annotate lispref/nonascii.texi @ 69935:3fc0524ae318

(unload-feature): A bit of sanity check of load-history entries. Cancel timer-vars before unbinding them.
author Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
date Tue, 11 Apr 2006 17:05:16 +0000
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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004,
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4 @c 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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6 @setfilename ../info/characters
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7 @node Non-ASCII Characters, Searching and Matching, Text, Top
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8 @chapter Non-@acronym{ASCII} Characters
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9 @cindex multibyte characters
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10 @cindex non-@acronym{ASCII} characters
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11
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12 This chapter covers the special issues relating to non-@acronym{ASCII}
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13 characters and how they are stored in strings and buffers.
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14
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15 @menu
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16 * Text Representations:: Unibyte and multibyte representations
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17 * Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa.
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18 * Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi.
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19 * Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to
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20 codes of individual characters.
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21 * Character Sets:: The space of possible character codes
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22 is divided into various character sets.
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23 * Chars and Bytes:: More information about multibyte encodings.
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24 * Splitting Characters:: Converting a character to its byte sequence.
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25 * Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer?
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26 * Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion.
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27 * Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files.
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28 * Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various
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29 non-ASCII characters without special keyboards.
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30 * Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale.
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31 @end menu
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32
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33 @node Text Representations
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34 @section Text Representations
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35 @cindex text representations
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36
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37 Emacs has two @dfn{text representations}---two ways to represent text
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38 in a string or buffer. These are called @dfn{unibyte} and
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39 @dfn{multibyte}. Each string, and each buffer, uses one of these two
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40 representations. For most purposes, you can ignore the issue of
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41 representations, because Emacs converts text between them as
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42 appropriate. Occasionally in Lisp programming you will need to pay
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43 attention to the difference.
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44
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45 @cindex unibyte text
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46 In unibyte representation, each character occupies one byte and
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47 therefore the possible character codes range from 0 to 255. Codes 0
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48 through 127 are @acronym{ASCII} characters; the codes from 128 through 255
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49 are used for one non-@acronym{ASCII} character set (you can choose which
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50 character set by setting the variable @code{nonascii-insert-offset}).
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51
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52 @cindex leading code
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53 @cindex multibyte text
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54 @cindex trailing codes
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55 In multibyte representation, a character may occupy more than one
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56 byte, and as a result, the full range of Emacs character codes can be
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57 stored. The first byte of a multibyte character is always in the range
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58 128 through 159 (octal 0200 through 0237). These values are called
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59 @dfn{leading codes}. The second and subsequent bytes of a multibyte
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60 character are always in the range 160 through 255 (octal 0240 through
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61 0377); these values are @dfn{trailing codes}.
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62
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63 Some sequences of bytes are not valid in multibyte text: for example,
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64 a single isolated byte in the range 128 through 159 is not allowed. But
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65 character codes 128 through 159 can appear in multibyte text,
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66 represented as two-byte sequences. All the character codes 128 through
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67 255 are possible (though slightly abnormal) in multibyte text; they
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68 appear in multibyte buffers and strings when you do explicit encoding
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69 and decoding (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}).
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70
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71 In a buffer, the buffer-local value of the variable
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72 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} specifies the representation used.
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73 The representation for a string is determined and recorded in the string
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74 when the string is constructed.
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75
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76 @defvar enable-multibyte-characters
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77 This variable specifies the current buffer's text representation.
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78 If it is non-@code{nil}, the buffer contains multibyte text; otherwise,
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79 it contains unibyte text.
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80
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81 You cannot set this variable directly; instead, use the function
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82 @code{set-buffer-multibyte} to change a buffer's representation.
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83 @end defvar
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84
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85 @defvar default-enable-multibyte-characters
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86 This variable's value is entirely equivalent to @code{(default-value
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87 'enable-multibyte-characters)}, and setting this variable changes that
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88 default value. Setting the local binding of
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89 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} in a specific buffer is not allowed,
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90 but changing the default value is supported, and it is a reasonable
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91 thing to do, because it has no effect on existing buffers.
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92
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93 The @samp{--unibyte} command line option does its job by setting the
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94 default value to @code{nil} early in startup.
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95 @end defvar
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96
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97 @defun position-bytes position
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98 @tindex position-bytes
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99 Return the byte-position corresponding to buffer position
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100 @var{position} in the current buffer. This is 1 at the start of the
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101 buffer, and counts upward in bytes. If @var{position} is out of
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102 range, the value is @code{nil}.
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103 @end defun
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104
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105 @defun byte-to-position byte-position
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106 @tindex byte-to-position
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107 Return the buffer position corresponding to byte-position
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108 @var{byte-position} in the current buffer. If @var{byte-position} is
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109 out of range, the value is @code{nil}.
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110 @end defun
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111
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112 @defun multibyte-string-p string
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113 Return @code{t} if @var{string} is a multibyte string.
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114 @end defun
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115
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116 @node Converting Representations
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117 @section Converting Text Representations
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118
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119 Emacs can convert unibyte text to multibyte; it can also convert
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120 multibyte text to unibyte, though this conversion loses information. In
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121 general these conversions happen when inserting text into a buffer, or
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122 when putting text from several strings together in one string. You can
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123 also explicitly convert a string's contents to either representation.
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124
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125 Emacs chooses the representation for a string based on the text that
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126 it is constructed from. The general rule is to convert unibyte text to
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127 multibyte text when combining it with other multibyte text, because the
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128 multibyte representation is more general and can hold whatever
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129 characters the unibyte text has.
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130
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131 When inserting text into a buffer, Emacs converts the text to the
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132 buffer's representation, as specified by
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133 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} in that buffer. In particular, when
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134 you insert multibyte text into a unibyte buffer, Emacs converts the text
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135 to unibyte, even though this conversion cannot in general preserve all
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136 the characters that might be in the multibyte text. The other natural
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137 alternative, to convert the buffer contents to multibyte, is not
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138 acceptable because the buffer's representation is a choice made by the
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139 user that cannot be overridden automatically.
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140
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141 Converting unibyte text to multibyte text leaves @acronym{ASCII} characters
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142 unchanged, and likewise character codes 128 through 159. It converts
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143 the non-@acronym{ASCII} codes 160 through 255 by adding the value
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144 @code{nonascii-insert-offset} to each character code. By setting this
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145 variable, you specify which character set the unibyte characters
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146 correspond to (@pxref{Character Sets}). For example, if
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147 @code{nonascii-insert-offset} is 2048, which is @code{(- (make-char
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148 'latin-iso8859-1) 128)}, then the unibyte non-@acronym{ASCII} characters
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149 correspond to Latin 1. If it is 2688, which is @code{(- (make-char
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150 'greek-iso8859-7) 128)}, then they correspond to Greek letters.
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151
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152 Converting multibyte text to unibyte is simpler: it discards all but
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153 the low 8 bits of each character code. If @code{nonascii-insert-offset}
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154 has a reasonable value, corresponding to the beginning of some character
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155 set, this conversion is the inverse of the other: converting unibyte
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156 text to multibyte and back to unibyte reproduces the original unibyte
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157 text.
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158
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159 @defvar nonascii-insert-offset
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160 This variable specifies the amount to add to a non-@acronym{ASCII} character
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161 when converting unibyte text to multibyte. It also applies when
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162 @code{self-insert-command} inserts a character in the unibyte
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163 non-@acronym{ASCII} range, 128 through 255. However, the functions
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164 @code{insert} and @code{insert-char} do not perform this conversion.
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165
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166 The right value to use to select character set @var{cs} is @code{(-
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167 (make-char @var{cs}) 128)}. If the value of
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168 @code{nonascii-insert-offset} is zero, then conversion actually uses the
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169 value for the Latin 1 character set, rather than zero.
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170 @end defvar
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171
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172 @defvar nonascii-translation-table
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173 This variable provides a more general alternative to
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174 @code{nonascii-insert-offset}. You can use it to specify independently
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175 how to translate each code in the range of 128 through 255 into a
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176 multibyte character. The value should be a char-table, or @code{nil}.
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177 If this is non-@code{nil}, it overrides @code{nonascii-insert-offset}.
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178 @end defvar
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179
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180 The next three functions either return the argument @var{string}, or a
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181 newly created string with no text properties.
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182
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183 @defun string-make-unibyte string
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184 This function converts the text of @var{string} to unibyte
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185 representation, if it isn't already, and returns the result. If
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186 @var{string} is a unibyte string, it is returned unchanged. Multibyte
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187 character codes are converted to unibyte according to
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188 @code{nonascii-translation-table} or, if that is @code{nil}, using
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189 @code{nonascii-insert-offset}. If the lookup in the translation table
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190 fails, this function takes just the low 8 bits of each character.
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191 @end defun
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192
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193 @defun string-make-multibyte string
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194 This function converts the text of @var{string} to multibyte
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195 representation, if it isn't already, and returns the result. If
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196 @var{string} is a multibyte string or consists entirely of
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197 @acronym{ASCII} characters, it is returned unchanged. In particular,
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198 if @var{string} is unibyte and entirely @acronym{ASCII}, the returned
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199 string is unibyte. (When the characters are all @acronym{ASCII},
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200 Emacs primitives will treat the string the same way whether it is
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201 unibyte or multibyte.) If @var{string} is unibyte and contains
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202 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters, the function
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203 @code{unibyte-char-to-multibyte} is used to convert each unibyte
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204 character to a multibyte character.
