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annotate lispref/tips.texi @ 71014:40d7a64588d6
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author | Thien-Thi Nguyen <ttn@gnuvola.org> |
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date | Sat, 27 May 2006 20:32:18 +0000 |
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6552 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2003, |
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4 @c 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6552 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/tips | |
30904 | 7 @node Tips, GNU Emacs Internals, GPL, Top |
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8 @appendix Tips and Conventions |
6552 | 9 @cindex tips |
10 @cindex standards of coding style | |
11 @cindex coding standards | |
12 | |
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13 This chapter describes no additional features of Emacs Lisp. Instead |
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14 it gives advice on making effective use of the features described in the |
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15 previous chapters, and describes conventions Emacs Lisp programmers |
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16 should follow. |
6552 | 17 |
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18 You can automatically check some of the conventions described below by |
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19 running the command @kbd{M-x checkdoc RET} when visiting a Lisp file. |
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20 It cannot check all of the conventions, and not all the warnings it |
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21 gives necessarily correspond to problems, but it is worth examining them |
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22 all. |
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23 |
6552 | 24 @menu |
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25 * Coding Conventions:: Conventions for clean and robust programs. |
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26 * Key Binding Conventions:: Which keys should be bound by which programs. |
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27 * Programming Tips:: Making Emacs code fit smoothly in Emacs. |
6552 | 28 * Compilation Tips:: Making compiled code run fast. |
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29 * Warning Tips:: Turning off compiler warnings. |
6552 | 30 * Documentation Tips:: Writing readable documentation strings. |
31 * Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments. | |
32 * Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages. | |
33 @end menu | |
34 | |
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35 @node Coding Conventions |
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36 @section Emacs Lisp Coding Conventions |
6552 | 37 |
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38 @cindex coding conventions in Emacs Lisp |
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39 Here are conventions that you should follow when writing Emacs Lisp |
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40 code intended for widespread use: |
6552 | 41 |
42 @itemize @bullet | |
43 @item | |
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44 Simply loading the package should not change Emacs's editing behavior. |
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45 Include a command or commands to enable and disable the feature, |
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46 or to invoke it. |
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47 |
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48 This convention is mandatory for any file that includes custom |
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49 definitions. If fixing such a file to follow this convention requires |
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50 an incompatible change, go ahead and make the incompatible change; |
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51 don't postpone it. |
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52 |
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53 @item |
38162 | 54 Since all global variables share the same name space, and all |
55 functions share another name space, you should choose a short word to | |
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56 distinguish your program from other Lisp programs@footnote{The |
38162 | 57 benefits of a Common Lisp-style package system are considered not to |
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58 outweigh the costs.}. Then take care to begin the names of all global |
38162 | 59 variables, constants, and functions in your program with the chosen |
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60 prefix. This helps avoid name conflicts. |
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61 |
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62 Occasionally, for a command name intended for users to use, it is more |
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63 convenient if some words come before the package's name prefix. And |
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64 constructs that define functions, variables, etc., work better if they |
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65 start with @samp{defun} or @samp{defvar}, so put the name prefix later |
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66 on in the name. |
6552 | 67 |
68 This recommendation applies even to names for traditional Lisp | |
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69 primitives that are not primitives in Emacs Lisp---such as |
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70 @code{copy-list}. Believe it or not, there is more than one plausible |
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71 way to define @code{copy-list}. Play it safe; append your name prefix |
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72 to produce a name like @code{foo-copy-list} or @code{mylib-copy-list} |
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73 instead. |
6552 | 74 |
75 If you write a function that you think ought to be added to Emacs under | |
76 a certain name, such as @code{twiddle-files}, don't call it by that name | |
77 in your program. Call it @code{mylib-twiddle-files} in your program, | |
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78 and send mail to @samp{bug-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org} suggesting we add |
6552 | 79 it to Emacs. If and when we do, we can change the name easily enough. |
80 | |
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81 If one prefix is insufficient, your package can use two or three |
6552 | 82 alternative common prefixes, so long as they make sense. |
83 | |
84 Separate the prefix from the rest of the symbol name with a hyphen, | |
85 @samp{-}. This will be consistent with Emacs itself and with most Emacs | |
86 Lisp programs. | |
87 | |
88 @item | |
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89 Put a call to @code{provide} at the end of each separate Lisp file. |
6552 | 90 |
91 @item | |
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92 If a file requires certain other Lisp programs to be loaded |
12098 | 93 beforehand, then the comments at the beginning of the file should say |
94 so. Also, use @code{require} to make sure they are loaded. | |
95 | |
96 @item | |
6552 | 97 If one file @var{foo} uses a macro defined in another file @var{bar}, |
12098 | 98 @var{foo} should contain this expression before the first use of the |
99 macro: | |
100 | |
101 @example | |
102 (eval-when-compile (require '@var{bar})) | |
103 @end example | |
104 | |
105 @noindent | |
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106 (And the library @var{bar} should contain @code{(provide '@var{bar})}, |
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107 to make the @code{require} work.) This will cause @var{bar} to be |
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108 loaded when you byte-compile @var{foo}. Otherwise, you risk compiling |
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109 @var{foo} without the necessary macro loaded, and that would produce |
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110 compiled code that won't work right. @xref{Compiling Macros}. |
12098 | 111 |
112 Using @code{eval-when-compile} avoids loading @var{bar} when | |
113 the compiled version of @var{foo} is @emph{used}. | |
6552 | 114 |
115 @item | |
24799 | 116 Please don't require the @code{cl} package of Common Lisp extensions at |
117 run time. Use of this package is optional, and it is not part of the | |
118 standard Emacs namespace. If your package loads @code{cl} at run time, | |
119 that could cause name clashes for users who don't use that package. | |
120 | |
121 However, there is no problem with using the @code{cl} package at compile | |
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122 time, with @code{(eval-when-compile (require 'cl))}. |
24799 | 123 |
124 @item | |
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125 When defining a major mode, please follow the major mode |
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126 conventions. @xref{Major Mode Conventions}. |
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127 |
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128 @item |
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129 When defining a minor mode, please follow the minor mode |
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130 conventions. @xref{Minor Mode Conventions}. |
6552 | 131 |
132 @item | |
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133 If the purpose of a function is to tell you whether a certain condition |
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134 is true or false, give the function a name that ends in @samp{p}. If |
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135 the name is one word, add just @samp{p}; if the name is multiple words, |
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136 add @samp{-p}. Examples are @code{framep} and @code{frame-live-p}. |
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137 |
