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author | Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org> |
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date | Thu, 14 Sep 2000 20:20:34 +0000 |
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24093 | 1 \input texinfo |
2 | |
3 @setchapternewpage odd | |
4 @settitle GNU Emacs Manual | |
5 @setfilename ../info/emacs | |
6 @synindex pg cp | |
7 | |
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8 @ifnottex |
24093 | 9 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file |
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10 This is the fourteenth edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual}, |
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11 updated for Emacs version 21.1 |
24093 | 12 @c Please REMEMBER to update edition number in *three* places in this file. |
13 | |
30009 | 14 @dircategory Emacs |
24093 | 15 @direntry |
16 * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor. | |
17 @end direntry | |
18 | |
19 Published by the Free Software Foundation | |
20 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 | |
21 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
22 | |
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23 Copyright (C) 1985, 1986,1987,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000 |
24093 | 24 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25 | |
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26 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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27 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or |
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28 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
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29 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and |
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30 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU |
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31 Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the |
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32 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation |
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33 License''. |
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34 |
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35 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
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36 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free |
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37 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' |
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38 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 39 |
40 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a | |
41 @c copy of this manual that will be published. the manual should go | |
42 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size. | |
43 | |
44 @smallbook | |
45 | |
46 @iftex | |
47 @kbdinputstyle code | |
48 | |
49 @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual | |
50 @end iftex | |
51 @titlepage | |
52 @sp 6 | |
53 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual} | |
54 @sp 4 | |
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55 @center Fourteenth Edition, Updated for Emacs Version 21.1 |
24093 | 56 @sp 5 |
57 @center Richard Stallman | |
58 @page | |
59 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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60 Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 |
24093 | 61 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
62 @sp 2 | |
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63 Fourteenth Edition @* |
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64 Updated for Emacs Version 21.1, @* |
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65 August 2000 |
24093 | 66 |
67 ISBN 1-882114-06-X | |
68 @sp 1 | |
69 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
70 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 @* | |
71 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
72 @sp 1 | |
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73 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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74 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or |
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75 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
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76 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and |
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77 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU |
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78 Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the |
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79 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation |
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80 License''. |
24093 | 81 |
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82 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
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83 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free |
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84 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' |
24093 | 85 |
86 @sp 2 | |
87 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
88 | |
89 @end titlepage | |
90 @page | |
30870 | 91 @ifnottex |
24093 | 92 @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir) |
93 @top The Emacs Editor | |
94 | |
95 Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time | |
96 display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and | |
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97 some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version 21.1. |
24093 | 98 For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{,Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The |
99 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
30870 | 100 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 101 |
102 @ignore | |
103 These subcategories have been deleted for simplicity | |
104 and to avoid conflicts. | |
105 Completion | |
106 Backup Files | |
107 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters | |
108 Snapshots | |
109 Text Mode | |
110 Outline Mode | |
111 @TeX{} Mode | |
112 Formatted Text | |
113 Fortran Mode | |
114 Fortran Indentation | |
115 Shell Command History | |
116 | |
117 The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items | |
118 to avoid conflicts. | |
119 Also Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
120 and Sending Mail and Registers and Minibuffer. | |
121 @end ignore | |
122 | |
123 @menu | |
124 * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution. | |
125 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission | |
126 to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; | |
127 it also explains that there is no warranty. | |
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128 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. |
24093 | 129 * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts. |
130 * Glossary:: The glossary. | |
131 * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 19. | |
132 * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as "MS-DOG"). | |
133 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix! | |
134 * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs. | |
135 | |
136 Indexes (nodes containing large menus) | |
137 * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence. | |
138 * Command Index:: An item for each command name. | |
139 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable. | |
140 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept. | |
141 | |
142 Important General Concepts | |
143 * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen. | |
144 * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons, | |
145 function keys). | |
146 * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one | |
147 editing action. | |
148 * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing. | |
149 * Text Characters:: Character set for text (the contents of buffers | |
150 and strings). | |
151 * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell. | |
152 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs. | |
153 * Command Arguments:: Hairy startup options. | |
154 | |
155 Fundamental Editing Commands | |
156 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands. | |
157 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for. | |
158 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names. | |
159 * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands. | |
160 | |
161 Important Text-Changing Commands | |
162 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text. | |
163 * Killing:: Killing text. | |
164 * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text. | |
165 * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text. | |
166 * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen. | |
167 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer. | |
168 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed. | |
169 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string. | |
170 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos. | |
