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annotate lispref/text.texi @ 25765:416e6af8f06a
Add prototype for shrink_regexp_cache,
sweep_weak_hash_tables.
author | Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org> |
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date | Sun, 19 Sep 1999 21:46:47 +0000 |
parents | 467b88fab665 |
children | 6a17c48b52ef |
rev | line source |
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6558 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6558 | 4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @setfilename ../info/text | |
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6 @node Text, Non-ASCII Characters, Markers, Top |
6558 | 7 @chapter Text |
8 @cindex text | |
9 | |
10 This chapter describes the functions that deal with the text in a | |
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11 buffer. Most examine, insert, or delete text in the current buffer, |
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12 often operating at point or on text adjacent to point. Many are |
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13 interactive. All the functions that change the text provide for undoing |
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14 the changes (@pxref{Undo}). |
6558 | 15 |
16 Many text-related functions operate on a region of text defined by two | |
17 buffer positions passed in arguments named @var{start} and @var{end}. | |
18 These arguments should be either markers (@pxref{Markers}) or numeric | |
19 character positions (@pxref{Positions}). The order of these arguments | |
20 does not matter; it is all right for @var{start} to be the end of the | |
21 region and @var{end} the beginning. For example, @code{(delete-region 1 | |
22 10)} and @code{(delete-region 10 1)} are equivalent. An | |
23 @code{args-out-of-range} error is signaled if either @var{start} or | |
24 @var{end} is outside the accessible portion of the buffer. In an | |
25 interactive call, point and the mark are used for these arguments. | |
26 | |
27 @cindex buffer contents | |
28 Throughout this chapter, ``text'' refers to the characters in the | |
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29 buffer, together with their properties (when relevant). Keep in mind |
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30 that point is always between two characters, and the cursor appears on |
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31 the character after point. |
6558 | 32 |
33 @menu | |
34 * Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point. | |
35 * Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion. | |
36 * Comparing Text:: Comparing substrings of buffers. | |
37 * Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer. | |
38 * Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text. | |
39 * Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer. | |
40 * User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text. | |
41 * The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for later use. | |
42 * Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer. | |
43 * Maintaining Undo:: How to enable and disable undo information. | |
44 How to control how much information is kept. | |
45 * Filling:: Functions for explicit filling. | |
12098 | 46 * Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands. |
23147 | 47 * Adaptive Fill:: Adaptive Fill mode chooses a fill prefix from context. |
6558 | 48 * Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines. |
49 * Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer. | |
50 * Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them. | |
51 * Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation. | |
52 * Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer. | |
53 * Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters. | |
54 * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears. | |
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55 * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer. |
6558 | 56 * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing the text or |
57 position stored in a register. | |
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58 * Base 64:: Conversion to or from base 64 encoding. |
6558 | 59 * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed. |
60 @end menu | |
61 | |
62 @node Near Point | |
63 @section Examining Text Near Point | |
64 | |
65 Many functions are provided to look at the characters around point. | |
66 Several simple functions are described here. See also @code{looking-at} | |
67 in @ref{Regexp Search}. | |
68 | |
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69 @defun char-after &optional position |
6558 | 70 This function returns the character in the current buffer at (i.e., |
71 immediately after) position @var{position}. If @var{position} is out of | |
72 range for this purpose, either before the beginning of the buffer, or at | |
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73 or beyond the end, then the value is @code{nil}. The default for |
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74 @var{position} is point. |
6558 | 75 |
76 In the following example, assume that the first character in the | |
77 buffer is @samp{@@}: | |
78 | |
79 @example | |
80 @group | |
81 (char-to-string (char-after 1)) | |
82 @result{} "@@" | |
83 @end group | |
84 @end example | |
85 @end defun | |
86 | |
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87 @defun char-before &optional position |
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88 This function returns the character in the current buffer immediately |
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89 before position @var{position}. If @var{position} is out of range for |
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90 this purpose, either before the beginning of the buffer, or at or beyond |
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91 the end, then the value is @code{nil}. The default for |
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92 @var{position} is point. |
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93 @end defun |
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94 |
6558 | 95 @defun following-char |
96 This function returns the character following point in the current | |
97 buffer. This is similar to @code{(char-after (point))}. However, if | |
98 point is at the end of the buffer, then @code{following-char} returns 0. | |
99 | |
100 Remember that point is always between characters, and the terminal | |
101 cursor normally appears over the character following point. Therefore, | |
102 the character returned by @code{following-char} is the character the | |
103 cursor is over. | |
104 | |
105 In this example, point is between the @samp{a} and the @samp{c}. | |
106 | |
107 @example | |
108 @group | |
109 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
110 Gentlemen may cry ``Pea@point{}ce! Peace!,'' | |
111 but there is no peace. | |
112 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
113 @end group | |
114 | |
115 @group | |
116 (char-to-string (preceding-char)) | |
117 @result{} "a" | |
118 (char-to-string (following-char)) | |
119 @result{} "c" | |
120 @end group | |
121 @end example | |
122 @end defun | |
123 | |
124 @defun preceding-char | |
125 This function returns the character preceding point in the current | |
126 buffer. See above, under @code{following-char}, for an example. If | |
127 point is at the beginning of the buffer, @code{preceding-char} returns | |
128 0. | |
129 @end defun | |
130 | |
131 @defun bobp | |
132 This function returns @code{t} if point is at the beginning of the | |
133 buffer. If narrowing is in effect, this means the beginning of the | |
134 accessible portion of the text. See also @code{point-min} in | |
135 @ref{Point}. | |
136 @end defun | |
137 | |
138 @defun eobp | |
139 This function returns @code{t} if point is at the end of the buffer. | |
140 If narrowing is in effect, this means the end of accessible portion of | |
141 the text. See also @code{point-max} in @xref{Point}. | |
142 @end defun | |
143 | |
144 @defun bolp | |
145 This function returns @code{t} if point is at the beginning of a line. | |
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146 @xref{Text Lines}. The beginning of the buffer (or of its accessible |
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147 portion) always counts as the beginning of a line. |
6558 | 148 @end defun |
149 | |
150 @defun eolp | |
151 This function returns @code{t} if point is at the end of a line. The | |
152 end of the buffer (or of its accessible portion) is always considered | |
153 the end of a line. | |
154 @end defun | |
155 | |
156 @node Buffer Contents | |
157 @section Examining Buffer Contents | |
158 | |
159 This section describes two functions that allow a Lisp program to | |
160 convert any portion of the text in the buffer into a string. | |
161 | |
162 @defun buffer-substring start end | |
163 This function returns a string containing a copy of the text of the | |
164 region defined by positions @var{start} and @var{end} in the current | |
165 buffer. If the arguments are not positions in the accessible portion of | |
166 the buffer, @code{buffer-substring} signals an @code{args-out-of-range} | |
167 error. | |
168 | |
169 It is not necessary for @var{start} to be less than @var{end}; the | |
170 arguments can be given in either order. But most often the smaller | |
171 argument is written first. | |
172 | |
12067 | 173 If the text being copied has any text properties, these are copied into |
174 the string along with the characters they belong to. @xref{Text | |
175 Properties}. However, overlays (@pxref{Overlays}) in the buffer and | |
176 their properties are ignored, not copied. | |
177 | |
6558 | 178 @example |
179 @group | |
180 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
181 This is the contents of buffer foo | |
182 | |
183 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
184 @end group | |
185 | |
186 @group | |
187 (buffer-substring 1 10) | |
188 @result{} "This is t" | |
189 @end group | |
190 @group | |
191 (buffer-substring (point-max) 10) | |
192 @result{} "he contents of buffer foo | |
193 " | |
194 @end group | |
195 @end example | |
196 @end defun | |
197 | |
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198 @defun buffer-substring-no-properties start end |
12067 | 199 This is like @code{buffer-substring}, except that it does not copy text |
200 properties, just the characters themselves. @xref{Text Properties}. | |
201 @end defun | |
202 | |
6558 | 203 @defun buffer-string |
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204 This function returns the contents of the entire accessible portion of |
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205 the current buffer as a string. It is equivalent to |
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206 |
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207 @example |
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208 (buffer-substring (point-min) (point-max)) |
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209 @end example |
6558 | 210 |
211 @example | |
212 @group | |
213 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
214 This is the contents of buffer foo | |
215 | |
216 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
217 | |
218 (buffer-string) | |
219 @result{} "This is the contents of buffer foo | |
220 " | |
221 @end group | |
222 @end example | |
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223 |
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224 When this function is used in the minibuffer, the value does not include |
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225 the prompt. |
6558 | 226 @end defun |
227 | |
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228 @defun thing-at-point thing |
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229 Return the @var{thing} around or next to point, as a string. |
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230 |
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231 The argument @var{thing} is a symbol which specifies a kind of syntactic |
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232 entity. Possibilities include @code{symbol}, @code{list}, @code{sexp}, |
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233 @code{defun}, @code{filename}, @code{url}, @code{word}, @code{sentence}, |
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234 @code{whitespace}, @code{line}, @code{page}, and others. |
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235 |
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236 @example |
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237 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- |
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238 Gentlemen may cry ``Pea@point{}ce! Peace!,'' |
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239 but there is no peace. |
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240 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- |
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241 |
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242 (thing-at-point 'word) |
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243 @result{} "Peace" |
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244 (thing-at-point 'line) |
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245 @result{} "Gentlemen may cry ``Peace! Peace!,''\n" |
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246 (thing-at-point 'whitespace) |
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247 @result{} nil |
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248 @end example |
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249 @end defun |
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250 |
6558 | 251 @node Comparing Text |
252 @section Comparing Text | |
253 @cindex comparing buffer text | |
254 | |
255 This function lets you compare portions of the text in a buffer, without | |
256 copying them into strings first. | |
257 | |
258 @defun compare-buffer-substrings buffer1 start1 end1 buffer2 start2 end2 | |
259 This function lets you compare two substrings of the same buffer or two | |
260 different buffers. The first three arguments specify one substring, | |
261 giving a buffer and two positions within the buffer. The last three | |
262 arguments specify the other substring in the same way. You can use | |
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263 @code{nil} for @var{buffer1}, @var{buffer2}, or both to stand for the |
6558 | 264 current buffer. |
265 | |
266 The value is negative if the first substring is less, positive if the | |
267 first is greater, and zero if they are equal. The absolute value of | |
268 the result is one plus the index of the first differing characters | |
269 within the substrings. | |
270 | |
271 This function ignores case when comparing characters | |
12098 | 272 if @code{case-fold-search} is non-@code{nil}. It always ignores |
273 text properties. | |
6558 | 274 |
275 Suppose the current buffer contains the text @samp{foobarbar | |
276 haha!rara!}; then in this example the two substrings are @samp{rbar } | |
277 and @samp{rara!}. The value is 2 because the first substring is greater | |
278 at the second character. | |
279 | |
280 @example | |
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281 (compare-buffer-substrings nil 6 11 nil 16 21) |
6558 | 282 @result{} 2 |
283 @end example | |
284 @end defun | |
285 | |
286 @node Insertion | |
12098 | 287 @section Inserting Text |
6558 | 288 @cindex insertion of text |
289 @cindex text insertion | |
290 | |
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291 @cindex insertion before point |
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292 @cindex before point, insertion |
6558 | 293 @dfn{Insertion} means adding new text to a buffer. The inserted text |
294 goes at point---between the character before point and the character | |
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295 after point. Some insertion functions leave point before the inserted |
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296 text, while other functions leave it after. We call the former |
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297 insertion @dfn{after point} and the latter insertion @dfn{before point}. |
6558 | 298 |
299 Insertion relocates markers that point at positions after the | |
300 insertion point, so that they stay with the surrounding text | |
301 (@pxref{Markers}). When a marker points at the place of insertion, | |
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302 insertion may or may not relocate the marker, depending on the marker's |
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303 insertion type (@pxref{Marker Insertion Types}). Certain special |
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304 functions such as @code{insert-before-markers} relocate all such markers |
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305 to point after the inserted text, regardless of the markers' insertion |
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306 type. |
6558 | 307 |
308 Insertion functions signal an error if the current buffer is | |
309 read-only. | |
310 | |
12098 | 311 These functions copy text characters from strings and buffers along |
312 with their properties. The inserted characters have exactly the same | |
313 properties as the characters they were copied from. By contrast, | |
314 characters specified as separate arguments, not part of a string or | |
315 buffer, inherit their text properties from the neighboring text. | |
316 | |
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317 The insertion functions convert text from unibyte to multibyte in |
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318 order to insert in a multibyte buffer, and vice versa---if the text |
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319 comes from a string or from a buffer. However, they do not convert |
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320 unibyte character codes 128 through 255 to multibyte characters, not |
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321 even if the current buffer is a multibyte buffer. @xref{Converting |
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322 Representations}. |
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323 |
6558 | 324 @defun insert &rest args |
325 This function inserts the strings and/or characters @var{args} into the | |
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326 current buffer, at point, moving point forward. In other words, it |
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327 inserts the text before point. An error is signaled unless all |
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328 @var{args} are either strings or characters. The value is @code{nil}. |
6558 | 329 @end defun |
330 | |
331 @defun insert-before-markers &rest args | |
332 This function inserts the strings and/or characters @var{args} into the | |
333 current buffer, at point, moving point forward. An error is signaled | |
334 unless all @var{args} are either strings or characters. The value is | |
335 @code{nil}. | |
336 | |
337 This function is unlike the other insertion functions in that it | |
338 relocates markers initially pointing at the insertion point, to point | |
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339 after the inserted text. If an overlay begins the insertion point, the |
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340 inserted text falls outside the overlay; if a nonempty overlay ends at |
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341 the insertion point, the inserted text falls inside that overlay. |
6558 | 342 @end defun |
343 | |
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344 @defun insert-char character &optional count inherit |
6558 | 345 This function inserts @var{count} instances of @var{character} into the |
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346 current buffer before point. The argument @var{count} should be a |
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347 number (@code{nil} means 1), and @var{character} must be a character. |
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348 The value is @code{nil}. |
8644 | 349 |
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350 This function does not convert unibyte character codes 128 through 255 |
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351 to multibyte characters, not even if the current buffer is a multibyte |
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352 buffer. @xref{Converting Representations}. |
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353 |
8644 | 354 If @var{inherit} is non-@code{nil}, then the inserted characters inherit |
355 sticky text properties from the two characters before and after the | |
356 insertion point. @xref{Sticky Properties}. | |
6558 | 357 @end defun |
358 | |
359 @defun insert-buffer-substring from-buffer-or-name &optional start end | |
360 This function inserts a portion of buffer @var{from-buffer-or-name} | |
361 (which must already exist) into the current buffer before point. The | |
362 text inserted is the region from @var{start} and @var{end}. (These | |
363 arguments default to the beginning and end of the accessible portion of | |
364 that buffer.) This function returns @code{nil}. | |
365 | |
366 In this example, the form is executed with buffer @samp{bar} as the | |
367 current buffer. We assume that buffer @samp{bar} is initially empty. | |
368 | |
369 @example | |
370 @group | |
371 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
372 We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all | |
373 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
374 @end group | |
375 | |
376 @group | |
377 (insert-buffer-substring "foo" 1 20) | |
378 @result{} nil | |
379 | |
380 ---------- Buffer: bar ---------- | |
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381 We hold these truth@point{} |
6558 | 382 ---------- Buffer: bar ---------- |
383 @end group | |
384 @end example | |
385 @end defun | |
386 | |
387 @xref{Sticky Properties}, for other insertion functions that inherit | |
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388 text properties from the nearby text in addition to inserting it. |
8644 | 389 Whitespace inserted by indentation functions also inherits text |
390 properties. | |
6558 | 391 |
392 @node Commands for Insertion | |
393 @section User-Level Insertion Commands | |
394 | |
395 This section describes higher-level commands for inserting text, | |
396 commands intended primarily for the user but useful also in Lisp | |
397 programs. | |
398 | |
399 @deffn Command insert-buffer from-buffer-or-name | |
400 This command inserts the entire contents of @var{from-buffer-or-name} | |
401 (which must exist) into the current buffer after point. It leaves | |
402 the mark after the inserted text. The value is @code{nil}. | |
403 @end deffn | |
404 | |
405 @deffn Command self-insert-command count | |
406 @cindex character insertion | |
407 @cindex self-insertion | |
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408 This command inserts the last character typed; it does so @var{count} |
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409 times, before point, and returns @code{nil}. Most printing characters |
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410 are bound to this command. In routine use, @code{self-insert-command} |
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411 is the most frequently called function in Emacs, but programs rarely use |
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412 it except to install it on a keymap. |
6558 | 413 |
414 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument. | |
415 | |
12067 | 416 This command calls @code{auto-fill-function} whenever that is |
417 non-@code{nil} and the character inserted is a space or a newline | |
418 (@pxref{Auto Filling}). | |
6558 | 419 |
420 @c Cross refs reworded to prevent overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92 | |
12067 | 421 This command performs abbrev expansion if Abbrev mode is enabled and |
6558 | 422 the inserted character does not have word-constituent |
423 syntax. (@xref{Abbrevs}, and @ref{Syntax Class Table}.) | |
424 | |
12067 | 425 This is also responsible for calling @code{blink-paren-function} when |
426 the inserted character has close parenthesis syntax (@pxref{Blinking}). | |
6558 | 427 @end deffn |
428 | |
429 @deffn Command newline &optional number-of-newlines | |
430 This command inserts newlines into the current buffer before point. | |
431 If @var{number-of-newlines} is supplied, that many newline characters | |
432 are inserted. | |
433 | |
434 @cindex newline and Auto Fill mode | |
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435 This function calls @code{auto-fill-function} if the current column |
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436 number is greater than the value of @code{fill-column} and |
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437 @var{number-of-newlines} is @code{nil}. Typically what |
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438 @code{auto-fill-function} does is insert a newline; thus, the overall |
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439 result in this case is to insert two newlines at different places: one |
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440 at point, and another earlier in the line. @code{newline} does not |
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441 auto-fill if @var{number-of-newlines} is non-@code{nil}. |
6558 | 442 |
12098 | 443 This command indents to the left margin if that is not zero. |
444 @xref{Margins}. | |
445 | |
6558 | 446 The value returned is @code{nil}. In an interactive call, @var{count} |
447 is the numeric prefix argument. | |
448 @end deffn | |
449 | |
450 @deffn Command split-line | |
451 This command splits the current line, moving the portion of the line | |
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452 after point down vertically so that it is on the next line directly |
6558 | 453 below where it was before. Whitespace is inserted as needed at the |
454 beginning of the lower line, using the @code{indent-to} function. | |
455 @code{split-line} returns the position of point. | |
456 | |
457 Programs hardly ever use this function. | |
458 @end deffn | |
459 | |
460 @defvar overwrite-mode | |
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461 This variable controls whether overwrite mode is in effect. The value |
