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annotate lispref/keymaps.texi @ 65570:42e9220a8c60
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author | Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org> |
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date | Sat, 17 Sep 2005 11:27:40 +0000 |
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6558 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, |
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4 @c 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6558 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/keymaps | |
7 @node Keymaps, Modes, Command Loop, Top | |
8 @chapter Keymaps | |
9 @cindex keymap | |
10 | |
11 The bindings between input events and commands are recorded in data | |
12 structures called @dfn{keymaps}. Each binding in a keymap associates | |
60266 | 13 (or @dfn{binds}) an individual event type, either to another keymap or to |
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14 a command. When an event type is bound to a keymap, that keymap is used |
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15 to look up the next input event; this continues until a command is |
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16 found. The whole process is called @dfn{key lookup}. |
6558 | 17 |
18 @menu | |
19 * Keymap Terminology:: Definitions of terms pertaining to keymaps. | |
20 * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object. | |
21 * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps. | |
22 * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings | |
23 of another keymap. | |
24 * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition. | |
25 * Active Keymaps:: Each buffer has a local keymap | |
26 to override the standard (global) bindings. | |
27 A minor mode can also override them. | |
28 * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works. | |
29 * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup. | |
30 * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap. | |
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31 * Remapping Commands:: Bindings that translate one command to another. |
6558 | 32 * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys. |
33 * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help. | |
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34 * Menu Keymaps:: Defining a menu as a keymap. |
6558 | 35 @end menu |
36 | |
37 @node Keymap Terminology | |
38 @section Keymap Terminology | |
39 @cindex key | |
40 @cindex keystroke | |
41 @cindex key binding | |
42 @cindex binding of a key | |
43 @cindex complete key | |
44 @cindex undefined key | |
45 | |
46 A @dfn{keymap} is a table mapping event types to definitions (which | |
47 can be any Lisp objects, though only certain types are meaningful for | |
48 execution by the command loop). Given an event (or an event type) and a | |
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49 keymap, Emacs can get the event's definition. Events include |
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50 characters, function keys, and mouse actions (@pxref{Input Events}). |
6558 | 51 |
52 A sequence of input events that form a unit is called a | |
53 @dfn{key sequence}, or @dfn{key} for short. A sequence of one event | |
54 is always a key sequence, and so are some multi-event sequences. | |
55 | |
56 A keymap determines a binding or definition for any key sequence. If | |
57 the key sequence is a single event, its binding is the definition of the | |
58 event in the keymap. The binding of a key sequence of more than one | |
59 event is found by an iterative process: the binding of the first event | |
60 is found, and must be a keymap; then the second event's binding is found | |
61 in that keymap, and so on until all the events in the key sequence are | |
62 used up. | |
63 | |
64 If the binding of a key sequence is a keymap, we call the key sequence | |
65 a @dfn{prefix key}. Otherwise, we call it a @dfn{complete key} (because | |
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66 no more events can be added to it). If the binding is @code{nil}, |
6558 | 67 we call the key @dfn{undefined}. Examples of prefix keys are @kbd{C-c}, |
68 @kbd{C-x}, and @kbd{C-x 4}. Examples of defined complete keys are | |
69 @kbd{X}, @key{RET}, and @kbd{C-x 4 C-f}. Examples of undefined complete | |
70 keys are @kbd{C-x C-g}, and @kbd{C-c 3}. @xref{Prefix Keys}, for more | |
71 details. | |
72 | |
73 The rule for finding the binding of a key sequence assumes that the | |
74 intermediate bindings (found for the events before the last) are all | |
75 keymaps; if this is not so, the sequence of events does not form a | |
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76 unit---it is not really one key sequence. In other words, removing one |
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77 or more events from the end of any valid key sequence must always yield |
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78 a prefix key. For example, @kbd{C-f C-n} is not a key sequence; |
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79 @kbd{C-f} is not a prefix key, so a longer sequence starting with |
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80 @kbd{C-f} cannot be a key sequence. |
6558 | 81 |
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82 The set of possible multi-event key sequences depends on the bindings |
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83 for prefix keys; therefore, it can be different for different keymaps, |
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84 and can change when bindings are changed. However, a one-event sequence |
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85 is always a key sequence, because it does not depend on any prefix keys |
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86 for its well-formedness. |
6558 | 87 |
88 At any time, several primary keymaps are @dfn{active}---that is, in | |
89 use for finding key bindings. These are the @dfn{global map}, which is | |
90 shared by all buffers; the @dfn{local keymap}, which is usually | |
91 associated with a specific major mode; and zero or more @dfn{minor mode | |
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92 keymaps}, which belong to currently enabled minor modes. (Not all minor |
6558 | 93 modes have keymaps.) The local keymap bindings shadow (i.e., take |
94 precedence over) the corresponding global bindings. The minor mode | |
95 keymaps shadow both local and global keymaps. @xref{Active Keymaps}, | |
96 for details. | |
97 | |
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98 The Emacs Lisp representation for a key sequence is a string or vector. |
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99 You can enter key sequence constants using the ordinary string or vector |
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100 representation; it is also convenient to use @code{kbd}: |
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101 |
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102 @defmac kbd keyseq-text |
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103 This macro converts the text @var{keyseq-text} (a string constant) |
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104 into a key sequence (a string or vector constant). The contents |
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105 of @var{keyseq-text} should describe the key sequence using the syntax |
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106 used in this manual. More precisely, it uses the same syntax that |
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107 Edit Macro mode uses for editing keyboard macros (@pxref{Edit Keyboard |
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108 Macro,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). |
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109 |
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110 @example |
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111 (kbd "C-x") @result{} "\C-x" |
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112 (kbd "C-x C-f") @result{} "\C-x\C-f" |
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113 (kbd "C-x 4 C-f") @result{} "\C-x4\C-f" |
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114 (kbd "X") @result{} "X" |
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115 (kbd "RET") @result{} "\^M" |
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116 (kbd "C-c SPC") @result{} "\C-c@ " |
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117 (kbd "<f1> SPC") @result{} [f1 32] |
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118 (kbd "C-M-<down>") @result{} [C-M-down] |
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119 @end example |
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120 @end defmac |
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121 |
6558 | 122 @node Format of Keymaps |
123 @section Format of Keymaps | |
124 @cindex format of keymaps | |
125 @cindex keymap format | |
126 @cindex full keymap | |
127 @cindex sparse keymap | |
128 | |
129 A keymap is a list whose @sc{car} is the symbol @code{keymap}. The | |
130 remaining elements of the list define the key bindings of the keymap. | |
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131 A symbol whose function definition is a keymap is also a keymap. Use |
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132 the function @code{keymapp} (see below) to test whether an object is a |
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133 keymap. |
6558 | 134 |
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135 Several kinds of elements may appear in a keymap, after the symbol |
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136 @code{keymap} that begins it: |
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137 |
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138 @table @code |
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139 @item (@var{type} .@: @var{binding}) |
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140 This specifies one binding, for events of type @var{type}. Each |
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141 ordinary binding applies to events of a particular @dfn{event type}, |
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142 which is always a character or a symbol. @xref{Classifying Events}. |
6558 | 143 |
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144 @item (t .@: @var{binding}) |
6558 | 145 @cindex default key binding |
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146 This specifies a @dfn{default key binding}; any event not bound by other |
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147 elements of the keymap is given @var{binding} as its binding. Default |
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148 bindings allow a keymap to bind all possible event types without having |
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149 to enumerate all of them. A keymap that has a default binding |
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150 completely masks any lower-precedence keymap, except for events |
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151 explicitly bound to @code{nil} (see below). |
6558 | 152 |
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153 @item @var{char-table} |
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154 If an element of a keymap is a char-table, it counts as holding |
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155 bindings for all character events with no modifier bits |
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156 (@pxref{modifier bits}): element @var{n} is the binding for the |
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157 character with code @var{n}. This is a compact way to record lots of |
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158 bindings. A keymap with such a char-table is called a @dfn{full |
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159 keymap}. Other keymaps are called @dfn{sparse keymaps}. |
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160 |
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161 When a keymap contains a char-table vector, it always defines a |
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162 binding for each character without modifiers. However, if the binding |
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163 is @code{nil}, it doesn't constitute a definition. @code{nil} takes |
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164 precedence over a default binding or a binding in the parent keymap. |
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165 So in a full keymap, default bindings are not meaningful for |
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166 characters without modifiers. They can still apply to characters with |
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167 modifier bits and to non-character events. A binding of @code{nil} |
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168 does @emph{not} override lower-precedence keymaps; thus, if the local |
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169 map gives a binding of @code{nil}, Emacs uses the binding from the |
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170 global map. |
6558 | 171 |
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172 @item @var{string} |
6558 | 173 @cindex keymap prompt string |
174 @cindex overall prompt string | |
175 @cindex prompt string of keymap | |
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176 Aside from bindings, a keymap can also have a string as an element. |
6558 | 177 This is called the @dfn{overall prompt string} and makes it possible to |
28873 | 178 use the keymap as a menu. @xref{Defining Menus}. |
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179 @end table |
6558 | 180 |
181 @cindex meta characters lookup | |
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182 Keymaps do not directly record bindings for the meta characters. |
34656 | 183 Instead, meta characters are regarded for purposes of key lookup as |
184 sequences of two characters, the first of which is @key{ESC} (or | |
185 whatever is currently the value of @code{meta-prefix-char}). Thus, the | |
186 key @kbd{M-a} is internally represented as @kbd{@key{ESC} a}, and its | |
187 global binding is found at the slot for @kbd{a} in @code{esc-map} | |
188 (@pxref{Prefix Keys}). | |
189 | |
190 This conversion applies only to characters, not to function keys or | |
191 other input events; thus, @kbd{M-@key{end}} has nothing to do with | |
192 @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{end}}. | |
6558 | 193 |
194 Here as an example is the local keymap for Lisp mode, a sparse | |
195 keymap. It defines bindings for @key{DEL} and @key{TAB}, plus @kbd{C-c | |
196 C-l}, @kbd{M-C-q}, and @kbd{M-C-x}. | |
197 | |
198 @example | |
199 @group | |
200 lisp-mode-map | |
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201 @result{} |
6558 | 202 @end group |
203 @group | |
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204 (keymap |
60266 | 205 (3 keymap |
206 ;; @kbd{C-c C-z} | |
207 (26 . run-lisp)) | |
6558 | 208 @end group |
209 @group | |
60266 | 210 (27 keymap |
211 ;; @r{@kbd{M-C-x}, treated as @kbd{@key{ESC} C-x}} | |
212 (24 . lisp-send-defun) | |
213 keymap | |
214 ;; @r{@kbd{M-C-q}, treated as @kbd{@key{ESC} C-q}} | |
215 (17 . indent-sexp))) | |
216 @end group | |
217 @group | |
218 ;; @r{This part is inherited from @code{lisp-mode-shared-map}.} | |
219 keymap | |
6558 | 220 ;; @key{DEL} |
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221 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) |
6558 | 222 @end group |
223 @group | |
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224 (27 keymap |
6558 | 225 ;; @r{@kbd{M-C-q}, treated as @kbd{@key{ESC} C-q}} |
60266 | 226 (17 . indent-sexp)) |
227 (9 . lisp-indent-line)) | |
6558 | 228 @end group |
229 @end example | |
230 | |
231 @defun keymapp object | |
232 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a keymap, @code{nil} | |
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233 otherwise. More precisely, this function tests for a list whose |
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234 @sc{car} is @code{keymap}, or for a symbol whose function definition |
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235 satisfies @code{keymapp}. |
6558 | 236 |
237 @example | |
238 @group | |
239 (keymapp '(keymap)) | |
240 @result{} t | |
241 @end group | |
242 @group | |
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243 (fset 'foo '(keymap)) |
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244 (keymapp 'foo) |
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245 @result{} t |
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246 @end group |
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247 @group |
6558 | 248 (keymapp (current-global-map)) |
249 @result{} t | |
250 @end group | |
251 @end example | |
252 @end defun | |
253 | |
254 @node Creating Keymaps | |
255 @section Creating Keymaps | |
256 @cindex creating keymaps | |
257 | |
258 Here we describe the functions for creating keymaps. | |
259 | |
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260 @defun make-sparse-keymap &optional prompt |
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261 This function creates and returns a new sparse keymap with no entries. |
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262 (A sparse keymap is the kind of keymap you usually want.) The new |
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263 keymap does not contain a char-table, unlike @code{make-keymap}, and |
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264 does not bind any events. |
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265 |
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266 @example |
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267 @group |
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268 (make-sparse-keymap) |
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269 @result{} (keymap) |
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270 @end group |
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271 @end example |
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272 |
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273 If you specify @var{prompt}, that becomes the overall prompt string for |
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274 the keymap. The prompt string should be provided for menu keymaps |
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275 (@pxref{Defining Menus}). |
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276 @end defun |
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277 |
6558 | 278 @defun make-keymap &optional prompt |
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279 This function creates and returns a new full keymap. That keymap |
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280 contains a char-table (@pxref{Char-Tables}) with slots for all |
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281 characters without modifiers. The new keymap initially binds all |
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282 these characters to @code{nil}, and does not bind any other kind of |
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283 event. The argument @var{prompt} specifies a |
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284 prompt string, as in @code{make-sparse-keymap}. |