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205 @end defun
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206
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207 @defun string-to-multibyte string
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208 This function returns a multibyte string containing the same sequence
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209 of character codes as @var{string}. Unlike
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210 @code{string-make-multibyte}, this function unconditionally returns a
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211 multibyte string. If @var{string} is a multibyte string, it is
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212 returned unchanged.
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213 @end defun
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214
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215 @defun multibyte-char-to-unibyte char
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216 This convert the multibyte character @var{char} to a unibyte
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217 character, based on @code{nonascii-translation-table} and
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218 @code{nonascii-insert-offset}.
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219 @end defun
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220
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221 @defun unibyte-char-to-multibyte char
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222 This convert the unibyte character @var{char} to a multibyte
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223 character, based on @code{nonascii-translation-table} and
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224 @code{nonascii-insert-offset}.
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225 @end defun
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226
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227 @node Selecting a Representation
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228 @section Selecting a Representation
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229
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230 Sometimes it is useful to examine an existing buffer or string as
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231 multibyte when it was unibyte, or vice versa.
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232
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233 @defun set-buffer-multibyte multibyte
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234 Set the representation type of the current buffer. If @var{multibyte}
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235 is non-@code{nil}, the buffer becomes multibyte. If @var{multibyte}
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236 is @code{nil}, the buffer becomes unibyte.
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237
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238 This function leaves the buffer contents unchanged when viewed as a
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239 sequence of bytes. As a consequence, it can change the contents viewed
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240 as characters; a sequence of two bytes which is treated as one character
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241 in multibyte representation will count as two characters in unibyte
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242 representation. Character codes 128 through 159 are an exception. They
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243 are represented by one byte in a unibyte buffer, but when the buffer is
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244 set to multibyte, they are converted to two-byte sequences, and vice
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245 versa.
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246
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247 This function sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to record which
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248 representation is in use. It also adjusts various data in the buffer
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249 (including overlays, text properties and markers) so that they cover the
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250 same text as they did before.
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251
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252 You cannot use @code{set-buffer-multibyte} on an indirect buffer,
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253 because indirect buffers always inherit the representation of the
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254 base buffer.
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255 @end defun
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256
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257 @defun string-as-unibyte string
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258 This function returns a string with the same bytes as @var{string} but
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259 treating each byte as a character. This means that the value may have
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260 more characters than @var{string} has.
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261
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262 If @var{string} is already a unibyte string, then the value is
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263 @var{string} itself. Otherwise it is a newly created string, with no
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264 text properties. If @var{string} is multibyte, any characters it
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265 contains of charset @code{eight-bit-control} or @code{eight-bit-graphic}
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266 are converted to the corresponding single byte.
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267 @end defun
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268
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269 @defun string-as-multibyte string
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270 This function returns a string with the same bytes as @var{string} but
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271 treating each multibyte sequence as one character. This means that the
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272 value may have fewer characters than @var{string} has.
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273
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274 If @var{string} is already a multibyte string, then the value is
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275 @var{string} itself. Otherwise it is a newly created string, with no
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276 text properties. If @var{string} is unibyte and contains any individual
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277 8-bit bytes (i.e.@: not part of a multibyte form), they are converted to
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278 the corresponding multibyte character of charset @code{eight-bit-control}
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279 or @code{eight-bit-graphic}.
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280 @end defun
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281
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282 @node Character Codes
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283 @section Character Codes
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284 @cindex character codes
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285
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286 The unibyte and multibyte text representations use different character
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287 codes. The valid character codes for unibyte representation range from
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288 0 to 255---the values that can fit in one byte. The valid character
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289 codes for multibyte representation range from 0 to 524287, but not all
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290 values in that range are valid. The values 128 through 255 are not
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291 entirely proper in multibyte text, but they can occur if you do explicit
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292 encoding and decoding (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). Some other character
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293 codes cannot occur at all in multibyte text. Only the @acronym{ASCII} codes
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294 0 through 127 are completely legitimate in both representations.
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295
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296 @defun char-valid-p charcode &optional genericp
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297 This returns @code{t} if @var{charcode} is valid (either for unibyte
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298 text or for multibyte text).
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299
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300 @example
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301 (char-valid-p 65)
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302 @result{} t
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303 (char-valid-p 256)
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304 @result{} nil
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305 (char-valid-p 2248)
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306 @result{} t
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307 @end example
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308
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309 If the optional argument @var{genericp} is non-@code{nil}, this
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310 function also returns @code{t} if @var{charcode} is a generic
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311 character (@pxref{Splitting Characters}).
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312 @end defun
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313
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314 @node Character Sets
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315 @section Character Sets
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316 @cindex character sets
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317
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318 Emacs classifies characters into various @dfn{character sets}, each of
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319 which has a name which is a symbol. Each character belongs to one and
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320 only one character set.
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321
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322 In general, there is one character set for each distinct script. For
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323 example, @code{latin-iso8859-1} is one character set,
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324 @code{greek-iso8859-7} is another, and @code{ascii} is another. An
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325 Emacs character set can hold at most 9025 characters; therefore, in some
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326 cases, characters that would logically be grouped together are split
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327 into several character sets. For example, one set of Chinese
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328 characters, generally known as Big 5, is divided into two Emacs
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329 character sets, @code{chinese-big5-1} and @code{chinese-big5-2}.
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330
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331 @acronym{ASCII} characters are in character set @code{ascii}. The
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332 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters 128 through 159 are in character set
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333 @code{eight-bit-control}, and codes 160 through 255 are in character set
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334 @code{eight-bit-graphic}.
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335
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336 @defun charsetp object
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337 Returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a symbol that names a character set,
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338 @code{nil} otherwise.
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339 @end defun
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340
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341 @defvar charset-list
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342 The value is a list of all defined character set names.
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343 @end defvar
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344
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345 @defun charset-list
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346 This function returns the value of @code{charset-list}. It is only
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347 provided for backward compatibility.
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348 @end defun
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349
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350 @defun char-charset character
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351 This function returns the name of the character set that @var{character}
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352 belongs to, or the symbol @code{unknown} if @var{character} is not a
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353 valid character.
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354 @end defun
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355
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356 @defun charset-plist charset
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357 @tindex charset-plist
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358 This function returns the charset property list of the character set
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359 @var{charset}. Although @var{charset} is a symbol, this is not the same
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360 as the property list of that symbol. Charset properties are used for
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361 special purposes within Emacs.
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362 @end defun
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363
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364 @deffn Command list-charset-chars charset
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365 This command displays a list of characters in the character set
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366 @var{charset}.
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367 @end deffn
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368
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369 @node Chars and Bytes
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370 @section Characters and Bytes
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371 @cindex bytes and characters
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372
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373 @cindex introduction sequence
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374 @cindex dimension (of character set)
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375 In multibyte representation, each character occupies one or more
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376 bytes. Each character set has an @dfn{introduction sequence}, which is
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377 normally one or two bytes long. (Exception: the @code{ascii} character
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378 set and the @code{eight-bit-graphic} character set have a zero-length
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379 introduction sequence.) The introduction sequence is the beginning of
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380 the byte sequence for any character in the character set. The rest of
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381 the character's bytes distinguish it from the other characters in the
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382 same character set. Depending on the character set, there are either
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383 one or two distinguishing bytes; the number of such bytes is called the
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384 @dfn{dimension} of the character set.
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385
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386 @defun charset-dimension charset
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387 This function returns the dimension of @var{charset}; at present, the
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388 dimension is always 1 or 2.
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389 @end defun
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390
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391 @defun charset-bytes charset
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392 @tindex charset-bytes
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393 This function returns the number of bytes used to represent a character
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394 in character set @var{charset}.
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395 @end defun
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396
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397 This is the simplest way to determine the byte length of a character
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398 set's introduction sequence:
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399
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400 @example
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401 (- (charset-bytes @var{charset})
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402 (charset-dimension @var{charset}))
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403 @end example
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404
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405 @node Splitting Characters
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406 @section Splitting Characters
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407
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408 The functions in this section convert between characters and the byte
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409 values used to represent them. For most purposes, there is no need to
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410 be concerned with the sequence of bytes used to represent a character,
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411 because Emacs translates automatically when necessary.
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412
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413 @defun split-char character
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414 Return a list containing the name of the character set of
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415 @var{character}, followed by one or two byte values (integers) which
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416 identify @var{character} within that character set. The number of byte
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417 values is the character set's dimension.
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418
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419 If @var{character} is invalid as a character code, @code{split-char}
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420 returns a list consisting of the symbol @code{unknown} and @var{character}.
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421
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422 @example
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423 (split-char 2248)
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424 @result{} (latin-iso8859-1 72)
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425 (split-char 65)
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426 @result{} (ascii 65)
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427 (split-char 128)
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428 @result{} (eight-bit-control 128)
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429 @end example
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430 @end defun
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431
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432 @defun make-char charset &optional code1 code2
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433 This function returns the character in character set @var{charset} whose
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434 position codes are @var{code1} and @var{code2}. This is roughly the
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435 inverse of @code{split-char}. Normally, you should specify either one
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436 or both of @var{code1} and @var{code2} according to the dimension of
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437 @var{charset}. For example,
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438
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439 @example
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440 (make-char 'latin-iso8859-1 72)
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441 @result{} 2248
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442 @end example
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443
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444 Actually, the eighth bit of both @var{code1} and @var{code2} is zeroed
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445 before they are used to index @var{charset}. Thus you may use, for
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446 instance, an ISO 8859 character code rather than subtracting 128, as
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447 is necessary to index the corresponding Emacs charset.