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462 should be @code{overwrite-mode-textual}, @code{overwrite-mode-binary}, |
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463 or @code{nil}. @code{overwrite-mode-textual} specifies textual |
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464 overwrite mode (treats newlines and tabs specially), and |
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465 @code{overwrite-mode-binary} specifies binary overwrite mode (treats |
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466 newlines and tabs like any other characters). |
6558 | 467 @end defvar |
468 | |
469 @node Deletion | |
12098 | 470 @section Deleting Text |
6558 | 471 |
472 @cindex deletion vs killing | |
473 Deletion means removing part of the text in a buffer, without saving | |
474 it in the kill ring (@pxref{The Kill Ring}). Deleted text can't be | |
475 yanked, but can be reinserted using the undo mechanism (@pxref{Undo}). | |
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476 Some deletion functions do save text in the kill ring in some special |
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477 cases. |
6558 | 478 |
479 All of the deletion functions operate on the current buffer, and all | |
480 return a value of @code{nil}. | |
481 | |
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482 @deffn Command erase-buffer |
6558 | 483 This function deletes the entire text of the current buffer, leaving it |
484 empty. If the buffer is read-only, it signals a @code{buffer-read-only} | |
485 error. Otherwise, it deletes the text without asking for any | |
486 confirmation. It returns @code{nil}. | |
487 | |
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488 In the minibuffer, @code{erase-buffer} does not delete the prompt. |
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489 |
6558 | 490 Normally, deleting a large amount of text from a buffer inhibits further |
491 auto-saving of that buffer ``because it has shrunk''. However, | |
492 @code{erase-buffer} does not do this, the idea being that the future | |
493 text is not really related to the former text, and its size should not | |
494 be compared with that of the former text. | |
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495 @end deffn |
6558 | 496 |
497 @deffn Command delete-region start end | |
498 This command deletes the text in the current buffer in the region | |
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499 defined by @var{start} and @var{end}. The value is @code{nil}. If |
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500 point was inside the deleted region, its value afterward is @var{start}. |
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501 Otherwise, point relocates with the surrounding text, as markers do. |
6558 | 502 @end deffn |
503 | |
504 @deffn Command delete-char count &optional killp | |
505 This command deletes @var{count} characters directly after point, or | |
506 before point if @var{count} is negative. If @var{killp} is | |
507 non-@code{nil}, then it saves the deleted characters in the kill ring. | |
508 | |
509 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument, and | |
510 @var{killp} is the unprocessed prefix argument. Therefore, if a prefix | |
511 argument is supplied, the text is saved in the kill ring. If no prefix | |
512 argument is supplied, then one character is deleted, but not saved in | |
513 the kill ring. | |
514 | |
515 The value returned is always @code{nil}. | |
516 @end deffn | |
517 | |
518 @deffn Command delete-backward-char count &optional killp | |
519 @cindex delete previous char | |
520 This command deletes @var{count} characters directly before point, or | |
521 after point if @var{count} is negative. If @var{killp} is | |
522 non-@code{nil}, then it saves the deleted characters in the kill ring. | |
523 | |
524 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument, and | |
525 @var{killp} is the unprocessed prefix argument. Therefore, if a prefix | |
526 argument is supplied, the text is saved in the kill ring. If no prefix | |
527 argument is supplied, then one character is deleted, but not saved in | |
528 the kill ring. | |
529 | |
530 The value returned is always @code{nil}. | |
531 @end deffn | |
532 | |
533 @deffn Command backward-delete-char-untabify count &optional killp | |
534 @cindex tab deletion | |
535 This command deletes @var{count} characters backward, changing tabs | |
536 into spaces. When the next character to be deleted is a tab, it is | |
537 first replaced with the proper number of spaces to preserve alignment | |
538 and then one of those spaces is deleted instead of the tab. If | |
539 @var{killp} is non-@code{nil}, then the command saves the deleted | |
540 characters in the kill ring. | |
541 | |
542 Conversion of tabs to spaces happens only if @var{count} is positive. | |
543 If it is negative, exactly @minus{}@var{count} characters after point | |
544 are deleted. | |
545 | |
546 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument, and | |
547 @var{killp} is the unprocessed prefix argument. Therefore, if a prefix | |
548 argument is supplied, the text is saved in the kill ring. If no prefix | |
549 argument is supplied, then one character is deleted, but not saved in | |
550 the kill ring. | |
551 | |
552 The value returned is always @code{nil}. | |
553 @end deffn | |
554 | |
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555 @defopt backward-delete-char-untabify-method |
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556 @tindex backward-delete-char-untabify-method |
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557 This option specifies how @code{backward-delete-char-untabify} should |
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558 deal with whitespace. Possible values include @code{untabify}, the |
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559 default, meaning convert a tab to many spaces and delete one; |
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560 @code{hungry}, meaning delete all the whitespace characters before point |
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561 with one command, and @code{nil}, meaning do nothing special for |
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562 whitespace characters. |
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563 @end defopt |
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564 |
6558 | 565 @node User-Level Deletion |
566 @section User-Level Deletion Commands | |
567 | |
568 This section describes higher-level commands for deleting text, | |
569 commands intended primarily for the user but useful also in Lisp | |
570 programs. | |
571 | |
572 @deffn Command delete-horizontal-space | |
573 @cindex deleting whitespace | |
574 This function deletes all spaces and tabs around point. It returns | |
575 @code{nil}. | |
576 | |
577 In the following examples, we call @code{delete-horizontal-space} four | |
578 times, once on each line, with point between the second and third | |
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579 characters on the line each time. |
6558 | 580 |
581 @example | |
582 @group | |
583 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
584 I @point{}thought | |
585 I @point{} thought | |
586 We@point{} thought | |
587 Yo@point{}u thought | |
588 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
589 @end group | |
590 | |
591 @group | |
592 (delete-horizontal-space) ; @r{Four times.} | |
593 @result{} nil | |
594 | |
595 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
596 Ithought | |
597 Ithought | |
598 Wethought | |
599 You thought | |
600 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
601 @end group | |
602 @end example | |
603 @end deffn | |
604 | |
605 @deffn Command delete-indentation &optional join-following-p | |
606 This function joins the line point is on to the previous line, deleting | |
607 any whitespace at the join and in some cases replacing it with one | |
608 space. If @var{join-following-p} is non-@code{nil}, | |
609 @code{delete-indentation} joins this line to the following line | |
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610 instead. The function returns @code{nil}. |
6558 | 611 |
612 If there is a fill prefix, and the second of the lines being joined | |
613 starts with the prefix, then @code{delete-indentation} deletes the | |
12098 | 614 fill prefix before joining the lines. @xref{Margins}. |
6558 | 615 |
616 In the example below, point is located on the line starting | |
617 @samp{events}, and it makes no difference if there are trailing spaces | |
618 in the preceding line. | |
619 | |
620 @smallexample | |
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621 @group |
6558 | 622 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- |
623 When in the course of human | |
624 @point{} events, it becomes necessary | |
625 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
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626 @end group |
6558 | 627 |
628 (delete-indentation) | |
629 @result{} nil | |
630 | |
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631 @group |
6558 | 632 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- |
633 When in the course of human@point{} events, it becomes necessary | |
634 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
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635 @end group |
6558 | 636 @end smallexample |
637 | |
638 After the lines are joined, the function @code{fixup-whitespace} is | |
639 responsible for deciding whether to leave a space at the junction. | |
640 @end deffn | |
641 | |
642 @defun fixup-whitespace | |
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643 This function replaces all the whitespace surrounding point with either |
6558 | 644 one space or no space, according to the context. It returns @code{nil}. |
645 | |
646 At the beginning or end of a line, the appropriate amount of space is | |
647 none. Before a character with close parenthesis syntax, or after a | |
648 character with open parenthesis or expression-prefix syntax, no space is | |
649 also appropriate. Otherwise, one space is appropriate. @xref{Syntax | |
650 Class Table}. | |
651 | |
652 In the example below, @code{fixup-whitespace} is called the first time | |
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653 with point before the word @samp{spaces} in the first line. For the |
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654 second invocation, point is directly after the @samp{(}. |
6558 | 655 |
656 @smallexample | |
657 @group | |
658 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
659 This has too many @point{}spaces | |
660 This has too many spaces at the start of (@point{} this list) | |
661 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
662 @end group | |
663 | |
664 @group | |
665 (fixup-whitespace) | |
666 @result{} nil | |
667 (fixup-whitespace) | |
668 @result{} nil | |
669 @end group | |
670 | |
671 @group | |
672 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
673 This has too many spaces | |
674 This has too many spaces at the start of (this list) | |
675 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
676 @end group | |
677 @end smallexample | |
678 @end defun | |
679 | |
680 @deffn Command just-one-space | |
681 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el | |
682 This command replaces any spaces and tabs around point with a single | |
683 space. It returns @code{nil}. | |
684 @end deffn | |
685 | |
686 @deffn Command delete-blank-lines | |
687 This function deletes blank lines surrounding point. If point is on a | |
688 blank line with one or more blank lines before or after it, then all but | |
689 one of them are deleted. If point is on an isolated blank line, then it | |
690 is deleted. If point is on a nonblank line, the command deletes all | |
691 blank lines following it. | |
692 | |
693 A blank line is defined as a line containing only tabs and spaces. | |
694 | |
695 @code{delete-blank-lines} returns @code{nil}. | |
696 @end deffn | |
697 | |
698 @node The Kill Ring | |
699 @section The Kill Ring | |
700 @cindex kill ring | |
701 | |
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702 @dfn{Kill functions} delete text like the deletion functions, but save |
6558 | 703 it so that the user can reinsert it by @dfn{yanking}. Most of these |
704 functions have @samp{kill-} in their name. By contrast, the functions | |
705 whose names start with @samp{delete-} normally do not save text for | |
706 yanking (though they can still be undone); these are ``deletion'' | |
707 functions. | |
708 | |
709 Most of the kill commands are primarily for interactive use, and are | |
710 not described here. What we do describe are the functions provided for | |
711 use in writing such commands. You can use these functions to write | |
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712 commands for killing text. When you need to delete text for internal |
6558 | 713 purposes within a Lisp function, you should normally use deletion |
714 functions, so as not to disturb the kill ring contents. | |
715 @xref{Deletion}. | |
716 | |
717 Killed text is saved for later yanking in the @dfn{kill ring}. This | |
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718 is a list that holds a number of recent kills, not just the last text |
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719 kill. We call this a ``ring'' because yanking treats it as having |
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720 elements in a cyclic order. The list is kept in the variable |
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721 @code{kill-ring}, and can be operated on with the usual functions for |
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722 lists; there are also specialized functions, described in this section, |
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723 that treat it as a ring. |
6558 | 724 |
725 Some people think this use of the word ``kill'' is unfortunate, since | |
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726 it refers to operations that specifically @emph{do not} destroy the |
6558 | 727 entities ``killed''. This is in sharp contrast to ordinary life, in |
728 which death is permanent and ``killed'' entities do not come back to | |
729 life. Therefore, other metaphors have been proposed. For example, the | |
730 term ``cut ring'' makes sense to people who, in pre-computer days, used | |
731 scissors and paste to cut up and rearrange manuscripts. However, it | |
732 would be difficult to change the terminology now. | |
733 | |
734 @menu | |
735 * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring. | |
736 * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text. | |
737 * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring. | |
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738 * Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access. |
6558 | 739 * Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill-ring data. |
740 @end menu | |
741 | |
742 @node Kill Ring Concepts | |
743 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
744 @subsection Kill Ring Concepts | |
745 | |
746 The kill ring records killed text as strings in a list, most recent | |
747 first. A short kill ring, for example, might look like this: | |
748 | |
749 @example | |
750 ("some text" "a different piece of text" "even older text") | |
751 @end example | |
752 | |
753 @noindent | |
754 When the list reaches @code{kill-ring-max} entries in length, adding a | |
755 new entry automatically deletes the last entry. | |
756 | |
757 When kill commands are interwoven with other commands, each kill | |
758 command makes a new entry in the kill ring. Multiple kill commands in | |
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759 succession build up a single kill-ring entry, which would be yanked as a |
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760 unit; the second and subsequent consecutive kill commands add text to |
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761 the entry made by the first one. |
6558 | 762 |
763 For yanking, one entry in the kill ring is designated the ``front'' of | |
764 the ring. Some yank commands ``rotate'' the ring by designating a | |
765 different element as the ``front.'' But this virtual rotation doesn't | |
766 change the list itself---the most recent entry always comes first in the | |
767 list. | |
768 | |
769 @node Kill Functions | |
770 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
771 @subsection Functions for Killing | |
772 | |
773 @code{kill-region} is the usual subroutine for killing text. Any | |
774 command that calls this function is a ``kill command'' (and should | |
775 probably have @samp{kill} in its name). @code{kill-region} puts the | |
776 newly killed text in a new element at the beginning of the kill ring or | |
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777 adds it to the most recent element. It determines automatically (using |
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778 @code{last-command}) whether the previous command was a kill command, |
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779 and if so appends the killed text to the most recent entry. |
6558 | 780 |
781 @deffn Command kill-region start end | |
782 This function kills the text in the region defined by @var{start} and | |
12098 | 783 @var{end}. The text is deleted but saved in the kill ring, along with |
784 its text properties. The value is always @code{nil}. | |
6558 | 785 |
786 In an interactive call, @var{start} and @var{end} are point and | |
787 the mark. | |
788 | |
789 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
790 If the buffer is read-only, @code{kill-region} modifies the kill ring | |
791 just the same, then signals an error without modifying the buffer. This | |
792 is convenient because it lets the user use all the kill commands to copy | |
793 text into the kill ring from a read-only buffer. | |
794 @end deffn | |
795 | |
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796 @defopt kill-read-only-ok |
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797 If this option is non-@code{nil}, @code{kill-region} does not get an |
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798 error if the buffer is read-only. Instead, it simply returns, updating |
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799 the kill ring but not changing the buffer. |
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800 @end defopt |
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801 |
6558 | 802 @deffn Command copy-region-as-kill start end |
803 This command saves the region defined by @var{start} and @var{end} on | |
12098 | 804 the kill ring (including text properties), but does not delete the text |
805 from the buffer. It returns @code{nil}. It also indicates the extent | |
806 of the text copied by moving the cursor momentarily, or by displaying a | |
807 message in the echo area. | |
6558 | 808 |
12067 | 809 The command does not set @code{this-command} to @code{kill-region}, so a |
810 subsequent kill command does not append to the same kill ring entry. | |
811 | |
6558 | 812 Don't call @code{copy-region-as-kill} in Lisp programs unless you aim to |
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813 support Emacs 18. For newer Emacs versions, it is better to use |
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814 @code{kill-new} or @code{kill-append} instead. @xref{Low-Level Kill |
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815 Ring}. |
6558 | 816 @end deffn |
817 | |
818 @node Yank Commands | |
819 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
820 @subsection Functions for Yanking | |
821 | |
822 @dfn{Yanking} means reinserting an entry of previously killed text | |
12098 | 823 from the kill ring. The text properties are copied too. |
6558 | 824 |
825 @deffn Command yank &optional arg | |
826 @cindex inserting killed text | |
827 This command inserts before point the text in the first entry in the | |
828 kill ring. It positions the mark at the beginning of that text, and | |
829 point at the end. | |
830 | |
831 If @var{arg} is a list (which occurs interactively when the user | |
832 types @kbd{C-u} with no digits), then @code{yank} inserts the text as | |
833 described above, but puts point before the yanked text and puts the mark | |
834 after it. | |
835 | |
836 If @var{arg} is a number, then @code{yank} inserts the @var{arg}th most | |
837 recently killed text---the @var{arg}th element of the kill ring list. | |
838 | |
839 @code{yank} does not alter the contents of the kill ring or rotate it. | |
840 It returns @code{nil}. | |
841 @end deffn | |
842 | |
843 @deffn Command yank-pop arg | |
844 This command replaces the just-yanked entry from the kill ring with a | |
845 different entry from the kill ring. | |
846 | |
847 This is allowed only immediately after a @code{yank} or another | |
848 @code{yank-pop}. At such a time, the region contains text that was just | |
849 inserted by yanking. @code{yank-pop} deletes that text and inserts in | |
850 its place a different piece of killed text. It does not add the deleted | |
851 text to the kill ring, since it is already in the kill ring somewhere. | |
852 | |
853 If @var{arg} is @code{nil}, then the replacement text is the previous | |
854 element of the kill ring. If @var{arg} is numeric, the replacement is | |
855 the @var{arg}th previous kill. If @var{arg} is negative, a more recent | |
856 kill is the replacement. | |
857 | |
858 The sequence of kills in the kill ring wraps around, so that after the | |
859 oldest one comes the newest one, and before the newest one goes the | |
860 oldest. | |
861 | |
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862 The return value is always @code{nil}. |
6558 | 863 @end deffn |
864 | |
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865 @node Low-Level Kill Ring |
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866 @subsection Low-Level Kill Ring |
6558 | 867 |
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868 These functions and variables provide access to the kill ring at a |
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869 lower level, but still convenient for use in Lisp programs, because they |
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870 take care of interaction with window system selections |
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871 (@pxref{Window System Selections}). |
6558 | 872 |
873 @defun current-kill n &optional do-not-move | |
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874 The function @code{current-kill} rotates the yanking pointer, which |
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875 designates the ``front'' of the kill ring, by @var{n} places (from newer |
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876 kills to older ones), and returns the text at that place in the ring. |
6558 | 877 |
878 If the optional second argument @var{do-not-move} is non-@code{nil}, | |
879 then @code{current-kill} doesn't alter the yanking pointer; it just | |
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880 returns the @var{n}th kill, counting from the current yanking pointer. |
6558 | 881 |
882 If @var{n} is zero, indicating a request for the latest kill, | |
883 @code{current-kill} calls the value of | |
884 @code{interprogram-paste-function} (documented below) before consulting | |
885 the kill ring. | |
886 @end defun | |
887 | |
888 @defun kill-new string | |
889 This function puts the text @var{string} into the kill ring as a new | |
890 entry at the front of the ring. It discards the oldest entry if | |
891 appropriate. It also invokes the value of | |
892 @code{interprogram-cut-function} (see below). | |
893 @end defun | |
894 | |
895 @defun kill-append string before-p | |
896 This function appends the text @var{string} to the first entry in the | |
897 kill ring. Normally @var{string} goes at the end of the entry, but if | |
898 @var{before-p} is non-@code{nil}, it goes at the beginning. This | |
899 function also invokes the value of @code{interprogram-cut-function} (see | |
900 below). | |
901 @end defun | |
902 | |
903 @defvar interprogram-paste-function | |
904 This variable provides a way of transferring killed text from other | |
905 programs, when you are using a window system. Its value should be | |
906 @code{nil} or a function of no arguments. | |
907 | |
908 If the value is a function, @code{current-kill} calls it to get the | |
909 ``most recent kill''. If the function returns a non-@code{nil} value, | |
910 then that value is used as the ``most recent kill''. If it returns | |
911 @code{nil}, then the first element of @code{kill-ring} is used. | |
912 | |
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913 The normal use of this hook is to get the window system's primary |
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914 selection as the most recent kill, even if the selection belongs to |
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915 another application. @xref{Window System Selections}. |
6558 | 916 @end defvar |
917 | |
918 @defvar interprogram-cut-function | |
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919 This variable provides a way of communicating killed text to other |
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920 programs, when you are using a window system. Its value should be |
6558 | 921 @code{nil} or a function of one argument. |
922 | |
923 If the value is a function, @code{kill-new} and @code{kill-append} call | |
924 it with the new first element of the kill ring as an argument. | |
925 | |
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926 The normal use of this hook is to set the window system's primary |
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927 selection from the newly killed text. @xref{Window System Selections}. |
6558 | 928 @end defvar |
929 | |
930 @node Internals of Kill Ring | |
931 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
932 @subsection Internals of the Kill Ring | |
933 | |
934 The variable @code{kill-ring} holds the kill ring contents, in the | |
935 form of a list of strings. The most recent kill is always at the front | |
936 of the list. | |
937 | |
938 The @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} variable points to a link in the | |
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939 kill ring list, whose @sc{car} is the text to yank next. We say it |
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940 identifies the ``front'' of the ring. Moving |
6558 | 941 @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} to a different link is called |