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138 @item |
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139 If a user option variable records a true-or-false condition, give it a |
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140 name that ends in @samp{-flag}. |
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141 |
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142 @item |
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143 If the purpose of a variable is to store a single function, give it a |
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144 name that ends in @samp{-function}. If the purpose of a variable is |
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145 to store a list of functions (i.e., the variable is a hook), please |
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146 follow the naming conventions for hooks. @xref{Hooks}. |
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147 |
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148 @item |
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149 @cindex unloading packages |
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150 If loading the file adds functions to hooks, define a function |
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151 @code{@var{feature}-unload-hook}, where @var{feature} is the name of |
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152 the feature the package provides, and make it undo any such changes. |
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153 Using @code{unload-feature} to unload the file will run this function. |
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154 @xref{Unloading}. |
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155 |
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156 @item |
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157 It is a bad idea to define aliases for the Emacs primitives. Normally |
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158 you should use the standard names instead. The case where an alias |
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159 may be useful is where it facilitates backwards compatibility or |
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160 portability. |
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161 |
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162 @item |
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163 If a package needs to define an alias or a new function for |
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164 compatibility with some other version of Emacs, name it with the package |
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165 prefix, not with the raw name with which it occurs in the other version. |
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166 Here is an example from Gnus, which provides many examples of such |
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167 compatibility issues. |
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168 |
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169 @example |
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170 (defalias 'gnus-point-at-bol |
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171 (if (fboundp 'point-at-bol) |
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172 'point-at-bol |
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173 'line-beginning-position)) |
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174 @end example |
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175 |
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176 @item |
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177 Redefining (or advising) an Emacs primitive is discouraged. It may do |
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178 the right thing for a particular program, but there is no telling what |
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179 other programs might break as a result. In any case, it is a |
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180 maintenance burden because the two packages become highly dependent on |
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181 each other. |
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182 |
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183 @item |
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184 Likewise, avoid using @code{eval-after-load} (@pxref{Hooks for |
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185 Loading}) in libraries and packages. This feature is meant for |
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186 personal customizations; using it in a Lisp package increases the |
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187 coupling between it and the package mentioned in |
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188 @code{eval-after-load}, and thus makes it harder to maintain the two |
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189 packages independently. |
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190 |
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191 @item |
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192 If a file does replace any of the functions or library programs of |
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193 standard Emacs, prominent comments at the beginning of the file should |
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194 say which functions are replaced, and how the behavior of the |
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195 replacements differs from that of the originals. |
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196 |
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197 @item |
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198 Avoid using macros that define functions and variables with names that |
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199 are constructed. It is best for maintenance when the name of the |
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200 function or variable being defined is given explicitly in the source |
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201 code, as the second element of the list---as it is when you use |
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202 @code{defun}, @code{defalias}, @code{defvar} and @code{defcustom}. |
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203 |
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204 @item |
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205 Please keep the names of your Emacs Lisp source files to 13 characters |
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206 or less. This way, if the files are compiled, the compiled files' names |
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207 will be 14 characters or less, which is short enough to fit on all kinds |
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208 of Unix systems. |
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209 |
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210 @item |
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211 In some other systems there is a convention of choosing variable names |
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212 that begin and end with @samp{*}. We don't use that convention in Emacs |
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213 Lisp, so please don't use it in your programs. (Emacs uses such names |
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214 only for special-purpose buffers.) The users will find Emacs more |
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215 coherent if all libraries use the same conventions. |
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216 |
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217 @item |
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218 Indent each function with @kbd{C-M-q} (@code{indent-sexp}) using the |
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219 default indentation parameters. |
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220 |
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221 @item |
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222 Don't make a habit of putting close-parentheses on lines by themselves; |
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223 Lisp programmers find this disconcerting. Once in a while, when there |
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224 is a sequence of many consecutive close-parentheses, it may make sense |
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225 to split the sequence in one or two significant places. |
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226 |
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227 @item |
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228 Please put a copyright notice and copying permission notice on the |
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229 file if you distribute copies. Use a notice like this one: |
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230 |
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231 @smallexample |
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232 ;; Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{name} |
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233 |
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234 ;; This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or |
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235 ;; modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as |
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236 ;; published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of |
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237 ;; the License, or (at your option) any later version. |
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238 |
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239 ;; This program is distributed in the hope that it will be |
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240 ;; useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied |
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241 ;; warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR |
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242 ;; PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. |