171 | |
172 Major Structures of Emacs | |
173 * Files:: All about handling files. | |
174 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once. | |
175 * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once. | |
176 * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows. | |
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177 * International:: Using non-ASCII character sets (the MULE features). |
24093 | 178 |
179 Advanced Features | |
180 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ... | |
181 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines. | |
182 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English. | |
183 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs. | |
184 * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs. | |
185 * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce | |
186 the number of characters you must type. | |
187 * Picture:: Editing pictures made up of characters | |
188 using the quarter-plane screen model. | |
189 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs. | |
190 * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs. | |
191 * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it. | |
192 * Calendar/Diary:: The calendar and diary facilities. | |
193 * Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs. | |
194 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs. | |
195 * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc. | |
196 * Hardcopy:: Printing buffers or regions. | |
27212 | 197 * PostScript:: Printing buffers or regions as PostScript. |
198 * PostScript Variables:: | |
199 Customizing the PostScript printing commands. | |
24093 | 200 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs. |
201 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion | |
202 of the buffer. | |
203 * Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them | |
204 in side-by-side windows. | |
205 * Editing Binary Files:: | |
206 Using Hexl mode to edit binary files. | |
207 * Saving Emacs Sessions:: | |
208 Saving Emacs state from one session to the next. | |
209 * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing | |
210 "within the command". This is called a | |
211 `recursive editing level'. | |
212 * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs. | |
30870 | 213 * Hyperlinking:: Following links in buffers. |
24093 | 214 * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun. |
215 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks. | |
216 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs. | |
217 | |
218 Recovery from Problems | |
219 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting. | |
220 * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning. | |
221 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug. | |
222 * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs. | |
223 * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs. | |
224 | |
225 Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones | |
226 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
227 | |
228 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- | |
229 | |
230 The Organization of the Screen | |
231 | |
232 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate. | |
233 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen. | |
234 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line. | |
235 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar. | |
236 | |
237 Basic Editing Commands | |
238 | |
239 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it. | |
240 * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to | |
241 change something. | |
242 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text. | |
243 * Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text. | |
244 * Files: Basic Files. Visiting, creating, and saving files. | |
245 * Help: Basic Help. Asking what a character does. | |
246 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines. | |
247 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen. | |
248 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on? | |
249 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command. | |
250 | |
251 The Minibuffer | |
252 | |
253 * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer. | |
254 * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer. | |
255 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input. | |
256 * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments. | |
257 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer. | |
258 | |
259 Help | |
260 | |
261 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands. | |
262 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs. | |
263 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name. | |
264 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic. | |
265 * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics). | |
266 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support. | |
267 * Misc Help:: Other help commands. | |
268 | |
269 The Mark and the Region | |
270 | |
271 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark. | |
272 * Transient Mark:: How to make Emacs highlight the region-- | |
273 when there is one. | |
274 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region. | |
275 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units. | |
276 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there. | |
277 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers. | |
278 | |
279 Deletion and Killing | |
280 | |
281 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and | |
282 blank areas. | |
283 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time. | |
284 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and | |
285 syntactic units such as words and sentences. | |
286 | |
287 Yanking | |
288 | |
289 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking. | |
290 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together. | |
291 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago. | |
292 | |
293 Registers | |
294 | |
295 * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers. | |
296 * RegText:: Saving text in registers. | |
297 * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers. | |
298 * RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers. | |
299 * RegFiles:: File names in registers. | |
300 * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent. | |
301 | |
302 Controlling the Display | |
303 | |
304 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. | |
305 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. | |
306 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. | |
307 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. | |
308 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
309 * Text Display:: How text is normally displayed. | |
310 * Display Vars:: Information on variables for customizing display. | |
311 | |
312 Searching and Replacement | |
313 | |
314 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string. | |
315 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search. | |
316 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words. | |
317 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp. | |
318 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions. | |
319 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not. | |
320 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches. | |
321 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp. | |
322 | |
323 Replacement Commands | |
324 | |
325 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string. | |
326 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp. | |
327 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters. | |
328 * Query Replace:: How to use querying. | |
329 | |
330 Commands for Fixing Typos | |
331 | |
332 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text. | |
333 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
334 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. | |
335 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer. | |
336 | |
337 File Handling | |
338 | |
339 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments. | |
340 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file. | |
341 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent. | |
342 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved. | |
343 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data. | |
344 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file. | |
345 * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS). | |
346 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories. | |
347 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ. | |
348 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files. | |
349 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files. | |
350 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites. | |
351 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names. | |
352 | |
353 Saving Files | |
354 | |
355 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file. | |
356 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing | |
357 of one file by two users. | |
358 | |
359 Version Control | |
360 | |
361 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general. | |
362 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status. | |