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942 @dfn{rotating the kill ring}. We call the kill ring a ``ring'' because |
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943 the functions that move the yank pointer wrap around from the end of the |
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944 list to the beginning, or vice-versa. Rotation of the kill ring is |
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945 virtual; it does not change the value of @code{kill-ring}. |
6558 | 946 |
947 Both @code{kill-ring} and @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} are Lisp | |
948 variables whose values are normally lists. The word ``pointer'' in the | |
949 name of the @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} indicates that the variable's | |
950 purpose is to identify one element of the list for use by the next yank | |
951 command. | |
952 | |
953 The value of @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} is always @code{eq} to one | |
954 of the links in the kill ring list. The element it identifies is the | |
955 @sc{car} of that link. Kill commands, which change the kill ring, also | |
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956 set this variable to the value of @code{kill-ring}. The effect is to |
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957 rotate the ring so that the newly killed text is at the front. |
6558 | 958 |
959 Here is a diagram that shows the variable @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} | |
960 pointing to the second entry in the kill ring @code{("some text" "a | |
961 different piece of text" "yet older text")}. | |
962 | |
963 @example | |
964 @group | |
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965 kill-ring ---- kill-ring-yank-pointer |
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966 | | |
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967 | v |
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968 | --- --- --- --- --- --- |
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969 --> | | |------> | | |--> | | |--> nil |
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970 --- --- --- --- --- --- |
6558 | 971 | | | |
972 | | | | |
973 | | -->"yet older text" | |
974 | | | |
975 | --> "a different piece of text" | |
976 | | |
977 --> "some text" | |
978 @end group | |
979 @end example | |
980 | |
981 @noindent | |
982 This state of affairs might occur after @kbd{C-y} (@code{yank}) | |
983 immediately followed by @kbd{M-y} (@code{yank-pop}). | |
984 | |
985 @defvar kill-ring | |
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986 This variable holds the list of killed text sequences, most recently |
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987 killed first. |
6558 | 988 @end defvar |
989 | |
990 @defvar kill-ring-yank-pointer | |
991 This variable's value indicates which element of the kill ring is at the | |
992 ``front'' of the ring for yanking. More precisely, the value is a tail | |
993 of the value of @code{kill-ring}, and its @sc{car} is the kill string | |
994 that @kbd{C-y} should yank. | |
995 @end defvar | |
996 | |
997 @defopt kill-ring-max | |
998 The value of this variable is the maximum length to which the kill | |
999 ring can grow, before elements are thrown away at the end. The default | |
1000 value for @code{kill-ring-max} is 30. | |
1001 @end defopt | |
1002 | |
1003 @node Undo | |
1004 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1005 @section Undo | |
1006 @cindex redo | |
1007 | |
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1008 Most buffers have an @dfn{undo list}, which records all changes made |
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1009 to the buffer's text so that they can be undone. (The buffers that |
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1010 don't have one are usually special-purpose buffers for which Emacs |
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1011 assumes that undoing is not useful.) All the primitives that modify the |
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1012 text in the buffer automatically add elements to the front of the undo |
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1013 list, which is in the variable @code{buffer-undo-list}. |
6558 | 1014 |
1015 @defvar buffer-undo-list | |
1016 This variable's value is the undo list of the current buffer. | |
1017 A value of @code{t} disables the recording of undo information. | |
1018 @end defvar | |
1019 | |
1020 Here are the kinds of elements an undo list can have: | |
1021 | |
1022 @table @code | |
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1023 @item @var{position} |
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1024 This kind of element records a previous value of point; undoing this |
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1025 element moves point to @var{position}. Ordinary cursor motion does not |
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1026 make any sort of undo record, but deletion operations use these entries |
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1027 to record where point was before the command. |
6558 | 1028 |
1029 @item (@var{beg} . @var{end}) | |
1030 This kind of element indicates how to delete text that was inserted. | |
1031 Upon insertion, the text occupied the range @var{beg}--@var{end} in the | |
1032 buffer. | |
1033 | |
10364 | 1034 @item (@var{text} . @var{position}) |
6558 | 1035 This kind of element indicates how to reinsert text that was deleted. |
10364 | 1036 The deleted text itself is the string @var{text}. The place to |
1037 reinsert it is @code{(abs @var{position})}. | |
6558 | 1038 |
1039 @item (t @var{high} . @var{low}) | |
1040 This kind of element indicates that an unmodified buffer became | |
1041 modified. The elements @var{high} and @var{low} are two integers, each | |
1042 recording 16 bits of the visited file's modification time as of when it | |
1043 was previously visited or saved. @code{primitive-undo} uses those | |
1044 values to determine whether to mark the buffer as unmodified once again; | |
1045 it does so only if the file's modification time matches those numbers. | |
1046 | |
1047 @item (nil @var{property} @var{value} @var{beg} . @var{end}) | |
1048 This kind of element records a change in a text property. | |
1049 Here's how you might undo the change: | |
1050 | |
1051 @example | |
1052 (put-text-property @var{beg} @var{end} @var{property} @var{value}) | |
1053 @end example | |
1054 | |
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1055 @item (@var{marker} . @var{adjustment}) |
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1056 This kind of element records the fact that the marker @var{marker} was |
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1057 relocated due to deletion of surrounding text, and that it moved |
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1058 @var{adjustment} character positions. Undoing this element moves |
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1059 @var{marker} @minus{} @var{adjustment} characters. |
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1060 |
6558 | 1061 @item nil |
1062 This element is a boundary. The elements between two boundaries are | |
1063 called a @dfn{change group}; normally, each change group corresponds to | |
1064 one keyboard command, and undo commands normally undo an entire group as | |
1065 a unit. | |
1066 @end table | |
1067 | |
1068 @defun undo-boundary | |
1069 This function places a boundary element in the undo list. The undo | |
1070 command stops at such a boundary, and successive undo commands undo | |
1071 to earlier and earlier boundaries. This function returns @code{nil}. | |
1072 | |
11555
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1073 The editor command loop automatically creates an undo boundary before |
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1074 each key sequence is executed. Thus, each undo normally undoes the |
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1075 effects of one command. Self-inserting input characters are an |
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1076 exception. The command loop makes a boundary for the first such |
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1077 character; the next 19 consecutive self-inserting input characters do |
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1078 not make boundaries, and then the 20th does, and so on as long as |
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1079 self-inserting characters continue. |
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1080 |
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1081 All buffer modifications add a boundary whenever the previous undoable |
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1082 change was made in some other buffer. This is to ensure that |
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1083 each command makes a boundary in each buffer where it makes changes. |
11555
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1084 |
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1085 Calling this function explicitly is useful for splitting the effects of |
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1086 a command into more than one unit. For example, @code{query-replace} |
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1087 calls @code{undo-boundary} after each replacement, so that the user can |
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1088 undo individual replacements one by one. |
6558 | 1089 @end defun |
1090 | |
1091 @defun primitive-undo count list | |
1092 This is the basic function for undoing elements of an undo list. | |
1093 It undoes the first @var{count} elements of @var{list}, returning | |
1094 the rest of @var{list}. You could write this function in Lisp, | |
1095 but it is convenient to have it in C. | |
1096 | |
1097 @code{primitive-undo} adds elements to the buffer's undo list when it | |
1098 changes the buffer. Undo commands avoid confusion by saving the undo | |
1099 list value at the beginning of a sequence of undo operations. Then the | |
1100 undo operations use and update the saved value. The new elements added | |
12098 | 1101 by undoing are not part of this saved value, so they don't interfere with |
6558 | 1102 continuing to undo. |
1103 @end defun | |
1104 | |
1105 @node Maintaining Undo | |
1106 @section Maintaining Undo Lists | |
1107 | |
1108 This section describes how to enable and disable undo information for | |
1109 a given buffer. It also explains how the undo list is truncated | |
1110 automatically so it doesn't get too big. | |
1111 | |
1112 Recording of undo information in a newly created buffer is normally | |
1113 enabled to start with; but if the buffer name starts with a space, the | |
1114 undo recording is initially disabled. You can explicitly enable or | |
1115 disable undo recording with the following two functions, or by setting | |
1116 @code{buffer-undo-list} yourself. | |
1117 | |
1118 @deffn Command buffer-enable-undo &optional buffer-or-name | |
1119 This command enables recording undo information for buffer | |
1120 @var{buffer-or-name}, so that subsequent changes can be undone. If no | |
1121 argument is supplied, then the current buffer is used. This function | |
1122 does nothing if undo recording is already enabled in the buffer. It | |
1123 returns @code{nil}. | |
1124 | |
1125 In an interactive call, @var{buffer-or-name} is the current buffer. | |
1126 You cannot specify any other buffer. | |
1127 @end deffn | |
1128 | |
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1129 @deffn Command buffer-disable-undo &optional buffer |
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1130 @deffnx Command buffer-flush-undo &optional buffer |
6558 | 1131 @cindex disable undo |
1132 This function discards the undo list of @var{buffer}, and disables | |
1133 further recording of undo information. As a result, it is no longer | |
1134 possible to undo either previous changes or any subsequent changes. If | |
1135 the undo list of @var{buffer} is already disabled, this function | |
1136 has no effect. | |
1137 | |
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1138 This function returns @code{nil}. |
6558 | 1139 |
1140 The name @code{buffer-flush-undo} is not considered obsolete, but the | |
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1141 preferred name is @code{buffer-disable-undo}. |
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1142 @end deffn |
6558 | 1143 |
1144 As editing continues, undo lists get longer and longer. To prevent | |
1145 them from using up all available memory space, garbage collection trims | |
1146 them back to size limits you can set. (For this purpose, the ``size'' | |
1147 of an undo list measures the cons cells that make up the list, plus the | |
1148 strings of deleted text.) Two variables control the range of acceptable | |
1149 sizes: @code{undo-limit} and @code{undo-strong-limit}. | |
1150 | |
1151 @defvar undo-limit | |
1152 This is the soft limit for the acceptable size of an undo list. The | |
1153 change group at which this size is exceeded is the last one kept. | |
1154 @end defvar | |
1155 | |
1156 @defvar undo-strong-limit | |
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1157 This is the upper limit for the acceptable size of an undo list. The |
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1158 change group at which this size is exceeded is discarded itself (along |
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1159 with all older change groups). There is one exception: the very latest |
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1160 change group is never discarded no matter how big it is. |
6558 | 1161 @end defvar |
1162 | |
1163 @node Filling | |
1164 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1165 @section Filling | |
1166 @cindex filling, explicit | |
1167 | |
1168 @dfn{Filling} means adjusting the lengths of lines (by moving the line | |
1169 breaks) so that they are nearly (but no greater than) a specified | |
1170 maximum width. Additionally, lines can be @dfn{justified}, which means | |
12098 | 1171 inserting spaces to make the left and/or right margins line up |
1172 precisely. The width is controlled by the variable @code{fill-column}. | |
1173 For ease of reading, lines should be no longer than 70 or so columns. | |
6558 | 1174 |
1175 You can use Auto Fill mode (@pxref{Auto Filling}) to fill text | |
1176 automatically as you insert it, but changes to existing text may leave | |
1177 it improperly filled. Then you must fill the text explicitly. | |
1178 | |
12067 | 1179 Most of the commands in this section return values that are not |
1180 meaningful. All the functions that do filling take note of the current | |
12098 | 1181 left margin, current right margin, and current justification style |
1182 (@pxref{Margins}). If the current justification style is | |
1183 @code{none}, the filling functions don't actually do anything. | |
1184 | |
1185 Several of the filling functions have an argument @var{justify}. | |
1186 If it is non-@code{nil}, that requests some kind of justification. It | |
1187 can be @code{left}, @code{right}, @code{full}, or @code{center}, to | |
1188 request a specific style of justification. If it is @code{t}, that | |
1189 means to use the current justification style for this part of the text | |
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1190 (see @code{current-justification}, below). Any other value is treated |
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1191 as @code{full}. |
12098 | 1192 |
1193 When you call the filling functions interactively, using a prefix | |
1194 argument implies the value @code{full} for @var{justify}. | |
1195 | |
1196 @deffn Command fill-paragraph justify | |
6558 | 1197 @cindex filling a paragraph |
1198 This command fills the paragraph at or after point. If | |
12098 | 1199 @var{justify} is non-@code{nil}, each line is justified as well. |
6558 | 1200 It uses the ordinary paragraph motion commands to find paragraph |
1201 boundaries. @xref{Paragraphs,,, emacs, The Emacs Manual}. | |
1202 @end deffn | |
1203 | |
25454 | 1204 @deffn Command fill-region start end &optional justify nosqueeze to-eop |
6558 | 1205 This command fills each of the paragraphs in the region from @var{start} |
12098 | 1206 to @var{end}. It justifies as well if @var{justify} is |
6558 | 1207 non-@code{nil}. |
1208 | |
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1209 If @var{nosqueeze} is non-@code{nil}, that means to leave whitespace |
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1210 other than line breaks untouched. If @var{to-eop} is non-@code{nil}, |
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1211 that means to keep filling to the end of the paragraph---or the next hard |
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1212 newline, if @code{use-hard-newlines} is enabled (see below). |
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1213 |
6558 | 1214 The variable @code{paragraph-separate} controls how to distinguish |
1215 paragraphs. @xref{Standard Regexps}. | |
1216 @end deffn | |
1217 | |
12098 | 1218 @deffn Command fill-individual-paragraphs start end &optional justify mail-flag |
6558 | 1219 This command fills each paragraph in the region according to its |
1220 individual fill prefix. Thus, if the lines of a paragraph were indented | |
1221 with spaces, the filled paragraph will remain indented in the same | |
1222 fashion. | |
1223 | |
1224 The first two arguments, @var{start} and @var{end}, are the beginning | |
1225 and end of the region to be filled. The third and fourth arguments, | |
12098 | 1226 @var{justify} and @var{mail-flag}, are optional. If |
1227 @var{justify} is non-@code{nil}, the paragraphs are justified as | |
6558 | 1228 well as filled. If @var{mail-flag} is non-@code{nil}, it means the |
1229 function is operating on a mail message and therefore should not fill | |
1230 the header lines. | |
1231 | |
1232 Ordinarily, @code{fill-individual-paragraphs} regards each change in | |
1233 indentation as starting a new paragraph. If | |
1234 @code{fill-individual-varying-indent} is non-@code{nil}, then only | |
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1235 separator lines separate paragraphs. That mode can handle indented |
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1236 paragraphs with additional indentation on the first line. |
6558 | 1237 @end deffn |
1238 | |
1239 @defopt fill-individual-varying-indent | |
1240 This variable alters the action of @code{fill-individual-paragraphs} as | |
1241 described above. | |
1242 @end defopt | |
1243 | |
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1244 @deffn Command fill-region-as-paragraph start end &optional justify nosqueeze squeeze-after |
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1245 This command considers a region of text as a single paragraph and fills |
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1246 it. If the region was made up of many paragraphs, the blank lines |
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1247 between paragraphs are removed. This function justifies as well as |
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1248 filling when @var{justify} is non-@code{nil}. |
12067 | 1249 |
1250 In an interactive call, any prefix argument requests justification. | |
6558 | 1251 |
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1252 If @var{nosqueeze} is non-@code{nil}, that means to leave whitespace |
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1253 other than line breaks untouched. If @var{squeeze-after} is |
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1254 non-@code{nil}, it specifies a position in the region, and means don't |
22252
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1255 canonicalize spaces before that position. |
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1256 |
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1257 In Adaptive Fill mode, this command calls @code{fill-context-prefix} to |
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1258 choose a fill prefix by default. @xref{Adaptive Fill}. |
6558 | 1259 @end deffn |
1260 | |
12067 | 1261 @deffn Command justify-current-line how eop nosqueeze |
6558 | 1262 This command inserts spaces between the words of the current line so |
1263 that the line ends exactly at @code{fill-column}. It returns | |
1264 @code{nil}. | |
12067 | 1265 |
1266 The argument @var{how}, if non-@code{nil} specifies explicitly the style | |
1267 of justification. It can be @code{left}, @code{right}, @code{full}, | |
1268 @code{center}, or @code{none}. If it is @code{t}, that means to do | |
1269 follow specified justification style (see @code{current-justification}, | |
1270 below). @code{nil} means to do full justification. | |
1271 | |
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1272 If @var{eop} is non-@code{nil}, that means do left-justification if |
12067 | 1273 @code{current-justification} specifies full justification. This is used |
1274 for the last line of a paragraph; even if the paragraph as a whole is | |
1275 fully justified, the last line should not be. | |
1276 | |
1277 If @var{nosqueeze} is non-@code{nil}, that means do not change interior | |
1278 whitespace. | |
6558 | 1279 @end deffn |
1280 | |
12067 | 1281 @defopt default-justification |
1282 This variable's value specifies the style of justification to use for | |
1283 text that doesn't specify a style with a text property. The possible | |
1284 values are @code{left}, @code{right}, @code{full}, @code{center}, or | |
12098 | 1285 @code{none}. The default value is @code{left}. |
12067 | 1286 @end defopt |
1287 | |
1288 @defun current-justification | |
1289 This function returns the proper justification style to use for filling | |
1290 the text around point. | |
1291 @end defun | |
1292 | |
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1293 @defopt sentence-end-double-space |
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1294 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, a period followed by just one space |
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1295 does not count as the end of a sentence, and the filling functions |
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1296 avoid breaking the line at such a place. |
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1297 @end defopt |
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1298 |
12098 | 1299 @defvar fill-paragraph-function |
1300 This variable provides a way for major modes to override the filling of | |
1301 paragraphs. If the value is non-@code{nil}, @code{fill-paragraph} calls | |
1302 this function to do the work. If the function returns a non-@code{nil} | |
1303 value, @code{fill-paragraph} assumes the job is done, and immediately | |
1304 returns that value. | |
1305 | |
1306 The usual use of this feature is to fill comments in programming | |
1307 language modes. If the function needs to fill a paragraph in the usual | |
1308 way, it can do so as follows: | |
1309 | |
1310 @example | |
1311 (let ((fill-paragraph-function nil)) | |
1312 (fill-paragraph arg)) | |
1313 @end example | |
1314 @end defvar | |
1315 | |
1316 @defvar use-hard-newlines | |
1317 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, the filling functions do not delete | |
1318 newlines that have the @code{hard} text property. These ``hard | |
1319 newlines'' act as paragraph separators. | |
1320 @end defvar | |
1321 | |
1322 @node Margins | |
1323 @section Margins for Filling | |
1324 | |
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1325 @defopt fill-prefix |
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1326 This buffer-local variable specifies a string of text that appears at |
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1327 the beginning |
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1328 of normal text lines and should be disregarded when filling them. Any |
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1329 line that fails to start with the fill prefix is considered the start of |
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1330 a paragraph; so is any line that starts with the fill prefix followed by |
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1331 additional whitespace. Lines that start with the fill prefix but no |
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1332 additional whitespace are ordinary text lines that can be filled |
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1333 together. The resulting filled lines also start with the fill prefix. |
12098 | 1334 |
1335 The fill prefix follows the left margin whitespace, if any. | |
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1336 @end defopt |
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1337 |
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1338 @defopt fill-column |
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1339 This buffer-local variable specifies the maximum width of filled lines. |
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1340 Its value should be an integer, which is a number of columns. All the |
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1341 filling, justification, and centering commands are affected by this |
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1342 variable, including Auto Fill mode (@pxref{Auto Filling}). |
6558 | 1343 |
1344 As a practical matter, if you are writing text for other people to | |
1345 read, you should set @code{fill-column} to no more than 70. Otherwise | |
1346 the line will be too long for people to read comfortably, and this can | |
1347 make the text seem clumsy. | |
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1348 @end defopt |
6558 | 1349 |
1350 @defvar default-fill-column | |
1351 The value of this variable is the default value for @code{fill-column} in | |
1352 buffers that do not override it. This is the same as | |
1353 @code{(default-value 'fill-column)}. | |
1354 | |
1355 The default value for @code{default-fill-column} is 70. | |
1356 @end defvar | |
1357 | |
12067 | 1358 @deffn Command set-left-margin from to margin |
1359 This sets the @code{left-margin} property on the text from @var{from} to | |
1360 @var{to} to the value @var{margin}. If Auto Fill mode is enabled, this | |
1361 command also refills the region to fit the new margin. | |
1362 @end deffn | |
1363 | |
1364 @deffn Command set-right-margin from to margin | |
12098 | 1365 This sets the @code{right-margin} property on the text from @var{from} |
1366 to @var{to} to the value @var{margin}. If Auto Fill mode is enabled, | |
1367 this command also refills the region to fit the new margin. | |