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448 @end defun
00022857f529 Initial revision
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449
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450 @cindex generic characters
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451 If you call @code{make-char} with no @var{byte-values}, the result is
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452 a @dfn{generic character} which stands for @var{charset}. A generic
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453 character is an integer, but it is @emph{not} valid for insertion in the
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454 buffer as a character. It can be used in @code{char-table-range} to
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455 refer to the whole character set (@pxref{Char-Tables}).
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456 @code{char-valid-p} returns @code{nil} for generic characters.
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457 For example:
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458
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459 @example
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460 (make-char 'latin-iso8859-1)
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461 @result{} 2176
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462 (char-valid-p 2176)
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463 @result{} nil
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464 (char-valid-p 2176 t)
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465 @result{} t
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466 (split-char 2176)
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467 @result{} (latin-iso8859-1 0)
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468 @end example
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469
52978
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 52788
diff changeset
470 The character sets @code{ascii}, @code{eight-bit-control}, and
1a5c50faf357 Replace @sc{foo} with @acronym{FOO}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 52788
diff changeset
471 @code{eight-bit-graphic} don't have corresponding generic characters. If
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472 @var{charset} is one of them and you don't supply @var{code1},
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473 @code{make-char} returns the character code corresponding to the
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474 smallest code in @var{charset}.
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475
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476 @node Scanning Charsets
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477 @section Scanning for Character Sets
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478
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479 Sometimes it is useful to find out which character sets appear in a
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480 part of a buffer or a string. One use for this is in determining which
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481 coding systems (@pxref{Coding Systems}) are capable of representing all
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482 of the text in question.
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483
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484 @defun charset-after &optional pos
ac9848689bc2 (Text Representations): Clarify position-bytes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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485 This function return the charset of a character in the current buffer
ac9848689bc2 (Text Representations): Clarify position-bytes.
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parents: 54036
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486 at position @var{pos}. If @var{pos} is omitted or @code{nil}, it
ac9848689bc2 (Text Representations): Clarify position-bytes.
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487 defauls to the current value of point. If @var{pos} is out of range,
ac9848689bc2 (Text Representations): Clarify position-bytes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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488 the value is @code{nil}.
ac9848689bc2 (Text Representations): Clarify position-bytes.
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489 @end defun
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parents: 54036
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490
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491 @defun find-charset-region beg end &optional translation
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492 This function returns a list of the character sets that appear in the
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493 current buffer between positions @var{beg} and @var{end}.
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494
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495 The optional argument @var{translation} specifies a translation table to
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496 be used in scanning the text (@pxref{Translation of Characters}). If it
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497 is non-@code{nil}, then each character in the region is translated
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498 through this table, and the value returned describes the translated
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parents: 21682
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499 characters instead of the characters actually in the buffer.
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500 @end defun
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501
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diff changeset
502 @defun find-charset-string string &optional translation
24951
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503 This function returns a list of the character sets that appear in the
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504 string @var{string}. It is just like @code{find-charset-region}, except
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505 that it applies to the contents of @var{string} instead of part of the
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506 current buffer.
22138
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507 @end defun
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508
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509 @node Translation of Characters
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diff changeset
510 @section Translation of Characters
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511 @cindex character translation tables
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512 @cindex translation tables
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parents: 21682
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513
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04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
514 A @dfn{translation table} is a char-table that specifies a mapping
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
515 of characters into characters. These tables are used in encoding and
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
516 decoding, and for other purposes. Some coding systems specify their
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
517 own particular translation tables; there are also default translation
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
518 tables which apply to all other coding systems.
22138
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519
54036
9706b0221102 (Translation of Characters): Give examples of use.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53431
diff changeset
520 For instance, the coding-system @code{utf-8} has a translation table
9706b0221102 (Translation of Characters): Give examples of use.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53431
diff changeset
521 that maps characters of various charsets (e.g.,
9706b0221102 (Translation of Characters): Give examples of use.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53431
diff changeset
522 @code{latin-iso8859-@var{x}}) into Unicode character sets. This way,
9706b0221102 (Translation of Characters): Give examples of use.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53431
diff changeset
523 it can encode Latin-2 characters into UTF-8. Meanwhile,
9706b0221102 (Translation of Characters): Give examples of use.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53431
diff changeset
524 @code{unify-8859-on-decoding-mode} operates by specifying
9706b0221102 (Translation of Characters): Give examples of use.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53431
diff changeset
525 @code{standard-translation-table-for-decode} to translate
9706b0221102 (Translation of Characters): Give examples of use.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53431
diff changeset
526 Latin-@var{x} characters into corresponding Unicode characters.
9706b0221102 (Translation of Characters): Give examples of use.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53431
diff changeset
527
25751
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parents: 24952
diff changeset
528 @defun make-translation-table &rest translations
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parents: 24952
diff changeset
529 This function returns a translation table based on the argument
35752
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Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 35493
diff changeset
530 @var{translations}. Each element of @var{translations} should be a
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Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 35493
diff changeset
531 list of elements of the form @code{(@var{from} . @var{to})}; this says
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Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 35493
diff changeset
532 to translate the character @var{from} into @var{to}.
22138
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
533
35493
679a73dad19a make-translation-table addition
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 34811
diff changeset
534 The arguments and the forms in each argument are processed in order,
679a73dad19a make-translation-table addition
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 34811
diff changeset
535 and if a previous form already translates @var{to} to some other
679a73dad19a make-translation-table addition
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 34811
diff changeset
536 character, say @var{to-alt}, @var{from} is also translated to
679a73dad19a make-translation-table addition
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 34811
diff changeset
537 @var{to-alt}.
679a73dad19a make-translation-table addition
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 34811
diff changeset
538
22138
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
539 You can also map one whole character set into another character set with
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
540 the same dimension. To do this, you specify a generic character (which
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
541 designates a character set) for @var{from} (@pxref{Splitting Characters}).
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
542 In this case, if @var{to} is also a generic character, its character
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
543 set should have the same dimension as @var{from}'s. Then the
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
544 translation table translates each character of @var{from}'s character
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
545 set into the corresponding character of @var{to}'s character set. If
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
546 @var{from} is a generic character and @var{to} is an ordinary
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
547 character, then the translation table translates every character of
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
548 @var{from}'s character set into @var{to}.
22138
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
549 @end defun
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
550
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
551 In decoding, the translation table's translations are applied to the
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
552 characters that result from ordinary decoding. If a coding system has
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
553 property @code{translation-table-for-decode}, that specifies the
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
554 translation table to use. (This is a property of the coding system,
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
555 as returned by @code{coding-system-get}, not a property of the symbol
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
556 that is the coding system's name. @xref{Coding System Basics,, Basic
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
557 Concepts of Coding Systems}.) Otherwise, if
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
558 @code{standard-translation-table-for-decode} is non-@code{nil},
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
559 decoding uses that table.
22138
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
560
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
561 In encoding, the translation table's translations are applied to the
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
562 characters in the buffer, and the result of translation is actually
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
563 encoded. If a coding system has property
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
564 @code{translation-table-for-encode}, that specifies the translation
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
565 table to use. Otherwise the variable
23433
a53274056f20 Fix names of standard-translation-table-for-decode(encode).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23110
diff changeset
566 @code{standard-translation-table-for-encode} specifies the translation
a53274056f20 Fix names of standard-translation-table-for-decode(encode).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23110
diff changeset
567 table.
22138
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
568
23433
a53274056f20 Fix names of standard-translation-table-for-decode(encode).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23110
diff changeset
569 @defvar standard-translation-table-for-decode
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
570 This is the default translation table for decoding, for
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
571 coding systems that don't specify any other translation table.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
572 @end defvar
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
573
23433
a53274056f20 Fix names of standard-translation-table-for-decode(encode).
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23110
diff changeset
574 @defvar standard-translation-table-for-encode
22138
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
575 This is the default translation table for encoding, for
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
576 coding systems that don't specify any other translation table.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
577 @end defvar
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
578
51990
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
579 @defvar translation-table-for-input
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
580 Self-inserting characters are translated through this translation
68285
2a5c4effbefd (Translation of Characters): Search cmds use
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 65369
diff changeset
581 table before they are inserted. Search commands also translate their
2a5c4effbefd (Translation of Characters): Search cmds use
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 65369
diff changeset
582 input through this table, so they can compare more reliably with
2a5c4effbefd (Translation of Characters): Search cmds use
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 65369
diff changeset
583 what's in the buffer.
54036
9706b0221102 (Translation of Characters): Give examples of use.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53431
diff changeset
584
9706b0221102 (Translation of Characters): Give examples of use.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53431
diff changeset
585 @code{set-buffer-file-coding-system} sets this variable so that your
9706b0221102 (Translation of Characters): Give examples of use.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53431
diff changeset
586 keyboard input gets translated into the character sets that the buffer
68285
2a5c4effbefd (Translation of Characters): Search cmds use
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 65369
diff changeset
587 is likely to contain. This variable automatically becomes
2a5c4effbefd (Translation of Characters): Search cmds use
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 65369
diff changeset
588 buffer-local when set.