363 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control. | |
364 * Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions. | |
365 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently. | |
366 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development. | |
367 * Snapshots:: Sets of file versions treated as a unit. | |
368 * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC. | |
369 * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior. | |
370 | |
371 Using Multiple Buffers | |
372 | |
373 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. | |
374 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist. | |
375 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onlyness; copying text. | |
376 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need. | |
377 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers | |
378 and operate variously on several of them. | |
379 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. | |
380 | |
381 Multiple Windows | |
382 | |
383 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows. | |
384 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows. | |
385 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it. | |
386 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window. | |
387 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected | |
388 window rather than in another window. | |
389 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes. | |
390 | |
391 Frames and X Windows | |
392 | |
393 * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse. | |
394 * Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark. | |
395 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list. | |
396 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus. | |
397 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line. | |
398 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents. | |
399 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays. | |
400 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames. | |
401 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames. | |
402 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them. | |
403 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar. | |
404 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. | |
405 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. | |
406 * Support Modes:: Font Lock support modes make Font Lock faster. | |
407 * Misc X:: Iconifying and deleting frames. Region highlighting. | |
408 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one. | |
409 | |
410 Font Lock Support Modes | |
411 | |
412 * Fast Lock Mode:: Saving font information in files. | |
413 * Lazy Lock Mode:: Fontifying only text that is actually displayed. | |
414 * Fast or Lazy:: Which support mode is best for you? | |
415 | |
416 International Character Set Support | |
417 | |
418 * International Intro:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. | |
419 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. | |
420 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
421 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
422 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
423 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and | |
424 write files, and so on. | |
425 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
426 * Specify Coding:: Various ways to choose which conversion to use. | |
427 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts | |
428 that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
429 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
27212 | 430 * Single-Byte Character Support:: |
24093 | 431 You can pick one European character set |
432 to use without multibyte characters. | |
433 | |
434 Major Modes | |
435 | |
436 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen. | |
437 | |
438 Indentation | |
439 | |
440 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation. | |
441 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then | |
442 indent to the next tab stop when you want to. | |
443 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces. | |
444 | |
445 Commands for Human Languages | |
446 | |
447 * Words:: Moving over and killing words. | |
448 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. | |
449 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. | |
450 * Pages:: Moving over pages. | |
451 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text. | |
452 * Case:: Changing the case of text. | |
453 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. | |
454 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines. | |
455 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
456 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff. | |
457 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion. | |
458 | |
459 Filling Text | |
460 | |
461 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. | |
462 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. | |
463 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented | |
464 or in a comment, etc. | |
465 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. | |
466 | |
467 Editing Programs | |
468 | |
469 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. | |
470 * Lists:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. | |
471 * List Commands:: The commands for working with list and sexps. | |
472 * Defuns:: Each program is made up of separate functions. | |
473 There are editing commands to operate on them. | |
474 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. | |
475 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. | |
476 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. | |
477 * Balanced Editing:: Inserting two matching parentheses at once, etc. | |
478 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language. | |
479 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. | |
480 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program. | |
481 * Tags:: Go directly to any function in your program in one | |
482 command. Tags remembers which file it is in. | |
483 * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program. | |
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484 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C and Java modes. |
24093 | 485 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. |
486 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. | |
487 | |
488 Indentation for Programs | |
489 | |
490 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line. | |
491 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. | |
492 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. | |
493 * C Indent:: Choosing an indentation style for C code. | |
494 | |
495 Tags Tables | |
496 | |
497 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files. | |
498 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}. | |
499 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table. | |
500 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag. | |
501 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing. | |
502 * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file. | |
503 | |
504 Merging Files with Emerge | |
505 | |
506 * Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts. | |
507 * Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode. | |
508 Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode. | |
509 * State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B | |
510 for each difference. | |
511 * Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference, | |
512 changing states of differences, etc. | |
513 * Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge. | |
514 * Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference. | |
515 * Fine Points of Emerge:: Misc. | |
516 | |
517 Compiling and Testing Programs | |
518 | |
519 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other | |
520 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.). | |
521 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors. | |
522 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly | |
523 for use in the compilation buffer. | |
524 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. | |
525 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, | |
526 with different facilities for running | |
527 the Lisp programs. | |
528 * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs. | |
529 * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. | |
530 * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. | |
531 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. | |
532 | |
533 Running Debuggers Under Emacs | |
534 | |
535 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess. | |
536 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers. | |
537 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands. | |
538 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD. | |
539 | |
540 Abbrevs | |
541 | |
542 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs. | |
543 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed. | |
544 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion. | |
545 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs. | |
546 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session. | |
547 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. | |
548 | |
549 Editing Pictures | |
550 | |