12067 | 1368 @end deffn |
1369 | |
1370 @defun current-left-margin | |
1371 This function returns the proper left margin value to use for filling | |
1372 the text around point. The value is the sum of the @code{left-margin} | |
1373 property of the character at the start of the current line (or zero if | |
12098 | 1374 none), and the value of the variable @code{left-margin}. |
12067 | 1375 @end defun |
1376 | |
1377 @defun current-fill-column | |
1378 This function returns the proper fill column value to use for filling | |
1379 the text around point. The value is the value of the @code{fill-column} | |
1380 variable, minus the value of the @code{right-margin} property of the | |
1381 character after point. | |
1382 @end defun | |
1383 | |
1384 @deffn Command move-to-left-margin &optional n force | |
1385 This function moves point to the left margin of the current line. The | |
1386 column moved to is determined by calling the function | |
12098 | 1387 @code{current-left-margin}. If the argument @var{n} is non-@code{nil}, |
12067 | 1388 @code{move-to-left-margin} moves forward @var{n}@minus{}1 lines first. |
1389 | |
1390 If @var{force} is non-@code{nil}, that says to fix the line's | |
1391 indentation if that doesn't match the left margin value. | |
1392 @end deffn | |
1393 | |
1394 @defun delete-to-left-margin from to | |
1395 This function removes left margin indentation from the text | |
1396 between @var{from} and @var{to}. The amount of indentation | |
1397 to delete is determined by calling @code{current-left-margin}. | |
1398 In no case does this function delete non-whitespace. | |
1399 @end defun | |
1400 | |
12098 | 1401 @defun indent-to-left-margin |
1402 This is the default @code{indent-line-function}, used in Fundamental | |
1403 mode, Text mode, etc. Its effect is to adjust the indentation at the | |
1404 beginning of the current line to the value specified by the variable | |
1405 @code{left-margin}. This may involve either inserting or deleting | |
1406 whitespace. | |
1407 @end defun | |
1408 | |
1409 @defvar left-margin | |
1410 This variable specifies the base left margin column. In Fundamental | |
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1411 mode, @kbd{C-j} indents to this column. This variable automatically |
12098 | 1412 becomes buffer-local when set in any fashion. |
1413 @end defvar | |
1414 | |
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1415 @defvar fill-nobreak-predicate |
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1416 @tindex fill-nobreak-predicate |
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1417 This variable gives major modes a way to specify not to break a line at |
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1418 certain places. Its value should be a function. This function is |
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1419 called during filling, with no arguments and with point located at the |
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1420 place where a break is being considered. If the function returns |
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1421 non-@code{nil}, then the line won't be broken there. |
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1422 @end defvar |
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1423 |
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1424 @node Adaptive Fill |
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1425 @section Adaptive Fill Mode |
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1426 @cindex Adaptive Fill mode |
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1427 |
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1428 Adaptive Fill mode chooses a fill prefix automatically from the text |
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1429 in each paragraph being filled. |
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1430 |
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1431 @defopt adaptive-fill-mode |
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1432 Adaptive Fill mode is enabled when this variable is non-@code{nil}. |
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1433 It is @code{t} by default. |
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1434 @end defopt |
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1435 |
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1436 @defun fill-context-prefix from to |
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1437 This function implements the heart of Adaptive Fill mode; it chooses a |
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1438 fill prefix based on the text between @var{from} and @var{to}. It does |
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1439 this by looking at the first two lines of the paragraph, based on the |
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1440 variables described below. |
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1441 @end defun |
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1442 |
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1443 @defopt adaptive-fill-regexp |
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1444 This variable holds a regular expression to control Adaptive Fill mode. |
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1445 Adaptive Fill mode matches this regular expression against the text |
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1446 starting after the left margin whitespace (if any) on a line; the |
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1447 characters it matches are that line's candidate for the fill prefix. |
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1448 @end defopt |
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1449 |
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1450 @defopt adaptive-fill-first-line-regexp |
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1451 In a one-line paragraph, if the candidate fill prefix matches this |
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1452 regular expression, or if it matches @code{comment-start-skip}, then it |
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1453 is used---otherwise, spaces amounting to the same width are used |
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1454 instead. |
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1455 |
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1456 However, the fill prefix is never taken from a one-line paragraph |
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1457 if it would act as a paragraph starter on subsequent lines. |
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1458 @end defopt |
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1459 |
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1460 @defopt adaptive-fill-function |
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1461 You can specify more complex ways of choosing a fill prefix |
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1462 automatically by setting this variable to a function. The function is |
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1463 called when @code{adaptive-fill-regexp} does not match, with point after |
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1464 the left margin of a line, and it should return the appropriate fill |
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1465 prefix based on that line. If it returns @code{nil}, that means it sees |
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1466 no fill prefix in that line. |
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1467 @end defopt |
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1468 |
6558 | 1469 @node Auto Filling |
1470 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1471 @section Auto Filling | |
1472 @cindex filling, automatic | |
1473 @cindex Auto Fill mode | |
1474 | |
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1475 Auto Fill mode is a minor mode that fills lines automatically as text |
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1476 is inserted. This section describes the hook used by Auto Fill mode. |
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1477 For a description of functions that you can call explicitly to fill and |
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1478 justify existing text, see @ref{Filling}. |
6558 | 1479 |
12098 | 1480 Auto Fill mode also enables the functions that change the margins and |
1481 justification style to refill portions of the text. @xref{Margins}. | |
1482 | |
6558 | 1483 @defvar auto-fill-function |
12067 | 1484 The value of this variable should be a function (of no arguments) to be |
1485 called after self-inserting a space or a newline. It may be @code{nil}, | |
1486 in which case nothing special is done in that case. | |
6558 | 1487 |
1488 The value of @code{auto-fill-function} is @code{do-auto-fill} when | |
1489 Auto-Fill mode is enabled. That is a function whose sole purpose is to | |
1490 implement the usual strategy for breaking a line. | |
1491 | |
1492 @quotation | |
1493 In older Emacs versions, this variable was named @code{auto-fill-hook}, | |
1494 but since it is not called with the standard convention for hooks, it | |
1495 was renamed to @code{auto-fill-function} in version 19. | |
1496 @end quotation | |
1497 @end defvar | |
1498 | |
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1499 @defvar normal-auto-fill-function |
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1500 This variable specifies the function to use for |
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1501 @code{auto-fill-function}, if and when Auto Fill is turned on. Major |
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1502 modes can set buffer-local values for this variable to alter how Auto |
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1503 Fill works. |
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1504 @end defvar |
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1505 |
6558 | 1506 @node Sorting |
1507 @section Sorting Text | |
1508 @cindex sorting text | |
1509 | |
1510 The sorting functions described in this section all rearrange text in | |
1511 a buffer. This is in contrast to the function @code{sort}, which | |
1512 rearranges the order of the elements of a list (@pxref{Rearrangement}). | |
1513 The values returned by these functions are not meaningful. | |
1514 | |
1515 @defun sort-subr reverse nextrecfun endrecfun &optional startkeyfun endkeyfun | |
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1516 This function is the general text-sorting routine that subdivides a |
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1517 buffer into records and then sorts them. Most of the commands in this |
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1518 section use this function. |
6558 | 1519 |
1520 To understand how @code{sort-subr} works, consider the whole accessible | |
1521 portion of the buffer as being divided into disjoint pieces called | |
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1522 @dfn{sort records}. The records may or may not be contiguous, but they |
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1523 must not overlap. A portion of each sort record (perhaps all of it) is |
6558 | 1524 designated as the sort key. Sorting rearranges the records in order by |
1525 their sort keys. | |
1526 | |
1527 Usually, the records are rearranged in order of ascending sort key. | |
1528 If the first argument to the @code{sort-subr} function, @var{reverse}, | |
1529 is non-@code{nil}, the sort records are rearranged in order of | |
1530 descending sort key. | |
1531 | |
1532 The next four arguments to @code{sort-subr} are functions that are | |
1533 called to move point across a sort record. They are called many times | |
1534 from within @code{sort-subr}. | |
1535 | |
1536 @enumerate | |
1537 @item | |
1538 @var{nextrecfun} is called with point at the end of a record. This | |
1539 function moves point to the start of the next record. The first record | |
1540 is assumed to start at the position of point when @code{sort-subr} is | |
1541 called. Therefore, you should usually move point to the beginning of | |
1542 the buffer before calling @code{sort-subr}. | |
1543 | |
1544 This function can indicate there are no more sort records by leaving | |
1545 point at the end of the buffer. | |
1546 | |
1547 @item | |
1548 @var{endrecfun} is called with point within a record. It moves point to | |
1549 the end of the record. | |
1550 | |
1551 @item | |
1552 @var{startkeyfun} is called to move point from the start of a record to | |
1553 the start of the sort key. This argument is optional; if it is omitted, | |
1554 the whole record is the sort key. If supplied, the function should | |
1555 either return a non-@code{nil} value to be used as the sort key, or | |
1556 return @code{nil} to indicate that the sort key is in the buffer | |
1557 starting at point. In the latter case, @var{endkeyfun} is called to | |
1558 find the end of the sort key. | |
1559 | |
1560 @item | |
1561 @var{endkeyfun} is called to move point from the start of the sort key | |
1562 to the end of the sort key. This argument is optional. If | |
1563 @var{startkeyfun} returns @code{nil} and this argument is omitted (or | |
1564 @code{nil}), then the sort key extends to the end of the record. There | |
1565 is no need for @var{endkeyfun} if @var{startkeyfun} returns a | |
1566 non-@code{nil} value. | |
1567 @end enumerate | |
1568 | |
1569 As an example of @code{sort-subr}, here is the complete function | |
1570 definition for @code{sort-lines}: | |
1571 | |
1572 @example | |
1573 @group | |
1574 ;; @r{Note that the first two lines of doc string} | |
1575 ;; @r{are effectively one line when viewed by a user.} | |
1576 (defun sort-lines (reverse beg end) | |
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1577 "Sort lines in region alphabetically;\ |
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1578 argument means descending order. |
6558 | 1579 Called from a program, there are three arguments: |
1580 @end group | |
1581 @group | |
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1582 REVERSE (non-nil means reverse order),\ |
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1583 BEG and END (region to sort). |
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1584 The variable `sort-fold-case' determines\ |
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1585 whether alphabetic case affects |
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1586 the sort order. |
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1587 @end group |
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1588 @group |
6558 | 1589 (interactive "P\nr") |
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1590 (save-excursion |
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1591 (save-restriction |
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1592 (narrow-to-region beg end) |
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1593 (goto-char (point-min)) |
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1594 (sort-subr reverse 'forward-line 'end-of-line)))) |
6558 | 1595 @end group |
1596 @end example | |
1597 | |
1598 Here @code{forward-line} moves point to the start of the next record, | |
1599 and @code{end-of-line} moves point to the end of record. We do not pass | |
1600 the arguments @var{startkeyfun} and @var{endkeyfun}, because the entire | |
1601 record is used as the sort key. | |
1602 | |
1603 The @code{sort-paragraphs} function is very much the same, except that | |
1604 its @code{sort-subr} call looks like this: | |
1605 | |
1606 @example | |
1607 @group | |
1608 (sort-subr reverse | |
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1609 (function |
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1610 (lambda () |
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1611 (while (and (not (eobp)) |
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1612 (looking-at paragraph-separate)) |
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1613 (forward-line 1)))) |
6558 | 1614 'forward-paragraph) |
1615 @end group | |
1616 @end example | |
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1617 |
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1618 Markers pointing into any sort records are left with no useful |
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1619 position after @code{sort-subr} returns. |
6558 | 1620 @end defun |
1621 | |
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1622 @defopt sort-fold-case |
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1623 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{sort-subr} and the other |
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1624 buffer sorting functions ignore case when comparing strings. |
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1625 @end defopt |
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1626 |
6558 | 1627 @deffn Command sort-regexp-fields reverse record-regexp key-regexp start end |
1628 This command sorts the region between @var{start} and @var{end} | |
1629 alphabetically as specified by @var{record-regexp} and @var{key-regexp}. | |
1630 If @var{reverse} is a negative integer, then sorting is in reverse | |
1631 order. | |
1632 | |
1633 Alphabetical sorting means that two sort keys are compared by | |
1634 comparing the first characters of each, the second characters of each, | |
1635 and so on. If a mismatch is found, it means that the sort keys are | |
1636 unequal; the sort key whose character is less at the point of first | |
1637 mismatch is the lesser sort key. The individual characters are compared | |
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1638 according to their numerical character codes in the Emacs character set. |
6558 | 1639 |
1640 The value of the @var{record-regexp} argument specifies how to divide | |
1641 the buffer into sort records. At the end of each record, a search is | |
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1642 done for this regular expression, and the text that matches it is taken |
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1643 as the next record. For example, the regular expression @samp{^.+$}, |
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1644 which matches lines with at least one character besides a newline, would |
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1645 make each such line into a sort record. @xref{Regular Expressions}, for |
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1646 a description of the syntax and meaning of regular expressions. |
6558 | 1647 |
1648 The value of the @var{key-regexp} argument specifies what part of each | |
1649 record is the sort key. The @var{key-regexp} could match the whole | |
1650 record, or only a part. In the latter case, the rest of the record has | |
1651 no effect on the sorted order of records, but it is carried along when | |
1652 the record moves to its new position. | |
1653 | |
1654 The @var{key-regexp} argument can refer to the text matched by a | |
1655 subexpression of @var{record-regexp}, or it can be a regular expression | |
1656 on its own. | |
1657 | |
1658 If @var{key-regexp} is: | |
1659 | |
1660 @table @asis | |
1661 @item @samp{\@var{digit}} | |
1662 then the text matched by the @var{digit}th @samp{\(...\)} parenthesis | |
1663 grouping in @var{record-regexp} is the sort key. | |
1664 | |
1665 @item @samp{\&} | |
1666 then the whole record is the sort key. | |
1667 | |
1668 @item a regular expression | |
1669 then @code{sort-regexp-fields} searches for a match for the regular | |
1670 expression within the record. If such a match is found, it is the sort | |
1671 key. If there is no match for @var{key-regexp} within a record then | |
1672 that record is ignored, which means its position in the buffer is not | |
1673 changed. (The other records may move around it.) | |
1674 @end table | |
1675 | |
1676 For example, if you plan to sort all the lines in the region by the | |
1677 first word on each line starting with the letter @samp{f}, you should | |
1678 set @var{record-regexp} to @samp{^.*$} and set @var{key-regexp} to | |
1679 @samp{\<f\w*\>}. The resulting expression looks like this: | |
1680 | |
1681 @example | |
1682 @group | |
1683 (sort-regexp-fields nil "^.*$" "\\<f\\w*\\>" | |
1684 (region-beginning) | |
1685 (region-end)) | |
1686 @end group | |
1687 @end example | |
1688 | |
1689 If you call @code{sort-regexp-fields} interactively, it prompts for | |
1690 @var{record-regexp} and @var{key-regexp} in the minibuffer. | |
1691 @end deffn | |
1692 | |
1693 @deffn Command sort-lines reverse start end | |
1694 This command alphabetically sorts lines in the region between | |
1695 @var{start} and @var{end}. If @var{reverse} is non-@code{nil}, the sort | |
1696 is in reverse order. | |
1697 @end deffn | |
1698 | |
1699 @deffn Command sort-paragraphs reverse start end | |
1700 This command alphabetically sorts paragraphs in the region between | |
1701 @var{start} and @var{end}. If @var{reverse} is non-@code{nil}, the sort | |
1702 is in reverse order. | |
1703 @end deffn | |
1704 | |
1705 @deffn Command sort-pages reverse start end | |
1706 This command alphabetically sorts pages in the region between | |
1707 @var{start} and @var{end}. If @var{reverse} is non-@code{nil}, the sort | |
1708 is in reverse order. | |
1709 @end deffn | |
1710 | |
1711 @deffn Command sort-fields field start end | |
1712 This command sorts lines in the region between @var{start} and | |
1713 @var{end}, comparing them alphabetically by the @var{field}th field | |
1714 of each line. Fields are separated by whitespace and numbered starting | |
1715 from 1. If @var{field} is negative, sorting is by the | |
1716 @w{@minus{}@var{field}th} field from the end of the line. This command | |
1717 is useful for sorting tables. | |
1718 @end deffn | |
1719 | |
1720 @deffn Command sort-numeric-fields field start end | |
1721 This command sorts lines in the region between @var{start} and | |
1722 @var{end}, comparing them numerically by the @var{field}th field of each | |
1723 line. The specified field must contain a number in each line of the | |
1724 region. Fields are separated by whitespace and numbered starting from | |
1725 1. If @var{field} is negative, sorting is by the | |
1726 @w{@minus{}@var{field}th} field from the end of the line. This command | |
1727 is useful for sorting tables. | |
1728 @end deffn | |
1729 | |
1730 @deffn Command sort-columns reverse &optional beg end | |
1731 This command sorts the lines in the region between @var{beg} and | |
1732 @var{end}, comparing them alphabetically by a certain range of columns. | |
1733 The column positions of @var{beg} and @var{end} bound the range of | |
1734 columns to sort on. | |
1735 | |
1736 If @var{reverse} is non-@code{nil}, the sort is in reverse order. | |
1737 | |
1738 One unusual thing about this command is that the entire line | |
1739 containing position @var{beg}, and the entire line containing position | |
1740 @var{end}, are included in the region sorted. | |
1741 | |
1742 Note that @code{sort-columns} uses the @code{sort} utility program, | |
1743 and so cannot work properly on text containing tab characters. Use | |
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1744 @kbd{M-x untabify} to convert tabs to spaces before sorting. |
6558 | 1745 @end deffn |
1746 | |
1747 @node Columns | |
1748 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1749 @section Counting Columns | |
1750 @cindex columns | |
1751 @cindex counting columns | |
1752 @cindex horizontal position | |
1753 | |
1754 The column functions convert between a character position (counting | |
1755 characters from the beginning of the buffer) and a column position | |
1756 (counting screen characters from the beginning of a line). | |
1757 | |
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1758 These functions count each character according to the number of |
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1759 columns it occupies on the screen. This means control characters count |
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1760 as occupying 2 or 4 columns, depending upon the value of |
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1761 @code{ctl-arrow}, and tabs count as occupying a number of columns that |
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1762 depends on the value of @code{tab-width} and on the column where the tab |
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1763 begins. @xref{Usual Display}. |
6558 | 1764 |
1765 Column number computations ignore the width of the window and the | |
1766 amount of horizontal scrolling. Consequently, a column value can be | |
1767 arbitrarily high. The first (or leftmost) column is numbered 0. | |
1768 | |
1769 @defun current-column | |
1770 This function returns the horizontal position of point, measured in | |
1771 columns, counting from 0 at the left margin. The column position is the | |
1772 sum of the widths of all the displayed representations of the characters | |
1773 between the start of the current line and point. | |
1774 | |
1775 For an example of using @code{current-column}, see the description of | |
1776 @code{count-lines} in @ref{Text Lines}. | |
1777 @end defun | |
1778 | |
1779 @defun move-to-column column &optional force | |
1780 This function moves point to @var{column} in the current line. The | |
1781 calculation of @var{column} takes into account the widths of the | |
1782 displayed representations of the characters between the start of the | |
1783 line and point. | |
1784 | |
1785 If column @var{column} is beyond the end of the line, point moves to the | |
1786 end of the line. If @var{column} is negative, point moves to the | |
1787 beginning of the line. | |
1788 | |
1789 If it is impossible to move to column @var{column} because that is in | |
1790 the middle of a multicolumn character such as a tab, point moves to the | |
1791 end of that character. However, if @var{force} is non-@code{nil}, and | |
1792 @var{column} is in the middle of a tab, then @code{move-to-column} | |
1793 converts the tab into spaces so that it can move precisely to column | |
1794 @var{column}. Other multicolumn characters can cause anomalies despite | |
1795 @var{force}, since there is no way to split them. | |
1796 | |
1797 The argument @var{force} also has an effect if the line isn't long | |
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1798 enough to reach column @var{column}; if it is @code{t}, that means to |
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1799 add whitespace at the end of the line to reach that column. |
6558 | 1800 |
1801 If @var{column} is not an integer, an error is signaled. | |