51990
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589 @end defvar
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590
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591 @node Coding Systems
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592 @section Coding Systems
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593
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594 @cindex coding system
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595 When Emacs reads or writes a file, and when Emacs sends text to a
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596 subprocess or receives text from a subprocess, it normally performs
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597 character code conversion and end-of-line conversion as specified
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598 by a particular @dfn{coding system}.
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599
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600 How to define a coding system is an arcane matter, and is not
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601 documented here.
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602
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603 @menu
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604 * Coding System Basics:: Basic concepts.
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605 * Encoding and I/O:: How file I/O functions handle coding systems.
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606 * Lisp and Coding Systems:: Functions to operate on coding system names.
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607 * User-Chosen Coding Systems:: Asking the user to choose a coding system.
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608 * Default Coding Systems:: Controlling the default choices.
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609 * Specifying Coding Systems:: Requesting a particular coding system
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610 for a single file operation.
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611 * Explicit Encoding:: Encoding or decoding text without doing I/O.
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612 * Terminal I/O Encoding:: Use of encoding for terminal I/O.
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613 * MS-DOS File Types:: How DOS "text" and "binary" files
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614 relate to coding systems.
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615 @end menu
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616
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617 @node Coding System Basics
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618 @subsection Basic Concepts of Coding Systems
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619
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620 @cindex character code conversion
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621 @dfn{Character code conversion} involves conversion between the encoding
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622 used inside Emacs and some other encoding. Emacs supports many
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623 different encodings, in that it can convert to and from them. For
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624 example, it can convert text to or from encodings such as Latin 1, Latin
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625 2, Latin 3, Latin 4, Latin 5, and several variants of ISO 2022. In some
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626 cases, Emacs supports several alternative encodings for the same
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627 characters; for example, there are three coding systems for the Cyrillic
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628 (Russian) alphabet: ISO, Alternativnyj, and KOI8.
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629
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630 Most coding systems specify a particular character code for
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631 conversion, but some of them leave the choice unspecified---to be chosen
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632 heuristically for each file, based on the data.
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633
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634 In general, a coding system doesn't guarantee roundtrip identity:
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635 decoding a byte sequence using coding system, then encoding the
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636 resulting text in the same coding system, can produce a different byte
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parents: 61218
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637 sequence. However, the following coding systems do guarantee that the
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parents: 61218
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638 byte sequence will be the same as what you originally decoded:
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parents: 60677
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639
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640 @quotation
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641 chinese-big5 chinese-iso-8bit cyrillic-iso-8bit emacs-mule
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642 greek-iso-8bit hebrew-iso-8bit iso-latin-1 iso-latin-2 iso-latin-3
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643 iso-latin-4 iso-latin-5 iso-latin-8 iso-latin-9 iso-safe
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parents: 60677
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644 japanese-iso-8bit japanese-shift-jis korean-iso-8bit raw-text
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645 @end quotation
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646
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647 Encoding buffer text and then decoding the result can also fail to
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648 reproduce the original text. For instance, if you encode Latin-2
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59673cc65537 (Coding System Basics): Clarify previous change.
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649 characters with @code{utf-8} and decode the result using the same
59673cc65537 (Coding System Basics): Clarify previous change.
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650 coding system, you'll get Unicode characters (of charset
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651 @code{mule-unicode-0100-24ff}). If you encode Unicode characters with
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parents: 61218
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652 @code{iso-latin-2} and decode the result with the same coding system,
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parents: 61218
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653 you'll get Latin-2 characters.
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654
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655 @cindex end of line conversion
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656 @dfn{End of line conversion} handles three different conventions used
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657 on various systems for representing end of line in files. The Unix
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658 convention is to use the linefeed character (also called newline). The
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659 DOS convention is to use a carriage-return and a linefeed at the end of
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660 a line. The Mac convention is to use just carriage-return.
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661
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662 @cindex base coding system
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663 @cindex variant coding system
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664 @dfn{Base coding systems} such as @code{latin-1} leave the end-of-line
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665 conversion unspecified, to be chosen based on the data. @dfn{Variant
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666 coding systems} such as @code{latin-1-unix}, @code{latin-1-dos} and
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667 @code{latin-1-mac} specify the end-of-line conversion explicitly as
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668 well. Most base coding systems have three corresponding variants whose
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669 names are formed by adding @samp{-unix}, @samp{-dos} and @samp{-mac}.
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670
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671 The coding system @code{raw-text} is special in that it prevents
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672 character code conversion, and causes the buffer visited with that
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673 coding system to be a unibyte buffer. It does not specify the
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674 end-of-line conversion, allowing that to be determined as usual by the
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675 data, and has the usual three variants which specify the end-of-line
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676 conversion. @code{no-conversion} is equivalent to @code{raw-text-unix}:
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677 it specifies no conversion of either character codes or end-of-line.
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678
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679 The coding system @code{emacs-mule} specifies that the data is
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680 represented in the internal Emacs encoding. This is like
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681 @code{raw-text} in that no code conversion happens, but different in
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682 that the result is multibyte data.
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683
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684 @defun coding-system-get coding-system property
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685 This function returns the specified property of the coding system
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686 @var{coding-system}. Most coding system properties exist for internal
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687 purposes, but one that you might find useful is @code{mime-charset}.
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688 That property's value is the name used in MIME for the character coding
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689 which this coding system can read and write. Examples:
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690
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691 @example
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692 (coding-system-get 'iso-latin-1 'mime-charset)
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693 @result{} iso-8859-1
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694 (coding-system-get 'iso-2022-cn 'mime-charset)
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695 @result{} iso-2022-cn
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696 (coding-system-get 'cyrillic-koi8 'mime-charset)
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697 @result{} koi8-r
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698 @end example
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699
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700 The value of the @code{mime-charset} property is also defined
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701 as an alias for the coding system.
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702 @end defun
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703
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704 @node Encoding and I/O
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705 @subsection Encoding and I/O
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706
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707 The principal purpose of coding systems is for use in reading and
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708 writing files. The function @code{insert-file-contents} uses
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709 a coding system for decoding the file data, and @code{write-region}
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710 uses one to encode the buffer contents.
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711
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712 You can specify the coding system to use either explicitly
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713 (@pxref{Specifying Coding Systems}), or implicitly using a default
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diff changeset
714 mechanism (@pxref{Default Coding Systems}). But these methods may not
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715 completely specify what to do. For example, they may choose a coding
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716 system such as @code{undefined} which leaves the character code
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717 conversion to be determined from the data. In these cases, the I/O
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718 operation finishes the job of choosing a coding system. Very often
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719 you will want to find out afterwards which coding system was chosen.
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720
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721 @defvar buffer-file-coding-system
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parents: 64889
diff changeset
722 This buffer-local variable records the coding system that was used to visit
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Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com>
parents: 64889
diff changeset
723 the current buffer. It is used for saving the buffer, and for writing part
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parents: 40855
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724 of the buffer with @code{write-region}. If the text to be written
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parents: 40855
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725 cannot be safely encoded using the coding system specified by this
faa7540b3866 (Encoding and I/O): Mention select-safe-coding-system in the documentation
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parents: 40855
diff changeset
726 variable, these operations select an alternative encoding by calling
faa7540b3866 (Encoding and I/O): Mention select-safe-coding-system in the documentation
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parents: 40855
diff changeset
727 the function @code{select-safe-coding-system} (@pxref{User-Chosen
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parents: 40855
diff changeset
728 Coding Systems}). If selecting a different encoding requires to ask
faa7540b3866 (Encoding and I/O): Mention select-safe-coding-system in the documentation
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parents: 40855
diff changeset
729 the user to specify a coding system, @code{buffer-file-coding-system}
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parents: 40855
diff changeset
730 is updated to the newly selected coding system.
24951
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23433
diff changeset
731
43632
faa7540b3866 (Encoding and I/O): Mention select-safe-coding-system in the documentation
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 40855
diff changeset
732 @code{buffer-file-coding-system} does @emph{not} affect sending text
24951
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23433
diff changeset
733 to a subprocess.
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
734 @end defvar
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
735
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
736 @defvar save-buffer-coding-system
29265
69f20c18d6eb *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 28900
diff changeset
737 This variable specifies the coding system for saving the buffer (by
69f20c18d6eb *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 28900
diff changeset
738 overriding @code{buffer-file-coding-system}). Note that it is not used
69f20c18d6eb *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 28900
diff changeset
739 for @code{write-region}.
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
740
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
741 When a command to save the buffer starts out to use
29265
69f20c18d6eb *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 28900
diff changeset
742 @code{buffer-file-coding-system} (or @code{save-buffer-coding-system}),
69f20c18d6eb *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 28900
diff changeset
743 and that coding system cannot handle
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
744 the actual text in the buffer, the command asks the user to choose
43632
faa7540b3866 (Encoding and I/O): Mention select-safe-coding-system in the documentation
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 40855
diff changeset
745 another coding system (by calling @code{select-safe-coding-system}).
faa7540b3866 (Encoding and I/O): Mention select-safe-coding-system in the documentation
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 40855
diff changeset
746 After that happens, the command also updates
faa7540b3866 (Encoding and I/O): Mention select-safe-coding-system in the documentation
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 40855
diff changeset
747 @code{buffer-file-coding-system} to represent the coding system that
faa7540b3866 (Encoding and I/O): Mention select-safe-coding-system in the documentation
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 40855
diff changeset
748 the user specified.