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243 |
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244 ;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public |
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245 ;; License along with this program; if not, write to the Free |
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246 ;; Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, |
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247 ;; MA 02110-1301 USA |
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248 @end smallexample |
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249 |
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250 If you have signed papers to assign the copyright to the Foundation, |
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251 then use @samp{Free Software Foundation, Inc.} as @var{name}. |
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252 Otherwise, use your name. See also @xref{Library Headers}. |
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253 @end itemize |
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254 |
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255 @node Key Binding Conventions |
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256 @section Key Binding Conventions |
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257 |
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258 @itemize @bullet |
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259 @item |
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260 @cindex mouse-2 |
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261 @cindex references, following |
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262 Special major modes used for read-only text should usually redefine |
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263 @kbd{mouse-2} and @key{RET} to trace some sort of reference in the text. |
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264 Modes such as Dired, Info, Compilation, and Occur redefine it in this |
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265 way. |
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266 |
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267 In addition, they should mark the text as a kind of ``link'' so that |
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268 @kbd{mouse-1} will follow it also. @xref{Links and Mouse-1}. |
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269 |
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270 @item |
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271 @cindex reserved keys |
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272 @cindex keys, reserved |
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273 Please do not define @kbd{C-c @var{letter}} as a key in Lisp programs. |
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274 Sequences consisting of @kbd{C-c} and a letter (either upper or lower |
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275 case) are reserved for users; they are the @strong{only} sequences |
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276 reserved for users, so do not block them. |
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278 Changing all the Emacs major modes to respect this convention was a |
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279 lot of work; abandoning this convention would make that work go to |
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280 waste, and inconvenience users. Please comply with it. |
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282 @item |
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283 Function keys @key{F5} through @key{F9} without modifier keys are |
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284 also reserved for users to define. |
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285 |
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286 @item |
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287 Applications should not bind mouse events based on button 1 with the |
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288 shift key held down. These events include @kbd{S-mouse-1}, |
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289 @kbd{M-S-mouse-1}, @kbd{C-S-mouse-1}, and so on. They are reserved for |
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290 users. |
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291 |
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292 @item |
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293 Sequences consisting of @kbd{C-c} followed by a control character or a |
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294 digit are reserved for major modes. |
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295 |
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296 @item |
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297 Sequences consisting of @kbd{C-c} followed by @kbd{@{}, @kbd{@}}, |
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298 @kbd{<}, @kbd{>}, @kbd{:} or @kbd{;} are also reserved for major modes. |
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299 |
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300 @item |
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301 Sequences consisting of @kbd{C-c} followed by any other punctuation |
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302 character are allocated for minor modes. Using them in a major mode is |
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303 not absolutely prohibited, but if you do that, the major mode binding |
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304 may be shadowed from time to time by minor modes. |
6552 | 305 |
306 @item | |
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307 Do not bind @kbd{C-h} following any prefix character (including |
6552 | 308 @kbd{C-c}). If you don't bind @kbd{C-h}, it is automatically available |
309 as a help character for listing the subcommands of the prefix character. | |
310 | |
311 @item | |
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312 Do not bind a key sequence ending in @key{ESC} except following |
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313 another @key{ESC}. (That is, it is OK to bind a sequence ending in |
6552 | 314 @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{ESC}}.) |
315 | |
316 The reason for this rule is that a non-prefix binding for @key{ESC} in | |
317 any context prevents recognition of escape sequences as function keys in | |
318 that context. | |
319 | |
320 @item | |
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321 Anything which acts like a temporary mode or state which the user can |
24862 | 322 enter and leave should define @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{ESC}} or |
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323 @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{ESC} @key{ESC}} as a way to escape. |
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324 |
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325 For a state which accepts ordinary Emacs commands, or more generally any |
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326 kind of state in which @key{ESC} followed by a function key or arrow key |
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327 is potentially meaningful, then you must not define @kbd{@key{ESC} |
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328 @key{ESC}}, since that would preclude recognizing an escape sequence |
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329 after @key{ESC}. In these states, you should define @kbd{@key{ESC} |
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330 @key{ESC} @key{ESC}} as the way to escape. Otherwise, define |
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331 @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{ESC}} instead. |
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332 @end itemize |
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333 |
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334 @node Programming Tips |
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335 @section Emacs Programming Tips |
34305 | 336 |
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337 Following these conventions will make your program fit better |
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338 into Emacs when it runs. |
6552 | 339 |
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340 @itemize @bullet |
6552 | 341 @item |
342 Don't use @code{next-line} or @code{previous-line} in programs; nearly | |
343 always, @code{forward-line} is more convenient as well as more | |
344 predictable and robust. @xref{Text Lines}. | |
345 | |
346 @item | |
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347 Don't call functions that set the mark, unless setting the mark is one |
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348 of the intended features of your program. The mark is a user-level |
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349 feature, so it is incorrect to change the mark except to supply a value |
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350 for the user's benefit. @xref{The Mark}. |
6552 | 351 |
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352 In particular, don't use any of these functions: |
6552 | 353 |
354 @itemize @bullet | |
355 @item | |
356 @code{beginning-of-buffer}, @code{end-of-buffer} | |
357 @item | |
358 @code{replace-string}, @code{replace-regexp} | |
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359 @item |
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360 @code{insert-file}, @code{insert-buffer} |
6552 | 361 @end itemize |
362 | |
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363 If you just want to move point, or replace a certain string, or insert |
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364 a file or buffer's contents, without any of the other features |
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365 intended for interactive users, you can replace these functions with |
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366 one or two lines of simple Lisp code. |
6552 | 367 |
368 @item | |