1802 | |
1803 The return value is the column number actually moved to. | |
1804 @end defun | |
1805 | |
1806 @node Indentation | |
1807 @section Indentation | |
1808 @cindex indentation | |
1809 | |
1810 The indentation functions are used to examine, move to, and change | |
1811 whitespace that is at the beginning of a line. Some of the functions | |
1812 can also change whitespace elsewhere on a line. Columns and indentation | |
1813 count from zero at the left margin. | |
1814 | |
1815 @menu | |
1816 * Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation. | |
1817 * Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes. | |
1818 * Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region. | |
1819 * Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines. | |
1820 * Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops. | |
1821 * Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character. | |
1822 @end menu | |
1823 | |
1824 @node Primitive Indent | |
1825 @subsection Indentation Primitives | |
1826 | |
1827 This section describes the primitive functions used to count and | |
1828 insert indentation. The functions in the following sections use these | |
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1829 primitives. @xref{Width}, for related functions. |
6558 | 1830 |
1831 @defun current-indentation | |
1832 @comment !!Type Primitive Function | |
1833 @comment !!SourceFile indent.c | |
1834 This function returns the indentation of the current line, which is | |
1835 the horizontal position of the first nonblank character. If the | |
1836 contents are entirely blank, then this is the horizontal position of the | |
1837 end of the line. | |
1838 @end defun | |
1839 | |
1840 @deffn Command indent-to column &optional minimum | |
1841 @comment !!Type Primitive Function | |
1842 @comment !!SourceFile indent.c | |
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1843 This function indents from point with tabs and spaces until @var{column} |
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1844 is reached. If @var{minimum} is specified and non-@code{nil}, then at |
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1845 least that many spaces are inserted even if this requires going beyond |
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1846 @var{column}. Otherwise the function does nothing if point is already |
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1847 beyond @var{column}. The value is the column at which the inserted |
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1848 indentation ends. |
8644 | 1849 |
1850 The inserted whitespace characters inherit text properties from the | |
1851 surrounding text (usually, from the preceding text only). @xref{Sticky | |
1852 Properties}. | |
6558 | 1853 @end deffn |
1854 | |
1855 @defopt indent-tabs-mode | |
1856 @comment !!SourceFile indent.c | |
1857 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, indentation functions can insert | |
1858 tabs as well as spaces. Otherwise, they insert only spaces. Setting | |
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1859 this variable automatically makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
6558 | 1860 @end defopt |
1861 | |
1862 @node Mode-Specific Indent | |
1863 @subsection Indentation Controlled by Major Mode | |
1864 | |
1865 An important function of each major mode is to customize the @key{TAB} | |
1866 key to indent properly for the language being edited. This section | |
1867 describes the mechanism of the @key{TAB} key and how to control it. | |
1868 The functions in this section return unpredictable values. | |
1869 | |
1870 @defvar indent-line-function | |
1871 This variable's value is the function to be used by @key{TAB} (and | |
1872 various commands) to indent the current line. The command | |
1873 @code{indent-according-to-mode} does no more than call this function. | |
1874 | |
1875 In Lisp mode, the value is the symbol @code{lisp-indent-line}; in C | |
1876 mode, @code{c-indent-line}; in Fortran mode, @code{fortran-indent-line}. | |
1877 In Fundamental mode, Text mode, and many other modes with no standard | |
1878 for indentation, the value is @code{indent-to-left-margin} (which is the | |
1879 default value). | |
1880 @end defvar | |
1881 | |
1882 @deffn Command indent-according-to-mode | |
1883 This command calls the function in @code{indent-line-function} to | |
1884 indent the current line in a way appropriate for the current major mode. | |
1885 @end deffn | |
1886 | |
1887 @deffn Command indent-for-tab-command | |
1888 This command calls the function in @code{indent-line-function} to indent | |
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1889 the current line; however, if that function is |
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1890 @code{indent-to-left-margin}, @code{insert-tab} is called instead. (That |
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1891 is a trivial command that inserts a tab character.) |
6558 | 1892 @end deffn |
1893 | |
1894 @deffn Command newline-and-indent | |
1895 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el | |
1896 This function inserts a newline, then indents the new line (the one | |
1897 following the newline just inserted) according to the major mode. | |
1898 | |
1899 It does indentation by calling the current @code{indent-line-function}. | |
1900 In programming language modes, this is the same thing @key{TAB} does, | |
1901 but in some text modes, where @key{TAB} inserts a tab, | |
1902 @code{newline-and-indent} indents to the column specified by | |
1903 @code{left-margin}. | |
1904 @end deffn | |
1905 | |
1906 @deffn Command reindent-then-newline-and-indent | |
1907 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el | |
1908 This command reindents the current line, inserts a newline at point, | |
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1909 and then indents the new line (the one following the newline just |
6558 | 1910 inserted). |
1911 | |
1912 This command does indentation on both lines according to the current | |
1913 major mode, by calling the current value of @code{indent-line-function}. | |
1914 In programming language modes, this is the same thing @key{TAB} does, | |
1915 but in some text modes, where @key{TAB} inserts a tab, | |
1916 @code{reindent-then-newline-and-indent} indents to the column specified | |
1917 by @code{left-margin}. | |
1918 @end deffn | |
1919 | |
1920 @node Region Indent | |
1921 @subsection Indenting an Entire Region | |
1922 | |
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1923 This section describes commands that indent all the lines in the |
6558 | 1924 region. They return unpredictable values. |
1925 | |
1926 @deffn Command indent-region start end to-column | |
1927 This command indents each nonblank line starting between @var{start} | |
1928 (inclusive) and @var{end} (exclusive). If @var{to-column} is | |
1929 @code{nil}, @code{indent-region} indents each nonblank line by calling | |
1930 the current mode's indentation function, the value of | |
1931 @code{indent-line-function}. | |
1932 | |
1933 If @var{to-column} is non-@code{nil}, it should be an integer | |
1934 specifying the number of columns of indentation; then this function | |
1935 gives each line exactly that much indentation, by either adding or | |
1936 deleting whitespace. | |
1937 | |
1938 If there is a fill prefix, @code{indent-region} indents each line | |
1939 by making it start with the fill prefix. | |
1940 @end deffn | |
1941 | |
1942 @defvar indent-region-function | |
1943 The value of this variable is a function that can be used by | |
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1944 @code{indent-region} as a short cut. It should take two arguments, the |
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1945 start and end of the region. You should design the function so |
6558 | 1946 that it will produce the same results as indenting the lines of the |
1947 region one by one, but presumably faster. | |
1948 | |
1949 If the value is @code{nil}, there is no short cut, and | |
1950 @code{indent-region} actually works line by line. | |
1951 | |
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1952 A short-cut function is useful in modes such as C mode and Lisp mode, |
6558 | 1953 where the @code{indent-line-function} must scan from the beginning of |
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1954 the function definition: applying it to each line would be quadratic in |
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1955 time. The short cut can update the scan information as it moves through |
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1956 the lines indenting them; this takes linear time. In a mode where |
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1957 indenting a line individually is fast, there is no need for a short cut. |
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1958 |
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1959 @code{indent-region} with a non-@code{nil} argument @var{to-column} has |
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1960 a different meaning and does not use this variable. |
6558 | 1961 @end defvar |
1962 | |
1963 @deffn Command indent-rigidly start end count | |
1964 @comment !!SourceFile indent.el | |
1965 This command indents all lines starting between @var{start} | |
1966 (inclusive) and @var{end} (exclusive) sideways by @var{count} columns. | |
1967 This ``preserves the shape'' of the affected region, moving it as a | |
1968 rigid unit. Consequently, this command is useful not only for indenting | |
1969 regions of unindented text, but also for indenting regions of formatted | |
1970 code. | |
1971 | |
1972 For example, if @var{count} is 3, this command adds 3 columns of | |
1973 indentation to each of the lines beginning in the region specified. | |
1974 | |
1975 In Mail mode, @kbd{C-c C-y} (@code{mail-yank-original}) uses | |
1976 @code{indent-rigidly} to indent the text copied from the message being | |
1977 replied to. | |
1978 @end deffn | |
1979 | |
1980 @defun indent-code-rigidly start end columns &optional nochange-regexp | |
1981 This is like @code{indent-rigidly}, except that it doesn't alter lines | |
1982 that start within strings or comments. | |
1983 | |
1984 In addition, it doesn't alter a line if @var{nochange-regexp} matches at | |
1985 the beginning of the line (if @var{nochange-regexp} is non-@code{nil}). | |
1986 @end defun | |
1987 | |
1988 @node Relative Indent | |
1989 @subsection Indentation Relative to Previous Lines | |
1990 | |
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1991 This section describes two commands that indent the current line |
6558 | 1992 based on the contents of previous lines. |
1993 | |
1994 @deffn Command indent-relative &optional unindented-ok | |
1995 This command inserts whitespace at point, extending to the same | |
1996 column as the next @dfn{indent point} of the previous nonblank line. An | |
1997 indent point is a non-whitespace character following whitespace. The | |
1998 next indent point is the first one at a column greater than the current | |
1999 column of point. For example, if point is underneath and to the left of | |
2000 the first non-blank character of a line of text, it moves to that column | |
2001 by inserting whitespace. | |
2002 | |
2003 If the previous nonblank line has no next indent point (i.e., none at a | |
2004 great enough column position), @code{indent-relative} either does | |
2005 nothing (if @var{unindented-ok} is non-@code{nil}) or calls | |
2006 @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. Thus, if point is underneath and to the right | |
2007 of the last column of a short line of text, this command ordinarily | |
2008 moves point to the next tab stop by inserting whitespace. | |
2009 | |
2010 The return value of @code{indent-relative} is unpredictable. | |
2011 | |
2012 In the following example, point is at the beginning of the second | |
2013 line: | |
2014 | |
2015 @example | |
2016 @group | |
2017 This line is indented twelve spaces. | |
2018 @point{}The quick brown fox jumped. | |
2019 @end group | |
2020 @end example | |
2021 | |
2022 @noindent | |
2023 Evaluation of the expression @code{(indent-relative nil)} produces the | |
2024 following: | |
2025 | |
2026 @example | |
2027 @group | |
2028 This line is indented twelve spaces. | |
2029 @point{}The quick brown fox jumped. | |
2030 @end group | |
2031 @end example | |
2032 | |
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2033 In this next example, point is between the @samp{m} and @samp{p} of |
6558 | 2034 @samp{jumped}: |
2035 | |
2036 @example | |
2037 @group | |
2038 This line is indented twelve spaces. | |
2039 The quick brown fox jum@point{}ped. | |
2040 @end group | |
2041 @end example | |
2042 | |
2043 @noindent | |
2044 Evaluation of the expression @code{(indent-relative nil)} produces the | |
2045 following: | |
2046 | |
2047 @example | |
2048 @group | |
2049 This line is indented twelve spaces. | |
2050 The quick brown fox jum @point{}ped. | |
2051 @end group | |
2052 @end example | |
2053 @end deffn | |
2054 | |
2055 @deffn Command indent-relative-maybe | |
2056 @comment !!SourceFile indent.el | |
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2057 This command indents the current line like the previous nonblank line, |
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2058 by calling @code{indent-relative} with @code{t} as the |
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2059 @var{unindented-ok} argument. The return value is unpredictable. |
6558 | 2060 |
2061 If the previous nonblank line has no indent points beyond the current | |
2062 column, this command does nothing. | |
2063 @end deffn | |
2064 | |
2065 @node Indent Tabs | |
2066 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
2067 @subsection Adjustable ``Tab Stops'' | |
2068 @cindex tabs stops for indentation | |
2069 | |
2070 This section explains the mechanism for user-specified ``tab stops'' | |
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2071 and the mechanisms that use and set them. The name ``tab stops'' is |
6558 | 2072 used because the feature is similar to that of the tab stops on a |
2073 typewriter. The feature works by inserting an appropriate number of | |
2074 spaces and tab characters to reach the next tab stop column; it does not | |
2075 affect the display of tab characters in the buffer (@pxref{Usual | |
2076 Display}). Note that the @key{TAB} character as input uses this tab | |
2077 stop feature only in a few major modes, such as Text mode. | |
2078 | |
2079 @deffn Command tab-to-tab-stop | |
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2080 This command inserts spaces or tabs before point, up to the next tab |
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2081 stop column defined by @code{tab-stop-list}. It searches the list for |
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2082 an element greater than the current column number, and uses that element |
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2083 as the column to indent to. It does nothing if no such element is |
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2084 found. |
6558 | 2085 @end deffn |
2086 | |
2087 @defopt tab-stop-list | |
2088 This variable is the list of tab stop columns used by | |
2089 @code{tab-to-tab-stops}. The elements should be integers in increasing | |
2090 order. The tab stop columns need not be evenly spaced. | |
2091 | |
2092 Use @kbd{M-x edit-tab-stops} to edit the location of tab stops | |
2093 interactively. | |
2094 @end defopt | |
2095 | |
2096 @node Motion by Indent | |
2097 @subsection Indentation-Based Motion Commands | |
2098 | |
2099 These commands, primarily for interactive use, act based on the | |
2100 indentation in the text. | |
2101 | |
2102 @deffn Command back-to-indentation | |
2103 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el | |
2104 This command moves point to the first non-whitespace character in the | |
2105 current line (which is the line in which point is located). It returns | |
2106 @code{nil}. | |
2107 @end deffn | |
2108 | |
2109 @deffn Command backward-to-indentation arg | |
2110 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el | |
2111 This command moves point backward @var{arg} lines and then to the | |
2112 first nonblank character on that line. It returns @code{nil}. | |
2113 @end deffn | |
2114 | |
2115 @deffn Command forward-to-indentation arg | |
2116 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el | |
2117 This command moves point forward @var{arg} lines and then to the first | |
2118 nonblank character on that line. It returns @code{nil}. | |
2119 @end deffn | |
2120 | |
2121 @node Case Changes | |
2122 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
2123 @section Case Changes | |
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2124 @cindex case conversion in buffers |
6558 | 2125 |
2126 The case change commands described here work on text in the current | |
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2127 buffer. @xref{Case Conversion}, for case conversion functions that work |
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2128 on strings and characters. @xref{Case Tables}, for how to customize |
6558 | 2129 which characters are upper or lower case and how to convert them. |
2130 | |
2131 @deffn Command capitalize-region start end | |
2132 This function capitalizes all words in the region defined by | |
2133 @var{start} and @var{end}. To capitalize means to convert each word's | |
2134 first character to upper case and convert the rest of each word to lower | |
2135 case. The function returns @code{nil}. | |
2136 | |
2137 If one end of the region is in the middle of a word, the part of the | |
2138 word within the region is treated as an entire word. | |
2139 | |
2140 When @code{capitalize-region} is called interactively, @var{start} and | |
2141 @var{end} are point and the mark, with the smallest first. | |
2142 | |
2143 @example | |
2144 @group | |
2145 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
2146 This is the contents of the 5th foo. | |
2147 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
2148 @end group | |
2149 | |
2150 @group | |
2151 (capitalize-region 1 44) | |
2152 @result{} nil | |
2153 | |
2154 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
2155 This Is The Contents Of The 5th Foo. | |
2156 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
2157 @end group | |
2158 @end example | |
2159 @end deffn | |
2160 | |
2161 @deffn Command downcase-region start end | |
2162 This function converts all of the letters in the region defined by | |
2163 @var{start} and @var{end} to lower case. The function returns | |
2164 @code{nil}. | |
2165 | |
2166 When @code{downcase-region} is called interactively, @var{start} and | |
2167 @var{end} are point and the mark, with the smallest first. | |
2168 @end deffn | |
2169 | |
2170 @deffn Command upcase-region start end | |
2171 This function converts all of the letters in the region defined by | |
2172 @var{start} and @var{end} to upper case. The function returns | |
2173 @code{nil}. | |
2174 | |
2175 When @code{upcase-region} is called interactively, @var{start} and | |
2176 @var{end} are point and the mark, with the smallest first. | |
2177 @end deffn | |
2178 | |
2179 @deffn Command capitalize-word count | |
2180 This function capitalizes @var{count} words after point, moving point | |
2181 over as it does. To capitalize means to convert each word's first | |
2182 character to upper case and convert the rest of each word to lower case. | |
2183 If @var{count} is negative, the function capitalizes the | |
2184 @minus{}@var{count} previous words but does not move point. The value | |
2185 is @code{nil}. | |
2186 | |
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2187 If point is in the middle of a word, the part of the word before point |
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2188 is ignored when moving forward. The rest is treated as an entire word. |
6558 | 2189 |
2190 When @code{capitalize-word} is called interactively, @var{count} is | |
2191 set to the numeric prefix argument. | |
2192 @end deffn | |
2193 | |
2194 @deffn Command downcase-word count | |
2195 This function converts the @var{count} words after point to all lower | |
2196 case, moving point over as it does. If @var{count} is negative, it | |
2197 converts the @minus{}@var{count} previous words but does not move point. | |
2198 The value is @code{nil}. | |
2199 | |
2200 When @code{downcase-word} is called interactively, @var{count} is set | |
2201 to the numeric prefix argument. | |
2202 @end deffn | |
2203 | |
2204 @deffn Command upcase-word count | |
2205 This function converts the @var{count} words after point to all upper | |
2206 case, moving point over as it does. If @var{count} is negative, it | |
2207 converts the @minus{}@var{count} previous words but does not move point. | |
2208 The value is @code{nil}. | |
2209 | |
2210 When @code{upcase-word} is called interactively, @var{count} is set to | |
2211 the numeric prefix argument. | |
2212 @end deffn | |
2213 | |
2214 @node Text Properties | |
2215 @section Text Properties | |
2216 @cindex text properties | |
2217 @cindex attributes of text | |
2218 @cindex properties of text | |
2219 | |
2220 Each character position in a buffer or a string can have a @dfn{text | |
2221 property list}, much like the property list of a symbol (@pxref{Property | |
2222 Lists}). The properties belong to a particular character at a | |
2223 particular place, such as, the letter @samp{T} at the beginning of this | |
2224 sentence or the first @samp{o} in @samp{foo}---if the same character | |
2225 occurs in two different places, the two occurrences generally have | |
2226 different properties. | |
2227 | |
2228 Each property has a name and a value. Both of these can be any Lisp | |
2229 object, but the name is normally a symbol. The usual way to access the | |
2230 property list is to specify a name and ask what value corresponds to it. | |
2231 | |
2232 If a character has a @code{category} property, we call it the | |
2233 @dfn{category} of the character. It should be a symbol. The properties | |
2234 of the symbol serve as defaults for the properties of the character. | |
2235 | |
2236 Copying text between strings and buffers preserves the properties | |
2237 along with the characters; this includes such diverse functions as | |
2238 @code{substring}, @code{insert}, and @code{buffer-substring}. | |
2239 | |
2240 @menu | |
2241 * Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character. | |
2242 * Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text. | |
2243 * Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value. | |
2244 * Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings. | |
12067 | 2245 * Format Properties:: Properties for representing formatting of text. |
6558 | 2246 * Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from |
2247 neighboring text. | |
2248 * Saving Properties:: Saving text properties in files, and reading | |
2249 them back. | |
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2250 * Lazy Properties:: Computing text properties in a lazy fashion |
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2251 only when text is examined. |
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2252 * Clickable Text:: Using text properties to make regions of text |
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2253 do something when you click on them. |
6558 | 2254 * Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use |
2255 Lisp-visible text intervals. | |
2256 @end menu | |
2257 | |
2258 @node Examining Properties | |
2259 @subsection Examining Text Properties | |
2260 | |
2261 The simplest way to examine text properties is to ask for the value of | |
2262 a particular property of a particular character. For that, use | |
2263 @code{get-text-property}. Use @code{text-properties-at} to get the | |
2264 entire property list of a character. @xref{Property Search}, for | |
2265 functions to examine the properties of a number of characters at once. | |
2266 | |
2267 These functions handle both strings and buffers. Keep in mind that | |
2268 positions in a string start from 0, whereas positions in a buffer start | |
2269 from 1. | |
2270 | |
2271 @defun get-text-property pos prop &optional object | |
2272 This function returns the value of the @var{prop} property of the | |
2273 character after position @var{pos} in @var{object} (a buffer or | |
2274 string). The argument @var{object} is optional and defaults to the | |
2275 current buffer. | |
2276 | |
2277 If there is no @var{prop} property strictly speaking, but the character | |
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2278 has a category that is a symbol, then @code{get-text-property} returns |
6558 | 2279 the @var{prop} property of that symbol. |
2280 @end defun | |
2281 | |
2282 @defun get-char-property pos prop &optional object | |
2283 This function is like @code{get-text-property}, except that it checks | |
2284 overlays first and then text properties. @xref{Overlays}. | |
2285 | |
2286 The argument @var{object} may be a string, a buffer, or a window. If it | |
2287 is a window, then the buffer displayed in that window is used for text | |
2288 properties and overlays, but only the overlays active for that window | |
2289 are considered. If @var{object} is a buffer, then all overlays in that | |
2290 buffer are considered, as well as text properties. If @var{object} is a | |
2291 string, only text properties are considered, since strings never have | |
2292 overlays. | |
2293 @end defun | |
2294 | |
2295 @defun text-properties-at position &optional object | |
2296 This function returns the entire property list of the character at | |
2297 @var{position} in the string or buffer @var{object}. If @var{object} is | |
2298 @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
2299 @end defun | |
2300 | |
12067 | 2301 @defvar default-text-properties |
2302 This variable holds a property list giving default values for text | |
2303 properties. Whenever a character does not specify a value for a | |
12098 | 2304 property, neither directly nor through a category symbol, the value |
2305 stored in this list is used instead. Here is an example: | |
12067 | 2306 |
2307 @example | |
2308 (setq default-text-properties '(foo 69)) | |
2309 ;; @r{Make sure character 1 has no properties of its own.} | |
2310 (set-text-properties 1 2 nil) | |
2311 ;; @r{What we get, when we ask, is the default value.} | |
2312 (get-text-property 1 'foo) | |
2313 @result{} 69 | |
2314 @end example | |
2315 @end defvar | |
2316 | |
6558 | 2317 @node Changing Properties |