551 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode. | |
552 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion | |
553 after "self-inserting" characters. | |
554 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation. | |
555 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles. | |
556 | |
557 Sending Mail | |
558 | |
559 * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed. | |
560 * Mail Headers:: Details of permitted mail header fields. | |
561 * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses. | |
562 * Mail Mode:: Special commands for editing mail being composed. | |
563 * Distracting NSA:: How to distract the NSA's attention. | |
564 * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods. | |
565 | |
566 Reading Mail with Rmail | |
567 | |
568 * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use. | |
569 * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message. | |
570 * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message. | |
571 * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages. | |
572 * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file. | |
573 * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files. | |
574 * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files. | |
575 * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them. | |
576 * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes. | |
577 * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing. | |
578 * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages. | |
579 * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail. | |
580 * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization. | |
581 * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail. | |
582 * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message. | |
583 * Out of Rmail:: Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format. | |
584 * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code. | |
585 * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail. | |
586 | |
587 Dired, the Directory Editor | |
588 | |
589 * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired. | |
590 * Dired Commands:: Commands in the Dired buffer. | |
591 * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired. | |
592 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
593 * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired. | |
594 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
595 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
596 either one file or several files. | |
597 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
598 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
599 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
600 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
601 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. | |
602 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
603 * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
604 * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
605 | |
606 The Calendar and the Diary | |
607 | |
608 * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date. | |
609 * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen. | |
610 * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates? | |
611 * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar. | |
612 * LaTeX Calendar:: Print a calendar using LaTeX. | |
613 * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays. | |
614 * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset. | |
615 * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon. | |
616 * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems. | |
617 * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary. | |
618 * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something. | |
619 * Daylight Savings:: How to specify when daylight savings time is active. | |
620 | |
621 Movement in the Calendar | |
622 | |
623 * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years. | |
624 * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years. | |
625 * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another | |
626 specific date. | |
627 | |
628 Conversion To and From Other Calendars | |
629 | |
630 * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands | |
631 (aside from Gregorian). | |
632 * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars. | |
633 * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar. | |
634 * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar. | |
635 | |
636 The Diary | |
637 | |
638 * Diary Commands:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates. | |
639 * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary. | |
640 * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates. | |
641 * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries. | |
642 * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc. | |
643 | |
644 @sc{Gnus} | |
645 | |
646 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers. | |
647 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus. | |
648 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands. | |
649 | |
650 Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
651 | |
652 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return. | |
653 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs. | |
654 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell. | |
655 * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer. | |
656 * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode. | |
657 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer. | |
658 | |
659 Customization | |
660 | |
661 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on | |
662 independently of any others. | |
663 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables | |
664 to decide what to do; by setting variables, | |
665 you can control their functioning. | |
666 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of | |
667 keystrokes to be replayed with a single command. | |
668 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs. | |
669 By changing them, you can "redefine keys". | |
670 * Keyboard Translations:: | |
671 If your keyboard passes an undesired code | |
672 for a key, you can tell Emacs to | |
673 substitute another code. | |
674 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and | |
675 expressions are parsed. | |
676 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the | |
677 @file{.emacs} file. | |
678 | |
679 Variables | |
680 | |
681 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value. | |
682 * Easy Customization:: | |
683 Convenient and easy customization of variables. | |
684 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts | |
685 of Emacs to run on particular occasions. | |
686 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables. | |
687 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values. | |
688 | |
689 Keyboard Macros | |
690 | |
691 * Basic Kbd Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros. | |
692 * Save Kbd Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files. | |
693 * Kbd Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time. | |
694 | |
695 Customizing Key Bindings | |
696 | |
697 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap. | |
698 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys. | |
699 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps. | |
700 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps. | |
701 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently. | |
702 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}. | |
703 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys. | |
704 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on. | |
705 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs. | |
706 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required | |
707 before it can be executed. This is done to protect | |
708 beginners from surprises. | |
709 | |
710 The Init File, @file{~/.emacs} | |
711 | |
712 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp. | |
713 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file. | |
714 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file. | |
715 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file. | |
716 | |
717 Dealing with Emacs Trouble | |
718 | |
719 * DEL Gets Help:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete. | |
720 * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses. | |
721 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen. | |
722 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text. | |
723 * Unasked-for Search:: Spontaneous entry to incremental search. | |
724 * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory. | |
725 * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape--- | |
726 What to do if Emacs stops responding. | |
727 * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end. | |
728 | |
729 Reporting Bugs | |
730 | |
731 * Criteria: Bug Criteria. Have you really found a bug? | |
732 * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively. | |
733 * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report. | |
734 * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs. | |
735 | |
736 Command Line Options and Arguments | |
737 | |
738 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries, | |
739 and call functions. | |