8669 | 369 Use lists rather than vectors, except when there is a particular reason |
370 to use a vector. Lisp has more facilities for manipulating lists than | |
371 for vectors, and working with lists is usually more convenient. | |
372 | |
373 Vectors are advantageous for tables that are substantial in size and are | |
374 accessed in random order (not searched front to back), provided there is | |
375 no need to insert or delete elements (only lists allow that). | |
376 | |
377 @item | |
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378 The recommended way to show a message in the echo area is with |
6552 | 379 the @code{message} function, not @code{princ}. @xref{The Echo Area}. |
380 | |
381 @item | |
382 When you encounter an error condition, call the function @code{error} | |
383 (or @code{signal}). The function @code{error} does not return. | |
384 @xref{Signaling Errors}. | |
385 | |
386 Do not use @code{message}, @code{throw}, @code{sleep-for}, | |
387 or @code{beep} to report errors. | |
388 | |
389 @item | |
12098 | 390 An error message should start with a capital letter but should not end |
391 with a period. | |
392 | |
393 @item | |
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394 A question asked in the minibuffer with @code{y-or-n-p} or |
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395 @code{yes-or-no-p} should start with a capital letter and end with |
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396 @samp{? }. |
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397 |
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398 @item |
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399 When you mention a default value in a minibuffer prompt, |
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400 put it and the word @samp{default} inside parentheses. |
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401 It should look like this: |
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402 |
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403 @example |
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404 Enter the answer (default 42): |
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405 @end example |
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406 |
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407 @item |
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408 In @code{interactive}, if you use a Lisp expression to produce a list |
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409 of arguments, don't try to provide the ``correct'' default values for |
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410 region or position arguments. Instead, provide @code{nil} for those |
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411 arguments if they were not specified, and have the function body |
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412 compute the default value when the argument is @code{nil}. For |
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413 instance, write this: |
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414 |
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415 @example |
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416 (defun foo (pos) |
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417 (interactive |
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418 (list (if @var{specified} @var{specified-pos}))) |
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419 (unless pos (setq pos @var{default-pos})) |
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420 ...) |
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421 @end example |
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422 |
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423 @noindent |
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424 rather than this: |
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425 |
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426 @example |
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427 (defun foo (pos) |
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428 (interactive |
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429 (list (if @var{specified} @var{specified-pos} |
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430 @var{default-pos}))) |
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431 ...) |
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432 @end example |
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433 |
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434 @noindent |
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435 This is so that repetition of the command will recompute |
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436 these defaults based on the current circumstances. |
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437 |
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438 You do not need to take such precautions when you use interactive |
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439 specs @samp{d}, @samp{m} and @samp{r}, because they make special |
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440 arrangements to recompute the argument values on repetition of the |
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441 command. |
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442 |
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443 @item |
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444 Many commands that take a long time to execute display a message that |
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445 says something like @samp{Operating...} when they start, and change it to |
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446 @samp{Operating...done} when they finish. Please keep the style of |
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447 these messages uniform: @emph{no} space around the ellipsis, and |
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448 @emph{no} period after @samp{done}. |
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449 |
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450 @item |
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451 Try to avoid using recursive edits. Instead, do what the Rmail @kbd{e} |
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452 command does: use a new local keymap that contains one command defined |
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453 to switch back to the old local keymap. Or do what the |
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454 @code{edit-options} command does: switch to another buffer and let the |
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455 user switch back at will. @xref{Recursive Editing}. |
6552 | 456 @end itemize |
457 | |
458 @node Compilation Tips | |
459 @section Tips for Making Compiled Code Fast | |
460 @cindex execution speed | |
461 @cindex speedups | |
462 | |
463 Here are ways of improving the execution speed of byte-compiled | |
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464 Lisp programs. |
6552 | 465 |
466 @itemize @bullet | |
467 @item | |
468 @cindex profiling | |
469 @cindex timing programs | |
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470 @cindex @file{elp.el} |
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471 Profile your program with the @file{elp} library. See the file |
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472 @file{elp.el} for instructions. |
6552 | 473 |
474 @item | |
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475 @cindex @file{benchmark.el} |
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476 @cindex benchmarking |
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477 Check the speed of individual Emacs Lisp forms using the |
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478 @file{benchmark} library. See the functions @code{benchmark-run} and |
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479 @code{benchmark-run-compiled} in @file{benchmark.el}. |
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480 |
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481 @item |
6552 | 482 Use iteration rather than recursion whenever possible. |
483 Function calls are slow in Emacs Lisp even when a compiled function | |
484 is calling another compiled function. | |
485 | |
486 @item | |
12098 | 487 Using the primitive list-searching functions @code{memq}, @code{member}, |
488 @code{assq}, or @code{assoc} is even faster than explicit iteration. It | |
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489 can be worth rearranging a data structure so that one of these primitive |
12098 | 490 search functions can be used. |
6552 | 491 |
492 @item | |
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493 Certain built-in functions are handled specially in byte-compiled code, |
6552 | 494 avoiding the need for an ordinary function call. It is a good idea to |
495 use these functions rather than alternatives. To see whether a function | |
496 is handled specially by the compiler, examine its @code{byte-compile} | |
497 property. If the property is non-@code{nil}, then the function is | |
498 handled specially. | |
499 | |
500 For example, the following input will show you that @code{aref} is | |
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501 compiled specially (@pxref{Array Functions}): |
6552 | 502 |
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503 @example |
6552 | 504 @group |
505 (get 'aref 'byte-compile) | |
506 @result{} byte-compile-two-args | |
507 @end group | |
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508 @end example |
6552 | 509 |
510 @item | |
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511 If calling a small function accounts for a substantial part of your |
6552 | 512 program's running time, make the function inline. This eliminates |
513 the function call overhead. Since making a function inline reduces | |
514 the flexibility of changing the program, don't do it unless it gives | |
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515 a noticeable speedup in something slow enough that users care about |
6552 | 516 the speed. @xref{Inline Functions}. |
517 @end itemize | |
518 | |
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519 @node Warning Tips |