6558 | 285 |
286 @example | |
287 @group | |
288 (make-keymap) | |
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289 @result{} (keymap #^[t nil nil nil @dots{} nil nil keymap]) |
6558 | 290 @end group |
291 @end example | |
292 | |
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293 A full keymap is more efficient than a sparse keymap when it holds |
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294 lots of bindings; for just a few, the sparse keymap is better. |
6558 | 295 @end defun |
296 | |
297 @defun copy-keymap keymap | |
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298 This function returns a copy of @var{keymap}. Any keymaps that |
6558 | 299 appear directly as bindings in @var{keymap} are also copied recursively, |
300 and so on to any number of levels. However, recursive copying does not | |
301 take place when the definition of a character is a symbol whose function | |
302 definition is a keymap; the same symbol appears in the new copy. | |
303 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
304 | |
305 @example | |
306 @group | |
307 (setq map (copy-keymap (current-local-map))) | |
308 @result{} (keymap | |
309 @end group | |
310 @group | |
311 ;; @r{(This implements meta characters.)} | |
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312 (27 keymap |
6558 | 313 (83 . center-paragraph) |
314 (115 . center-line)) | |
315 (9 . tab-to-tab-stop)) | |
316 @end group | |
317 | |
318 @group | |
319 (eq map (current-local-map)) | |
320 @result{} nil | |
321 @end group | |
322 @group | |
323 (equal map (current-local-map)) | |
324 @result{} t | |
325 @end group | |
326 @end example | |
327 @end defun | |
328 | |
329 @node Inheritance and Keymaps | |
330 @section Inheritance and Keymaps | |
331 @cindex keymap inheritance | |
332 @cindex inheriting a keymap's bindings | |
333 | |
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334 A keymap can inherit the bindings of another keymap, which we call the |
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335 @dfn{parent keymap}. Such a keymap looks like this: |
6558 | 336 |
337 @example | |
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338 (keymap @var{bindings}@dots{} . @var{parent-keymap}) |
6558 | 339 @end example |
340 | |
341 @noindent | |
342 The effect is that this keymap inherits all the bindings of | |
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343 @var{parent-keymap}, whatever they may be at the time a key is looked up, |
6558 | 344 but can add to them or override them with @var{bindings}. |
345 | |
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346 If you change the bindings in @var{parent-keymap} using @code{define-key} |
6558 | 347 or other key-binding functions, these changes are visible in the |
348 inheriting keymap unless shadowed by @var{bindings}. The converse is | |
349 not true: if you use @code{define-key} to change the inheriting keymap, | |
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350 that affects @var{bindings}, but has no effect on @var{parent-keymap}. |
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351 |
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352 The proper way to construct a keymap with a parent is to use |
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353 @code{set-keymap-parent}; if you have code that directly constructs a |
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354 keymap with a parent, please convert the program to use |
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355 @code{set-keymap-parent} instead. |
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356 |
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357 @defun keymap-parent keymap |
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358 This returns the parent keymap of @var{keymap}. If @var{keymap} |
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359 has no parent, @code{keymap-parent} returns @code{nil}. |
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360 @end defun |
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361 |
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362 @defun set-keymap-parent keymap parent |
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363 This sets the parent keymap of @var{keymap} to @var{parent}, and returns |
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364 @var{parent}. If @var{parent} is @code{nil}, this function gives |
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365 @var{keymap} no parent at all. |
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366 |
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367 If @var{keymap} has submaps (bindings for prefix keys), they too receive |
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368 new parent keymaps that reflect what @var{parent} specifies for those |
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369 prefix keys. |
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370 @end defun |
6558 | 371 |
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372 Here is an example showing how to make a keymap that inherits |
6558 | 373 from @code{text-mode-map}: |
374 | |
375 @example | |
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376 (let ((map (make-sparse-keymap))) |
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377 (set-keymap-parent map text-mode-map) |
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378 map) |
6558 | 379 @end example |
380 | |
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381 A non-sparse keymap can have a parent too, but this is not very |
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382 useful. A non-sparse keymap always specifies something as the binding |
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383 for every numeric character code without modifier bits, even if it is |
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384 @code{nil}, so these character's bindings are never inherited from |
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385 the parent keymap. |
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386 |
6558 | 387 @node Prefix Keys |
388 @section Prefix Keys | |
389 @cindex prefix key | |
390 | |
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391 A @dfn{prefix key} is a key sequence whose binding is a keymap. The |
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392 keymap defines what to do with key sequences that extend the prefix key. |
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393 For example, @kbd{C-x} is a prefix key, and it uses a keymap that is |
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394 also stored in the variable @code{ctl-x-map}. This keymap defines |
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395 bindings for key sequences starting with @kbd{C-x}. |
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396 |
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397 Some of the standard Emacs prefix keys use keymaps that are |
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398 also found in Lisp variables: |
6558 | 399 |
400 @itemize @bullet | |
401 @item | |
402 @vindex esc-map | |
403 @findex ESC-prefix | |
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404 @code{esc-map} is the global keymap for the @key{ESC} prefix key. Thus, |
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405 the global definitions of all meta characters are actually found here. |
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406 This map is also the function definition of @code{ESC-prefix}. |
6558 | 407 |
408 @item | |
409 @cindex @kbd{C-h} | |
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410 @code{help-map} is the global keymap for the @kbd{C-h} prefix key. |
6558 | 411 |
412 @item | |
413 @cindex @kbd{C-c} | |
414 @vindex mode-specific-map | |
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415 @code{mode-specific-map} is the global keymap for the prefix key |
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416 @kbd{C-c}. This map is actually global, not mode-specific, but its name |
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417 provides useful information about @kbd{C-c} in the output of @kbd{C-h b} |
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418 (@code{display-bindings}), since the main use of this prefix key is for |
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419 mode-specific bindings. |
6558 | 420 |
421 @item | |
422 @cindex @kbd{C-x} | |
423 @vindex ctl-x-map | |
424 @findex Control-X-prefix | |
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425 @code{ctl-x-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x} prefix key. |
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426 This map is found via the function cell of the symbol |
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427 @code{Control-X-prefix}. |
6558 | 428 |
429 @item | |
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430 @cindex @kbd{C-x @key{RET}} |
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431 @vindex mule-keymap |
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432 @code{mule-keymap} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x @key{RET}} |
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433 prefix key. |
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434 |
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435 @item |
6558 | 436 @cindex @kbd{C-x 4} |
437 @vindex ctl-x-4-map | |
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438 @code{ctl-x-4-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x 4} prefix |
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439 key. |
6558 | 440 |
441 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
442 @item | |
443 @cindex @kbd{C-x 5} | |
444 @vindex ctl-x-5-map | |
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445 @code{ctl-x-5-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x 5} prefix |
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446 key. |
6558 | 447 |
448 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
449 @item | |
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450 @cindex @kbd{C-x 6} |
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451 @vindex 2C-mode-map |
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452 @code{2C-mode-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x 6} prefix |
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453 key. |
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454 |
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455 @item |
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456 @cindex @kbd{C-x v} |
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457 @vindex vc-prefix-map |
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458 @code{vc-prefix-map} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{C-x v} prefix |
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459 key. |
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460 |
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461 @item |
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462 @cindex @kbd{M-o} |
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463 @vindex facemenu-keymap |
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464 @code{facemenu-keymap} is the global keymap used for the @kbd{M-o} |
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465 prefix key. |
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466 |
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467 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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468 @item |
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469 The other Emacs prefix keys are @kbd{M-g}, @kbd{C-x @@}, @kbd{C-x a i}, |
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470 @kbd{C-x @key{ESC}} and @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{ESC}}. They use keymaps |
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471 that have no special names. |
6558 | 472 @end itemize |
473 | |
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474 The keymap binding of a prefix key is used for looking up the event |
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475 that follows the prefix key. (It may instead be a symbol whose function |
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476 definition is a keymap. The effect is the same, but the symbol serves |
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477 as a name for the prefix key.) Thus, the binding of @kbd{C-x} is the |
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478 symbol @code{Control-X-prefix}, whose function cell holds the keymap |
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479 for @kbd{C-x} commands. (The same keymap is also the value of |
6558 | 480 @code{ctl-x-map}.) |
481 | |
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482 Prefix key definitions can appear in any active keymap. The |
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483 definitions of @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-h} and @key{ESC} as prefix |
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484 keys appear in the global map, so these prefix keys are always |
6558 | 485 available. Major and minor modes can redefine a key as a prefix by |
486 putting a prefix key definition for it in the local map or the minor | |
487 mode's map. @xref{Active Keymaps}. | |
488 | |
489 If a key is defined as a prefix in more than one active map, then its | |
490 various definitions are in effect merged: the commands defined in the | |
491 minor mode keymaps come first, followed by those in the local map's | |
492 prefix definition, and then by those from the global map. | |
493 | |
494 In the following example, we make @kbd{C-p} a prefix key in the local | |
495 keymap, in such a way that @kbd{C-p} is identical to @kbd{C-x}. Then | |
496 the binding for @kbd{C-p C-f} is the function @code{find-file}, just | |
497 like @kbd{C-x C-f}. The key sequence @kbd{C-p 6} is not found in any | |
498 active keymap. | |
499 | |
500 @example | |
501 @group | |
502 (use-local-map (make-sparse-keymap)) | |
503 @result{} nil | |
504 @end group | |
505 @group | |
506 (local-set-key "\C-p" ctl-x-map) | |
507 @result{} nil | |
508 @end group | |
509 @group | |
510 (key-binding "\C-p\C-f") | |
511 @result{} find-file | |
512 @end group | |
513 | |
514 @group | |
515 (key-binding "\C-p6") | |
516 @result{} nil | |
517 @end group | |
518 @end example | |
519 | |
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520 @defun define-prefix-command symbol &optional mapvar prompt |
6558 | 521 @cindex prefix command |
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522 @anchor{Definition of define-prefix-command} |
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523 This function prepares @var{symbol} for use as a prefix key's binding: |
28496 | 524 it creates a sparse keymap and stores it as @var{symbol}'s function |
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525 definition. Subsequently binding a key sequence to @var{symbol} will |
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526 make that key sequence into a prefix key. The return value is @code{symbol}. |
6558 | 527 |
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528 This function also sets @var{symbol} as a variable, with the keymap as |
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529 its value. But if @var{mapvar} is non-@code{nil}, it sets @var{mapvar} |
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530 as a variable instead. |
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531 |
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532 If @var{prompt} is non-@code{nil}, that becomes the overall prompt |
31374 | 533 string for the keymap. The prompt string should be given for menu keymaps |
28873 | 534 (@pxref{Defining Menus}). |
6558 | 535 @end defun |
536 | |
537 @node Active Keymaps | |
538 @section Active Keymaps | |
539 @cindex active keymap | |
540 @cindex global keymap | |
541 @cindex local keymap | |
542 | |
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543 Emacs normally contains many keymaps; at any given time, just a few |
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544 of them are @dfn{active} in that they participate in the |
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545 interpretation of user input. All the active keymaps are used |
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546 together to determine what command to execute when a key is entered. |
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547 Emacs searches these keymaps one by one, in a standard order, until it |
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548 finds a binding in one of the keymaps. (Searching a single keymap for a |
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549 binding is called @dfn{key lookup}; see @ref{Key Lookup}.) |
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550 |
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551 Normally the active keymaps are the @code{keymap} property keymap, |
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552 the keymaps of any enabled minor modes, the current buffer's local |
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553 keymap, and the global keymap, in that order. Therefore, Emacs |
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554 searches for each input key sequence in all these keymaps. |
6558 | 555 |
556 The @dfn{global keymap} holds the bindings of keys that are defined | |
557 regardless of the current buffer, such as @kbd{C-f}. The variable | |
558 @code{global-map} holds this keymap, which is always active. | |
559 | |
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560 Each buffer may have another keymap, its @dfn{local keymap}, which |
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561 may contain new or overriding definitions for keys. The current |
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562 buffer's local keymap is always active except when |
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563 @code{overriding-local-map} overrides it. The @code{local-map} text |
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564 or overlay property can specify an alternative local keymap for certain |
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565 parts of the buffer; see @ref{Special Properties}. |
6558 | 566 |
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567 Each minor mode can have a keymap; if it does, the keymap is active |
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568 when the minor mode is enabled. Modes for emulation can specify |
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569 additional active keymaps through the variable |
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570 @code{emulation-mode-map-alists}. |
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571 |
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572 The highest precedence normal keymap comes from the @code{keymap} |
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573 text or overlay property. If that is non-@code{nil}, it is the first |
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574 keymap to be processed, in normal circumstances. |
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575 |
60266 | 576 However, there are also special ways for program can to substitute |
577 other keymaps for some of those. The variable | |