740 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs. | |
741 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments. | |
742 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs. | |
743 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses. | |
744 | |
745 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login. | |
746 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X. | |
747 * Colors X:: Choosing colors, under X. | |
748 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X. | |
749 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X. | |
750 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title. | |
751 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X. | |
752 * Resources X:: Advanced use of classes and resources, under X. | |
753 * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus. | |
754 * Motif Resources:: X resources for Motif menus. | |
755 | |
756 Environment Variables | |
757 | |
758 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use. | |
759 * Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables. | |
760 | |
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|
761 MS-DOS and Windows 95/98/NT |
24093 | 762 |
763 * MS-DOS Input:: Keyboard and mouse usage on MS-DOS. | |
764 * MS-DOS Display:: Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS. | |
765 * MS-DOS File Names:: File-name conventions on MS-DOS. | |
766 * Text and Binary:: Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines. | |
767 * MS-DOS Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-DOS. | |
768 * MS-DOS Processes:: Running subprocesses on MS-DOS. | |
769 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. | |
770 * Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does. | |
771 @end menu | |
772 | |
773 @iftex | |
774 @unnumbered Preface | |
775 | |
776 This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs | |
777 editor. The reader is not expected to be a programmer; simple | |
778 customizations do not require programming skill. But the user who is not | |
779 interested in customizing can ignore the scattered customization hints. | |
780 | |
781 This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a | |
782 primer. For complete beginners, it is a good idea to start with the | |
783 on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To run the | |
784 tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. This way you can learn | |
785 Emacs by using Emacs on a specially designed file which describes | |
786 commands, tells you when to try them, and then explains the results you | |
787 see. | |
788 | |
789 On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the | |
790 notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the | |
791 Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these | |
792 chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you | |
793 should practice the commands there. The next few chapters describe | |
794 fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. You need | |
795 to understand them thoroughly, experimenting with them if necessary. | |
796 | |
797 Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are | |
798 useful for all kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters | |
799 describe features that you may or may not want to use; read those | |
800 chapters when you need them. | |
801 | |
802 Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working | |
803 properly. It explains how to cope with some common problems | |
804 (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs | |
805 (@pxref{Bugs}). | |
806 | |
807 To find the documentation on a particular command, look in the index. | |
808 Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. There | |
809 is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term. | |
810 | |
811 This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file. | |
812 The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which will | |
813 be the principal way of viewing documentation on-line in the GNU system. | |
814 Both the Info file and the Info program itself are distributed along | |
815 with GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain | |
816 substantially the same text and are generated from the same source | |
817 files, which are also distributed along with GNU Emacs. | |
818 | |
819 GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many Emacs | |
820 editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For information on | |
821 the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons learned from its | |
822 development, write for a copy of AI memo 519a, ``Emacs, the Extensible, | |
823 Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor,'' to Publications Department, | |
824 Artificial Intelligence Lab, 545 Tech Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. At | |
825 last report they charge $2.25 per copy. Another useful publication is LCS | |
826 TM-165, ``A Cookbook for an Emacs,'' by Craig Finseth, available from | |
827 Publications Department, Laboratory for Computer Science, 545 Tech Square, | |
828 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. The price today is $3. | |
829 | |
830 This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs installed | |
831 on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on VMS, MS-DOS | |
832 (also called MS-DOG), Windows NT, and Windows 95 systems. Those systems use | |
833 different file name syntax; in addition, VMS and MS-DOS do not support | |
834 all GNU Emacs features. We don't try to describe VMS usage in this | |
835 manual. @xref{MS-DOS}, for information about using Emacs on MS-DOS. | |
836 @end iftex | |
837 | |
838 @node Distrib, Copying, Top, Top | |
839 @unnumbered Distribution | |
840 | |
841 GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to | |
842 use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs is | |
843 not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions | |
844 on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit | |
845 everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. What is | |
846 not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version | |
847 of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise conditions are | |
848 found in the GNU General Public License that comes with Emacs and also | |
849 appears following this section. | |
850 | |
851 One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. You | |
852 need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; just | |
853 copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest | |
854 distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see the file | |
855 @file{etc/FTP} in the Emacs distribution for more information. | |
856 | |
857 You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer | |
858 manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to | |
859 everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources, | |
860 including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to | |
861 redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the | |
862 General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you | |
863 when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer. | |
864 | |
865 You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software Foundation | |
866 on CD-ROM@. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is | |
867 also a good way to help fund our work. (The Foundation has always | |
868 received most of its funds in this way.) An order form is included in | |
869 the file @file{etc/ORDERS} in the Emacs distribution, and on our web | |
870 site in @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further | |
871 information, write to | |
872 | |
873 @display | |
874 Free Software Foundation | |
875 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 | |
876 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
877 USA | |
878 @end display | |
879 | |
880 The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's | |
881 purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our | |
882 existing programs including GNU Emacs. | |
883 | |
884 If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the | |
885 Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free | |
886 Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs | |
887 at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If | |
888 company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you | |
889 might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation | |
890 occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates. | |
891 | |
892 @iftex | |
893 Contributors to GNU Emacs include Per Abrahamsen, Jay K. Adams, Joe | |
894 Arceneaux, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Jim Blandy, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz, | |
895 Peter Breton, Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M. Brown, Bill | |
896 Carpenter, Hans Chalupsky, Bob Chassell, James Clark, Mike Clarkson, | |
897 Glynn Clements, Andrew Csillag, Doug Cutting, Michael DeCorte, Gary | |
898 Delp, Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Carsten Dominik, Scott Draves, Viktor | |
899 Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson, | |
900 Tsugumoto Enami, Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi, | |
901 Frederick Farnback, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Noah Friedman, | |