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520 @section Tips for Avoiding Compiler Warnings |
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521 |
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522 @itemize @bullet |
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523 @item |
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524 Try to avoid compiler warnings about undefined free variables, by adding |
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525 dummy @code{defvar} definitions for these variables, like this: |
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526 |
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527 @example |
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528 (defvar foo) |
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529 @end example |
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530 |
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531 Such a definition has no effect except to tell the compiler |
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532 not to warn about uses of the variable @code{foo} in this file. |
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533 |
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534 @item |
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535 If you use many functions and variables from a certain file, you can |
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536 add a @code{require} for that package to avoid compilation warnings |
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537 for them. For instance, |
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538 |
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539 @example |
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540 (eval-when-compile |
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541 (require 'foo)) |
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542 @end example |
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543 |
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544 @item |
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545 If you bind a variable in one function, and use it or set it in |
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546 another function, the compiler warns about the latter function unless |
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547 the variable has a definition. But adding a definition would be |
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548 unclean if the variable has a short name, since Lisp packages should |
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549 not define short variable names. The right thing to do is to rename |
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550 this variable to start with the name prefix used for the other |
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551 functions and variables in your package. |
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552 |
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553 @item |
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554 The last resort for avoiding a warning, when you want to do something |
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555 that usually is a mistake but it's not a mistake in this one case, |
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556 is to put a call to @code{with-no-warnings} around it. |
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557 @end itemize |
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558 |
6552 | 559 @node Documentation Tips |
560 @section Tips for Documentation Strings | |
561 | |
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562 @findex checkdoc-minor-mode |
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563 Here are some tips and conventions for the writing of documentation |
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564 strings. You can check many of these conventions by running the command |
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565 @kbd{M-x checkdoc-minor-mode}. |
6552 | 566 |
567 @itemize @bullet | |
568 @item | |
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569 Every command, function, or variable intended for users to know about |
6552 | 570 should have a documentation string. |
571 | |
572 @item | |
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573 An internal variable or subroutine of a Lisp program might as well have |
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574 a documentation string. In earlier Emacs versions, you could save space |
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575 by using a comment instead of a documentation string, but that is no |
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576 longer the case---documentation strings now take up very little space in |
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577 a running Emacs. |
6552 | 578 |
579 @item | |
42979 | 580 Format the documentation string so that it fits in an Emacs window on an |
581 80-column screen. It is a good idea for most lines to be no wider than | |
582 60 characters. The first line should not be wider than 67 characters | |
583 or it will look bad in the output of @code{apropos}. | |
584 | |
585 You can fill the text if that looks good. However, rather than blindly | |
586 filling the entire documentation string, you can often make it much more | |
587 readable by choosing certain line breaks with care. Use blank lines | |
588 between topics if the documentation string is long. | |
589 | |
590 @item | |
6552 | 591 The first line of the documentation string should consist of one or two |
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592 complete sentences that stand on their own as a summary. @kbd{M-x |
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593 apropos} displays just the first line, and if that line's contents don't |
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594 stand on their own, the result looks bad. In particular, start the |
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595 first line with a capital letter and end with a period. |
6552 | 596 |
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597 For a function, the first line should briefly answer the question, |
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598 ``What does this function do?'' For a variable, the first line should |
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599 briefly answer the question, ``What does this value mean?'' |
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600 |
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601 Don't limit the documentation string to one line; use as many lines as |
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602 you need to explain the details of how to use the function or |
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603 variable. Please use complete sentences for the rest of the text too. |
6552 | 604 |
605 @item | |
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606 The first line should mention all the important arguments of the |
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607 function, and should mention them in the order that they are written |
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608 in a function call. If the function has many arguments, then it is |
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609 not feasible to mention them all in the first line; in that case, the |
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610 first line should mention the first few arguments, including the most |
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611 important arguments. |
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612 |
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613 @item |
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614 For consistency, phrase the verb in the first sentence of a function's |
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615 documentation string as an imperative---for instance, use ``Return the |
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616 cons of A and B.'' in preference to ``Returns the cons of A and B@.'' |
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617 Usually it looks good to do likewise for the rest of the first |
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618 paragraph. Subsequent paragraphs usually look better if each sentence |
42979 | 619 is indicative and has a proper subject. |
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620 |
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621 @item |
6552 | 622 Write documentation strings in the active voice, not the passive, and in |
623 the present tense, not the future. For instance, use ``Return a list | |
624 containing A and B.'' instead of ``A list containing A and B will be | |
625 returned.'' | |
626 | |
627 @item | |
628 Avoid using the word ``cause'' (or its equivalents) unnecessarily. | |
629 Instead of, ``Cause Emacs to display text in boldface,'' write just | |
630 ``Display text in boldface.'' | |
631 | |
632 @item | |
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633 When a command is meaningful only in a certain mode or situation, |
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634 do mention that in the documentation string. For example, |
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635 the documentation of @code{dired-find-file} is: |
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636 |
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637 @example |
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638 In Dired, visit the file or directory named on this line. |
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639 @end example |
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640 |
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641 @item |
6552 | 642 Do not start or end a documentation string with whitespace. |
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643 |
6552 | 644 @item |
645 @strong{Do not} indent subsequent lines of a documentation string so | |
646 that the text is lined up in the source code with the text of the first | |
647 line. This looks nice in the source code, but looks bizarre when users | |