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578 @code{overriding-local-map}, if non-@code{nil}, specifies a keymap |
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579 that replaces all the usual active keymaps except the global keymap. |
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580 Another way to do this is with @code{overriding-terminal-local-map}; |
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581 it operates on a per-terminal basis. These variables are documented |
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582 below. |
6558 | 583 |
584 @cindex major mode keymap | |
585 Since every buffer that uses the same major mode normally uses the | |
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586 same local keymap, you can think of the keymap as local to the mode. A |
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587 change to the local keymap of a buffer (using @code{local-set-key}, for |
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588 example) is seen also in the other buffers that share that keymap. |
6558 | 589 |
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590 The local keymaps that are used for Lisp mode and some other major |
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591 modes exist even if they have not yet been used. These local keymaps are |
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592 the values of variables such as @code{lisp-mode-map}. For most major |
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593 modes, which are less frequently used, the local keymap is constructed |
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594 only when the mode is used for the first time in a session. |
6558 | 595 |
596 The minibuffer has local keymaps, too; they contain various completion | |
597 and exit commands. @xref{Intro to Minibuffers}. | |
598 | |
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599 Emacs has other keymaps that are used in a different way---translating |
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600 events within @code{read-key-sequence}. @xref{Translating Input}. |
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601 |
6558 | 602 @xref{Standard Keymaps}, for a list of standard keymaps. |
603 | |
604 @defvar global-map | |
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605 This variable contains the default global keymap that maps Emacs |
6558 | 606 keyboard input to commands. The global keymap is normally this keymap. |
607 The default global keymap is a full keymap that binds | |
608 @code{self-insert-command} to all of the printing characters. | |
609 | |
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610 It is normal practice to change the bindings in the global keymap, but you |
6558 | 611 should not assign this variable any value other than the keymap it starts |
612 out with. | |
613 @end defvar | |
614 | |
615 @defun current-global-map | |
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616 This function returns the current global keymap. This is the |
6558 | 617 same as the value of @code{global-map} unless you change one or the |
618 other. | |
619 | |
620 @example | |
621 @group | |
622 (current-global-map) | |
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623 @result{} (keymap [set-mark-command beginning-of-line @dots{} |
6558 | 624 delete-backward-char]) |
625 @end group | |
626 @end example | |
627 @end defun | |
628 | |
629 @defun current-local-map | |
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630 This function returns the current buffer's local keymap, or @code{nil} |
6558 | 631 if it has none. In the following example, the keymap for the |
632 @samp{*scratch*} buffer (using Lisp Interaction mode) is a sparse keymap | |
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633 in which the entry for @key{ESC}, @acronym{ASCII} code 27, is another sparse |
6558 | 634 keymap. |
635 | |
636 @example | |
637 @group | |
638 (current-local-map) | |
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639 @result{} (keymap |
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640 (10 . eval-print-last-sexp) |
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641 (9 . lisp-indent-line) |
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642 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) |
6558 | 643 @end group |
644 @group | |
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645 (27 keymap |
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646 (24 . eval-defun) |
6558 | 647 (17 . indent-sexp))) |
648 @end group | |
649 @end example | |
650 @end defun | |
651 | |
652 @defun current-minor-mode-maps | |
653 This function returns a list of the keymaps of currently enabled minor modes. | |
654 @end defun | |
655 | |
656 @defun use-global-map keymap | |
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657 This function makes @var{keymap} the new current global keymap. It |
6558 | 658 returns @code{nil}. |
659 | |
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660 It is very unusual to change the global keymap. |
6558 | 661 @end defun |
662 | |
663 @defun use-local-map keymap | |
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664 This function makes @var{keymap} the new local keymap of the current |
6558 | 665 buffer. If @var{keymap} is @code{nil}, then the buffer has no local |
666 keymap. @code{use-local-map} returns @code{nil}. Most major mode | |
667 commands use this function. | |
668 @end defun | |
669 | |
670 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
671 @defvar minor-mode-map-alist | |
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672 @anchor{Definition of minor-mode-map-alist} |
6558 | 673 This variable is an alist describing keymaps that may or may not be |
674 active according to the values of certain variables. Its elements look | |
675 like this: | |
676 | |
677 @example | |
678 (@var{variable} . @var{keymap}) | |
679 @end example | |
680 | |
681 The keymap @var{keymap} is active whenever @var{variable} has a | |
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682 non-@code{nil} value. Typically @var{variable} is the variable that |
6558 | 683 enables or disables a minor mode. @xref{Keymaps and Minor Modes}. |
684 | |
685 Note that elements of @code{minor-mode-map-alist} do not have the same | |
686 structure as elements of @code{minor-mode-alist}. The map must be the | |
25875 | 687 @sc{cdr} of the element; a list with the map as the second element will |
688 not do. The @sc{cdr} can be either a keymap (a list) or a symbol whose | |
689 function definition is a keymap. | |
6558 | 690 |
60266 | 691 When more than one minor mode keymap is active, the earlier one in |
692 @code{minor-mode-map-alist} takes priority. But you should design | |
6558 | 693 minor modes so that they don't interfere with each other. If you do |
694 this properly, the order will not matter. | |
695 | |
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696 See @ref{Keymaps and Minor Modes}, for more information about minor |
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697 modes. See also @code{minor-mode-key-binding} (@pxref{Functions for Key |
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698 Lookup}). |
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699 @end defvar |
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700 |
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701 @defvar minor-mode-overriding-map-alist |
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702 This variable allows major modes to override the key bindings for |
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703 particular minor modes. The elements of this alist look like the |
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704 elements of @code{minor-mode-map-alist}: @code{(@var{variable} |
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705 . @var{keymap})}. |
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706 |
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707 If a variable appears as an element of |
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708 @code{minor-mode-overriding-map-alist}, the map specified by that |
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709 element totally replaces any map specified for the same variable in |
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710 @code{minor-mode-map-alist}. |
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711 |
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712 @code{minor-mode-overriding-map-alist} is automatically buffer-local in |
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713 all buffers. |
6558 | 714 @end defvar |
715 | |
716 @defvar overriding-local-map | |
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717 If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a keymap to use instead of the |
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718 buffer's local keymap, any text property or overlay keymaps, and any |
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719 minor mode keymaps. This keymap, if specified, overrides all other |
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720 maps that would have been active, except for the current global map. |
6558 | 721 @end defvar |
722 | |
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723 @defvar overriding-terminal-local-map |
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724 If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a keymap to use instead of |
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725 @code{overriding-local-map}, the buffer's local keymap, text property |
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726 or overlay keymaps, and all the minor mode keymaps. |
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727 |
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728 This variable is always local to the current terminal and cannot be |
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729 buffer-local. @xref{Multiple Displays}. It is used to implement |
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730 incremental search mode. |
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731 @end defvar |
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732 |
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733 @defvar overriding-local-map-menu-flag |
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734 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, the value of |
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735 @code{overriding-local-map} or @code{overriding-terminal-local-map} can |
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736 affect the display of the menu bar. The default value is @code{nil}, so |
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737 those map variables have no effect on the menu bar. |
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738 |
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739 Note that these two map variables do affect the execution of key |
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740 sequences entered using the menu bar, even if they do not affect the |
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741 menu bar display. So if a menu bar key sequence comes in, you should |
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742 clear the variables before looking up and executing that key sequence. |
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743 Modes that use the variables would typically do this anyway; normally |
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744 they respond to events that they do not handle by ``unreading'' them and |
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745 exiting. |
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746 @end defvar |
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747 |
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748 @defvar special-event-map |
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749 This variable holds a keymap for special events. If an event type has a |
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750 binding in this keymap, then it is special, and the binding for the |
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751 event is run directly by @code{read-event}. @xref{Special Events}. |
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752 @end defvar |
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753 |
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754 @defvar emulation-mode-map-alists |
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755 This variable holds a list of keymap alists to use for emulations |
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756 modes. It is intended for modes or packages using multiple minor-mode |
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757 keymaps. Each element is a keymap alist which has the same format and |
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758 meaning as @code{minor-mode-map-alist}, or a symbol with a variable |
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759 binding which is such an alist. The ``active'' keymaps in each alist |
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760 are used before @code{minor-mode-map-alist} and |
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761 @code{minor-mode-overriding-map-alist}. |
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762 @end defvar |
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763 |
6558 | 764 @node Key Lookup |
765 @section Key Lookup | |
766 @cindex key lookup | |
767 @cindex keymap entry | |
768 | |
769 @dfn{Key lookup} is the process of finding the binding of a key | |
770 sequence from a given keymap. Actual execution of the binding is not | |
771 part of key lookup. | |
772 | |
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773 Key lookup uses just the event type of each event in the key sequence; |
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774 the rest of the event is ignored. In fact, a key sequence used for key |
60266 | 775 lookup may designate a mouse event with just its types (a symbol) |
776 instead of the entire event (a list). @xref{Input Events}. Such | |
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777 a ``key-sequence'' is insufficient for @code{command-execute} to run, |
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778 but it is sufficient for looking up or rebinding a key. |
6558 | 779 |
780 When the key sequence consists of multiple events, key lookup | |
781 processes the events sequentially: the binding of the first event is | |
782 found, and must be a keymap; then the second event's binding is found in | |
783 that keymap, and so on until all the events in the key sequence are used | |
784 up. (The binding thus found for the last event may or may not be a | |
785 keymap.) Thus, the process of key lookup is defined in terms of a | |
786 simpler process for looking up a single event in a keymap. How that is | |
787 done depends on the type of object associated with the event in that | |
788 keymap. | |
789 | |
790 Let's use the term @dfn{keymap entry} to describe the value found by | |
791 looking up an event type in a keymap. (This doesn't include the item | |
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792 string and other extra elements in menu key bindings, because |
6558 | 793 @code{lookup-key} and other key lookup functions don't include them in |
794 the returned value.) While any Lisp object may be stored in a keymap as | |
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795 a keymap entry, not all make sense for key lookup. Here is a table of |
6558 | 796 the meaningful kinds of keymap entries: |
797 | |
798 @table @asis | |
799 @item @code{nil} | |
800 @cindex @code{nil} in keymap | |
801 @code{nil} means that the events used so far in the lookup form an | |
802 undefined key. When a keymap fails to mention an event type at all, and | |
803 has no default binding, that is equivalent to a binding of @code{nil} | |
804 for that event type. | |
805 | |
806 @item @var{command} | |
807 @cindex command in keymap | |
808 The events used so far in the lookup form a complete key, | |
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809 and @var{command} is its binding. @xref{What Is a Function}. |
6558 | 810 |
12098 | 811 @item @var{array} |
6558 | 812 @cindex string in keymap |
12098 | 813 The array (either a string or a vector) is a keyboard macro. The events |
814 used so far in the lookup form a complete key, and the array is its | |
815 binding. See @ref{Keyboard Macros}, for more information. | |
6558 | 816 |
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817 @item @var{keymap} |
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818 @cindex keymap in keymap |
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819 The events used so far in the lookup form a prefix key. The next |
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820 event of the key sequence is looked up in @var{keymap}. |
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821 |
6558 | 822 @item @var{list} |
823 @cindex list in keymap | |
824 The meaning of a list depends on the types of the elements of the list. | |
825 | |
826 @itemize @bullet | |
827 @item | |
828 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is the symbol @code{keymap}, then the list | |
829 is a keymap, and is treated as a keymap (see above). | |
830 | |
831 @item | |
832 @cindex @code{lambda} in keymap | |
833 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is @code{lambda}, then the list is a | |
834 lambda expression. This is presumed to be a command, and is treated as | |
835 such (see above). | |
836 | |
837 @item | |
838 If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is a keymap and the @sc{cdr} is an event | |
839 type, then this is an @dfn{indirect entry}: | |
840 | |
841 @example | |
842 (@var{othermap} . @var{othertype}) | |
843 @end example | |
844 | |
845 When key lookup encounters an indirect entry, it looks up instead the | |
846 binding of @var{othertype} in @var{othermap} and uses that. | |
847 | |
848 This feature permits you to define one key as an alias for another key. | |
849 For example, an entry whose @sc{car} is the keymap called @code{esc-map} | |
12098 | 850 and whose @sc{cdr} is 32 (the code for @key{SPC}) means, ``Use the global |
6558 | 851 binding of @kbd{Meta-@key{SPC}}, whatever that may be.'' |
852 @end itemize | |
853 | |
854 @item @var{symbol} | |
855 @cindex symbol in keymap | |
856 The function definition of @var{symbol} is used in place of | |
857 @var{symbol}. If that too is a symbol, then this process is repeated, | |
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858 any number of times. Ultimately this should lead to an object that is |
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859 a keymap, a command, or a keyboard macro. A list is allowed if it is a |
6558 | 860 keymap or a command, but indirect entries are not understood when found |
861 via symbols. | |
862 | |
863 Note that keymaps and keyboard macros (strings and vectors) are not | |
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864 valid functions, so a symbol with a keymap, string, or vector as its |
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865 function definition is invalid as a function. It is, however, valid as |
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866 a key binding. If the definition is a keyboard macro, then the symbol |
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867 is also valid as an argument to @code{command-execute} |