902 Keith Gabryelski, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, Howard Gayle, Stephen | |
903 Gildea, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Boris Goldowsky, Michelangelo | |
24882 | 904 Grigni, Michael Gschwind, Henry Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa, |
24093 | 905 Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, John Heidemann, Markus Heritsch, Karl |
906 Heuer, Manabu Higashida, Anders Holst, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Lars | |
907 Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Tomoji | |
908 Kagatani, Brewster Kahle, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Howard Kaye, | |
909 Michael Kifer, Richard King, Larry K. Kolodney, Robert Krawitz, | |
910 Sebastian Kremer, Geoff Kuenning, David K@aa gedal, Daniel LaLiberte, | |
911 Aaron Larson, James R. Larus, Frederic Lepied, Lars Lindberg, Eric | |
912 Ludlam, Neil M. Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon | |
913 Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath, | |
914 David Megginson, Wayne Mesard, Richard Mlynarik, Keith Moore, Erik | |
915 Naggum, Thomas Neumann, Mike Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Jeff Norden, | |
916 Andrew Norman, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, Jens | |
917 Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, | |
918 Francesco A. Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Ashwin Ram, Eric S. Raymond, | |
919 Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, Rob Riepel, Roland B. Roberts, John | |
920 Robinson, Danny Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt, Guillermo J. Rozas, Ivar | |
921 Rummelhoff, Wolfgang Rupprecht, James B. Salem, Masahiko Sato, William | |
922 Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald | |
923 S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Stephen Schoef, Randal Schwartz, | |
924 Manuel Serrano, Stanislav Shalunov, Mark Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin | |
925 Shivers, Espen Skoglund, Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David | |
926 Smith, Paul D. Smith, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats, Sam Steingold, | |
927 Ake Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Jonathan Stigelman, Steve Strassman, | |
928 Jens T. Berger Thielemann, Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, Masanobu Umeda, | |
929 Neil W. Van Dyke, Ulrik Vieth, Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Barry | |
930 Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, Ed | |
931 Wilkinson, Mike Williams, Steven A. Wood, Dale R. Worley, Felix | |
932 S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Ian T. Zimmermann, | |
933 Reto Zimmermann, and Neal Ziring. | |
934 @end iftex | |
935 | |
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936 @node Copying, GNU Free Documentation License, Distrib, Top |
24093 | 937 @unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE |
938 @center Version 2, June 1991 | |
939 | |
940 @display | |
941 Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
942 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
943 | |
944 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies | |
945 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. | |
946 @end display | |
947 | |
948 @unnumberedsec Preamble | |
949 | |
950 The licenses for most software are designed to take away your | |
951 freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public | |
952 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free | |
953 software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This | |
954 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software | |
955 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to | |
956 using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by | |
957 the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to | |
958 your programs, too. | |
959 | |
960 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not | |
961 price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you | |
962 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for | |
963 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it | |
964 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it | |
965 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. | |
966 | |
967 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid | |
968 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. | |
969 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you | |
970 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. | |
971 | |
972 For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether | |
973 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that | |
974 you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the | |
975 source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their | |
976 rights. | |
977 | |
978 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and | |
979 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, | |
980 distribute and/or modify the software. | |
981 | |
982 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain | |
983 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free | |
984 software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we | |
985 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so | |
986 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original | |
987 authors' reputations. | |
988 | |
989 Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software | |
990 patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free | |
991 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the | |
992 program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any | |
993 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. | |
994 | |
995 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and | |
996 modification follow. | |
997 | |
998 @iftex | |
999 @unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION | |
1000 @end iftex | |
1001 @ifinfo | |
1002 @center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION | |
1003 @end ifinfo | |
1004 | |
1005 @enumerate 0 | |
1006 @item | |
1007 This License applies to any program or other work which contains | |
1008 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed | |
1009 under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program'', below, | |
1010 refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program'' | |
1011 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: | |
1012 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, | |
1013 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another | |
1014 language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in | |
1015 the term ``modification''.) Each licensee is addressed as ``you''. | |
1016 | |
1017 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not | |
1018 covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of | |
1019 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program | |
1020 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the | |
1021 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). | |
1022 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. | |
1023 | |
1024 @item | |
1025 You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's | |
1026 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you | |
1027 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate | |
1028 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the | |
1029 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; | |
1030 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License | |
1031 along with the Program. | |
1032 | |
1033 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and | |
1034 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. | |
1035 | |
1036 @item | |
1037 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion | |
1038 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and | |
1039 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 | |
1040 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: | |
1041 | |
1042 @enumerate a | |
1043 @item | |
1044 You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices | |
1045 stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. | |
1046 | |
1047 @item | |
1048 You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in | |
1049 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any | |
1050 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third | |
1051 parties under the terms of this License. | |
1052 | |
1053 @item | |
1054 If the modified program normally reads commands interactively | |
1055 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such | |
1056 interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an | |
1057 announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a | |
1058 notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide | |
1059 a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under | |
1060 these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this | |
1061 License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but | |
1062 does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on | |
1063 the Program is not required to print an announcement.) | |
1064 @end enumerate | |
1065 | |
1066 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If | |