648 view the documentation. Remember that the indentation before the | |
649 starting double-quote is not part of the string! | |
650 | |
651 @item | |
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652 When the user tries to use a disabled command, Emacs displays just the |
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653 first paragraph of its documentation string---everything through the |
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654 first blank line. If you wish, you can choose which information to |
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655 include before the first blank line so as to make this display useful. |
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656 |
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657 @item |
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658 When you define a variable that users ought to set interactively, you |
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659 normally should use @code{defcustom}. However, if for some reason you |
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660 use @code{defvar} instead, start the doc string with a @samp{*}. |
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661 @xref{Defining Variables}. |
6552 | 662 |
663 @item | |
664 The documentation string for a variable that is a yes-or-no flag should | |
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665 start with words such as ``Non-nil means@dots{}'', to make it clear that |
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666 all non-@code{nil} values are equivalent and indicate explicitly what |
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667 @code{nil} and non-@code{nil} mean. |
6552 | 668 |
669 @item | |
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670 The documentation string for a function that is a yes-or-no predicate |
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671 should start with words such as ``Return t if @dots{}'', to indicate |
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672 explicitly what constitutes ``truth''. The word ``return'' avoids |
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673 starting the sentence with lower-case ``t'', which is somewhat |
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674 distracting. |
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675 |
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676 @item |
6552 | 677 When a function's documentation string mentions the value of an argument |
678 of the function, use the argument name in capital letters as if it were | |
679 a name for that value. Thus, the documentation string of the function | |
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680 @code{eval} refers to its second argument as @samp{FORM}, because the |
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681 actual argument name is @code{form}: |
6552 | 682 |
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683 @example |
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684 Evaluate FORM and return its value. |
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685 @end example |
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686 |
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687 Also write metasyntactic variables in capital letters, such as when you |
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688 show the decomposition of a list or vector into subunits, some of which |
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689 may vary. @samp{KEY} and @samp{VALUE} in the following example |
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690 illustrate this practice: |
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691 |
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692 @example |
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693 The argument TABLE should be an alist whose elements |
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694 have the form (KEY . VALUE). Here, KEY is ... |
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695 @end example |
6552 | 696 |
697 @item | |
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698 Never change the case of a Lisp symbol when you mention it in a doc |
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|
699 string. If the symbol's name is @code{foo}, write ``foo'', not |
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700 ``Foo'' (which is a different symbol). |
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|
701 |
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|
702 This might appear to contradict the policy of writing function |
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703 argument values, but there is no real contradiction; the argument |
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|
704 @emph{value} is not the same thing as the @emph{symbol} which the |
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705 function uses to hold the value. |
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|
706 |
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|
707 If this puts a lower-case letter at the beginning of a sentence |
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|
708 and that annoys you, rewrite the sentence so that the symbol |
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709 is not at the start of it. |
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|
710 |
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|
711 @item |
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712 If a line in a documentation string begins with an open-parenthesis, |
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|
713 write a backslash before the open-parenthesis, like this: |
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|
714 |
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|
715 @example |
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|
716 The argument FOO can be either a number |
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|
717 \(a buffer position) or a string (a file name). |
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|
718 @end example |
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|
719 |
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|
720 This prevents the open-parenthesis from being treated as the start of a |
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|
721 defun (@pxref{Defuns,, Defuns, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). |
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|
722 |
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|
723 @anchor{Docstring hyperlinks} |
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724 @item |
6552 | 725 @iftex |
726 When a documentation string refers to a Lisp symbol, write it as it | |
727 would be printed (which usually means in lower case), with single-quotes | |
728 around it. For example: @samp{`lambda'}. There are two exceptions: | |
729 write @code{t} and @code{nil} without single-quotes. | |
730 @end iftex | |
27193 | 731 @ifnottex |
6552 | 732 When a documentation string refers to a Lisp symbol, write it as it |
733 would be printed (which usually means in lower case), with single-quotes | |
734 around it. For example: @samp{lambda}. There are two exceptions: write | |
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735 t and nil without single-quotes. (In this manual, we use a different |
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736 convention, with single-quotes for all symbols.) |
27193 | 737 @end ifnottex |
6552 | 738 |
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739 Help mode automatically creates a hyperlink when a documentation string |
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740 uses a symbol name inside single quotes, if the symbol has either a |
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741 function or a variable definition. You do not need to do anything |
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742 special to make use of this feature. However, when a symbol has both a |
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743 function definition and a variable definition, and you want to refer to |
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744 just one of them, you can specify which one by writing one of the words |
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745 @samp{variable}, @samp{option}, @samp{function}, or @samp{command}, |
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746 immediately before the symbol name. (Case makes no difference in |
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|
747 recognizing these indicator words.) For example, if you write |
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748 |
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749 @example |
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750 This function sets the variable `buffer-file-name'. |
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751 @end example |
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752 |
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753 @noindent |
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754 then the hyperlink will refer only to the variable documentation of |
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755 @code{buffer-file-name}, and not to its function documentation. |
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|
756 |
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|
757 If a symbol has a function definition and/or a variable definition, but |
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758 those are irrelevant to the use of the symbol that you are documenting, |
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759 you can write the words @samp{symbol} or @samp{program} before the |
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|
760 symbol name to prevent making any hyperlink. For example, |
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761 |
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762 @example |
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763 If the argument KIND-OF-RESULT is the symbol `list', |
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764 this function returns a list of all the objects |