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
749 @end defvar
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
750
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
751 @defvar last-coding-system-used
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
752 I/O operations for files and subprocesses set this variable to the
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
753 coding system name that was used. The explicit encoding and decoding
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
754 functions (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}) set it too.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
755
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
756 @strong{Warning:} Since receiving subprocess output sets this variable,
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
757 it can change whenever Emacs waits; therefore, you should copy the
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
758 value shortly after the function call that stores the value you are
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
759 interested in.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
760 @end defvar
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
761
23110
0d84817a4973 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22267
diff changeset
762 The variable @code{selection-coding-system} specifies how to encode
0d84817a4973 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22267
diff changeset
763 selections for the window system. @xref{Window System Selections}.
0d84817a4973 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22267
diff changeset
764
53431
3addbe38d8a6 (Converting Representations):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53302
diff changeset
765 @defvar file-name-coding-system
3addbe38d8a6 (Converting Representations):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53302
diff changeset
766 The variable @code{file-name-coding-system} specifies the coding
3addbe38d8a6 (Converting Representations):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53302
diff changeset
767 system to use for encoding file names. Emacs encodes file names using
3addbe38d8a6 (Converting Representations):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53302
diff changeset
768 that coding system for all file operations. If
3addbe38d8a6 (Converting Representations):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53302
diff changeset
769 @code{file-name-coding-system} is @code{nil}, Emacs uses a default
3addbe38d8a6 (Converting Representations):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53302
diff changeset
770 coding system determined by the selected language environment. In the
3addbe38d8a6 (Converting Representations):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53302
diff changeset
771 default language environment, any non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in
3addbe38d8a6 (Converting Representations):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53302
diff changeset
772 file names are not encoded specially; they appear in the file system
3addbe38d8a6 (Converting Representations):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53302
diff changeset
773 using the internal Emacs representation.
3addbe38d8a6 (Converting Representations):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53302
diff changeset
774 @end defvar
3addbe38d8a6 (Converting Representations):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53302
diff changeset
775
3addbe38d8a6 (Converting Representations):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53302
diff changeset
776 @strong{Warning:} if you change @code{file-name-coding-system} (or
3addbe38d8a6 (Converting Representations):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53302
diff changeset
777 the language environment) in the middle of an Emacs session, problems
3addbe38d8a6 (Converting Representations):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53302
diff changeset
778 can result if you have already visited files whose names were encoded
3addbe38d8a6 (Converting Representations):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53302
diff changeset
779 using the earlier coding system and are handled differently under the
3addbe38d8a6 (Converting Representations):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53302
diff changeset
780 new coding system. If you try to save one of these buffers under the
3addbe38d8a6 (Converting Representations):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53302
diff changeset
781 visited file name, saving may use the wrong file name, or it may get
3addbe38d8a6 (Converting Representations):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53302
diff changeset
782 an error. If such a problem happens, use @kbd{C-x C-w} to specify a
3addbe38d8a6 (Converting Representations):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53302
diff changeset
783 new file name for that buffer.
3addbe38d8a6 (Converting Representations):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53302
diff changeset
784
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
785 @node Lisp and Coding Systems
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
786 @subsection Coding Systems in Lisp
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
787
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
788 Here are the Lisp facilities for working with coding systems:
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
790 @defun coding-system-list &optional base-only
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791 This function returns a list of all coding system names (symbols). If
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 @var{base-only} is non-@code{nil}, the value includes only the
29265
69f20c18d6eb *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 28900
diff changeset
793 base coding systems. Otherwise, it includes alias and variant coding
69f20c18d6eb *** empty log message ***
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 28900
diff changeset
794 systems as well.
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795 @end defun
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
796
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
797 @defun coding-system-p object
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
798 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a coding system
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
799 name or @code{nil}.
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800 @end defun
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
802 @defun check-coding-system coding-system
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
803 This function checks the validity of @var{coding-system}.
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
804 If that is valid, it returns @var{coding-system}.
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
805 Otherwise it signals an error with condition @code{coding-system-error}.
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
806 @end defun
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
808 @defun coding-system-change-eol-conversion coding-system eol-type
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
809 This function returns a coding system which is like @var{coding-system}
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
810 except for its eol conversion, which is specified by @code{eol-type}.
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
811 @var{eol-type} should be @code{unix}, @code{dos}, @code{mac}, or
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
812 @code{nil}. If it is @code{nil}, the returned coding system determines
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
813 the end-of-line conversion from the data.
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
814
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
815 @var{eol-type} may also be 0, 1 or 2, standing for @code{unix},
53302
ad4360363d82 Remove trailing whitespace
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 53291
diff changeset
816 @code{dos} and @code{mac}, respectively.
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
817 @end defun
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
818
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
819 @defun coding-system-change-text-conversion eol-coding text-coding
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
820 This function returns a coding system which uses the end-of-line
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
821 conversion of @var{eol-coding}, and the text conversion of
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
822 @var{text-coding}. If @var{text-coding} is @code{nil}, it returns
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
823 @code{undecided}, or one of its variants according to @var{eol-coding}.
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
824 @end defun
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
825
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
826 @defun find-coding-systems-region from to
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
827 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
828 encode a text between @var{from} and @var{to}. All coding systems in
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
829 the list can safely encode any multibyte characters in that portion of
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
830 the text.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
831
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
832 If the text contains no multibyte characters, the function returns the
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
833 list @code{(undecided)}.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
834 @end defun
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
835
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
836 @defun find-coding-systems-string string
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
837 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
838 encode the text of @var{string}. All coding systems in the list can
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
839 safely encode any multibyte characters in @var{string}. If the text
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
840 contains no multibyte characters, this returns the list
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
841 @code{(undecided)}.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
842 @end defun
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
843
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
844 @defun find-coding-systems-for-charsets charsets
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
845 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
846 encode all the character sets in the list @var{charsets}.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
847 @end defun
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
848
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
849 @defun detect-coding-region start end &optional highest
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850 This function chooses a plausible coding system for decoding the text
28877
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
851 from @var{start} to @var{end}. This text should be a byte sequence
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
852 (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}).
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
854 Normally this function returns a list of coding systems that could
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855 handle decoding the text that was scanned. They are listed in order of
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
856 decreasing priority. But if @var{highest} is non-@code{nil}, then the
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
857 return value is just one coding system, the one that is highest in
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
858 priority.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
859
52978
1a5c50faf357 Replace @sc{foo} with @acronym{FOO}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 52788
diff changeset
860 If the region contains only @acronym{ASCII} characters, the value
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
861 is @code{undecided} or @code{(undecided)}, or a variant specifying
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
862 end-of-line conversion, if that can be deduced from the text.
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
863 @end defun
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
865 @defun detect-coding-string string &optional highest
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866 This function is like @code{detect-coding-region} except that it
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867 operates on the contents of @var{string} instead of bytes in the buffer.
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
868 @end defun
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
869
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
870 @xref{Coding systems for a subprocess,, Process Information}, in
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
871 particular the description of the functions
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
872 @code{process-coding-system} and @code{set-process-coding-system}, for
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
873 how to examine or set the coding systems used for I/O to a subprocess.
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
874
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
875 @node User-Chosen Coding Systems
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
876 @subsection User-Chosen Coding Systems
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
877
43632
faa7540b3866 (Encoding and I/O): Mention select-safe-coding-system in the documentation
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 40855
diff changeset
878 @cindex select safe coding system
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
879 @defun select-safe-coding-system from to &optional default-coding-system accept-default-p file
39204
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
880 This function selects a coding system for encoding specified text,
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
881 asking the user to choose if necessary. Normally the specified text
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
882 is the text in the current buffer between @var{from} and @var{to}. If
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
883 @var{from} is a string, the string specifies the text to encode, and
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
884 @var{to} is ignored.
39204
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
885
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
886 If @var{default-coding-system} is non-@code{nil}, that is the first
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
887 coding system to try; if that can handle the text,
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
888 @code{select-safe-coding-system} returns that coding system. It can
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
889 also be a list of coding systems; then the function tries each of them
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
890 one by one. After trying all of them, it next tries the current
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
891 buffer's value of @code{buffer-file-coding-system} (if it is not
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
892 @code{undecided}), then the value of
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
893 @code{default-buffer-file-coding-system} and finally the user's most
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
894 preferred coding system, which the user can set using the command
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
895 @code{prefer-coding-system} (@pxref{Recognize Coding,, Recognizing
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
896 Coding Systems, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}).
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
897
39204
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
898 If one of those coding systems can safely encode all the specified
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
899 text, @code{select-safe-coding-system} chooses it and returns it.
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
900 Otherwise, it asks the user to choose from a list of coding systems
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
901 which can encode all the text, and returns the user's choice.
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
902
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
903 @var{default-coding-system} can also be a list whose first element is
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
904 t and whose other elements are coding systems. Then, if no coding
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
905 system in the list can handle the text, @code{select-safe-coding-system}
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
906 queries the user immediately, without trying any of the three
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
907 alternatives described above.