6558 | 868 (@pxref{Interactive Call}). |
869 | |
870 @cindex @code{undefined} in keymap | |
871 The symbol @code{undefined} is worth special mention: it means to treat | |
872 the key as undefined. Strictly speaking, the key is defined, and its | |
873 binding is the command @code{undefined}; but that command does the same | |
874 thing that is done automatically for an undefined key: it rings the bell | |
875 (by calling @code{ding}) but does not signal an error. | |
876 | |
877 @cindex preventing prefix key | |
878 @code{undefined} is used in local keymaps to override a global key | |
879 binding and make the key ``undefined'' locally. A local binding of | |
880 @code{nil} would fail to do this because it would not override the | |
881 global binding. | |
882 | |
883 @item @var{anything else} | |
884 If any other type of object is found, the events used so far in the | |
885 lookup form a complete key, and the object is its binding, but the | |
886 binding is not executable as a command. | |
887 @end table | |
888 | |
889 In short, a keymap entry may be a keymap, a command, a keyboard macro, | |
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890 a symbol that leads to one of them, or an indirection or @code{nil}. |
6558 | 891 Here is an example of a sparse keymap with two characters bound to |
892 commands and one bound to another keymap. This map is the normal value | |
893 of @code{emacs-lisp-mode-map}. Note that 9 is the code for @key{TAB}, | |
894 127 for @key{DEL}, 27 for @key{ESC}, 17 for @kbd{C-q} and 24 for | |
895 @kbd{C-x}. | |
896 | |
897 @example | |
898 @group | |
899 (keymap (9 . lisp-indent-line) | |
900 (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) | |
901 (27 keymap (17 . indent-sexp) (24 . eval-defun))) | |
902 @end group | |
903 @end example | |
904 | |
905 @node Functions for Key Lookup | |
906 @section Functions for Key Lookup | |
907 | |
908 Here are the functions and variables pertaining to key lookup. | |
909 | |
910 @defun lookup-key keymap key &optional accept-defaults | |
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911 This function returns the definition of @var{key} in @var{keymap}. All |
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912 the other functions described in this chapter that look up keys use |
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913 @code{lookup-key}. Here are examples: |
6558 | 914 |
915 @example | |
916 @group | |
917 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\C-x\C-f") | |
918 @result{} find-file | |
919 @end group | |
920 @group | |
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921 (lookup-key (current-global-map) (kbd "C-x C-f")) |
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922 @result{} find-file |
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923 @end group |
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924 @group |
6558 | 925 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\C-x\C-f12345") |
926 @result{} 2 | |
927 @end group | |
928 @end example | |
929 | |
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930 If the string or vector @var{key} is not a valid key sequence according |
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931 to the prefix keys specified in @var{keymap}, it must be ``too long'' |
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932 and have extra events at the end that do not fit into a single key |
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933 sequence. Then the value is a number, the number of events at the front |
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934 of @var{key} that compose a complete key. |
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935 |
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936 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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937 If @var{accept-defaults} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{lookup-key} |
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938 considers default bindings as well as bindings for the specific events |
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939 in @var{key}. Otherwise, @code{lookup-key} reports only bindings for |
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940 the specific sequence @var{key}, ignoring default bindings except when |
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941 you explicitly ask about them. (To do this, supply @code{t} as an |
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942 element of @var{key}; see @ref{Format of Keymaps}.) |
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943 |
34656 | 944 If @var{key} contains a meta character (not a function key), that |
945 character is implicitly replaced by a two-character sequence: the value | |
946 of @code{meta-prefix-char}, followed by the corresponding non-meta | |
6558 | 947 character. Thus, the first example below is handled by conversion into |
948 the second example. | |
949 | |
950 @example | |
951 @group | |
952 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\M-f") | |
953 @result{} forward-word | |
954 @end group | |
955 @group | |
956 (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\ef") | |
957 @result{} forward-word | |
958 @end group | |
959 @end example | |
960 | |
961 Unlike @code{read-key-sequence}, this function does not modify the | |
962 specified events in ways that discard information (@pxref{Key Sequence | |
963 Input}). In particular, it does not convert letters to lower case and | |
964 it does not change drag events to clicks. | |
965 @end defun | |
966 | |
967 @deffn Command undefined | |
968 Used in keymaps to undefine keys. It calls @code{ding}, but does | |
969 not cause an error. | |
970 @end deffn | |
971 | |
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972 @defun key-binding key &optional accept-defaults no-remap |
6558 | 973 This function returns the binding for @var{key} in the current |
974 keymaps, trying all the active keymaps. The result is @code{nil} if | |
975 @var{key} is undefined in the keymaps. | |
976 | |
977 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
978 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default | |
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979 bindings, as in @code{lookup-key} (above). |
6558 | 980 |
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981 When commands are remapped (@pxref{Remapping Commands}), |
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982 @code{key-binding} normally processes command remappings so as to |
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983 returns the remapped command that will actually be executed. However, |
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984 if @var{no-remap} is non-@code{nil}, @code{key-binding} ignores |
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985 remappings and returns the binding directly specified for @var{key}. |
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986 |
6558 | 987 An error is signaled if @var{key} is not a string or a vector. |
988 | |
989 @example | |
990 @group | |
991 (key-binding "\C-x\C-f") | |
992 @result{} find-file | |
993 @end group | |
994 @end example | |
995 @end defun | |
996 | |
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997 @defun current-active-maps &optional olp |
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998 This returns the list of keymaps that would be used by the command |
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999 loop in the current circumstances to look up a key sequence. Normally |
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1000 it ignores @code{overriding-local-map} and |
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1001 @code{overriding-terminal-local-map}, but if @var{olp} is |
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1002 non-@code{nil} then it pays attention to them. |
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1003 @end defun |
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1004 |
6558 | 1005 @defun local-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults |
1006 This function returns the binding for @var{key} in the current | |
1007 local keymap, or @code{nil} if it is undefined there. | |
1008 | |
1009 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1010 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default bindings, | |
1011 as in @code{lookup-key} (above). | |
1012 @end defun | |
1013 | |
1014 @defun global-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
1015 This function returns the binding for command @var{key} in the | |
1016 current global keymap, or @code{nil} if it is undefined there. | |
1017 | |
1018 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1019 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default bindings, | |
1020 as in @code{lookup-key} (above). | |
1021 @end defun | |
1022 | |
1023 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1024 @defun minor-mode-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults | |
1025 This function returns a list of all the active minor mode bindings of | |
1026 @var{key}. More precisely, it returns an alist of pairs | |
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1027 @code{(@var{modename} . @var{binding})}, where @var{modename} is the |
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1028 variable that enables the minor mode, and @var{binding} is @var{key}'s |
6558 | 1029 binding in that mode. If @var{key} has no minor-mode bindings, the |
1030 value is @code{nil}. | |
1031 | |
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1032 If the first binding found is not a prefix definition (a keymap or a |
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1033 symbol defined as a keymap), all subsequent bindings from other minor |
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1034 modes are omitted, since they would be completely shadowed. Similarly, |
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1035 the list omits non-prefix bindings that follow prefix bindings. |
6558 | 1036 |
1037 The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default | |
1038 bindings, as in @code{lookup-key} (above). | |
1039 @end defun | |
1040 | |
1041 @defvar meta-prefix-char | |
1042 @cindex @key{ESC} | |
1043 This variable is the meta-prefix character code. It is used when | |
1044 translating a meta character to a two-character sequence so it can be | |
1045 looked up in a keymap. For useful results, the value should be a prefix | |
1046 event (@pxref{Prefix Keys}). The default value is 27, which is the | |
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1047 @acronym{ASCII} code for @key{ESC}. |
6558 | 1048 |
34656 | 1049 As long as the value of @code{meta-prefix-char} remains 27, key lookup |
1050 translates @kbd{M-b} into @kbd{@key{ESC} b}, which is normally defined | |
1051 as the @code{backward-word} command. However, if you were to set | |
6558 | 1052 @code{meta-prefix-char} to 24, the code for @kbd{C-x}, then Emacs will |
1053 translate @kbd{M-b} into @kbd{C-x b}, whose standard binding is the | |
34656 | 1054 @code{switch-to-buffer} command. (Don't actually do this!) Here is an |
1055 illustration of what would happen: | |
6558 | 1056 |
1057 @smallexample | |
1058 @group | |
1059 meta-prefix-char ; @r{The default value.} | |
1060 @result{} 27 | |
1061 @end group | |
1062 @group | |
1063 (key-binding "\M-b") | |
1064 @result{} backward-word | |
1065 @end group | |
1066 @group | |
1067 ?\C-x ; @r{The print representation} | |
1068 @result{} 24 ; @r{of a character.} | |
1069 @end group | |
1070 @group | |
1071 (setq meta-prefix-char 24) | |
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1072 @result{} 24 |
6558 | 1073 @end group |
1074 @group | |
1075 (key-binding "\M-b") | |
1076 @result{} switch-to-buffer ; @r{Now, typing @kbd{M-b} is} | |
1077 ; @r{like typing @kbd{C-x b}.} | |
1078 | |
1079 (setq meta-prefix-char 27) ; @r{Avoid confusion!} | |
1080 @result{} 27 ; @r{Restore the default value!} | |
1081 @end group | |
1082 @end smallexample | |
34656 | 1083 |
1084 This translation of one event into two happens only for characters, not | |
1085 for other kinds of input events. Thus, @kbd{M-@key{F1}}, a function | |
1086 key, is not converted into @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{F1}}. | |
6558 | 1087 @end defvar |
1088 | |
1089 @node Changing Key Bindings | |
1090 @section Changing Key Bindings | |
1091 @cindex changing key bindings | |
1092 @cindex rebinding | |
1093 | |
1094 The way to rebind a key is to change its entry in a keymap. If you | |
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1095 change a binding in the global keymap, the change is effective in all |
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1096 buffers (though it has no direct effect in buffers that shadow the |
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1097 global binding with a local one). If you change the current buffer's |
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1098 local map, that usually affects all buffers using the same major mode. |
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1099 The @code{global-set-key} and @code{local-set-key} functions are |
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1100 convenient interfaces for these operations (@pxref{Key Binding |
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1101 Commands}). You can also use @code{define-key}, a more general |
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1102 function; then you must specify explicitly the map to change. |
6558 | 1103 |
1104 @cindex meta character key constants | |
1105 @cindex control character key constants | |
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1106 In writing the key sequence to rebind, it is good to use the special |
6558 | 1107 escape sequences for control and meta characters (@pxref{String Type}). |
1108 The syntax @samp{\C-} means that the following character is a control | |
1109 character and @samp{\M-} means that the following character is a meta | |
1110 character. Thus, the string @code{"\M-x"} is read as containing a | |
1111 single @kbd{M-x}, @code{"\C-f"} is read as containing a single | |
1112 @kbd{C-f}, and @code{"\M-\C-x"} and @code{"\C-\M-x"} are both read as | |
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1113 containing a single @kbd{C-M-x}. You can also use this escape syntax in |
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1114 vectors, as well as others that aren't allowed in strings; one example |
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1115 is @samp{[?\C-\H-x home]}. @xref{Character Type}. |
6558 | 1116 |
12067 | 1117 The key definition and lookup functions accept an alternate syntax for |
1118 event types in a key sequence that is a vector: you can use a list | |
1119 containing modifier names plus one base event (a character or function | |
1120 key name). For example, @code{(control ?a)} is equivalent to | |
1121 @code{?\C-a} and @code{(hyper control left)} is equivalent to | |
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1122 @code{C-H-left}. One advantage of such lists is that the precise |
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1123 numeric codes for the modifier bits don't appear in compiled files. |
12098 | 1124 |
60266 | 1125 For the functions below, an error is signaled if @var{keymap} is not |
1126 a keymap or if @var{key} is not a string or vector representing a key | |
6558 | 1127 sequence. You can use event types (symbols) as shorthand for events |
60266 | 1128 that are lists. The @code{kbd} macro (@pxref{Keymap Terminology}) is |
1129 a convenient way to specify the key sequence. | |
6558 | 1130 |
1131 @defun define-key keymap key binding | |
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1132 This function sets the binding for @var{key} in @var{keymap}. (If |
6558 | 1133 @var{key} is more than one event long, the change is actually made |
1134 in another keymap reached from @var{keymap}.) The argument | |
1135 @var{binding} can be any Lisp object, but only certain types are | |
1136 meaningful. (For a list of meaningful types, see @ref{Key Lookup}.) | |
1137 The value returned by @code{define-key} is @var{binding}. | |
1138 | |
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1139 If @var{key} is @code{[t]}, this sets the default binding in |
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1140 @var{keymap}. When an event has no binding of its own, the Emacs |
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1141 command loop uses the keymap's default binding, if there is one. |
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1142 |
6558 | 1143 @cindex invalid prefix key error |
1144 @cindex key sequence error | |
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1145 Every prefix of @var{key} must be a prefix key (i.e., bound to a keymap) |
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1146 or undefined; otherwise an error is signaled. If some prefix of |
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1147 @var{key} is undefined, then @code{define-key} defines it as a prefix |
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1148 key so that the rest of @var{key} can be defined as specified. |
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1149 |
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1150 If there was previously no binding for @var{key} in @var{keymap}, the |
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1151 new binding is added at the beginning of @var{keymap}. The order of |
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1152 bindings in a keymap makes no difference for keyboard input, but it |
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1153 does matter for menu keymaps (@pxref{Menu Keymaps}). |
6558 | 1154 @end defun |
1155 | |
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1156 Here is an example that creates a sparse keymap and makes a number of |
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1157 bindings in it: |
6558 | 1158 |
1159 @smallexample | |
1160 @group | |
1161 (setq map (make-sparse-keymap)) | |
1162 @result{} (keymap) | |
1163 @end group | |
1164 @group | |
1165 (define-key map "\C-f" 'forward-char) | |
1166 @result{} forward-char | |
1167 @end group | |
1168 @group | |
1169 map | |
1170 @result{} (keymap (6 . forward-char)) | |
1171 @end group | |
1172 | |
1173 @group | |
1174 ;; @r{Build sparse submap for @kbd{C-x} and bind @kbd{f} in that.} | |
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1175 (define-key map (kbd "C-x f") 'forward-word) |
6558 | 1176 @result{} forward-word |
1177 @end group | |
1178 @group | |
1179 map | |
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1180 @result{} (keymap |
6558 | 1181 (24 keymap ; @kbd{C-x} |
1182 (102 . forward-word)) ; @kbd{f} | |
1183 (6 . forward-char)) ; @kbd{C-f} | |
1184 @end group | |
1185 | |
1186 @group | |
1187 ;; @r{Bind @kbd{C-p} to the @code{ctl-x-map}.} | |
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1188 (define-key map (kbd "C-p") ctl-x-map) |
6558 | 1189 ;; @code{ctl-x-map} |
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1190 @result{} [nil @dots{} find-file @dots{} backward-kill-sentence] |
6558 | 1191 @end group |
1192 | |
1193 @group | |
1194 ;; @r{Bind @kbd{C-f} to @code{foo} in the @code{ctl-x-map}.} | |
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1195 (define-key map (kbd "C-p C-f") 'foo) |