2318 @subsection Changing Text Properties | |
2319 | |
2320 The primitives for changing properties apply to a specified range of | |
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2321 text in a buffer or string. The function @code{set-text-properties} |
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2322 (see end of section) sets the entire property list of the text in that |
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2323 range; more often, it is useful to add, change, or delete just certain |
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2324 properties specified by name. |
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2325 |
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2326 Since text properties are considered part of the contents of the |
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2327 buffer (or string), and can affect how a buffer looks on the screen, any |
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2328 change in buffer text properties mark the buffer as modified. Buffer |
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2329 text property changes are undoable also (@pxref{Undo}). |
6558 | 2330 |
12098 | 2331 @defun put-text-property start end prop value &optional object |
2332 This function sets the @var{prop} property to @var{value} for the text | |
2333 between @var{start} and @var{end} in the string or buffer @var{object}. | |
2334 If @var{object} is @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
2335 @end defun | |
2336 | |
6558 | 2337 @defun add-text-properties start end props &optional object |
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2338 This function adds or overrides text properties for the text between |
6558 | 2339 @var{start} and @var{end} in the string or buffer @var{object}. If |
2340 @var{object} is @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
2341 | |
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2342 The argument @var{props} specifies which properties to add. It should |
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2343 have the form of a property list (@pxref{Property Lists}): a list whose |
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2344 elements include the property names followed alternately by the |
6558 | 2345 corresponding values. |
2346 | |
2347 The return value is @code{t} if the function actually changed some | |
2348 property's value; @code{nil} otherwise (if @var{props} is @code{nil} or | |
2349 its values agree with those in the text). | |
2350 | |
2351 For example, here is how to set the @code{comment} and @code{face} | |
2352 properties of a range of text: | |
2353 | |
2354 @example | |
2355 (add-text-properties @var{start} @var{end} | |
2356 '(comment t face highlight)) | |
2357 @end example | |
2358 @end defun | |
2359 | |
2360 @defun remove-text-properties start end props &optional object | |
2361 This function deletes specified text properties from the text between | |
2362 @var{start} and @var{end} in the string or buffer @var{object}. If | |
2363 @var{object} is @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
2364 | |
2365 The argument @var{props} specifies which properties to delete. It | |
2366 should have the form of a property list (@pxref{Property Lists}): a list | |
2367 whose elements are property names alternating with corresponding values. | |
2368 But only the names matter---the values that accompany them are ignored. | |
2369 For example, here's how to remove the @code{face} property. | |
2370 | |
2371 @example | |
2372 (remove-text-properties @var{start} @var{end} '(face nil)) | |
2373 @end example | |
2374 | |
2375 The return value is @code{t} if the function actually changed some | |
2376 property's value; @code{nil} otherwise (if @var{props} is @code{nil} or | |
2377 if no character in the specified text had any of those properties). | |
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2378 |
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2379 To remove all text properties from certain text, use |
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2380 @code{set-text-properties} and specify @code{nil} for the new property |
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2381 list. |
6558 | 2382 @end defun |
2383 | |
2384 @defun set-text-properties start end props &optional object | |
2385 This function completely replaces the text property list for the text | |
2386 between @var{start} and @var{end} in the string or buffer @var{object}. | |
2387 If @var{object} is @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
2388 | |
2389 The argument @var{props} is the new property list. It should be a list | |
2390 whose elements are property names alternating with corresponding values. | |
2391 | |
2392 After @code{set-text-properties} returns, all the characters in the | |
2393 specified range have identical properties. | |
2394 | |
2395 If @var{props} is @code{nil}, the effect is to get rid of all properties | |
2396 from the specified range of text. Here's an example: | |
2397 | |
2398 @example | |
2399 (set-text-properties @var{start} @var{end} nil) | |
2400 @end example | |
2401 @end defun | |
2402 | |
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2403 See also the function @code{buffer-substring-no-properties} |
12067 | 2404 (@pxref{Buffer Contents}) which copies text from the buffer |
2405 but does not copy its properties. | |
2406 | |
6558 | 2407 @node Property Search |
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2408 @subsection Text Property Search Functions |
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2409 |
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2410 In typical use of text properties, most of the time several or many |
6558 | 2411 consecutive characters have the same value for a property. Rather than |
2412 writing your programs to examine characters one by one, it is much | |
2413 faster to process chunks of text that have the same property value. | |
2414 | |
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2415 Here are functions you can use to do this. They use @code{eq} for |
12098 | 2416 comparing property values. In all cases, @var{object} defaults to the |
2417 current buffer. | |
6558 | 2418 |
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2419 For high performance, it's very important to use the @var{limit} |
6558 | 2420 argument to these functions, especially the ones that search for a |
12098 | 2421 single property---otherwise, they may spend a long time scanning to the |
2422 end of the buffer, if the property you are interested in does not change. | |
6558 | 2423 |
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2424 These functions do not move point; instead, they return a position (or |
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2425 @code{nil}). Remember that a position is always between two characters; |
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2426 the position returned by these functions is between two characters with |
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2427 different properties. |
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2428 |
6558 | 2429 @defun next-property-change pos &optional object limit |
2430 The function scans the text forward from position @var{pos} in the | |
2431 string or buffer @var{object} till it finds a change in some text | |
2432 property, then returns the position of the change. In other words, it | |
2433 returns the position of the first character beyond @var{pos} whose | |
2434 properties are not identical to those of the character just after | |
2435 @var{pos}. | |
2436 | |
2437 If @var{limit} is non-@code{nil}, then the scan ends at position | |
2438 @var{limit}. If there is no property change before that point, | |
2439 @code{next-property-change} returns @var{limit}. | |
2440 | |
2441 The value is @code{nil} if the properties remain unchanged all the way | |
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2442 to the end of @var{object} and @var{limit} is @code{nil}. If the value |
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2443 is non-@code{nil}, it is a position greater than or equal to @var{pos}. |
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2444 The value equals @var{pos} only when @var{limit} equals @var{pos}. |
6558 | 2445 |
2446 Here is an example of how to scan the buffer by chunks of text within | |
2447 which all properties are constant: | |
2448 | |
2449 @smallexample | |
2450 (while (not (eobp)) | |
2451 (let ((plist (text-properties-at (point))) | |
2452 (next-change | |
2453 (or (next-property-change (point) (current-buffer)) | |
2454 (point-max)))) | |
2455 @r{Process text from point to @var{next-change}@dots{}} | |
2456 (goto-char next-change))) | |
2457 @end smallexample | |
2458 @end defun | |
2459 | |
2460 @defun next-single-property-change pos prop &optional object limit | |
2461 The function scans the text forward from position @var{pos} in the | |
2462 string or buffer @var{object} till it finds a change in the @var{prop} | |
2463 property, then returns the position of the change. In other words, it | |
2464 returns the position of the first character beyond @var{pos} whose | |
2465 @var{prop} property differs from that of the character just after | |
2466 @var{pos}. | |
2467 | |
2468 If @var{limit} is non-@code{nil}, then the scan ends at position | |
2469 @var{limit}. If there is no property change before that point, | |
2470 @code{next-single-property-change} returns @var{limit}. | |
2471 | |
2472 The value is @code{nil} if the property remains unchanged all the way to | |
2473 the end of @var{object} and @var{limit} is @code{nil}. If the value is | |
2474 non-@code{nil}, it is a position greater than or equal to @var{pos}; it | |
2475 equals @var{pos} only if @var{limit} equals @var{pos}. | |
2476 @end defun | |
2477 | |
2478 @defun previous-property-change pos &optional object limit | |
2479 This is like @code{next-property-change}, but scans back from @var{pos} | |
2480 instead of forward. If the value is non-@code{nil}, it is a position | |
2481 less than or equal to @var{pos}; it equals @var{pos} only if @var{limit} | |
2482 equals @var{pos}. | |
2483 @end defun | |
2484 | |
2485 @defun previous-single-property-change pos prop &optional object limit | |
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2486 This is like @code{next-single-property-change}, but scans back from |
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2487 @var{pos} instead of forward. If the value is non-@code{nil}, it is a |
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2488 position less than or equal to @var{pos}; it equals @var{pos} only if |
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2489 @var{limit} equals @var{pos}. |
6558 | 2490 @end defun |
2491 | |
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2492 @defun next-char-property-change position &optional limit |
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2493 @tindex next-char-property-change |
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2494 This is like @code{next-property-change} except that it considers |
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2495 overlay properties as well as text properties. There is no @var{object} |
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2496 operand because this function operates only on the current buffer. It |
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2497 returns the next address at which either kind of property changes. |
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2498 @end defun |
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2499 |
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2500 @defun previous-char-property-change position &optional limit |
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2501 @tindex previous-char-property-change |
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2502 This is like @code{next-char-property-change}, but scans back from |
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2503 @var{position} instead of forward. |
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2504 @end defun |
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2505 |
6558 | 2506 @defun text-property-any start end prop value &optional object |
2507 This function returns non-@code{nil} if at least one character between | |
2508 @var{start} and @var{end} has a property @var{prop} whose value is | |
2509 @var{value}. More precisely, it returns the position of the first such | |
2510 character. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}. | |
2511 | |
2512 The optional fifth argument, @var{object}, specifies the string or | |
2513 buffer to scan. Positions are relative to @var{object}. The default | |
2514 for @var{object} is the current buffer. | |
2515 @end defun | |
2516 | |
2517 @defun text-property-not-all start end prop value &optional object | |
2518 This function returns non-@code{nil} if at least one character between | |
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2519 @var{start} and @var{end} does not have a property @var{prop} with value |
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2520 @var{value}. More precisely, it returns the position of the first such |
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2521 character. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}. |
6558 | 2522 |
2523 The optional fifth argument, @var{object}, specifies the string or | |
2524 buffer to scan. Positions are relative to @var{object}. The default | |
2525 for @var{object} is the current buffer. | |
2526 @end defun | |
2527 | |
2528 @node Special Properties | |
2529 @subsection Properties with Special Meanings | |
2530 | |
12098 | 2531 Here is a table of text property names that have special built-in |
21682
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2532 meanings. The following sections list a few additional special property |
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2533 names that control filling and property inheritance. All other names |
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2534 have no standard meaning, and you can use them as you like. |
12098 | 2535 |
6558 | 2536 @table @code |
2537 @cindex category of text character | |
2538 @kindex category @r{(text property)} | |
2539 @item category | |
2540 If a character has a @code{category} property, we call it the | |
2541 @dfn{category} of the character. It should be a symbol. The properties | |
2542 of the symbol serve as defaults for the properties of the character. | |
2543 | |
2544 @item face | |
2545 @cindex face codes of text | |
2546 @kindex face @r{(text property)} | |
2547 You can use the property @code{face} to control the font and color of | |
25751
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2548 text. @xref{Faces}, for more information. |
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2549 |
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2550 In the simplest case, the value is a face name. It can also be a list; |
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2551 then each element can be any of these possibilities; |
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2552 |
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2553 @itemize @bullet |
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2554 @item |
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2555 A face name (a symbol or string). |
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2556 |
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2557 @item |
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2558 Starting in Emacs 21, a property list of face attributes. This has the |
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2559 form (@var{keyword} @var{value} @dots{}), where each @var{keyword} is a |
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2560 face attribute name and @var{value} is a meaningful value for that |
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2561 attribute. With this feature, you do not need to create a face each |
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2562 time you want to specify a particular attribute for certain text. |
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2563 @xref{Face Attributes}. |
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2564 |
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2565 @item |
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2566 A cons cell of the form @code{(foreground-color . @var{color-name})} or |
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2567 @code{(background-color . @var{color-name})}. These elements specify |
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2568 just the foreground color or just the background color. |
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2569 |
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2570 @code{(foreground-color . @var{color-name})} is equivalent to |
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2571 @code{(:foreground @var{color-name})}, and likewise for the background. |
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2572 @end itemize |
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2573 |
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2574 @xref{Font Lock Mode}, for information on how to update @code{face} |
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2575 properties automatically based on the contents of the text. |
6558 | 2576 |
2577 @item mouse-face | |
2578 @kindex mouse-face @r{(text property)} | |
2579 The property @code{mouse-face} is used instead of @code{face} when the | |
2580 mouse is on or near the character. For this purpose, ``near'' means | |
2581 that all text between the character and where the mouse is have the same | |
2582 @code{mouse-face} property value. | |
2583 | |
25751
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2584 @item fontified |
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2585 @kindex fontified @r{(text property)} |
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2586 This property, if non-@code{nil}, says that text in the buffer has |
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2587 had faces assigned automatically by a feature such as Font-Lock mode. |
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2588 @xref{Auto Faces}. |
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2589 |
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2590 @item display |
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2591 @kindex display @r{(text property)} |
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2592 This property activates various features that change the |
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2593 way text is displayed. For example, it can make text appear taller |
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2594 or shorter, higher or lower, wider or narror, or replaced with an image. |
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2595 @xref{Display Property}. |
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2596 |
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2597 @item help-echo |
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2598 @kindex help-echo @r{(text property)} |
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2599 If text has a string as its @code{help-echo} property, then when you |
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2600 move the mouse onto that text, Emacs displays that string in the echo |
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2601 area, or in the tooltip window. This feature is used in the mode line. |
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2602 It is available starting in Emacs 21. |
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2603 |
6558 | 2604 @item local-map |
2605 @cindex keymap of character | |
2606 @kindex local-map @r{(text property)} | |
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2607 You can specify a different keymap for some of the text in a buffer by |
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2608 means of the @code{local-map} property. The property's value for the |
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2609 character after point, if non-@code{nil}, is used for key lookup instead |
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2610 of the buffer's local map. If the property value is a symbol, the |
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2611 symbol's function definition is used as the keymap. @xref{Active |
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2612 Keymaps}. |
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2613 |
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2614 @item syntax-table |
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2615 The @code{syntax-table} property overrides what the syntax table says |
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2616 about this particular character. @xref{Syntax Properties}. |
6558 | 2617 |
2618 @item read-only | |
2619 @cindex read-only character | |
2620 @kindex read-only @r{(text property)} | |
2621 If a character has the property @code{read-only}, then modifying that | |
2622 character is not allowed. Any command that would do so gets an error. | |
2623 | |
2624 Insertion next to a read-only character is an error if inserting | |
2625 ordinary text there would inherit the @code{read-only} property due to | |
2626 stickiness. Thus, you can control permission to insert next to | |
2627 read-only text by controlling the stickiness. @xref{Sticky Properties}. | |
2628 | |
2629 Since changing properties counts as modifying the buffer, it is not | |
2630 possible to remove a @code{read-only} property unless you know the | |
2631 special trick: bind @code{inhibit-read-only} to a non-@code{nil} value | |
2632 and then remove the property. @xref{Read Only Buffers}. | |
2633 | |
2634 @item invisible | |
2635 @kindex invisible @r{(text property)} | |
12067 | 2636 A non-@code{nil} @code{invisible} property can make a character invisible |
2637 on the screen. @xref{Invisible Text}, for details. | |
6558 | 2638 |
6782
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2639 @item intangible |
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2640 @kindex intangible @r{(text property)} |
12067 | 2641 If a group of consecutive characters have equal and non-@code{nil} |
2642 @code{intangible} properties, then you cannot place point between them. | |
12098 | 2643 If you try to move point forward into the group, point actually moves to |
2644 the end of the group. If you try to move point backward into the group, | |
12067 | 2645 point actually moves to the start of the group. |
2646 | |
2647 When the variable @code{inhibit-point-motion-hooks} is non-@code{nil}, | |
2648 the @code{intangible} property is ignored. | |
6782
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2649 |
6558 | 2650 @item modification-hooks |
2651 @cindex change hooks for a character | |
2652 @cindex hooks for changing a character | |
2653 @kindex modification-hooks @r{(text property)} | |
2654 If a character has the property @code{modification-hooks}, then its | |
2655 value should be a list of functions; modifying that character calls all | |
2656 of those functions. Each function receives two arguments: the beginning | |
2657 and end of the part of the buffer being modified. Note that if a | |
2658 particular modification hook function appears on several characters | |
2659 being modified by a single primitive, you can't predict how many times | |
2660 the function will be called. | |
2661 | |
2662 @item insert-in-front-hooks | |
2663 @itemx insert-behind-hooks | |
2664 @kindex insert-in-front-hooks @r{(text property)} | |
2665 @kindex insert-behind-hooks @r{(text property)} | |
16398
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2666 The operation of inserting text in a buffer also calls the functions |
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2667 listed in the @code{insert-in-front-hooks} property of the following |
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2668 character and in the @code{insert-behind-hooks} property of the |
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2669 preceding character. These functions receive two arguments, the |
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2670 beginning and end of the inserted text. The functions are called |
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2671 @emph{after} the actual insertion takes place. |
6558 | 2672 |
2673 See also @ref{Change Hooks}, for other hooks that are called | |
2674 when you change text in a buffer. | |
2675 | |
2676 @item point-entered | |
2677 @itemx point-left | |
2678 @cindex hooks for motion of point | |
2679 @kindex point-entered @r{(text property)} | |
2680 @kindex point-left @r{(text property)} | |
2681 The special properties @code{point-entered} and @code{point-left} | |
2682 record hook functions that report motion of point. Each time point | |
2683 moves, Emacs compares these two property values: | |
2684 | |
2685 @itemize @bullet | |
2686 @item | |
2687 the @code{point-left} property of the character after the old location, | |
2688 and | |
2689 @item | |
2690 the @code{point-entered} property of the character after the new | |
2691 location. | |
2692 @end itemize | |
2693 | |
2694 @noindent | |
2695 If these two values differ, each of them is called (if not @code{nil}) | |
2696 with two arguments: the old value of point, and the new one. | |
2697 | |
2698 The same comparison is made for the characters before the old and new | |
2699 locations. The result may be to execute two @code{point-left} functions | |
2700 (which may be the same function) and/or two @code{point-entered} | |
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2701 functions (which may be the same function). In any case, all the |
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2702 @code{point-left} functions are called first, followed by all the |
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2703 @code{point-entered} functions. |
6558 | 2704 |
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2705 It is possible using @code{char-after} to examine characters at various |
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2706 positions without moving point to those positions. Only an actual |
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2707 change in the value of point runs these hook functions. |
6558 | 2708 @end table |
2709 | |
2710 @defvar inhibit-point-motion-hooks | |
2711 When this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{point-left} and | |
12067 | 2712 @code{point-entered} hooks are not run, and the @code{intangible} |