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
908
39204
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
909 The optional argument @var{accept-default-p}, if non-@code{nil},
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
910 should be a function to determine whether a coding system selected
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
911 without user interaction is acceptable. @code{select-safe-coding-system}
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
912 calls this function with one argument, the base coding system of the
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
913 selected coding system. If @var{accept-default-p} returns @code{nil},
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
914 @code{select-safe-coding-system} rejects the silently selected coding
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
915 system, and asks the user to select a coding system from a list of
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
916 possible candidates.
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
917
39204
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
918 @vindex select-safe-coding-system-accept-default-p
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
919 If the variable @code{select-safe-coding-system-accept-default-p} is
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
920 non-@code{nil}, its value overrides the value of
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
921 @var{accept-default-p}.
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
922
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
923 As a final step, before returning the chosen coding system,
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
924 @code{select-safe-coding-system} checks whether that coding system is
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
925 consistent with what would be selected if the contents of the region
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
926 were read from a file. (If not, this could lead to data corruption in
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
927 a file subsequently re-visited and edited.) Normally,
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
928 @code{select-safe-coding-system} uses @code{buffer-file-name} as the
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
929 file for this purpose, but if @var{file} is non-@code{nil}, it uses
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
930 that file instead (this can be relevant for @code{write-region} and
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
931 similar functions). If it detects an apparent inconsistency,
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
932 @code{select-safe-coding-system} queries the user before selecting the
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
933 coding system.
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
934 @end defun
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
935
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
936 Here are two functions you can use to let the user specify a coding
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
937 system, with completion. @xref{Completion}.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
938
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
939 @defun read-coding-system prompt &optional default
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
940 This function reads a coding system using the minibuffer, prompting with
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
941 string @var{prompt}, and returns the coding system name as a symbol. If
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
942 the user enters null input, @var{default} specifies which coding system
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
943 to return. It should be a symbol or a string.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
944 @end defun
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
945
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
946 @defun read-non-nil-coding-system prompt
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
947 This function reads a coding system using the minibuffer, prompting with
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
948 string @var{prompt}, and returns the coding system name as a symbol. If
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
949 the user tries to enter null input, it asks the user to try again.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
950 @xref{Coding Systems}.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
951 @end defun
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
952
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
953 @node Default Coding Systems
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
954 @subsection Default Coding Systems
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
955
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
956 This section describes variables that specify the default coding
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
957 system for certain files or when running certain subprograms, and the
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
958 function that I/O operations use to access them.
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
959
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
960 The idea of these variables is that you set them once and for all to the
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
961 defaults you want, and then do not change them again. To specify a
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
962 particular coding system for a particular operation in a Lisp program,
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
963 don't change these variables; instead, override them using
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
964 @code{coding-system-for-read} and @code{coding-system-for-write}
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
965 (@pxref{Specifying Coding Systems}).
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
966
39204
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
967 @defvar auto-coding-regexp-alist
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
968 This variable is an alist of text patterns and corresponding coding
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
969 systems. Each element has the form @code{(@var{regexp}
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
970 . @var{coding-system})}; a file whose first few kilobytes match
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
971 @var{regexp} is decoded with @var{coding-system} when its contents are
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
972 read into a buffer. The settings in this alist take priority over
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
973 @code{coding:} tags in the files and the contents of
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
974 @code{file-coding-system-alist} (see below). The default value is set
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
975 so that Emacs automatically recognizes mail files in Babyl format and
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
976 reads them with no code conversions.
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
977 @end defvar
8f8df4d24f48 (User-Chosen Coding Systems) <select-safe-coding-system>: Document
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 35752
diff changeset
978
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
979 @defvar file-coding-system-alist
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
980 This variable is an alist that specifies the coding systems to use for
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
981 reading and writing particular files. Each element has the form
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
982 @code{(@var{pattern} . @var{coding})}, where @var{pattern} is a regular
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
983 expression that matches certain file names. The element applies to file
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
984 names that match @var{pattern}.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
985
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
986 The @sc{cdr} of the element, @var{coding}, should be either a coding
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
987 system, a cons cell containing two coding systems, or a function name (a
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
988 symbol with a function definition). If @var{coding} is a coding system,
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
989 that coding system is used for both reading the file and writing it. If
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
990 @var{coding} is a cons cell containing two coding systems, its @sc{car}
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
991 specifies the coding system for decoding, and its @sc{cdr} specifies the
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
992 coding system for encoding.
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
993
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
994 If @var{coding} is a function name, the function should take one
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
995 argument, a list of all arguments passed to
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
996 @code{find-operation-coding-system}. It must return a coding system
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
997 or a cons cell containing two coding systems. This value has the same
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
998 meaning as described above.
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
999 @end defvar
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1000
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1001 @defvar process-coding-system-alist
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1002 This variable is an alist specifying which coding systems to use for a
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1003 subprocess, depending on which program is running in the subprocess. It
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1004 works like @code{file-coding-system-alist}, except that @var{pattern} is
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1005 matched against the program name used to start the subprocess. The coding
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1006 system or systems specified in this alist are used to initialize the
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1007 coding systems used for I/O to the subprocess, but you can specify
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1008 other coding systems later using @code{set-process-coding-system}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1009 @end defvar
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1010
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467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1011 @strong{Warning:} Coding systems such as @code{undecided}, which
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1012 determine the coding system from the data, do not work entirely reliably
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1013 with asynchronous subprocess output. This is because Emacs handles
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1014 asynchronous subprocess output in batches, as it arrives. If the coding
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1015 system leaves the character code conversion unspecified, or leaves the
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1016 end-of-line conversion unspecified, Emacs must try to detect the proper
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1017 conversion from one batch at a time, and this does not always work.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1018
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1019 Therefore, with an asynchronous subprocess, if at all possible, use a
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1020 coding system which determines both the character code conversion and
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1021 the end of line conversion---that is, one like @code{latin-1-unix},
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1022 rather than @code{undecided} or @code{latin-1}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1023
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1024 @defvar network-coding-system-alist
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1025 This variable is an alist that specifies the coding system to use for
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1026 network streams. It works much like @code{file-coding-system-alist},
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1027 with the difference that the @var{pattern} in an element may be either a
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1028 port number or a regular expression. If it is a regular expression, it
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1029 is matched against the network service name used to open the network
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1030 stream.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1031 @end defvar
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1032
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1033 @defvar default-process-coding-system
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1034 This variable specifies the coding systems to use for subprocess (and
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1035 network stream) input and output, when nothing else specifies what to
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1036 do.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1037
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1038 The value should be a cons cell of the form @code{(@var{input-coding}
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1039 . @var{output-coding})}. Here @var{input-coding} applies to input from
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1040 the subprocess, and @var{output-coding} applies to output to it.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1041 @end defvar
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1042
51990
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1043 @defvar auto-coding-functions
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1044 This variable holds a list of functions that try to determine a
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1045 coding system for a file based on its undecoded contents.
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1046
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1047 Each function in this list should be written to look at text in the
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1048 current buffer, but should not modify it in any way. The buffer will
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1049 contain undecoded text of parts of the file. Each function should
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1050 take one argument, @var{size}, which tells it how many characters to
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1051 look at, starting from point. If the function succeeds in determining
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1052 a coding system for the file, it should return that coding system.
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1053 Otherwise, it should return @code{nil}.
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1054
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1055 If a file has a @samp{coding:} tag, that takes precedence, so these
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1056 functions won't be called.
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1057 @end defvar
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1058
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parents:
diff changeset
1059 @defun find-operation-coding-system operation &rest arguments
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parents:
diff changeset
1060 This function returns the coding system to use (by default) for
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1061 performing @var{operation} with @var{arguments}. The value has this
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1062 form:
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parents:
diff changeset
1063
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parents:
diff changeset
1064 @example
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1065 (@var{decoding-system} . @var{encoding-system})
21006
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1066 @end example
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1067
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1068 The first element, @var{decoding-system}, is the coding system to use
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1069 for decoding (in case @var{operation} does decoding), and
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1070 @var{encoding-system} is the coding system for encoding (in case
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1071 @var{operation} does encoding).
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1072
63583
99e9892a51d9 Fix formatting ugliness.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 61233
diff changeset
1073 The argument @var{operation} should be a symbol, any one of
99e9892a51d9 Fix formatting ugliness.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 61233
diff changeset
1074 @code{insert-file-contents}, @code{write-region},
99e9892a51d9 Fix formatting ugliness.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 61233
diff changeset
1075 @code{start-process}, @code{call-process}, @code{call-process-region},
99e9892a51d9 Fix formatting ugliness.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 61233
diff changeset
1076 or @code{open-network-stream}. These are the names of the Emacs I/O
99e9892a51d9 Fix formatting ugliness.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 61233
diff changeset
1077 primitives that can do coding system conversion.
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1078
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parents:
diff changeset
1079 The remaining arguments should be the same arguments that might be given
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1080 to that I/O primitive. Depending on the primitive, one of those
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1081 arguments is selected as the @dfn{target}. For example, if
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1082 @var{operation} does file I/O, whichever argument specifies the file
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1083 name is the target. For subprocess primitives, the process name is the
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1084 target. For @code{open-network-stream}, the target is the service name
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1085 or port number.