6558 | 1196 @result{} 'foo |
1197 @end group | |
1198 @group | |
1199 map | |
1200 @result{} (keymap ; @r{Note @code{foo} in @code{ctl-x-map}.} | |
1201 (16 keymap [nil @dots{} foo @dots{} backward-kill-sentence]) | |
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1202 (24 keymap |
6558 | 1203 (102 . forward-word)) |
1204 (6 . forward-char)) | |
1205 @end group | |
1206 @end smallexample | |
1207 | |
1208 @noindent | |
1209 Note that storing a new binding for @kbd{C-p C-f} actually works by | |
1210 changing an entry in @code{ctl-x-map}, and this has the effect of | |
1211 changing the bindings of both @kbd{C-p C-f} and @kbd{C-x C-f} in the | |
1212 default global map. | |
1213 | |
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1214 The function @code{substitute-key-definition} scans a keymap for |
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1215 keys that have a certain binding and rebinds them with a different |
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1216 binding. Another feature you can use for similar effects, but which |
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1217 is often cleaner, is to add a binding that remaps a command |
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1218 (@pxref{Remapping Commands}). |
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1219 |
6558 | 1220 @defun substitute-key-definition olddef newdef keymap &optional oldmap |
1221 @cindex replace bindings | |
1222 This function replaces @var{olddef} with @var{newdef} for any keys in | |
1223 @var{keymap} that were bound to @var{olddef}. In other words, | |
1224 @var{olddef} is replaced with @var{newdef} wherever it appears. The | |
1225 function returns @code{nil}. | |
1226 | |
1227 For example, this redefines @kbd{C-x C-f}, if you do it in an Emacs with | |
1228 standard bindings: | |
1229 | |
1230 @smallexample | |
1231 @group | |
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1232 (substitute-key-definition |
6558 | 1233 'find-file 'find-file-read-only (current-global-map)) |
1234 @end group | |
1235 @end smallexample | |
1236 | |
1237 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
28809 | 1238 If @var{oldmap} is non-@code{nil}, that changes the behavior of |
1239 @code{substitute-key-definition}: the bindings in @var{oldmap} determine | |
1240 which keys to rebind. The rebindings still happen in @var{keymap}, not | |
1241 in @var{oldmap}. Thus, you can change one map under the control of the | |
6558 | 1242 bindings in another. For example, |
1243 | |
1244 @smallexample | |
1245 (substitute-key-definition | |
1246 'delete-backward-char 'my-funny-delete | |
1247 my-map global-map) | |
1248 @end smallexample | |
1249 | |
1250 @noindent | |
1251 puts the special deletion command in @code{my-map} for whichever keys | |
1252 are globally bound to the standard deletion command. | |
1253 | |
1254 Here is an example showing a keymap before and after substitution: | |
1255 | |
1256 @smallexample | |
1257 @group | |
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1258 (setq map '(keymap |
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1259 (?1 . olddef-1) |
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1260 (?2 . olddef-2) |
6558 | 1261 (?3 . olddef-1))) |
1262 @result{} (keymap (49 . olddef-1) (50 . olddef-2) (51 . olddef-1)) | |
1263 @end group | |
1264 | |
1265 @group | |
1266 (substitute-key-definition 'olddef-1 'newdef map) | |
1267 @result{} nil | |
1268 @end group | |
1269 @group | |
1270 map | |
1271 @result{} (keymap (49 . newdef) (50 . olddef-2) (51 . newdef)) | |
1272 @end group | |
1273 @end smallexample | |
1274 @end defun | |
1275 | |
1276 @defun suppress-keymap keymap &optional nodigits | |
1277 @cindex @code{self-insert-command} override | |
1278 This function changes the contents of the full keymap @var{keymap} by | |
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1279 remapping @code{self-insert-command} to the command @code{undefined} |
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1280 (@pxref{Remapping Commands}). This has the effect of undefining all |
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1281 printing characters, thus making ordinary insertion of text impossible. |
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1282 @code{suppress-keymap} returns @code{nil}. |
6558 | 1283 |
1284 If @var{nodigits} is @code{nil}, then @code{suppress-keymap} defines | |
1285 digits to run @code{digit-argument}, and @kbd{-} to run | |
1286 @code{negative-argument}. Otherwise it makes them undefined like the | |
1287 rest of the printing characters. | |
1288 | |
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1289 @cindex yank suppression |
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1290 @cindex @code{quoted-insert} suppression |
6558 | 1291 The @code{suppress-keymap} function does not make it impossible to |
1292 modify a buffer, as it does not suppress commands such as @code{yank} | |
1293 and @code{quoted-insert}. To prevent any modification of a buffer, make | |
1294 it read-only (@pxref{Read Only Buffers}). | |
1295 | |
1296 Since this function modifies @var{keymap}, you would normally use it | |
1297 on a newly created keymap. Operating on an existing keymap | |
1298 that is used for some other purpose is likely to cause trouble; for | |
1299 example, suppressing @code{global-map} would make it impossible to use | |
1300 most of Emacs. | |
1301 | |
1302 Most often, @code{suppress-keymap} is used to initialize local | |
1303 keymaps of modes such as Rmail and Dired where insertion of text is not | |
1304 desirable and the buffer is read-only. Here is an example taken from | |
1305 the file @file{emacs/lisp/dired.el}, showing how the local keymap for | |
1306 Dired mode is set up: | |
1307 | |
1308 @smallexample | |
1309 @group | |
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1310 (setq dired-mode-map (make-keymap)) |
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1311 (suppress-keymap dired-mode-map) |
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1312 (define-key dired-mode-map "r" 'dired-rename-file) |
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1313 (define-key dired-mode-map "\C-d" 'dired-flag-file-deleted) |
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1314 (define-key dired-mode-map "d" 'dired-flag-file-deleted) |
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1315 (define-key dired-mode-map "v" 'dired-view-file) |
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1316 (define-key dired-mode-map "e" 'dired-find-file) |
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1317 (define-key dired-mode-map "f" 'dired-find-file) |
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1318 @dots{} |
6558 | 1319 @end group |
1320 @end smallexample | |
1321 @end defun | |
1322 | |
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1323 @node Remapping Commands |
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1324 @section Remapping Commands |
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1325 @cindex remapping commands |
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1326 |
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1327 A special kind of key binding, using a special ``key sequence'' |
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1328 which includes a command name, has the effect of @dfn{remapping} that |
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1329 command into another. Here's how it works. You make a key binding |
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1330 for a key sequence that starts with the dummy event @code{remap}, |
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1331 followed by the command name you want to remap. Specify the remapped |
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1332 definition as the definition in this binding. The remapped definition |
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1333 is usually a command name, but it can be any valid definition for |
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1334 a key binding. |
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1335 |
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1336 Here's an example. Suppose that My mode uses special commands |
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1337 @code{my-kill-line} and @code{my-kill-word}, which should be invoked |
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1338 instead of @code{kill-line} and @code{kill-word}. It can establish |
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1339 this by making these two command-remapping bindings in its keymap: |
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1340 |
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1341 @smallexample |
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1342 (define-key my-mode-map [remap kill-line] 'my-kill-line) |
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1343 (define-key my-mode-map [remap kill-word] 'my-kill-word) |
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1344 @end smallexample |
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1345 |
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1346 Whenever @code{my-mode-map} is an active keymap, if the user types |
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1347 @kbd{C-k}, Emacs will find the standard global binding of |
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1348 @code{kill-line} (assuming nobody has changed it). But |
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1349 @code{my-mode-map} remaps @code{kill-line} to @code{my-kill-line}, |
52186
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1350 so instead of running @code{kill-line}, Emacs runs |
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1351 @code{my-kill-line}. |
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1352 |
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1353 Remapping only works through a single level. In other words, |
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1354 |
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1355 @smallexample |
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1356 (define-key my-mode-map [remap kill-line] 'my-kill-line) |
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1357 (define-key my-mode-map [remap my-kill-line] 'my-other-kill-line) |
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1358 @end smallexample |
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1359 |
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1360 @noindent |
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1361 does not have the effect of remapping @code{kill-line} into |
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1362 @code{my-other-kill-line}. If an ordinary key binding specifies |
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1363 @code{kill-line}, this keymap will remap it to @code{my-kill-line}; |
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1364 if an ordinary binding specifies @code{my-kill-line}, this keymap will |
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1365 remap it to @code{my-other-kill-line}. |
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1366 |
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1367 @defun command-remapping command |
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1368 This function returns the remapping for @var{command} (a symbol), |
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1369 given the current active keymaps. If @var{command} is not remapped |
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1370 (which is the usual situation), or not a symbol, the function returns |
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1371 @code{nil}. |
52186
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1372 @end defun |
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1373 |
6558 | 1374 @node Key Binding Commands |
1375 @section Commands for Binding Keys | |
1376 | |
1377 This section describes some convenient interactive interfaces for | |
1378 changing key bindings. They work by calling @code{define-key}. | |
1379 | |
25875 | 1380 People often use @code{global-set-key} in their init files |
1381 (@pxref{Init File}) for simple customization. For example, | |
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1382 |
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1383 @smallexample |
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1384 (global-set-key (kbd "C-x C-\\") 'next-line) |
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1385 @end smallexample |
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1386 |
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1387 @noindent |
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1388 or |
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1389 |
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1390 @smallexample |
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1391 (global-set-key [?\C-x ?\C-\\] 'next-line) |
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1392 @end smallexample |
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1393 |
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1394 @noindent |
12098 | 1395 or |
1396 | |
1397 @smallexample | |
1398 (global-set-key [(control ?x) (control ?\\)] 'next-line) | |
1399 @end smallexample | |
1400 | |
1401 @noindent | |
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1402 redefines @kbd{C-x C-\} to move down a line. |
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1403 |
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1404 @smallexample |
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1405 (global-set-key [M-mouse-1] 'mouse-set-point) |
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1406 @end smallexample |
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1407 |
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1408 @noindent |
60266 | 1409 redefines the first (leftmost) mouse button, entered with the Meta key, to |
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1410 set point where you click. |
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1411 |
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1412 @cindex non-@acronym{ASCII} text in keybindings |
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1413 Be careful when using non-@acronym{ASCII} text characters in Lisp |
25751
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1414 specifications of keys to bind. If these are read as multibyte text, as |
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1415 they usually will be in a Lisp file (@pxref{Loading Non-ASCII}), you |
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1416 must type the keys as multibyte too. For instance, if you use this: |
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1417 |
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1418 @smallexample |
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1419 (global-set-key "@"o" 'my-function) ; bind o-umlaut |
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1420 @end smallexample |
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1421 |
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1422 @noindent |
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1423 or |
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1424 |
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1425 @smallexample |
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1426 (global-set-key ?@"o 'my-function) ; bind o-umlaut |
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1427 @end smallexample |
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1428 |
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1429 @noindent |
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1430 and your language environment is multibyte Latin-1, these commands |
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1431 actually bind the multibyte character with code 2294, not the unibyte |
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1432 Latin-1 character with code 246 (@kbd{M-v}). In order to use this |
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1433 binding, you need to enter the multibyte Latin-1 character as keyboard |
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1434 input. One way to do this is by using an appropriate input method |
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1435 (@pxref{Input Methods, , Input Methods, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). |
25751
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1436 |
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1437 If you want to use a unibyte character in the key binding, you can |
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1438 construct the key sequence string using @code{multibyte-char-to-unibyte} |
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1439 or @code{string-make-unibyte} (@pxref{Converting Representations}). |
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1440 |
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1441 @deffn Command global-set-key key binding |
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1442 This function sets the binding of @var{key} in the current global map |
63949
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1443 to @var{binding}. |
6558 | 1444 |
1445 @smallexample | |
1446 @group | |
63949
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1447 (global-set-key @var{key} @var{binding}) |
6558 | 1448 @equiv{} |
63949
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1449 (define-key (current-global-map) @var{key} @var{binding}) |
6558 | 1450 @end group |
1451 @end smallexample | |
1452 @end deffn | |
1453 | |
1454 @deffn Command global-unset-key key | |
1455 @cindex unbinding keys | |
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1456 This function removes the binding of @var{key} from the current |
6558 | 1457 global map. |
1458 | |
1459 One use of this function is in preparation for defining a longer key | |
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1460 that uses @var{key} as a prefix---which would not be allowed if |
6558 | 1461 @var{key} has a non-prefix binding. For example: |
1462 | |
1463 @smallexample | |
1464 @group | |
1465 (global-unset-key "\C-l") | |
1466 @result{} nil | |
1467 @end group | |
1468 @group | |
1469 (global-set-key "\C-l\C-l" 'redraw-display) | |
1470 @result{} nil | |
1471 @end group | |
1472 @end smallexample | |
1473 | |
1474 This function is implemented simply using @code{define-key}: | |
1475 | |
1476 @smallexample | |
1477 @group | |
1478 (global-unset-key @var{key}) | |
1479 @equiv{} | |
1480 (define-key (current-global-map) @var{key} nil) | |
1481 @end group | |
1482 @end smallexample | |
1483 @end deffn | |
1484 | |
63949
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1485 @deffn Command local-set-key key binding |
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1486 This function sets the binding of @var{key} in the current local |
63949
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1487 keymap to @var{binding}. |
6558 | 1488 |
1489 @smallexample | |
1490 @group | |
63949
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1491 (local-set-key @var{key} @var{binding}) |
6558 | 1492 @equiv{} |
63949
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|
1493 (define-key (current-local-map) @var{key} @var{binding}) |
6558 | 1494 @end group |
1495 @end smallexample | |
1496 @end deffn | |
1497 | |