1067 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, | |
1068 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in | |
1069 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those | |
1070 sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you | |
1071 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based | |
1072 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of | |
1073 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the | |
1074 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. | |
1075 | |
1076 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest | |
1077 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to | |
1078 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or | |
1079 collective works based on the Program. | |
1080 | |
1081 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program | |
1082 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of | |
1083 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under | |
1084 the scope of this License. | |
1085 | |
1086 @item | |
1087 You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, | |
1088 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of | |
1089 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: | |
1090 | |
1091 @enumerate a | |
1092 @item | |
1093 Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable | |
1094 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections | |
1095 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1096 | |
1097 @item | |
1098 Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three | |
1099 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your | |
1100 cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete | |
1101 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be | |
1102 distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium | |
1103 customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1104 | |
1105 @item | |
1106 Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer | |
1107 to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is | |
1108 allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you | |
1109 received the program in object code or executable form with such | |
1110 an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) | |
1111 @end enumerate | |
1112 | |
1113 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for | |
1114 making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source | |
1115 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any | |
1116 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to | |
1117 control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a | |
1118 special exception, the source code distributed need not include | |
1119 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary | |
1120 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the | |
1121 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component | |
1122 itself accompanies the executable. | |
1123 | |
1124 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering | |
1125 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent | |
1126 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as | |
1127 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not | |
1128 compelled to copy the source along with the object code. | |
1129 | |
1130 @item | |
1131 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program | |
1132 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt | |
1133 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is | |
1134 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. | |
1135 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under | |
1136 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such | |
1137 parties remain in full compliance. | |
1138 | |
1139 @item | |
1140 You are not required to accept this License, since you have not | |
1141 signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or | |
1142 distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are | |
1143 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by | |
1144 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the | |
1145 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and | |
1146 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying | |
1147 the Program or works based on it. | |
1148 | |
1149 @item | |
1150 Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the | |
1151 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the | |
1152 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to | |
1153 these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further | |
1154 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. | |
1155 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to | |
1156 this License. | |
1157 | |
1158 @item | |
1159 If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent | |
1160 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), | |
1161 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or | |
1162 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not | |
1163 excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot | |
1164 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this | |
1165 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you | |
1166 may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent | |
1167 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by | |
1168 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then | |
1169 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to | |
1170 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. | |
1171 | |
1172 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under | |
1173 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to | |
1174 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other | |
1175 circumstances. | |
1176 | |
1177 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any | |
1178 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any | |
1179 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the | |
1180 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is | |
1181 implemented by public license practices. Many people have made | |
1182 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed | |
1183 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that | |
1184 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing | |
1185 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot | |
1186 impose that choice. | |
1187 | |
1188 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to | |
1189 be a consequence of the rest of this License. | |
1190 | |
1191 @item | |
1192 If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in | |
1193 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the | |
1194 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License | |
1195 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding | |
1196 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among | |
1197 countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates | |
1198 the limitation as if written in the body of this License. | |
1199 | |
1200 @item | |
1201 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions | |
1202 of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will | |
1203 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to | |
1204 address new problems or concerns. | |
1205 | |
1206 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program | |
1207 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any | |
1208 later version'', you have the option of following the terms and conditions | |
1209 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free | |
1210 Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of | |
1211 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software | |
1212 Foundation. | |
1213 | |
1214 @item | |
1215 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free | |
1216 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author | |
1217 to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free | |
1218 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes | |
1219 make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals | |
1220 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and | |
1221 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. | |
1222 | |
1223 @iftex | |
1224 @heading NO WARRANTY | |
1225 @end iftex | |
1226 @ifinfo | |
1227 @center NO WARRANTY | |
1228 @end ifinfo | |
1229 | |
1230 @item | |
1231 BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY | |
1232 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW@. EXCEPT WHEN | |
1233 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES | |
1234 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED | |
1235 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF | |
1236 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. THE ENTIRE RISK AS | |
1237 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU@. SHOULD THE | |
1238 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, | |
1239 REPAIR OR CORRECTION. | |
1240 | |
1241 @item | |
1242 IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING | |
1243 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR | |
1244 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, | |
1245 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING | |
1246 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED | |
1247 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY | |
1248 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER | |
1249 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE | |
1250 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. | |
1251 @end enumerate | |
1252 | |
1253 @iftex | |
1254 @heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS | |
1255 @end iftex | |
1256 @ifinfo | |
1257 @center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS | |
1258 @end ifinfo | |
1259 | |
1260 @page | |
1261 @unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs | |
1262 | |
1263 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest | |
1264 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it | |
1265 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. | |
1266 | |
1267 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest | |
1268 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively | |
1269 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least | |
1270 the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. | |
1271 | |
1272 @smallexample | |
1273 @var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.} | |
1274 Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author} | |
1275 | |
1276 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or | |
1277 modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License | |
1278 as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 | |
1279 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. | |
1280 | |
1281 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, | |
1282 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
1283 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. See the | |
1284 GNU General Public License for more details. | |
1285 | |
1286 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along | |
1287 with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., | |
1288 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. | |
1289 @end smallexample | |
1290 | |
1291 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. | |
1292 | |
1293 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this | |
1294 when it starts in an interactive mode: | |
1295 | |
1296 @smallexample | |
1297 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author} | |
1298 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details | |
1299 type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome | |
1300 to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' | |
1301 for details. | |
1302 @end smallexample | |
1303 | |
1304 The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show | |
1305 the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the | |
1306 commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and | |
1307 @samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever | |
1308 suits your program. | |
1309 | |
1310 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your | |
1311 school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if | |
1312 necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: | |
1313 | |
1314 @smallexample | |
1315 @group | |
1316 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright | |
1317 interest in the program `Gnomovision' | |
1318 (which makes passes at compilers) written | |
1319 by James Hacker. | |
1320 | |
1321 @var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989 | |
1322 Ty Coon, President of Vice | |
1323 @end group | |
1324 @end smallexample | |
1325 | |
1326 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into | |
1327 proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may | |
1328 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the | |
1329 library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General | |
1330 Public License instead of this License. | |
1331 | |
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1332 @include doclicense.texi |
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1333 |
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1334 @node Intro, Glossary, GNU Free Documentation License, Top |
24093 | 1335 @unnumbered Introduction |
1336 | |
1337 You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the advanced, | |
1338 self-documenting, customizable, extensible real-time display editor Emacs. | |
1339 (The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.) | |
1340 | |
1341 We say that Emacs is a @dfn{display} editor because normally the text | |
1342 being edited is visible on the screen and is updated automatically as you | |
1343 type your commands. @xref{Screen,Display}. | |
1344 | |
1345 We call it a @dfn{real-time} editor because the display is updated very | |
1346 frequently, usually after each character or pair of characters you | |
1347 type. This minimizes the amount of information you must keep in your | |
1348 head as you edit. @xref{Basic,Real-time,Basic Editing}. | |
1349 | |
1350 We call Emacs advanced because it provides facilities that go beyond | |
1351 simple insertion and deletion: controlling subprocesses; automatic | |
1352 indentation of programs; viewing two or more files at once; editing | |
1353 formatted text; and dealing in terms of characters, words, lines, | |
1354 sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and comments in | |
1355 several different programming languages. | |
1356 | |
1357 @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can type a special | |
1358 character, @kbd{Control-h}, to find out what your options are. You can | |
1359 also use it to find out what any command does, or to find all the commands | |
1360 that pertain to a topic. @xref{Help}. | |
1361 | |
1362 @dfn{Customizable} means that you can change the definitions of Emacs | |
1363 commands in little ways. For example, if you use a programming language in | |
1364 which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can tell | |
1365 the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings | |
1366 (@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of the | |
1367 command set. For example, if you prefer the four basic cursor motion | |
1368 commands (up, down, left and right) on keys in a diamond pattern on the | |
1369 keyboard, you can rebind the keys that way. @xref{Customization}. | |
1370 | |
1371 @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization and | |
1372 write entirely new commands, programs in the Lisp language to be run by | |
1373 Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line extensible'' | |
1374 system, which means that it is divided into many functions that call | |
1375 each other, any of which can be redefined in the middle of an editing | |
1376 session. Almost any part of Emacs can be replaced without making a | |
1377 separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the editing commands of Emacs | |
1378 are written in Lisp already; the few exceptions could have been written | |
1379 in Lisp but are written in C for efficiency. Although only a programmer | |
1380 can write an extension, anybody can use it afterward. If you want to | |
1381 learn Emacs Lisp programming, we recommend the @cite{Introduction to | |
1382 Emacs Lisp} by Robert J. Chassell, also published by the Free Software | |
1383 Foundation. | |
1384 | |
1385 When run under the X Window System, Emacs provides its own menus and | |
1386 convenient bindings to mouse buttons. But Emacs can provide many of the | |
1387 benefits of a window system on a text-only terminal. For instance, you | |
1388 can look at or edit several files at once, move text between files, and | |
1389 edit files while running shell commands. | |
1390 | |
1391 @include screen.texi | |
1392 @include commands.texi | |
1393 @include entering.texi | |
1394 @include basic.texi | |
1395 @include mini.texi | |
1396 @include m-x.texi | |
1397 @include help.texi | |
1398 @include mark.texi | |
1399 @include killing.texi | |
1400 @include regs.texi | |
1401 @include display.texi | |
1402 @include search.texi | |
1403 @include fixit.texi | |
1404 @include files.texi | |
1405 @include buffers.texi | |
1406 @include windows.texi | |
1407 @include frames.texi | |
1408 @include mule.texi | |
1409 @include major.texi | |
1410 @include indent.texi | |
1411 @include text.texi | |
1412 @include programs.texi | |
1413 @include building.texi | |
1414 @include abbrevs.texi | |
1415 @include picture.texi | |
1416 @include sending.texi | |
1417 @include rmail.texi | |
1418 @include dired.texi | |
1419 @include calendar.texi | |
1420 @include misc.texi | |
1421 @include custom.texi | |
1422 @include trouble.texi | |
1423 @include cmdargs.texi | |
1424 | |
1425 @include anti.texi | |
1426 @include msdog.texi | |
1427 @include gnu.texi | |
1428 @include glossary.texi | |
1429 @ifinfo | |
1430 @include ack.texi | |
1431 @end ifinfo | |
1432 | |
1433 @node Key Index, Command Index, Glossary, Top | |
1434 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index | |
1435 @printindex ky | |
1436 | |
1437 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top | |
1438 @unnumbered Command and Function Index | |
1439 @printindex fn | |
1440 | |
1441 @node Variable Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top | |
1442 @unnumbered Variable Index | |
1443 @printindex vr | |
1444 | |
1445 @node Concept Index, Acknowledgments, Variable Index, Top | |
1446 @unnumbered Concept Index | |
1447 @printindex cp | |
1448 | |
1449 @summarycontents | |
1450 @contents | |
1451 @bye | |
1452 |