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1086
63583
99e9892a51d9 Fix formatting ugliness.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 61233
diff changeset
1087 Depending on @var{operation}, this function looks up the target in
99e9892a51d9 Fix formatting ugliness.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 61233
diff changeset
1088 @code{file-coding-system-alist}, @code{process-coding-system-alist},
99e9892a51d9 Fix formatting ugliness.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 61233
diff changeset
1089 or @code{network-coding-system-alist}.
21006
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1090 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1091
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1092 @node Specifying Coding Systems
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1093 @subsection Specifying a Coding System for One Operation
21006
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1094
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1095 You can specify the coding system for a specific operation by binding
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1096 the variables @code{coding-system-for-read} and/or
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1097 @code{coding-system-for-write}.
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1098
22138
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1099 @defvar coding-system-for-read
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1100 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it specifies the coding system to
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1101 use for reading a file, or for input from a synchronous subprocess.
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1102
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1103 It also applies to any asynchronous subprocess or network stream, but in
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1104 a different way: the value of @code{coding-system-for-read} when you
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1105 start the subprocess or open the network stream specifies the input
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1106 decoding method for that subprocess or network stream. It remains in
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1107 use for that subprocess or network stream unless and until overridden.
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1108
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1109 The right way to use this variable is to bind it with @code{let} for a
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1110 specific I/O operation. Its global value is normally @code{nil}, and
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1111 you should not globally set it to any other value. Here is an example
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1112 of the right way to use the variable:
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1113
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1114 @example
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1115 ;; @r{Read the file with no character code conversion.}
52978
1a5c50faf357 Replace @sc{foo} with @acronym{FOO}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 52788
diff changeset
1116 ;; @r{Assume @acronym{crlf} represents end-of-line.}
54036
9706b0221102 (Translation of Characters): Give examples of use.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 53431
diff changeset
1117 (let ((coding-system-for-read 'emacs-mule-dos))
21006
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1118 (insert-file-contents filename))
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1119 @end example
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1120
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1121 When its value is non-@code{nil}, @code{coding-system-for-read} takes
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1122 precedence over all other methods of specifying a coding system to use for
21006
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parents:
diff changeset
1123 input, including @code{file-coding-system-alist},
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parents:
diff changeset
1124 @code{process-coding-system-alist} and
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parents:
diff changeset
1125 @code{network-coding-system-alist}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1126 @end defvar
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parents:
diff changeset
1127
22138
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1128 @defvar coding-system-for-write
21006
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1129 This works much like @code{coding-system-for-read}, except that it
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1130 applies to output rather than input. It affects writing to files,
24951
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23433
diff changeset
1131 as well as sending output to subprocesses and net connections.
21006
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parents:
diff changeset
1132
00022857f529 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1133 When a single operation does both input and output, as do
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1134 @code{call-process-region} and @code{start-process}, both
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1135 @code{coding-system-for-read} and @code{coding-system-for-write}
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1136 affect it.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1137 @end defvar
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parents:
diff changeset
1138
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1139 @defvar inhibit-eol-conversion
21006
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1140 When this variable is non-@code{nil}, no end-of-line conversion is done,
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1141 no matter which coding system is specified. This applies to all the
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1142 Emacs I/O and subprocess primitives, and to the explicit encoding and
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1143 decoding functions (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}).
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1144 @end defvar
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parents:
diff changeset
1145
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parents:
diff changeset
1146 @node Explicit Encoding
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1147 @subsection Explicit Encoding and Decoding
21006
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1148 @cindex encoding text
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parents:
diff changeset
1149 @cindex decoding text
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parents:
diff changeset
1150
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parents:
diff changeset
1151 All the operations that transfer text in and out of Emacs have the
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1152 ability to use a coding system to encode or decode the text.
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1153 You can also explicitly encode and decode text using the functions
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1154 in this section.
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1155
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1156 The result of encoding, and the input to decoding, are not ordinary
28877
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1157 text. They logically consist of a series of byte values; that is, a
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1158 series of characters whose codes are in the range 0 through 255. In a
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1159 multibyte buffer or string, character codes 128 through 159 are
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1160 represented by multibyte sequences, but this is invisible to Lisp
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1161 programs.
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1162
28877
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1163 The usual way to read a file into a buffer as a sequence of bytes, so
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1164 you can decode the contents explicitly, is with
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1165 @code{insert-file-contents-literally} (@pxref{Reading from Files});
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1166 alternatively, specify a non-@code{nil} @var{rawfile} argument when
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1167 visiting a file with @code{find-file-noselect}. These methods result in
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1168 a unibyte buffer.
24951
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23433
diff changeset
1169
28877
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1170 The usual way to use the byte sequence that results from explicitly
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1171 encoding text is to copy it to a file or process---for example, to write
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1172 it with @code{write-region} (@pxref{Writing to Files}), and suppress
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1173 encoding by binding @code{coding-system-for-write} to
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1174 @code{no-conversion}.
24951
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23433
diff changeset
1175
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23433
diff changeset
1176 Here are the functions to perform explicit encoding or decoding. The
28877
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1177 decoding functions produce sequences of bytes; the encoding functions
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1178 are meant to operate on sequences of bytes. All of these functions
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1179 discard text properties.
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1180
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1181 @deffn Command encode-coding-region start end coding-system
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1182 This command encodes the text from @var{start} to @var{end} according
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1183 to coding system @var{coding-system}. The encoded text replaces the
28877
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1184 original text in the buffer. The result of encoding is logically a
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1185 sequence of bytes, but the buffer remains multibyte if it was multibyte
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1186 before.
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1187
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1188 This command returns the length of the encoded text.
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1189 @end deffn
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1190
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1191 @defun encode-coding-string string coding-system &optional nocopy
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1192 This function encodes the text in @var{string} according to coding
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1193 system @var{coding-system}. It returns a new string containing the
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1194 encoded text, except when @var{nocopy} is non-@code{nil}, in which
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1195 case the function may return @var{string} itself if the encoding
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1196 operation is trivial. The result of encoding is a unibyte string.
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1197 @end defun
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1198
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1199 @deffn Command decode-coding-region start end coding-system
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1200 This command decodes the text from @var{start} to @var{end} according
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1201 to coding system @var{coding-system}. The decoded text replaces the
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1202 original text in the buffer. To make explicit decoding useful, the text
28877
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1203 before decoding ought to be a sequence of byte values, but both
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1204 multibyte and unibyte buffers are acceptable.
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1205
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1206 This command returns the length of the decoded text.
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1207 @end deffn
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1208
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1209 @defun decode-coding-string string coding-system &optional nocopy
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1210 This function decodes the text in @var{string} according to coding
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1211 system @var{coding-system}. It returns a new string containing the
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1212 decoded text, except when @var{nocopy} is non-@code{nil}, in which
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1213 case the function may return @var{string} itself if the decoding
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1214 operation is trivial. To make explicit decoding useful, the contents
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1215 of @var{string} ought to be a sequence of byte values, but a multibyte
28877
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1216 string is acceptable.
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1217 @end defun
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1218
51990
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1219 @defun decode-coding-inserted-region from to filename &optional visit beg end replace
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1220 This function decodes the text from @var{from} to @var{to} as if
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1221 it were being read from file @var{filename} using @code{insert-file-contents}
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1222 using the rest of the arguments provided.
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1223
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1224 The normal way to use this function is after reading text from a file
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1225 without decoding, if you decide you would rather have decoded it.
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1226 Instead of deleting the text and reading it again, this time with
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1227 decoding, you can call this function.
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1228 @end defun
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1229
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1230 @node Terminal I/O Encoding
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1231 @subsection Terminal I/O Encoding
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1232
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1233 Emacs can decode keyboard input using a coding system, and encode
23110
0d84817a4973 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22267
diff changeset
1234 terminal output. This is useful for terminals that transmit or display
0d84817a4973 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22267
diff changeset
1235 text using a particular encoding such as Latin-1. Emacs does not set
0d84817a4973 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22267
diff changeset
1236 @code{last-coding-system-used} for encoding or decoding for the
0d84817a4973 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22267
diff changeset
1237 terminal.
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1238
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1239 @defun keyboard-coding-system
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1240 This function returns the coding system that is in use for decoding
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1241 keyboard input---or @code{nil} if no coding system is to be used.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1242 @end defun
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1243
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1244 @deffn Command set-keyboard-coding-system coding-system
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1245 This command specifies @var{coding-system} as the coding system to
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1246 use for decoding keyboard input. If @var{coding-system} is @code{nil},
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1247 that means do not decode keyboard input.
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1248 @end deffn
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1249
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1250 @defun terminal-coding-system
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1251 This function returns the coding system that is in use for encoding
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1252 terminal output---or @code{nil} for no encoding.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1253 @end defun
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1254
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1255 @deffn Command set-terminal-coding-system coding-system
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1256 This command specifies @var{coding-system} as the coding system to use
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1257 for encoding terminal output. If @var{coding-system} is @code{nil},
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1258 that means do not encode terminal output.