1498 @deffn Command local-unset-key key | |
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1499 This function removes the binding of @var{key} from the current |
6558 | 1500 local map. |
1501 | |
1502 @smallexample | |
1503 @group | |
1504 (local-unset-key @var{key}) | |
1505 @equiv{} | |
1506 (define-key (current-local-map) @var{key} nil) | |
1507 @end group | |
1508 @end smallexample | |
1509 @end deffn | |
1510 | |
1511 @node Scanning Keymaps | |
1512 @section Scanning Keymaps | |
1513 | |
1514 This section describes functions used to scan all the current keymaps | |
1515 for the sake of printing help information. | |
1516 | |
1517 @defun accessible-keymaps keymap &optional prefix | |
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1518 This function returns a list of all the keymaps that can be reached (via |
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1519 zero or more prefix keys) from @var{keymap}. The value is an |
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1520 association list with elements of the form @code{(@var{key} .@: |
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1521 @var{map})}, where @var{key} is a prefix key whose definition in |
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1522 @var{keymap} is @var{map}. |
6558 | 1523 |
1524 The elements of the alist are ordered so that the @var{key} increases | |
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1525 in length. The first element is always @code{([] .@: @var{keymap})}, |
6558 | 1526 because the specified keymap is accessible from itself with a prefix of |
1527 no events. | |
1528 | |
1529 If @var{prefix} is given, it should be a prefix key sequence; then | |
1530 @code{accessible-keymaps} includes only the submaps whose prefixes start | |
1531 with @var{prefix}. These elements look just as they do in the value of | |
1532 @code{(accessible-keymaps)}; the only difference is that some elements | |
1533 are omitted. | |
1534 | |
1535 In the example below, the returned alist indicates that the key | |
1536 @key{ESC}, which is displayed as @samp{^[}, is a prefix key whose | |
1537 definition is the sparse keymap @code{(keymap (83 .@: center-paragraph) | |
1538 (115 .@: foo))}. | |
1539 | |
1540 @smallexample | |
1541 @group | |
1542 (accessible-keymaps (current-local-map)) | |
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1543 @result{}(([] keymap |
6558 | 1544 (27 keymap ; @r{Note this keymap for @key{ESC} is repeated below.} |
1545 (83 . center-paragraph) | |
1546 (115 . center-line)) | |
1547 (9 . tab-to-tab-stop)) | |
1548 @end group | |
1549 | |
1550 @group | |
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1551 ("^[" keymap |
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1552 (83 . center-paragraph) |
6558 | 1553 (115 . foo))) |
1554 @end group | |
1555 @end smallexample | |
1556 | |
1557 In the following example, @kbd{C-h} is a prefix key that uses a sparse | |
1558 keymap starting with @code{(keymap (118 . describe-variable)@dots{})}. | |
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1559 Another prefix, @kbd{C-x 4}, uses a keymap which is also the value of |
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1560 the variable @code{ctl-x-4-map}. The event @code{mode-line} is one of |
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1561 several dummy events used as prefixes for mouse actions in special parts |
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1562 of a window. |
6558 | 1563 |
1564 @smallexample | |
1565 @group | |
1566 (accessible-keymaps (current-global-map)) | |
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1567 @result{} (([] keymap [set-mark-command beginning-of-line @dots{} |
6558 | 1568 delete-backward-char]) |
1569 @end group | |
1570 @group | |
1571 ("^H" keymap (118 . describe-variable) @dots{} | |
1572 (8 . help-for-help)) | |
1573 @end group | |
1574 @group | |
1575 ("^X" keymap [x-flush-mouse-queue @dots{} | |
1576 backward-kill-sentence]) | |
1577 @end group | |
1578 @group | |
1579 ("^[" keymap [mark-sexp backward-sexp @dots{} | |
1580 backward-kill-word]) | |
1581 @end group | |
1582 ("^X4" keymap (15 . display-buffer) @dots{}) | |
1583 @group | |
1584 ([mode-line] keymap | |
1585 (S-mouse-2 . mouse-split-window-horizontally) @dots{})) | |
1586 @end group | |
1587 @end smallexample | |
1588 | |
1589 @noindent | |
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1590 These are not all the keymaps you would see in actuality. |
6558 | 1591 @end defun |
1592 | |
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1593 @defun map-keymap function keymap |
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1594 The function @code{map-keymap} calls @var{function} once |
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1595 for each binding in @var{keymap}. It passes two arguments, |
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1596 the event type and the value of the binding. If @var{keymap} |
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1597 has a parent, the parent's bindings are included as well. |
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1598 This works recursively: if the parent has itself a parent, then the |
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1599 grandparent's bindings are also included and so on. |
51921
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1600 |
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1601 This function is the cleanest way to examine all the bindings |
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1602 in a keymap. |
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1603 @end defun |
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1604 |
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1605 @defun where-is-internal command &optional keymap firstonly noindirect no-remap |
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1606 This function is a subroutine used by the @code{where-is} command |
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1607 (@pxref{Help, , Help, emacs,The GNU Emacs Manual}). It returns a list |
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1608 of all key sequences (of any length) that are bound to @var{command} in a |
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1609 set of keymaps. |
6558 | 1610 |
1611 The argument @var{command} can be any object; it is compared with all | |
1612 keymap entries using @code{eq}. | |
1613 | |
1614 If @var{keymap} is @code{nil}, then the maps used are the current active | |
1615 keymaps, disregarding @code{overriding-local-map} (that is, pretending | |
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1616 its value is @code{nil}). If @var{keymap} is a keymap, then the |
39203
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1617 maps searched are @var{keymap} and the global keymap. If @var{keymap} |
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1618 is a list of keymaps, only those keymaps are searched. |
6558 | 1619 |
1620 Usually it's best to use @code{overriding-local-map} as the expression | |
1621 for @var{keymap}. Then @code{where-is-internal} searches precisely the | |
1622 keymaps that are active. To search only the global map, pass | |
1623 @code{(keymap)} (an empty keymap) as @var{keymap}. | |
1624 | |
1625 If @var{firstonly} is @code{non-ascii}, then the value is a single | |
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1626 vector representing the first key sequence found, rather than a list of |
6558 | 1627 all possible key sequences. If @var{firstonly} is @code{t}, then the |
1628 value is the first key sequence, except that key sequences consisting | |
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1629 entirely of @acronym{ASCII} characters (or meta variants of @acronym{ASCII} |
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1630 characters) are preferred to all other key sequences and that the |
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1631 return value can never be a menu binding. |
6558 | 1632 |
1633 If @var{noindirect} is non-@code{nil}, @code{where-is-internal} doesn't | |
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1634 follow indirect keymap bindings. This makes it possible to search for |
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1635 an indirect definition itself. |
6558 | 1636 |
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1637 When command remapping is in effect (@pxref{Remapping Commands}), |
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1638 @code{where-is-internal} figures out when a command will be run due to |
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1639 remapping and reports keys accordingly. It also returns @code{nil} if |
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1640 @var{command} won't really be run because it has been remapped to some |
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1641 other command. However, if @var{no-remap} is non-@code{nil}. |
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1642 @code{where-is-internal} ignores remappings. |
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1643 |
6558 | 1644 @smallexample |
1645 @group | |
1646 (where-is-internal 'describe-function) | |
1647 @result{} ("\^hf" "\^hd") | |
1648 @end group | |
1649 @end smallexample | |
1650 @end defun | |
1651 | |
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1652 @deffn Command describe-bindings &optional prefix buffer-or-name |
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1653 This function creates a listing of all current key bindings, and |
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1654 displays it in a buffer named @samp{*Help*}. The text is grouped by |
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1655 modes---minor modes first, then the major mode, then global bindings. |
6558 | 1656 |
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1657 If @var{prefix} is non-@code{nil}, it should be a prefix key; then the |
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1658 listing includes only keys that start with @var{prefix}. |
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1659 |
6558 | 1660 The listing describes meta characters as @key{ESC} followed by the |
1661 corresponding non-meta character. | |
1662 | |
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1663 When several characters with consecutive @acronym{ASCII} codes have the |
6558 | 1664 same definition, they are shown together, as |
1665 @samp{@var{firstchar}..@var{lastchar}}. In this instance, you need to | |
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1666 know the @acronym{ASCII} codes to understand which characters this means. |
6558 | 1667 For example, in the default global map, the characters @samp{@key{SPC} |
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1668 ..@: ~} are described by a single line. @key{SPC} is @acronym{ASCII} 32, |
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1669 @kbd{~} is @acronym{ASCII} 126, and the characters between them include all |
6558 | 1670 the normal printing characters, (e.g., letters, digits, punctuation, |
1671 etc.@:); all these characters are bound to @code{self-insert-command}. | |
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1672 |
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1673 If @var{buffer-or-name} is non-@code{nil}, it should be a buffer or a |
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1674 buffer name. Then @code{describe-bindings} lists that buffer's bindings, |
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1675 instead of the current buffer's. |
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1676 @end deffn |
6558 | 1677 |
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1678 @node Menu Keymaps |
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1679 @section Menu Keymaps |
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1680 @cindex menu keymaps |
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1681 |
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1682 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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1683 A keymap can define a menu as well as bindings for keyboard keys and |
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1684 mouse button. Menus are usually actuated with the mouse, but they can |
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1685 work with the keyboard also. |
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1686 |
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1687 @menu |
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1688 * Defining Menus:: How to make a keymap that defines a menu. |
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1689 * Mouse Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the mouse. |
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1690 * Keyboard Menus:: How they actuate it with the keyboard. |
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1691 * Menu Example:: Making a simple menu. |
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1692 * Menu Bar:: How to customize the menu bar. |
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1693 * Tool Bar:: A tool bar is a row of images. |
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1694 * Modifying Menus:: How to add new items to a menu. |
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1695 @end menu |
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1696 |
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1697 @node Defining Menus |
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1698 @subsection Defining Menus |
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1699 @cindex defining menus |
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1700 @cindex menu prompt string |
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1701 @cindex prompt string (of menu) |
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1702 |
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1703 A keymap is suitable for menu use if it has an @dfn{overall prompt |
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1704 string}, which is a string that appears as an element of the keymap. |
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1705 (@xref{Format of Keymaps}.) The string should describe the purpose of |
28873 | 1706 the menu's commands. Emacs displays the overall prompt string as the |
31374 | 1707 menu title in some cases, depending on the toolkit (if any) used for |
1708 displaying menus.@footnote{It is required for menus which do not use a | |
1709 toolkit, e.g.@: under MS-DOS.} Keyboard menus also display the overall | |
1710 prompt string. | |
28873 | 1711 |
1712 The easiest way to construct a keymap with a prompt string is to specify | |
31374 | 1713 the string as an argument when you call @code{make-keymap}, |
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1714 @code{make-sparse-keymap} (@pxref{Creating Keymaps}), or |
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1715 @code{define-prefix-command} (@pxref{Definition of define-prefix-command}). |
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1716 |
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1717 |
51921
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1718 @defun keymap-prompt keymap |
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1719 This function returns the overall prompt string of @var{keymap}, |
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1720 or @code{nil} if it has none. |
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1721 @end defun |
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1722 |
10522
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1723 The order of items in the menu is the same as the order of bindings in |
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1724 the keymap. Since @code{define-key} puts new bindings at the front, you |
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1725 should define the menu items starting at the bottom of the menu and |
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1726 moving to the top, if you care about the order. When you add an item to |
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1727 an existing menu, you can specify its position in the menu using |
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1728 @code{define-key-after} (@pxref{Modifying Menus}). |
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1729 |
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1730 @menu |
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1731 * Simple Menu Items:: A simple kind of menu key binding, |
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1732 limited in capabilities. |
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1733 * Extended Menu Items:: More powerful menu item definitions |
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1734 let you specify keywords to enable |
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1735 various features. |
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1736 * Menu Separators:: Drawing a horizontal line through a menu. |
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1737 * Alias Menu Items:: Using command aliases in menu items. |
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1738 @end menu |
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1739 |
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1740 @node Simple Menu Items |
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1741 @subsubsection Simple Menu Items |
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1742 |
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1743 The simpler and older way to define a menu keymap binding |
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1744 looks like this: |
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1745 |
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1746 @example |
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1747 (@var{item-string} . @var{real-binding}) |
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1748 @end example |
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1749 |
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1750 @noindent |
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1751 The @sc{car}, @var{item-string}, is the string to be displayed in the |
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1752 menu. It should be short---preferably one to three words. It should |
52782 | 1753 describe the action of the command it corresponds to. Note that it is |
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1754 not generally possible to display non-@acronym{ASCII} text in menus. It will |
52782 | 1755 work for keyboard menus and will work to a large extent when Emacs is |
60266 | 1756 built with the Gtk+ toolkit.@footnote{In this case, the text is first |
52782 | 1757 encoded using the @code{utf-8} coding system and then rendered by the |
1758 toolkit as it sees fit.} | |
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1759 |
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1760 You can also supply a second string, called the help string, as follows: |
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1761 |
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1762 @example |
31374 | 1763 (@var{item-string} @var{help} . @var{real-binding}) |
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1764 @end example |
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1765 |