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765 that satisfy the criterion. |
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766 @end example |
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767 |
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768 @noindent |
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769 does not make a hyperlink to the documentation, irrelevant here, of the |
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770 function @code{list}. |
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771 |
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772 Normally, no hyperlink is made for a variable without variable |
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773 documentation. You can force a hyperlink for such variables by |
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|
774 preceding them with one of the words @samp{variable} or |
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775 @samp{option}. |
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|
776 |
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|
777 Hyperlinks for faces are only made if the face name is preceded or |
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|
778 followed by the word @samp{face}. In that case, only the face |
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779 documentation will be shown, even if the symbol is also defined as a |
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780 variable or as a function. |
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781 |
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782 To make a hyperlink to Info documentation, write the name of the Info |
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783 node (or anchor) in single quotes, preceded by @samp{info node}, |
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784 @samp{Info node}, @samp{info anchor} or @samp{Info anchor}. The Info |
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785 file name defaults to @samp{emacs}. For example, |
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786 |
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787 @smallexample |
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788 See Info node `Font Lock' and Info node `(elisp)Font Lock Basics'. |
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789 @end smallexample |
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790 |
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791 Finally, to create a hyperlink to URLs, write the URL in single |
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792 quotes, preceded by @samp{URL}. For example, |
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793 |
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794 @smallexample |
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795 The home page for the GNU project has more information (see URL |
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796 `http://www.gnu.org/'). |
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797 @end smallexample |
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798 |
6552 | 799 @item |
800 Don't write key sequences directly in documentation strings. Instead, | |
801 use the @samp{\\[@dots{}]} construct to stand for them. For example, | |
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802 instead of writing @samp{C-f}, write the construct |
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803 @samp{\\[forward-char]}. When Emacs displays the documentation string, |
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804 it substitutes whatever key is currently bound to @code{forward-char}. |
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805 (This is normally @samp{C-f}, but it may be some other character if the |
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806 user has moved key bindings.) @xref{Keys in Documentation}. |
6552 | 807 |
808 @item | |
809 In documentation strings for a major mode, you will want to refer to the | |
810 key bindings of that mode's local map, rather than global ones. | |
811 Therefore, use the construct @samp{\\<@dots{}>} once in the | |
812 documentation string to specify which key map to use. Do this before | |
813 the first use of @samp{\\[@dots{}]}. The text inside the | |
814 @samp{\\<@dots{}>} should be the name of the variable containing the | |
815 local keymap for the major mode. | |
816 | |
817 It is not practical to use @samp{\\[@dots{}]} very many times, because | |
818 display of the documentation string will become slow. So use this to | |
819 describe the most important commands in your major mode, and then use | |
820 @samp{\\@{@dots{}@}} to display the rest of the mode's keymap. | |
821 @end itemize | |
822 | |
823 @node Comment Tips | |
824 @section Tips on Writing Comments | |
825 | |
826 We recommend these conventions for where to put comments and how to | |
827 indent them: | |
828 | |
829 @table @samp | |
830 @item ; | |
831 Comments that start with a single semicolon, @samp{;}, should all be | |
832 aligned to the same column on the right of the source code. Such | |
833 comments usually explain how the code on the same line does its job. In | |
834 Lisp mode and related modes, the @kbd{M-;} (@code{indent-for-comment}) | |
835 command automatically inserts such a @samp{;} in the right place, or | |
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836 aligns such a comment if it is already present. |
6552 | 837 |
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838 This and following examples are taken from the Emacs sources. |
6552 | 839 |
840 @smallexample | |
841 @group | |
842 (setq base-version-list ; there was a base | |
843 (assoc (substring fn 0 start-vn) ; version to which | |
844 file-version-assoc-list)) ; this looks like | |
845 ; a subversion | |
846 @end group | |
847 @end smallexample | |
848 | |
849 @item ;; | |
850 Comments that start with two semicolons, @samp{;;}, should be aligned to | |
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851 the same level of indentation as the code. Such comments usually |
6552 | 852 describe the purpose of the following lines or the state of the program |
853 at that point. For example: | |
854 | |
855 @smallexample | |
856 @group | |
857 (prog1 (setq auto-fill-function | |
858 @dots{} | |
859 @dots{} | |
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860 ;; update mode line |
6552 | 861 (force-mode-line-update))) |
862 @end group | |
863 @end smallexample | |
864 | |
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865 We also normally use two semicolons for comments outside functions. |
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866 |
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867 @smallexample |
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868 @group |
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869 ;; This Lisp code is run in Emacs |
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870 ;; when it is to operate as a server |
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871 ;; for other processes. |
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872 @end group |
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873 @end smallexample |
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874 |
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875 Every function that has no documentation string (presumably one that is |
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876 used only internally within the package it belongs to), should instead |
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877 have a two-semicolon comment right before the function, explaining what |
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878 the function does and how to call it properly. Explain precisely what |
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879 each argument means and how the function interprets its possible values. |
6552 | 880 |
881 @item ;;; | |
882 Comments that start with three semicolons, @samp{;;;}, should start at | |
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883 the left margin. These are used, occasionally, for comments within |
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884 functions that should start at the margin. We also use them sometimes |
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885 for comments that are between functions---whether to use two or three |
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886 semicolons depends on whether the comment should be considered a |
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887 ``heading'' by Outline minor mode. By default, comments starting with |
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888 at least three semicolons (followed by a single space and a |
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889 non-whitespace character) are considered headings, comments starting |
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890 with two or less are not. |
6552 | 891 |
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892 Another use for triple-semicolon comments is for commenting out lines |
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893 within a function. We use three semicolons for this precisely so that |
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894 they remain at the left margin. By default, Outline minor mode does |
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895 not consider a comment to be a heading (even if it starts with at |
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896 least three semicolons) if the semicolons are followed by at least two |
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897 spaces. Thus, if you add an introductory comment to the commented out |
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898 code, make sure to indent it by at least two spaces after the three |
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899 semicolons. |
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900 |
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901 @smallexample |
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902 (defun foo (a) |
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903 ;;; This is no longer necessary. |