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2713 property has no effect. Do not set this variable globally; bind it with |
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2714 @code{let}. |
6558 | 2715 @end defvar |
2716 | |
12067 | 2717 @node Format Properties |
12098 | 2718 @subsection Formatted Text Properties |
12067 | 2719 |
2720 These text properties affect the behavior of the fill commands. They | |
12098 | 2721 are used for representing formatted text. @xref{Filling}, and |
2722 @ref{Margins}. | |
2723 | |
2724 @table @code | |
12067 | 2725 @item hard |
2726 If a newline character has this property, it is a ``hard'' newline. | |
2727 The fill commands do not alter hard newlines and do not move words | |
2728 across them. However, this property takes effect only if the variable | |
2729 @code{use-hard-newlines} is non-@code{nil}. | |
2730 | |
2731 @item right-margin | |
12098 | 2732 This property specifies an extra right margin for filling this part of the |
12067 | 2733 text. |
2734 | |
2735 @item left-margin | |
12098 | 2736 This property specifies an extra left margin for filling this part of the |
12067 | 2737 text. |
2738 | |
2739 @item justification | |
2740 This property specifies the style of justification for filling this part | |
2741 of the text. | |
2742 @end table | |
2743 | |
6558 | 2744 @node Sticky Properties |
2745 @subsection Stickiness of Text Properties | |
2746 @cindex sticky text properties | |
2747 @cindex inheritance of text properties | |
2748 | |
2749 Self-inserting characters normally take on the same properties as the | |
2750 preceding character. This is called @dfn{inheritance} of properties. | |
2751 | |
2752 In a Lisp program, you can do insertion with inheritance or without, | |
2753 depending on your choice of insertion primitive. The ordinary text | |
2754 insertion functions such as @code{insert} do not inherit any properties. | |
2755 They insert text with precisely the properties of the string being | |
2756 inserted, and no others. This is correct for programs that copy text | |
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2757 from one context to another---for example, into or out of the kill ring. |
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2758 To insert with inheritance, use the special primitives described in this |
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2759 section. Self-inserting characters inherit properties because they work |
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2760 using these primitives. |
6558 | 2761 |
2762 When you do insertion with inheritance, @emph{which} properties are | |
2763 inherited depends on two specific properties: @code{front-sticky} and | |
2764 @code{rear-nonsticky}. | |
2765 | |
2766 Insertion after a character inherits those of its properties that are | |
2767 @dfn{rear-sticky}. Insertion before a character inherits those of its | |
2768 properties that are @dfn{front-sticky}. By default, a text property is | |
2769 rear-sticky but not front-sticky. Thus, the default is to inherit all | |
2770 the properties of the preceding character, and nothing from the | |
2771 following character. You can request different behavior by specifying | |
2772 the stickiness of certain properties. | |
2773 | |
2774 If a character's @code{front-sticky} property is @code{t}, then all | |
2775 its properties are front-sticky. If the @code{front-sticky} property is | |
2776 a list, then the sticky properties of the character are those whose | |
2777 names are in the list. For example, if a character has a | |
2778 @code{front-sticky} property whose value is @code{(face read-only)}, | |
2779 then insertion before the character can inherit its @code{face} property | |
2780 and its @code{read-only} property, but no others. | |
2781 | |
2782 The @code{rear-nonsticky} works the opposite way. Every property is | |
2783 rear-sticky by default, so the @code{rear-nonsticky} property says which | |
2784 properties are @emph{not} rear-sticky. If a character's | |
2785 @code{rear-nonsticky} property is @code{t}, then none of its properties | |
2786 are rear-sticky. If the @code{rear-nonsticky} property is a list, | |
2787 properties are rear-sticky @emph{unless} their names are in the list. | |
2788 | |
2789 When you insert text with inheritance, it inherits all the rear-sticky | |
2790 properties of the preceding character, and all the front-sticky | |
2791 properties of the following character. The previous character's | |
2792 properties take precedence when both sides offer different sticky values | |
2793 for the same property. | |
2794 | |
2795 Here are the functions that insert text with inheritance of properties: | |
2796 | |
2797 @defun insert-and-inherit &rest strings | |
2798 Insert the strings @var{strings}, just like the function @code{insert}, | |
2799 but inherit any sticky properties from the adjoining text. | |
2800 @end defun | |
2801 | |
2802 @defun insert-before-markers-and-inherit &rest strings | |
2803 Insert the strings @var{strings}, just like the function | |
2804 @code{insert-before-markers}, but inherit any sticky properties from the | |
2805 adjoining text. | |
2806 @end defun | |
2807 | |
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2808 @xref{Insertion}, for the ordinary insertion functions which do not |
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2809 inherit. |
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2810 |
6558 | 2811 @node Saving Properties |
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2812 @subsection Saving Text Properties in Files |
6558 | 2813 @cindex text properties in files |
2814 @cindex saving text properties | |
2815 | |
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2816 You can save text properties in files (along with the text itself), |
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2817 and restore the same text properties when visiting or inserting the |
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2818 files, using these two hooks: |
6558 | 2819 |
12098 | 2820 @defvar write-region-annotate-functions |
6558 | 2821 This variable's value is a list of functions for @code{write-region} to |
2822 run to encode text properties in some fashion as annotations to the text | |
2823 being written in the file. @xref{Writing to Files}. | |
2824 | |
2825 Each function in the list is called with two arguments: the start and | |
2826 end of the region to be written. These functions should not alter the | |
2827 contents of the buffer. Instead, they should return lists indicating | |
2828 annotations to write in the file in addition to the text in the | |
2829 buffer. | |
2830 | |
2831 Each function should return a list of elements of the form | |
2832 @code{(@var{position} . @var{string})}, where @var{position} is an | |
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2833 integer specifying the relative position within the text to be written, |
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2834 and @var{string} is the annotation to add there. |
6558 | 2835 |
2836 Each list returned by one of these functions must be already sorted in | |
2837 increasing order by @var{position}. If there is more than one function, | |
2838 @code{write-region} merges the lists destructively into one sorted list. | |
2839 | |
2840 When @code{write-region} actually writes the text from the buffer to the | |
2841 file, it intermixes the specified annotations at the corresponding | |
2842 positions. All this takes place without modifying the buffer. | |
2843 @end defvar | |
2844 | |
2845 @defvar after-insert-file-functions | |
2846 This variable holds a list of functions for @code{insert-file-contents} | |
2847 to call after inserting a file's contents. These functions should scan | |
2848 the inserted text for annotations, and convert them to the text | |
2849 properties they stand for. | |
2850 | |
2851 Each function receives one argument, the length of the inserted text; | |
2852 point indicates the start of that text. The function should scan that | |
2853 text for annotations, delete them, and create the text properties that | |
2854 the annotations specify. The function should return the updated length | |
2855 of the inserted text, as it stands after those changes. The value | |
2856 returned by one function becomes the argument to the next function. | |
2857 | |
2858 These functions should always return with point at the beginning of | |
2859 the inserted text. | |
2860 | |
2861 The intended use of @code{after-insert-file-functions} is for converting | |
2862 some sort of textual annotations into actual text properties. But other | |
2863 uses may be possible. | |
2864 @end defvar | |
2865 | |
2866 We invite users to write Lisp programs to store and retrieve text | |
2867 properties in files, using these hooks, and thus to experiment with | |
2868 various data formats and find good ones. Eventually we hope users | |
2869 will produce good, general extensions we can install in Emacs. | |
2870 | |
21007
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|
2871 We suggest not trying to handle arbitrary Lisp objects as text property |
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2872 names or values---because a program that general is probably difficult |
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|
2873 to write, and slow. Instead, choose a set of possible data types that |
66d807bdc5b4
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|
2874 are reasonably flexible, and not too hard to encode. |
6558 | 2875 |
12098 | 2876 @xref{Format Conversion}, for a related feature. |
2877 | |
2878 @c ??? In next edition, merge this info Format Conversion. | |
2879 | |
15760
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2880 @node Lazy Properties |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
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|
2881 @subsection Lazy Computation of Text Properties |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
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|
2882 |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2883 Instead of computing text properties for all the text in the buffer, |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
2884 you can arrange to compute the text properties for parts of the text |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2885 when and if something depends on them. |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
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|
2886 |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
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diff
changeset
|
2887 The primitive that extracts text from the buffer along with its |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2888 properties is @code{buffer-substring}. Before examining the properties, |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
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parents:
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|
2889 this function runs the abnormal hook @code{buffer-access-fontify-functions}. |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
2890 |
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(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2891 @defvar buffer-access-fontify-functions |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
2892 This variable holds a list of functions for computing text properties. |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2893 Before @code{buffer-substring} copies the text and text properties for a |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2894 portion of the buffer, it calls all the functions in this list. Each of |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2895 the functions receives two arguments that specify the range of the |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2896 buffer being accessed. (The buffer itself is always the current |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2897 buffer.) |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
2898 @end defvar |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
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changeset
|
2899 |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
2900 The function @code{buffer-substring-no-properties} does not call these |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
2901 functions, since it ignores text properties anyway. |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2902 |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2903 In order to prevent the hook functions from being called more than |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
2904 once for the same part of the buffer, you can use the variable |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2905 @code{buffer-access-fontified-property}. |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
2906 |
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(Lazy Properties): New node.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2907 @defvar buffer-access-fontified-property |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
2908 If this value's variable is non-@code{nil}, it is a symbol which is used |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
2909 as a text property name. A non-@code{nil} value for that text property |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2910 means, ``the other text properties for this character have already been |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2911 computed.'' |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2912 |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2913 If all the characters in the range specified for @code{buffer-substring} |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
2914 have a non-@code{nil} value for this property, @code{buffer-substring} |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
2915 does not call the @code{buffer-access-fontify-functions} functions. It |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
2916 assumes these characters already have the right text properties, and |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
2917 just copies the properties they already have. |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2918 |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2919 The normal way to use this feature is that the |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
2920 @code{buffer-access-fontify-functions} functions add this property, as |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
2921 well as others, to the characters they operate on. That way, they avoid |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
2922 being called over and over for the same text. |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2923 @end defvar |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2924 |
21007
66d807bdc5b4
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|
2925 @node Clickable Text |
66d807bdc5b4
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|
2926 @subsection Defining Clickable Text |
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|
2927 @cindex clickable text |
66d807bdc5b4
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changeset
|
2928 |
66d807bdc5b4
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changeset
|
2929 There are two ways to set up @dfn{clickable text} in a buffer. |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2930 There are typically two parts of this: to make the text highlight |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2931 when the mouse is over it, and to make a mouse button do something |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2932 when you click it on that part of the text. |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2933 |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2934 Highlighting is done with the @code{mouse-face} text property. |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
2935 Here is an example of how Dired does it: |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
2936 |
66d807bdc5b4
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changeset
|
2937 @smallexample |
66d807bdc5b4
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changeset
|
2938 (condition-case nil |
66d807bdc5b4
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changeset
|
2939 (if (dired-move-to-filename) |
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|
2940 (put-text-property (point) |
66d807bdc5b4
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changeset
|
2941 (save-excursion |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
2942 (dired-move-to-end-of-filename) |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
2943 (point)) |
66d807bdc5b4
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diff
changeset
|
2944 'mouse-face 'highlight)) |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
2945 (error nil)) |
66d807bdc5b4
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diff
changeset
|
2946 @end smallexample |
66d807bdc5b4
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diff
changeset
|
2947 |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
2948 @noindent |
66d807bdc5b4
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parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
2949 The first two arguments to @code{put-text-property} specify the |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
2950 beginning and end of the text. |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2951 |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
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diff
changeset
|
2952 The usual way to make the mouse do something when you click it |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
2953 on this text is to define @code{mouse-2} in the major mode's |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2954 keymap. The job of checking whether the click was on clickable text |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
2955 is done by the command definition. Here is how Dired does it: |
66d807bdc5b4
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diff
changeset
|
2956 |
66d807bdc5b4
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diff
changeset
|
2957 @smallexample |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
2958 (defun dired-mouse-find-file-other-window (event) |
66d807bdc5b4
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diff
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|
2959 "In dired, visit the file or directory name you click on." |
66d807bdc5b4
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diff
changeset
|
2960 (interactive "e") |
66d807bdc5b4
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2961 (let (file) |
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diff
changeset
|
2962 (save-excursion |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2963 (set-buffer (window-buffer (posn-window (event-end event)))) |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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diff
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|
2964 (save-excursion |
21682
90da2489c498
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diff
changeset
|
2965 (goto-char (posn-point (event-end event))) |
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
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diff
changeset
|
2966 (setq file (dired-get-filename)))) |
21007
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2967 (select-window (posn-window (event-end event))) |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
2968 (find-file-other-window (file-name-sans-versions file t)))) |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2969 @end smallexample |
66d807bdc5b4
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2970 |
66d807bdc5b4
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diff
changeset
|
2971 @noindent |
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diff
changeset
|
2972 The reason for the outer @code{save-excursion} construct is to avoid |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
2973 changing the current buffer; the reason for the inner one is to avoid |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2974 permanently altering point in the buffer you click on. In this case, |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2975 Dired uses the function @code{dired-get-filename} to determine which |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
2976 file to visit, based on the position found in the event. |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2977 |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2978 Instead of defining a mouse command for the major mode, you can define |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2979 a key binding for the clickable text itself, using the @code{local-map} |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2980 text property: |
66d807bdc5b4
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diff
changeset
|
2981 |
66d807bdc5b4
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diff
changeset
|
2982 @example |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
2983 (let ((map (make-sparse-keymap))) |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2984 (define-key-binding map [mouse-2] 'operate-this-button) |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2985 (put-text-property (point) |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2986 (save-excursion |
66d807bdc5b4
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
2987 (dired-move-to-end-of-filename) |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
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diff
changeset
|
2988 (point)) |
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2989 'local-map map)) |
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2990 @end example |
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2991 |
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2992 @noindent |
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2993 This method makes it possible to define different commands for various |
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2994 clickable pieces of text. Also, the major mode definition (or the |
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2995 global definition) remains available for the rest of the text in the |
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2996 buffer. |
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2997 |
6558 | 2998 @node Not Intervals |
2999 @subsection Why Text Properties are not Intervals | |
3000 @cindex intervals | |
3001 | |
3002 Some editors that support adding attributes to text in the buffer do | |
3003 so by letting the user specify ``intervals'' within the text, and adding | |
3004 the properties to the intervals. Those editors permit the user or the | |
3005 programmer to determine where individual intervals start and end. We | |
3006 deliberately provided a different sort of interface in Emacs Lisp to | |
3007 avoid certain paradoxical behavior associated with text modification. | |
3008 | |
3009 If the actual subdivision into intervals is meaningful, that means you | |
3010 can distinguish between a buffer that is just one interval with a | |
3011 certain property, and a buffer containing the same text subdivided into | |
3012 two intervals, both of which have that property. | |
3013 | |
3014 Suppose you take the buffer with just one interval and kill part of | |
3015 the text. The text remaining in the buffer is one interval, and the | |
3016 copy in the kill ring (and the undo list) becomes a separate interval. | |
3017 Then if you yank back the killed text, you get two intervals with the | |
3018 same properties. Thus, editing does not preserve the distinction | |
3019 between one interval and two. | |
3020 | |
3021 Suppose we ``fix'' this problem by coalescing the two intervals when | |
3022 the text is inserted. That works fine if the buffer originally was a | |
3023 single interval. But suppose instead that we have two adjacent | |
3024 intervals with the same properties, and we kill the text of one interval | |
3025 and yank it back. The same interval-coalescence feature that rescues | |
3026 the other case causes trouble in this one: after yanking, we have just | |
3027 one interval. One again, editing does not preserve the distinction | |
3028 between one interval and two. | |
3029 | |
3030 Insertion of text at the border between intervals also raises | |
3031 questions that have no satisfactory answer. | |
3032 | |
3033 However, it is easy to arrange for editing to behave consistently for | |
3034 questions of the form, ``What are the properties of this character?'' | |
3035 So we have decided these are the only questions that make sense; we have | |
3036 not implemented asking questions about where intervals start or end. | |
3037 | |
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3038 In practice, you can usually use the text property search functions in |
6558 | 3039 place of explicit interval boundaries. You can think of them as finding |
3040 the boundaries of intervals, assuming that intervals are always | |
3041 coalesced whenever possible. @xref{Property Search}. | |
3042 | |
3043 Emacs also provides explicit intervals as a presentation feature; see | |
3044 @ref{Overlays}. | |
3045 | |
3046 @node Substitution | |
3047 @section Substituting for a Character Code | |
3048 | |
3049 The following functions replace characters within a specified region | |
3050 based on their character codes. | |
3051 | |
3052 @defun subst-char-in-region start end old-char new-char &optional noundo | |
3053 @cindex replace characters | |
3054 This function replaces all occurrences of the character @var{old-char} | |
3055 with the character @var{new-char} in the region of the current buffer | |
3056 defined by @var{start} and @var{end}. | |
3057 | |
3058 @cindex Outline mode | |
3059 @cindex undo avoidance | |
12098 | 3060 If @var{noundo} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{subst-char-in-region} does |
3061 not record the change for undo and does not mark the buffer as modified. | |
3062 This feature is used for controlling selective display (@pxref{Selective | |
3063 Display}). | |
6558 | 3064 |
3065 @code{subst-char-in-region} does not move point and returns | |
3066 @code{nil}. | |
3067 | |
3068 @example | |
3069 @group | |
3070 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
3071 This is the contents of the buffer before. | |
3072 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
3073 @end group | |
3074 | |
3075 @group | |
3076 (subst-char-in-region 1 20 ?i ?X) | |
3077 @result{} nil | |