31374 | 1766 @var{help} specifies a ``help-echo'' string to display while the mouse |
1767 is on that item in the same way as @code{help-echo} text properties | |
1768 (@pxref{Help display}). | |
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1769 |
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1770 As far as @code{define-key} is concerned, @var{item-string} and |
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1771 @var{help-string} are part of the event's binding. However, |
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1772 @code{lookup-key} returns just @var{real-binding}, and only |
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1773 @var{real-binding} is used for executing the key. |
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1774 |
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1775 If @var{real-binding} is @code{nil}, then @var{item-string} appears in |
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1776 the menu but cannot be selected. |
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1777 |
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1778 If @var{real-binding} is a symbol and has a non-@code{nil} |
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1779 @code{menu-enable} property, that property is an expression that |
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1780 controls whether the menu item is enabled. Every time the keymap is |
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1781 used to display a menu, Emacs evaluates the expression, and it enables |
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1782 the menu item only if the expression's value is non-@code{nil}. When a |
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1783 menu item is disabled, it is displayed in a ``fuzzy'' fashion, and |
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1784 cannot be selected. |
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1785 |
12098 | 1786 The menu bar does not recalculate which items are enabled every time you |
1787 look at a menu. This is because the X toolkit requires the whole tree | |
1788 of menus in advance. To force recalculation of the menu bar, call | |
1789 @code{force-mode-line-update} (@pxref{Mode Line Format}). | |
1790 | |
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1791 You've probably noticed that menu items show the equivalent keyboard key |
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1792 sequence (if any) to invoke the same command. To save time on |
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1793 recalculation, menu display caches this information in a sublist in the |
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1794 binding, like this: |
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1795 |
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1796 @c This line is not too long--rms. |
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1797 @example |
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1798 (@var{item-string} @r{[}@var{help-string}@r{]} (@var{key-binding-data}) . @var{real-binding}) |
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1799 @end example |
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1800 |
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1801 @noindent |
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1802 Don't put these sublists in the menu item yourself; menu display |
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1803 calculates them automatically. Don't mention keyboard equivalents in |
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1804 the item strings themselves, since that is redundant. |
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1805 |
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1806 @node Extended Menu Items |
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1807 @subsubsection Extended Menu Items |
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1808 @kindex menu-item |
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1809 |
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1810 An extended-format menu item is a more flexible and also cleaner |
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1811 alternative to the simple format. It consists of a list that starts |
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1812 with the symbol @code{menu-item}. To define a non-selectable string, |
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1813 the item looks like this: |
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1814 |
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1815 @example |
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1816 (menu-item @var{item-name}) |
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1817 @end example |
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1818 |
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1819 @noindent |
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1820 A string starting with two or more dashes specifies a separator line; |
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1821 see @ref{Menu Separators}. |
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1822 |
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1823 To define a real menu item which can be selected, the extended format |
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1824 item looks like this: |
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1825 |
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1826 @example |
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1827 (menu-item @var{item-name} @var{real-binding} |
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1828 . @var{item-property-list}) |
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1829 @end example |
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1830 |
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1831 @noindent |
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1832 Here, @var{item-name} is an expression which evaluates to the menu item |
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1833 string. Thus, the string need not be a constant. The third element, |
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1834 @var{real-binding}, is the command to execute. The tail of the list, |
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1835 @var{item-property-list}, has the form of a property list which contains |
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1836 other information. Here is a table of the properties that are supported: |
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1837 |
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1838 @table @code |
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1839 @item :enable @var{form} |
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1840 The result of evaluating @var{form} determines whether the item is |
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1841 enabled (non-@code{nil} means yes). If the item is not enabled, |
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1842 you can't really click on it. |
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1843 |
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1844 @item :visible @var{form} |
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1845 The result of evaluating @var{form} determines whether the item should |
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1846 actually appear in the menu (non-@code{nil} means yes). If the item |
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1847 does not appear, then the menu is displayed as if this item were |
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1848 not defined at all. |
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1849 |
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1850 @item :help @var{help} |
31374 | 1851 The value of this property, @var{help}, specifies a ``help-echo'' string |
1852 to display while the mouse is on that item. This is displayed in the | |
1853 same way as @code{help-echo} text properties (@pxref{Help display}). | |
1854 Note that this must be a constant string, unlike the @code{help-echo} | |
1855 property for text and overlays. | |
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1856 |
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1857 @item :button (@var{type} . @var{selected}) |
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1858 This property provides a way to define radio buttons and toggle buttons. |
25875 | 1859 The @sc{car}, @var{type}, says which: it should be @code{:toggle} or |
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1860 @code{:radio}. The @sc{cdr}, @var{selected}, should be a form; the |
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1861 result of evaluating it says whether this button is currently selected. |
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1862 |
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1863 A @dfn{toggle} is a menu item which is labeled as either ``on'' or ``off'' |
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1864 according to the value of @var{selected}. The command itself should |
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1865 toggle @var{selected}, setting it to @code{t} if it is @code{nil}, |
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1866 and to @code{nil} if it is @code{t}. Here is how the menu item |
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1867 to toggle the @code{debug-on-error} flag is defined: |
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1868 |
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1869 @example |
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1870 (menu-item "Debug on Error" toggle-debug-on-error |
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1871 :button (:toggle |
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1872 . (and (boundp 'debug-on-error) |
24952 | 1873 debug-on-error))) |
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1874 @end example |
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1875 |
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1876 @noindent |
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1877 This works because @code{toggle-debug-on-error} is defined as a command |
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1878 which toggles the variable @code{debug-on-error}. |
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1879 |
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1880 @dfn{Radio buttons} are a group of menu items, in which at any time one |
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1881 and only one is ``selected.'' There should be a variable whose value |
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1882 says which one is selected at any time. The @var{selected} form for |
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1883 each radio button in the group should check whether the variable has the |
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1884 right value for selecting that button. Clicking on the button should |
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1885 set the variable so that the button you clicked on becomes selected. |
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1886 |
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1887 @item :key-sequence @var{key-sequence} |
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1888 This property specifies which key sequence is likely to be bound to the |
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1889 same command invoked by this menu item. If you specify the right key |
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1890 sequence, that makes preparing the menu for display run much faster. |
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1891 |
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1892 If you specify the wrong key sequence, it has no effect; before Emacs |
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1893 displays @var{key-sequence} in the menu, it verifies that |
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1894 @var{key-sequence} is really equivalent to this menu item. |
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1895 |
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1896 @item :key-sequence nil |
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1897 This property indicates that there is normally no key binding which is |
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1898 equivalent to this menu item. Using this property saves time in |
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1899 preparing the menu for display, because Emacs does not need to search |
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1900 the keymaps for a keyboard equivalent for this menu item. |
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1901 |
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1902 However, if the user has rebound this item's definition to a key |
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1903 sequence, Emacs ignores the @code{:keys} property and finds the keyboard |
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1904 equivalent anyway. |
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1905 |
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1906 @item :keys @var{string} |
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1907 This property specifies that @var{string} is the string to display |
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1908 as the keyboard equivalent for this menu item. You can use |
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1909 the @samp{\\[...]} documentation construct in @var{string}. |
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1910 |
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1911 @item :filter @var{filter-fn} |
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1912 This property provides a way to compute the menu item dynamically. |
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1913 The property value @var{filter-fn} should be a function of one argument; |
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1914 when it is called, its argument will be @var{real-binding}. The |
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1915 function should return the binding to use instead. |
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1916 |
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1917 Emacs can call this function at any time that it does redisplay or |
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1918 operates on menu data structures, so you should write it so it can |
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1919 safely be called at any time. |
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1920 @end table |
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1921 |
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1922 @node Menu Separators |
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1923 @subsubsection Menu Separators |
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1924 @cindex menu separators |
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1925 |
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1926 A menu separator is a kind of menu item that doesn't display any |
54916 | 1927 text---instead, it divides the menu into subparts with a horizontal line. |
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1928 A separator looks like this in the menu keymap: |
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1929 |
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1930 @example |
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1931 (menu-item @var{separator-type}) |
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1932 @end example |
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1933 |
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1934 @noindent |
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1935 where @var{separator-type} is a string starting with two or more dashes. |
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1936 |
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1937 In the simplest case, @var{separator-type} consists of only dashes. |
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1938 That specifies the default kind of separator. (For compatibility, |
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1939 @code{""} and @code{-} also count as separators.) |
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1940 |
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1941 Certain other values of @var{separator-type} specify a different |
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1942 style of separator. Here is a table of them: |
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1943 |
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1944 @table @code |
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1945 @item "--no-line" |
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1946 @itemx "--space" |
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1947 An extra vertical space, with no actual line. |
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1948 |
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1949 @item "--single-line" |
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1950 A single line in the menu's foreground color. |
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1951 |
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1952 @item "--double-line" |
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1953 A double line in the menu's foreground color. |
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1954 |
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1955 @item "--single-dashed-line" |
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1956 A single dashed line in the menu's foreground color. |
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1957 |
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1958 @item "--double-dashed-line" |
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1959 A double dashed line in the menu's foreground color. |
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1960 |
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1961 @item "--shadow-etched-in" |
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1962 A single line with a 3D sunken appearance. This is the default, |
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1963 used separators consisting of dashes only. |
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1964 |
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1965 @item "--shadow-etched-out" |
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1966 A single line with a 3D raised appearance. |
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1967 |
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1968 @item "--shadow-etched-in-dash" |
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1969 A single dashed line with a 3D sunken appearance. |
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1970 |
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1971 @item "--shadow-etched-out-dash" |
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1972 A single dashed line with a 3D raised appearance. |
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1973 |
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1974 @item "--shadow-double-etched-in" |