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904 ;;; (force-mode-line-update) |
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905 (message "Finished with %s" a)) |
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906 @end smallexample |
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907 |
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908 When commenting out entire functions, use two semicolons. |
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909 |
6552 | 910 @item ;;;; |
911 Comments that start with four semicolons, @samp{;;;;}, should be aligned | |
912 to the left margin and are used for headings of major sections of a | |
913 program. For example: | |
914 | |
915 @smallexample | |
916 ;;;; The kill ring | |
917 @end smallexample | |
918 @end table | |
919 | |
920 @noindent | |
921 The indentation commands of the Lisp modes in Emacs, such as @kbd{M-;} | |
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922 (@code{indent-for-comment}) and @key{TAB} (@code{lisp-indent-line}), |
6552 | 923 automatically indent comments according to these conventions, |
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924 depending on the number of semicolons. @xref{Comments,, |
6552 | 925 Manipulating Comments, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. |
926 | |
927 @node Library Headers | |
928 @section Conventional Headers for Emacs Libraries | |
929 @cindex header comments | |
930 @cindex library header comments | |
931 | |
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932 Emacs has conventions for using special comments in Lisp libraries |
6552 | 933 to divide them into sections and give information such as who wrote |
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934 them. This section explains these conventions. |
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935 |
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936 We'll start with an example, a package that is included in the Emacs |
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937 distribution. |
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938 |
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939 Parts of this example reflect its status as part of Emacs; for |
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940 example, the copyright notice lists the Free Software Foundation as the |
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941 copyright holder, and the copying permission says the file is part of |
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942 Emacs. When you write a package and post it, the copyright holder would |
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943 be you (unless your employer claims to own it instead), and you should |
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944 get the suggested copying permission from the end of the GNU General |
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945 Public License itself. Don't say your file is part of Emacs |
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946 if we haven't installed it in Emacs yet! |
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947 |
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948 With that warning out of the way, on to the example: |
6552 | 949 |
950 @smallexample | |
951 @group | |
952 ;;; lisp-mnt.el --- minor mode for Emacs Lisp maintainers | |
953 | |
954 ;; Copyright (C) 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
955 @end group | |
956 | |
957 ;; Author: Eric S. Raymond <esr@@snark.thyrsus.com> | |
958 ;; Maintainer: Eric S. Raymond <esr@@snark.thyrsus.com> | |
959 ;; Created: 14 Jul 1992 | |
960 ;; Version: 1.2 | |
961 @group | |
962 ;; Keywords: docs | |
963 | |
964 ;; This file is part of GNU Emacs. | |
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965 @dots{} |
64091 | 966 ;; Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, |
967 ;; Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. | |
6552 | 968 @end group |
969 @end smallexample | |
970 | |
971 The very first line should have this format: | |
972 | |
973 @example | |
974 ;;; @var{filename} --- @var{description} | |
975 @end example | |
976 | |
977 @noindent | |
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978 The description should be complete in one line. If the file |
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979 needs a @samp{-*-} specification, put it after @var{description}. |
6552 | 980 |
981 After the copyright notice come several @dfn{header comment} lines, | |
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982 each beginning with @samp{;; @var{header-name}:}. Here is a table of |
6552 | 983 the conventional possibilities for @var{header-name}: |
984 | |
985 @table @samp | |
986 @item Author | |
987 This line states the name and net address of at least the principal | |
988 author of the library. | |
989 | |
990 If there are multiple authors, you can list them on continuation lines | |
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991 led by @code{;;} and a tab character, like this: |
6552 | 992 |
993 @smallexample | |
994 @group | |
995 ;; Author: Ashwin Ram <Ram-Ashwin@@cs.yale.edu> | |
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996 ;; Dave Sill <de5@@ornl.gov> |
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997 ;; Dave Brennan <brennan@@hal.com> |
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998 ;; Eric Raymond <esr@@snark.thyrsus.com> |
6552 | 999 @end group |
1000 @end smallexample | |
1001 | |
1002 @item Maintainer | |
1003 This line should contain a single name/address as in the Author line, or | |
6959
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1004 an address only, or the string @samp{FSF}. If there is no maintainer |
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1005 line, the person(s) in the Author field are presumed to be the |
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1006 maintainers. The example above is mildly bogus because the maintainer |
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1007 line is redundant. |
6552 | 1008 |
1009 The idea behind the @samp{Author} and @samp{Maintainer} lines is to make | |
1010 possible a Lisp function to ``send mail to the maintainer'' without | |
1011 having to mine the name out by hand. | |
1012 | |
1013 Be sure to surround the network address with @samp{<@dots{}>} if | |
1014 you include the person's full name as well as the network address. | |
1015 | |
1016 @item Created | |
1017 This optional line gives the original creation date of the | |
1018 file. For historical interest only. | |
1019 | |
1020 @item Version | |
1021 If you wish to record version numbers for the individual Lisp program, put | |
1022 them in this line. | |
1023 | |
1024 @item Adapted-By | |
1025 In this header line, place the name of the person who adapted the | |
1026 library for installation (to make it fit the style conventions, for | |
1027 example). | |
1028 | |
1029 @item Keywords | |
1030 This line lists keywords for the @code{finder-by-keyword} help command. | |
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1031 Please use that command to see a list of the meaningful keywords. |
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1032 |
6552 | 1033 This field is important; it's how people will find your package when |
10229
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1034 they're looking for things by topic area. To separate the keywords, you |
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1035 can use spaces, commas, or both. |
6552 | 1036 @end table |
1037 | |
1038 Just about every Lisp library ought to have the @samp{Author} and | |
1039 @samp{Keywords} header comment lines. Use the others if they are | |
1040 appropriate. You can also put in header lines with other header | |
1041 names---they have no standard meanings, so they can't do any harm. | |
1042 | |
1043 We use additional stylized comments to subdivide the contents of the | |
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1044 library file. These should be separated by blank lines from anything |
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1045 else. Here is a table of them: |
6552 | 1046 |
1047 @table @samp | |
1048 @item ;;; Commentary: | |
1049 This begins introductory comments that explain how the library works. | |
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1050 It should come right after the copying permissions, terminated by a |
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1051 @samp{Change Log}, @samp{History} or @samp{Code} comment line. This |
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1052 text is used by the Finder package, so it should make sense in that |
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1053 context. |
6552 | 1054 |
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1055 @item ;;; Documentation: |
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1056 This was used in some files in place of @samp{;;; Commentary:}, |
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1057 but it is deprecated. |
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1058 |
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1059 @item ;;; Change Log: |
6552 | 1060 This begins change log information stored in the library file (if you |
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1061 store the change history there). For Lisp files distributed with Emacs, |
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1062 the change history is kept in the file @file{ChangeLog} and not in the |
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1063 source file at all; these files generally do not have a @samp{;;; Change |
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1064 Log:} line. @samp{History} is an alternative to @samp{Change Log}. |
6552 | 1065 |
1066 @item ;;; Code: | |
1067 This begins the actual code of the program. | |
1068 | |
1069 @item ;;; @var{filename} ends here | |
1070 This is the @dfn{footer line}; it appears at the very end of the file. | |
1071 Its purpose is to enable people to detect truncated versions of the file | |
1072 from the lack of a footer line. | |
1073 @end table | |
52401 | 1074 |
1075 @ignore | |
1076 arch-tag: 9ea911c2-6b1d-47dd-88b7-0a94e8b27c2e | |
1077 @end ignore |