫过于术语译词的选择了。经过水木社区 Emacs 板热心网
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diff changeset
927 友小范围内的讨论,我们选择了现在的译法。用户的广泛参与是自由软件生命力的
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928 源泉,所以如果你有任何建议、勘误或更好的想法,请用你喜欢的方式向我们提出
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929 。你可以直接给我发电子邮件,也可以放到 GNU Emacs 的开发邮件列表或者水木
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930 社区的 Emacs 板上进行讨论。下面列出主要术语的译词对照,并给出注释说明:
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931
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932 command 命令
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933 cursor 光标
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934 scrolling 滚动
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935 numeric argument 数字参数
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936 window 窗格 [1]
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937 insert 插入
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938 delete 删除 [2]
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939 kill 移除 [2]
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940 yank 召回 [2]
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941 undo 撤销
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942 file 文件
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943 buffer 缓冲区
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944 minibuffer 小缓冲
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945 echo area 回显区
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946 mode line 状态栏
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947 search 搜索
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948 incremental search 渐进式搜索 [3]
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parents: 68640
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949
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950 [1] “window”一词在计算机相关的领域一般都被译为“窗口”。但是在 Emacs
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951 中,还有一个“frame”的概念。在被广泛使用的 X 窗口系统和微软的视窗
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952 (Windows)系列操作系统中,Emacs 的一个“frame”就是一个“窗口”,因
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953 此把 Emacs 中的“frame”译成“窗口”更加符合通常的习惯。这样,Emacs
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954 中的“window”就只能译成“窗格”了。我们认为 Emacs 中 window 和
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955 frame 的关系用窗格和窗口来类比是十分形象的。
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956
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957 [2] 对于“delete”和“kill”的区别,正文已经给出了详细的说明。“删除”和
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958 “移除”相比较起来,前者更多地隐含着“破坏”和“不可恢复”的意思,而
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959 后者更多地隐含着“被转移”和“可恢复”的意思。因此分别选择它们作为上
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960 述两词的译词,希望能够体现出区别。“yank”在中文文档中鲜有对应译词出
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961 现,翻译的困难较大。究其本意是:“a strong sudden pull”(参见韦氏词
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962 典),即“猛然拉回”。在原文档中 yank 被引申为“将先前移除的东西再移
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963 回来”这个意思,所以我们选择了“召回”一词与其对应。
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964
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965 [3] “incremental”一词在计算机著作中广泛出现,被广泛接受的中文译词有两
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966 个:“增量的”和“渐进的”。“incremental search”翻译成“增量式搜索
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967 ”或者“渐进式搜索”都讲的通,且都有各自的形象之处。还是参考原文对其
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968 的解释:“... means that the search happens while you type in the
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969 string to search for”。意思是之所以称其为“incremental search”,是
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970 因为“在你输入搜索字符串的过程中,搜索就已经在进行了”。我们认为“增
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971 量的”更加强调在现有基础上的变化(比如“增量备份”,“增量编译”);
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972 而“渐进的”更加强调过程的逐渐发展,也更加符合原文的意思。因此我们选
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973 择将“incremental search”译作“渐进式搜索”。
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974
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975
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976 * 版权声明(COPYING)
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977 ---------------------
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978
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979 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
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980 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
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981
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982 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
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983 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
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984
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Thien-Thi Nguyen <ttn@gnuvola.org>
parents: 61227
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985 Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
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Thien-Thi Nguyen <ttn@gnuvola.org>
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986 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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987
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988 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
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989 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
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990 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
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991 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
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992 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
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993
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994 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
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995 of this document, or of portions of it,
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996 under the above conditions, provided also that they
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997 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
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998
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999 The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the
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1000 same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
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1001 GNU Emacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism
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1002 ("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!
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1003
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1004 【下面为版权声明的译文,仅供参考。实际法律效力以英文原文为准。】
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1005
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1006 本快速指南沿袭自历史悠久的 Emacs 快速指南,可上溯至 Stuart Cracraft 为最
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1007 初的 Emacs 所作的版本。
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1008
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1009 本篇文档与 GNU Emacs 一样拥有版权,并允许在下列条件的约束下发行其拷贝:
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1010
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1011 Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
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1012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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1013
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1014 本文档允许在不变更文档内容的情况下由任何人发布在任何媒体上,同时必须
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1015 完整保留版权和许可声明,且需给予受众与发行者完全相同的、如本声明所允
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1016 许的再次发行本文档的权利。
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1017
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1018 本声明允许在与上述条件相同的情况下发布经过修改的全部或部分文档,同时
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1019 必须附带显要的文字以申明文档的最后修改者。
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1020
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1021 Emacs 自身的版权问题虽比本文档要复杂一些,但也基于相同的精神。敬请阅读文
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1022 件“COPYING”,然后向你的朋友们分发 GNU Emacs 拷贝。让我们以使用、编写和
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1023 分享自由软件的实际行动来共同祛除软件障碍主义(所谓的“所有权”)!
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1024
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1025 ;;; Local Variables:
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1026 ;;; coding: chinese-iso-8bit
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1027 ;;; End:
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1028
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1029 ;;; arch-tag: 46a53d82-a85a-46b6-bdc7-583aca063578