3078 | |
3079 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
3080 ThXs Xs the contents of the buffer before. | |
3081 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
3082 @end group | |
3083 @end example | |
3084 @end defun | |
3085 | |
3086 @defun translate-region start end table | |
3087 This function applies a translation table to the characters in the | |
3088 buffer between positions @var{start} and @var{end}. | |
3089 | |
3090 The translation table @var{table} is a string; @code{(aref @var{table} | |
3091 @var{ochar})} gives the translated character corresponding to | |
3092 @var{ochar}. If the length of @var{table} is less than 256, any | |
3093 characters with codes larger than the length of @var{table} are not | |
3094 altered by the translation. | |
3095 | |
3096 The return value of @code{translate-region} is the number of | |
8427
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3097 characters that were actually changed by the translation. This does |
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3098 not count characters that were mapped into themselves in the |
6558 | 3099 translation table. |
3100 @end defun | |
3101 | |
3102 @node Registers | |
3103 @section Registers | |
3104 @cindex registers | |
3105 | |
3106 A register is a sort of variable used in Emacs editing that can hold a | |
21682
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3107 variety of different kinds of values. Each register is named by a |
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3108 single character. All ASCII characters and their meta variants (but |
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3109 with the exception of @kbd{C-g}) can be used to name registers. Thus, |
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3110 there are 255 possible registers. A register is designated in Emacs |
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3111 Lisp by the character that is its name. |
6558 | 3112 |
3113 @defvar register-alist | |
3114 This variable is an alist of elements of the form @code{(@var{name} . | |
3115 @var{contents})}. Normally, there is one element for each Emacs | |
3116 register that has been used. | |
3117 | |
3118 The object @var{name} is a character (an integer) identifying the | |
21682
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3119 register. |
6558 | 3120 @end defvar |
3121 | |
21682
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3122 The @var{contents} of a register can have several possible types: |
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3123 |
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3124 @table @asis |
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3125 @item a number |
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3126 A number stands for itself. If @code{insert-register} finds a number |
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3127 in the register, it converts the number to decimal. |
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3128 |
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3129 @item a marker |
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3130 A marker represents a buffer position to jump to. |
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3131 |
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3132 @item a string |
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3133 A string is text saved in the register. |
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3134 |
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3135 @item a rectangle |
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3136 A rectangle is represented by a list of strings. |
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3137 |
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3138 @item @code{(@var{window-configuration} @var{position})} |
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3139 This represents a window configuration to restore in one frame, and a |
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3140 position to jump to in the current buffer. |
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3141 |
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3142 @item @code{(@var{frame-configuration} @var{position})} |
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3143 This represents a frame configuration to restore, and a position |
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3144 to jump to in the current buffer. |
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3145 |
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3146 @item (file @var{filename}) |
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3147 This represents a file to visit; jumping to this value visits file |
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3148 @var{filename}. |
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3149 |
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3150 @item (file-query @var{filename} @var{position}) |
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3151 This represents a file to visit and a position in it; jumping to this |
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3152 value visits file @var{filename} and goes to buffer position |
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3153 @var{position}. Restoring this type of position asks the user for |
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3154 confirmation first. |
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3155 @end table |
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3156 |
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3157 The functions in this section return unpredictable values unless |
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3158 otherwise stated. |
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3159 |
6558 | 3160 @defun get-register reg |
3161 This function returns the contents of the register | |
3162 @var{reg}, or @code{nil} if it has no contents. | |
3163 @end defun | |
3164 | |
3165 @defun set-register reg value | |
3166 This function sets the contents of register @var{reg} to @var{value}. | |
3167 A register can be set to any value, but the other register functions | |
3168 expect only certain data types. The return value is @var{value}. | |
3169 @end defun | |
3170 | |
3171 @deffn Command view-register reg | |
3172 This command displays what is contained in register @var{reg}. | |
3173 @end deffn | |
3174 | |
3175 @ignore | |
3176 @deffn Command point-to-register reg | |
3177 This command stores both the current location of point and the current | |
3178 buffer in register @var{reg} as a marker. | |
3179 @end deffn | |
3180 | |
3181 @deffn Command jump-to-register reg | |
3182 @deffnx Command register-to-point reg | |
3183 @comment !!SourceFile register.el | |
3184 This command restores the status recorded in register @var{reg}. | |
3185 | |
3186 If @var{reg} contains a marker, it moves point to the position stored in | |
3187 the marker. Since both the buffer and the location within the buffer | |
3188 are stored by the @code{point-to-register} function, this command can | |
3189 switch you to another buffer. | |
3190 | |
3191 If @var{reg} contains a window configuration or a frame configuration. | |
3192 @code{jump-to-register} restores that configuration. | |
3193 @end deffn | |
3194 @end ignore | |
3195 | |
3196 @deffn Command insert-register reg &optional beforep | |
3197 This command inserts contents of register @var{reg} into the current | |
3198 buffer. | |
3199 | |
3200 Normally, this command puts point before the inserted text, and the | |
3201 mark after it. However, if the optional second argument @var{beforep} | |
3202 is non-@code{nil}, it puts the mark before and point after. | |
3203 You can pass a non-@code{nil} second argument @var{beforep} to this | |
3204 function interactively by supplying any prefix argument. | |
3205 | |
3206 If the register contains a rectangle, then the rectangle is inserted | |
3207 with its upper left corner at point. This means that text is inserted | |
3208 in the current line and underneath it on successive lines. | |
3209 | |
3210 If the register contains something other than saved text (a string) or | |
3211 a rectangle (a list), currently useless things happen. This may be | |
3212 changed in the future. | |
3213 @end deffn | |
3214 | |
3215 @ignore | |
3216 @deffn Command copy-to-register reg start end &optional delete-flag | |
3217 This command copies the region from @var{start} to @var{end} into | |
3218 register @var{reg}. If @var{delete-flag} is non-@code{nil}, it deletes | |
3219 the region from the buffer after copying it into the register. | |
3220 @end deffn | |
3221 | |
3222 @deffn Command prepend-to-register reg start end &optional delete-flag | |
3223 This command prepends the region from @var{start} to @var{end} into | |
3224 register @var{reg}. If @var{delete-flag} is non-@code{nil}, it deletes | |
3225 the region from the buffer after copying it to the register. | |
3226 @end deffn | |
3227 | |
3228 @deffn Command append-to-register reg start end &optional delete-flag | |
3229 This command appends the region from @var{start} to @var{end} to the | |
3230 text already in register @var{reg}. If @var{delete-flag} is | |
3231 non-@code{nil}, it deletes the region from the buffer after copying it | |
3232 to the register. | |
3233 @end deffn | |
3234 | |
3235 @deffn Command copy-rectangle-to-register reg start end &optional delete-flag | |
3236 This command copies a rectangular region from @var{start} to @var{end} | |
3237 into register @var{reg}. If @var{delete-flag} is non-@code{nil}, it | |
3238 deletes the region from the buffer after copying it to the register. | |
3239 @end deffn | |
3240 | |
3241 @deffn Command window-configuration-to-register reg | |
3242 This function stores the window configuration of the selected frame in | |
3243 register @var{reg}. | |
3244 @end deffn | |
3245 | |
3246 @deffn Command frame-configuration-to-register reg | |
3247 This function stores the current frame configuration in register | |
3248 @var{reg}. | |
3249 @end deffn | |
3250 @end ignore | |
3251 | |
7735
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3252 @node Transposition |
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3253 @section Transposition of Text |
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3254 |
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3255 This subroutine is used by the transposition commands. |
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3256 |
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3257 @defun transpose-regions start1 end1 start2 end2 &optional leave-markers |
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3258 This function exchanges two nonoverlapping portions of the buffer. |
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3259 Arguments @var{start1} and @var{end1} specify the bounds of one portion |
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3260 and arguments @var{start2} and @var{end2} specify the bounds of the |
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3261 other portion. |
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3262 |
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3263 Normally, @code{transpose-regions} relocates markers with the transposed |
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3264 text; a marker previously positioned within one of the two transposed |
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3265 portions moves along with that portion, thus remaining between the same |
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3266 two characters in their new position. However, if @var{leave-markers} |
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3267 is non-@code{nil}, @code{transpose-regions} does not do this---it leaves |
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3268 all markers unrelocated. |
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3269 @end defun |
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3270 |
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3271 @node Base 64 |
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3272 @section Base 64 Encoding |
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3273 @cindex base 64 encoding |
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3274 |
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3275 Base 64 code is used in email to encode a sequence of 8-bit bytes as a |
25751
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3276 longer sequence of @sc{ascii} graphic characters. This section |
24951
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3277 describes the functions for converting to and from this code. |
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3278 |
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3279 @defun base64-encode-region beg end &optional no-line-break |
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3280 @tindex base64-encode-region |
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3281 This function converts the region from @var{beg} to @var{end} |
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3282 into base 64 code. It returns the length of the encoded text. |
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3283 |
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3284 Normally, this function inserts newline characters into the encoded |
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3285 text, to avoid overlong lines. However, if the optional argument |
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3286 @var{no-line-break} is non-@code{nil}, these newlines are not added, so |
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3287 the output is just one long line. |
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3288 @end defun |
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3289 |
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3290 @defun base64-encode-string string &optional no-line-break |
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3291 @tindex base64-encode-string |
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3292 This function converts the string @var{string} into base 64 code. It |
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3293 returns a string containing the encoded text. |
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3294 |
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3295 Normally, this function inserts newline characters into the encoded |
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3296 text, to avoid overlong lines. However, if the optional argument |
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3297 @var{no-line-break} is non-@code{nil}, these newlines are not added, so |
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3298 the result string is just one long line. |
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3299 @end defun |
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3300 |
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3301 @defun base64-decode-region beg end |
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3302 @tindex base64-decode-region |
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3303 This function converts the region from @var{beg} to @var{end} from base |
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3304 64 code into the corresponding decoded text. It returns the length of |
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3305 the decoded text. |
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3306 |
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3307 The decoding functions ignore newline characters in the encoded text. |
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3308 @end defun |
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3309 |
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3310 @defun base64-decode-string string |
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3311 @tindex base64-decode-string |
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3312 This function converts the string @var{string} from base 64 code into |
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3313 the corresponding decoded text. It returns a string containing the |
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3314 decoded text. |
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3315 |
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3316 The decoding functions ignore newline characters in the encoded text. |
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3317 @end defun |
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3318 |
6558 | 3319 @node Change Hooks |
3320 @section Change Hooks | |
3321 @cindex change hooks | |
3322 @cindex hooks for text changes | |
3323 | |
3324 These hook variables let you arrange to take notice of all changes in | |
3325 all buffers (or in a particular buffer, if you make them buffer-local). | |
3326 See also @ref{Special Properties}, for how to detect changes to specific | |
3327 parts of the text. | |
3328 | |
3329 The functions you use in these hooks should save and restore the match | |
3330 data if they do anything that uses regular expressions; otherwise, they | |
3331 will interfere in bizarre ways with the editing operations that call | |
3332 them. | |
3333 | |
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3334 @defvar before-change-functions |
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3335 This variable holds a list of functions to call before any buffer |
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3336 modification. Each function gets two arguments, the beginning and end |
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3337 of the region that is about to change, represented as integers. The |
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3338 buffer that is about to change is always the current buffer. |
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3339 @end defvar |
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3340 |
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3341 @defvar after-change-functions |
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3342 This variable holds a list of functions to call after any buffer |
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3343 modification. Each function receives three arguments: the beginning and |
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3344 end of the region just changed, and the length of the text that existed |
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3345 before the change. All three arguments are integers. The buffer that's |
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3346 about to change is always the current buffer. |
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3347 |
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3348 The length of the old text is the difference between the buffer positions |
22138
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3349 before and after that text as it was before the change. As for the |
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3350 changed text, its length is simply the difference between the first two |
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3351 arguments. |
6782
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3352 @end defvar |
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3353 |
22138
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3354 @defmac combine-after-change-calls body... |
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3355 @tindex combine-after-change-calls |
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3356 The macro executes @var{body} normally, but arranges to call the |
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3357 after-change functions just once for a series of several changes---if |
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3358 that seems safe. |
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3359 |
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3360 If a program makes several text changes in the same area of the buffer, |
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3361 using the macro @code{combine-after-change-calls} around that part of |
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3362 the program can make it run considerably faster when after-change hooks |
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3363 are in use. When the after-change hooks are ultimately called, the |
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3364 arguments specify a portion of the buffer including all of the changes |
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3365 made within the @code{combine-after-change-calls} body. |
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3366 |
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3367 @strong{Warning:} You must not alter the values of |
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3368 @code{after-change-functions} and @code{after-change-function} within |
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3369 the body of a @code{combine-after-change-calls} form. |
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3370 |
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3371 @strong{Note:} If the changes you combine occur in widely scattered |
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3372 parts of the buffer, this will still work, but it is not advisable, |
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3373 because it may lead to inefficient behavior for some change hook |
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3374 functions. |
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3375 @end defmac |
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3376 |
6558 | 3377 @defvar before-change-function |
12098 | 3378 This obsolete variable holds one function to call before any buffer |
3379 modification (or @code{nil} for no function). It is called just like | |
3380 the functions in @code{before-change-functions}. | |
6558 | 3381 @end defvar |
3382 | |
3383 @defvar after-change-function | |
12098 | 3384 This obsolete variable holds one function to call after any buffer modification |
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3385 (or @code{nil} for no function). It is called just like the functions in |
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3386 @code{after-change-functions}. |
6558 | 3387 @end defvar |
3388 | |
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3389 The four variables above are temporarily bound to @code{nil} during the |
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3390 time that any of these functions is running. This means that if one of |
6558 | 3391 these functions changes the buffer, that change won't run these |
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3392 functions. If you do want a hook function to make changes that run |
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3393 these functions, make it bind these variables back to their usual |
6558 | 3394 values. |
3395 | |
7735
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3396 One inconvenient result of this protective feature is that you cannot |
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3397 have a function in @code{after-change-functions} or |
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3398 @code{before-change-functions} which changes the value of that variable. |
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3399 But that's not a real limitation. If you want those functions to change |
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3400 the list of functions to run, simply add one fixed function to the hook, |
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3401 and code that function to look in another variable for other functions |
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3402 to call. Here is an example: |
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3403 |
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3404 @example |
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3405 (setq my-own-after-change-functions nil) |
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3406 (defun indirect-after-change-function (beg end len) |
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3407 (let ((list my-own-after-change-functions)) |
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3408 (while list |
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3409 (funcall (car list) beg end len) |
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3410 (setq list (cdr list))))) |
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3411 |
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3412 @group |
7735
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3413 (add-hooks 'after-change-functions |
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3414 'indirect-after-change-function) |
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3415 @end group |
7735
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3416 @end example |
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3417 |
6558 | 3418 @defvar first-change-hook |
3419 This variable is a normal hook that is run whenever a buffer is changed | |
3420 that was previously in the unmodified state. | |
3421 @end defvar | |
25751
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3422 |
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3423 @defvar inhibit-modification-hooks |
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3424 @tindex inhibit-modification-hooks |
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3425 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, all of the change hooks are |
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3426 disabled; none of them run. This affects all the hook variables |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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3427 described above in this section, as well as the hooks attached to |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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3428 certain special text properties (@pxref{Special Properties}) and overlay |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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3429 properties (@pxref{Overlay Properties}). |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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3430 |
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3431 This variable is available starting in Emacs 21. |
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3432 @end defvar |