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1259 @end deffn
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1260
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1261 @node MS-DOS File Types
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1262 @subsection MS-DOS File Types
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1263 @cindex DOS file types
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1264 @cindex MS-DOS file types
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1265 @cindex Windows file types
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1266 @cindex file types on MS-DOS and Windows
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1267 @cindex text files and binary files
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1268 @cindex binary files and text files
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1269
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1270 On MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows, Emacs guesses the appropriate
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1271 end-of-line conversion for a file by looking at the file's name. This
28877
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1272 feature classifies files as @dfn{text files} and @dfn{binary files}. By
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1273 ``binary file'' we mean a file of literal byte values that are not
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1274 necessarily meant to be characters; Emacs does no end-of-line conversion
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1275 and no character code conversion for them. On the other hand, the bytes
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1276 in a text file are intended to represent characters; when you create a
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1277 new file whose name implies that it is a text file, Emacs uses DOS
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1278 end-of-line conversion.
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1279
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1280 @defvar buffer-file-type
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1281 This variable, automatically buffer-local in each buffer, records the
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1282 file type of the buffer's visited file. When a buffer does not specify
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1283 a coding system with @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, this variable is
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1284 used to determine which coding system to use when writing the contents
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1285 of the buffer. It should be @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1286 If it is @code{t}, the coding system is @code{no-conversion}.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1287 Otherwise, @code{undecided-dos} is used.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1288
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1289 Normally this variable is set by visiting a file; it is set to
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1290 @code{nil} if the file was visited without any actual conversion.
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1291 @end defvar
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1292
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1293 @defopt file-name-buffer-file-type-alist
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1294 This variable holds an alist for recognizing text and binary files.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1295 Each element has the form (@var{regexp} . @var{type}), where
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1296 @var{regexp} is matched against the file name, and @var{type} may be
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1297 @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary, or a function to call to
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1298 compute which. If it is a function, then it is called with a single
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1299 argument (the file name) and should return @code{t} or @code{nil}.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1300
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1301 When running on MS-DOS or MS-Windows, Emacs checks this alist to decide
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1302 which coding system to use when reading a file. For a text file,
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1303 @code{undecided-dos} is used. For a binary file, @code{no-conversion}
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1304 is used.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1305
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1306 If no element in this alist matches a given file name, then
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1307 @code{default-buffer-file-type} says how to treat the file.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1308 @end defopt
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1309
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1310 @defopt default-buffer-file-type
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1311 This variable says how to handle files for which
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1312 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} says nothing about the type.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1313
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1314 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then these files are treated as
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1315 binary: the coding system @code{no-conversion} is used. Otherwise,
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1316 nothing special is done for them---the coding system is deduced solely
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1317 from the file contents, in the usual Emacs fashion.
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1318 @end defopt
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1319
22138
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1320 @node Input Methods
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1321 @section Input Methods
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1322 @cindex input methods
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1323
52978
1a5c50faf357 Replace @sc{foo} with @acronym{FOO}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 52788
diff changeset
1324 @dfn{Input methods} provide convenient ways of entering non-@acronym{ASCII}
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1325 characters from the keyboard. Unlike coding systems, which translate
52978
1a5c50faf357 Replace @sc{foo} with @acronym{FOO}.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 52788
diff changeset
1326 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters to and from encodings meant to be read by
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1327 programs, input methods provide human-friendly commands. (@xref{Input
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1328 Methods,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for information on how users
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1329 use input methods to enter text.) How to define input methods is not
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1330 yet documented in this manual, but here we describe how to use them.
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1331
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1332 Each input method has a name, which is currently a string;
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1333 in the future, symbols may also be usable as input method names.
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1334
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1335 @defvar current-input-method
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1336 This variable holds the name of the input method now active in the
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1337 current buffer. (It automatically becomes local in each buffer when set
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1338 in any fashion.) It is @code{nil} if no input method is active in the
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1339 buffer now.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1340 @end defvar
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1341
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1342 @defopt default-input-method
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1343 This variable holds the default input method for commands that choose an
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1344 input method. Unlike @code{current-input-method}, this variable is
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1345 normally global.
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1346 @end defopt
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1347
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1348 @deffn Command set-input-method input-method
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1349 This command activates input method @var{input-method} for the current
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1350 buffer. It also sets @code{default-input-method} to @var{input-method}.
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1351 If @var{input-method} is @code{nil}, this command deactivates any input
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1352 method for the current buffer.
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1353 @end deffn
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1354
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1355 @defun read-input-method-name prompt &optional default inhibit-null
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1356 This function reads an input method name with the minibuffer, prompting
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1357 with @var{prompt}. If @var{default} is non-@code{nil}, that is returned
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1358 by default, if the user enters empty input. However, if
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1359 @var{inhibit-null} is non-@code{nil}, empty input signals an error.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1360
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1361 The returned value is a string.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1362 @end defun
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1363
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1364 @defvar input-method-alist
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1365 This variable defines all the supported input methods.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1366 Each element defines one input method, and should have the form:
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1367
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1368 @example
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1369 (@var{input-method} @var{language-env} @var{activate-func}
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1370 @var{title} @var{description} @var{args}...)
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1371 @end example
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1372
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1373 Here @var{input-method} is the input method name, a string;
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1374 @var{language-env} is another string, the name of the language
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1375 environment this input method is recommended for. (That serves only for
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1376 documentation purposes.)
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1377
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1378 @var{activate-func} is a function to call to activate this method. The
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1379 @var{args}, if any, are passed as arguments to @var{activate-func}. All
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1380 told, the arguments to @var{activate-func} are @var{input-method} and
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1381 the @var{args}.
28877
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1382
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1383 @var{title} is a string to display in the mode line while this method is
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1384 active. @var{description} is a string describing this method and what
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1385 it is good for.
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1386 @end defvar
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1387
23110
0d84817a4973 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22267
diff changeset
1388 The fundamental interface to input methods is through the
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1389 variable @code{input-method-function}. @xref{Reading One Event},
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1390 and @ref{Invoking the Input Method}.
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1391
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1392 @node Locales
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1393 @section Locales
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1394 @cindex locale
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1395
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1396 POSIX defines a concept of ``locales'' which control which language
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1397 to use in language-related features. These Emacs variables control
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1398 how Emacs interacts with these features.
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1399
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1400 @defvar locale-coding-system
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1401 @tindex locale-coding-system
43634
f55024232f5d (Locales): locale-coding-system is used for decoding keyboard input on X.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 43632
diff changeset
1402 @cindex keyboard input decoding on X
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1403 This variable specifies the coding system to use for decoding system
43634
f55024232f5d (Locales): locale-coding-system is used for decoding keyboard input on X.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 43632
diff changeset
1404 error messages and---on X Window system only---keyboard input, for
f55024232f5d (Locales): locale-coding-system is used for decoding keyboard input on X.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 43632
diff changeset
1405 encoding the format argument to @code{format-time-string}, and for
f55024232f5d (Locales): locale-coding-system is used for decoding keyboard input on X.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 43632
diff changeset
1406 decoding the return value of @code{format-time-string}.
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1407 @end defvar
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1408
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1409 @defvar system-messages-locale
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1410 @tindex system-messages-locale
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1411 This variable specifies the locale to use for generating system error
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1412 messages. Changing the locale can cause messages to come out in a
27362
ce0641caaa76 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 27189
diff changeset
1413 different language or in a different orthography. If the variable is
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1414 @code{nil}, the locale is specified by environment variables in the
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1415 usual POSIX fashion.
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1416 @end defvar
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1417
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1418 @defvar system-time-locale
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1419 @tindex system-time-locale
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1420 This variable specifies the locale to use for formatting time values.
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1421 Changing the locale can cause messages to appear according to the
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1422 conventions of a different language. If the variable is @code{nil}, the
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1423 locale is specified by environment variables in the usual POSIX fashion.
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1424 @end defvar
28877
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1425
51990
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1426 @defun locale-info item
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1427 This function returns locale data @var{item} for the current POSIX
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1428 locale, if available. @var{item} should be one of these symbols:
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1429
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1430 @table @code
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1431 @item codeset
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1432 Return the character set as a string (locale item @code{CODESET}).
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1433
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1434 @item days
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1435 Return a 7-element vector of day names (locale items
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1436 @code{DAY_1} through @code{DAY_7});
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1437
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1438 @item months
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1439 Return a 12-element vector of month names (locale items @code{MON_1}
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1440 through @code{MON_12}).
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1441
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1442 @item paper
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1443 Return a list @code{(@var{width} @var{height})} for the default paper
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1444 size measured in millimeters (locale items @code{PAPER_WIDTH} and
51990
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1445 @code{PAPER_HEIGHT}).
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1446 @end table
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1447
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1448 If the system can't provide the requested information, or if
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1449 @var{item} is not one of those symbols, the value is @code{nil}. All
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1450 strings in the return value are decoded using
53291
04d2bf306bd2 Various small changes in addition to the following.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents: 52978
diff changeset
1451 @code{locale-coding-system}. @xref{Locales,,, libc, The GNU Libc Manual},
51990
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1452 for more information about locales and locale items.
3e55792cc7f1 (Converting Representations): Add string-to-multibyte.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 51703
diff changeset
1453 @end defun
52401
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 51990
diff changeset
1454
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 51990
diff changeset
1455 @ignore
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 51990
diff changeset
1456 arch-tag: be705bf8-941b-4c35-84fc-ad7d20ddb7cb
695cf19ef79e Add arch taglines
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents: 51990
diff changeset
1457 @end ignore