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1975 Two lines with a 3D sunken appearance. |
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1976 |
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1977 @item "--shadow-double-etched-out" |
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1978 Two lines with a 3D raised appearance. |
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1979 |
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1980 @item "--shadow-double-etched-in-dash" |
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1981 Two dashed lines with a 3D sunken appearance. |
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1982 |
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1983 @item "--shadow-double-etched-out-dash" |
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1984 Two dashed lines with a 3D raised appearance. |
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1985 @end table |
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1986 |
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1987 You can also give these names in another style, adding a colon after |
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1988 the double-dash and replacing each single dash with capitalization of |
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1989 the following word. Thus, @code{"--:singleLine"}, is equivalent to |
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1990 @code{"--single-line"}. |
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1991 |
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1992 Some systems and display toolkits don't really handle all of these |
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1993 separator types. If you use a type that isn't supported, the menu |
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1994 displays a similar kind of separator that is supported. |
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1995 |
22138
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1996 @node Alias Menu Items |
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1997 @subsubsection Alias Menu Items |
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1998 |
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1999 Sometimes it is useful to make menu items that use the ``same'' |
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2000 command but with different enable conditions. The best way to do this |
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2001 in Emacs now is with extended menu items; before that feature existed, |
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2002 it could be done by defining alias commands and using them in menu |
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2003 items. Here's an example that makes two aliases for |
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2004 @code{toggle-read-only} and gives them different enable conditions: |
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2005 |
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2006 @example |
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2007 (defalias 'make-read-only 'toggle-read-only) |
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2008 (put 'make-read-only 'menu-enable '(not buffer-read-only)) |
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2009 (defalias 'make-writable 'toggle-read-only) |
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2010 (put 'make-writable 'menu-enable 'buffer-read-only) |
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2011 @end example |
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2012 |
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2013 When using aliases in menus, often it is useful to display the |
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2014 equivalent key bindings for the ``real'' command name, not the aliases |
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2015 (which typically don't have any key bindings except for the menu |
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2016 itself). To request this, give the alias symbol a non-@code{nil} |
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2017 @code{menu-alias} property. Thus, |
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2018 |
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2019 @example |
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2020 (put 'make-read-only 'menu-alias t) |
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2021 (put 'make-writable 'menu-alias t) |
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2022 @end example |
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2023 |
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2024 @noindent |
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2025 causes menu items for @code{make-read-only} and @code{make-writable} to |
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2026 show the keyboard bindings for @code{toggle-read-only}. |
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2027 |
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2028 @node Mouse Menus |
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2029 @subsection Menus and the Mouse |
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2030 |
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2031 The usual way to make a menu keymap produce a menu is to make it the |
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2032 definition of a prefix key. (A Lisp program can explicitly pop up a |
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2033 menu and receive the user's choice---see @ref{Pop-Up Menus}.) |
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2034 |
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2035 If the prefix key ends with a mouse event, Emacs handles the menu keymap |
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2036 by popping up a visible menu, so that the user can select a choice with |
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2037 the mouse. When the user clicks on a menu item, the event generated is |
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2038 whatever character or symbol has the binding that brought about that |
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2039 menu item. (A menu item may generate a series of events if the menu has |
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2040 multiple levels or comes from the menu bar.) |
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2041 |
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2042 It's often best to use a button-down event to trigger the menu. Then |
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2043 the user can select a menu item by releasing the button. |
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2044 |
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2045 A single keymap can appear as multiple menu panes, if you explicitly |
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2046 arrange for this. The way to do this is to make a keymap for each pane, |
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2047 then create a binding for each of those maps in the main keymap of the |
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2048 menu. Give each of these bindings an item string that starts with |
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2049 @samp{@@}. The rest of the item string becomes the name of the pane. |
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2050 See the file @file{lisp/mouse.el} for an example of this. Any ordinary |
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2051 bindings with @samp{@@}-less item strings are grouped into one pane, |
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2052 which appears along with the other panes explicitly created for the |
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2053 submaps. |
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2054 |
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2055 X toolkit menus don't have panes; instead, they can have submenus. |
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2056 Every nested keymap becomes a submenu, whether the item string starts |
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2057 with @samp{@@} or not. In a toolkit version of Emacs, the only thing |
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2058 special about @samp{@@} at the beginning of an item string is that the |
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2059 @samp{@@} doesn't appear in the menu item. |
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2060 |
60266 | 2061 Multiple keymaps that define the same menu prefix key produce |
2062 separate panes or separate submenus. | |
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2063 |
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2064 @node Keyboard Menus |
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2065 @subsection Menus and the Keyboard |
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2066 |
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2067 When a prefix key ending with a keyboard event (a character or function |
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2068 key) has a definition that is a menu keymap, the user can use the |
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2069 keyboard to choose a menu item. |
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2070 |
28873 | 2071 Emacs displays the menu's overall prompt string followed by the |
2072 alternatives (the item strings of the bindings) in the echo area. If | |
2073 the bindings don't all fit at once, the user can type @key{SPC} to see | |
2074 the next line of alternatives. Successive uses of @key{SPC} eventually | |
2075 get to the end of the menu and then cycle around to the beginning. (The | |
2076 variable @code{menu-prompt-more-char} specifies which character is used | |
2077 for this; @key{SPC} is the default.) | |
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2078 |
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2079 When the user has found the desired alternative from the menu, he or she |
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2080 should type the corresponding character---the one whose binding is that |
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2081 alternative. |
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2082 |
12098 | 2083 @ignore |
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2084 In a menu intended for keyboard use, each menu item must clearly |
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2085 indicate what character to type. The best convention to use is to make |
12098 | 2086 the character the first letter of the item string---that is something |
2087 users will understand without being told. We plan to change this; by | |
2088 the time you read this manual, keyboard menus may explicitly name the | |
2089 key for each alternative. | |
2090 @end ignore | |
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2091 |
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2092 This way of using menus in an Emacs-like editor was inspired by the |
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2093 Hierarkey system. |
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2094 |
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2095 @defvar menu-prompt-more-char |
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2096 This variable specifies the character to use to ask to see |
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2097 the next line of a menu. Its initial value is 32, the code |
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2098 for @key{SPC}. |
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2099 @end defvar |
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2100 |
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2101 @node Menu Example |
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2102 @subsection Menu Example |
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2103 @cindex menu definition example |
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2104 |
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2105 Here is a complete example of defining a menu keymap. It is the |
60266 | 2106 definition of the @samp{Replace} submenu in the @samp{Edit} menu in |
2107 the menu bar, and it uses the extended menu item format | |
2108 (@pxref{Extended Menu Items}). First we create the keymap, and give | |
2109 it a name: | |
2110 | |
2111 @smallexample | |
2112 (defvar menu-bar-replace-menu (make-sparse-keymap "Replace")) | |
2113 @end smallexample | |
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2114 |
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2115 @noindent |
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2116 Next we define the menu items: |
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2117 |
60266 | 2118 @smallexample |
2119 (define-key menu-bar-replace-menu [tags-repl-continue] | |
2120 '(menu-item "Continue Replace" tags-loop-continue | |
2121 :help "Continue last tags replace operation")) | |
2122 (define-key menu-bar-replace-menu [tags-repl] | |
2123 '(menu-item "Replace in tagged files" tags-query-replace | |
2124 :help "Interactively replace a regexp in all tagged files")) | |
2125 (define-key menu-bar-replace-menu [separator-replace-tags] | |
2126 '(menu-item "--")) | |
2127 ;; @r{@dots{}} | |
2128 @end smallexample | |
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2129 |
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2130 @noindent |
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2131 Note the symbols which the bindings are ``made for''; these appear |
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2132 inside square brackets, in the key sequence being defined. In some |
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2133 cases, this symbol is the same as the command name; sometimes it is |
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2134 different. These symbols are treated as ``function keys'', but they are |
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2135 not real function keys on the keyboard. They do not affect the |
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2136 functioning of the menu itself, but they are ``echoed'' in the echo area |
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2137 when the user selects from the menu, and they appear in the output of |
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2138 @code{where-is} and @code{apropos}. |
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2139 |
56641
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2140 The menu in this example is intended for use with the mouse. If a |
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2141 menu is intended for use with the keyboard, that is, if it is bound to |
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2142 a key sequence ending with a keyboard event, then the menu items |
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2143 should be bound to characters or ``real'' function keys, that can be |
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2144 typed with the keyboard. |
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2145 |
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2146 The binding whose definition is @code{("--")} is a separator line. |
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2147 Like a real menu item, the separator has a key symbol, in this case |
60266 | 2148 @code{separator-replace-tags}. If one menu has two separators, they |
2149 must have two different key symbols. | |
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2150 |
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2151 Here is how we make this menu appear as an item in the parent menu: |
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2152 |
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2153 @example |
60266 | 2154 (define-key menu-bar-edit-menu [replace] |
2155 (list 'menu-item "Replace" menu-bar-replace-menu)) | |
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2156 @end example |
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2157 |
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2158 @noindent |
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2159 Note that this incorporates the submenu keymap, which is the value of |
60266 | 2160 the variable @code{menu-bar-replace-menu}, rather than the symbol |
2161 @code{menu-bar-replace-menu} itself. Using that symbol in the parent | |
2162 menu item would be meaningless because @code{menu-bar-replace-menu} is | |
2163 not a command. | |
2164 | |
2165 If you wanted to attach the same replace menu to a mouse click, you | |
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2166 can do it this way: |
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2167 |
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2168 @example |
22138
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2169 (define-key global-map [C-S-down-mouse-1] |
60266 | 2170 menu-bar-replace-menu) |
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2171 @end example |
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2172 |
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2173 @node Menu Bar |
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2174 @subsection The Menu Bar |
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2175 @cindex menu bar |
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2176 |
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2177 Most window systems allow each frame to have a @dfn{menu bar}---a |
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2178 permanently displayed menu stretching horizontally across the top of the |
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2179 frame. The items of the menu bar are the subcommands of the fake |
60266 | 2180 ``function key'' @code{menu-bar}, as defined in the active keymaps. |
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2181 |
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2182 To add an item to the menu bar, invent a fake ``function key'' of your |
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2183 own (let's call it @var{key}), and make a binding for the key sequence |
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2184 @code{[menu-bar @var{key}]}. Most often, the binding is a menu keymap, |
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2185 so that pressing a button on the menu bar item leads to another menu. |
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2186 |
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2187 When more than one active keymap defines the same fake function key |
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2188 for the menu bar, the item appears just once. If the user clicks on |
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2189 that menu bar item, it brings up a single, combined menu containing |
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2190 all the subcommands of that item---the global subcommands, the local |
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2191 subcommands, and the minor mode subcommands. |
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2192 |
12067 | 2193 The variable @code{overriding-local-map} is normally ignored when |
2194 determining the menu bar contents. That is, the menu bar is computed | |
2195 from the keymaps that would be active if @code{overriding-local-map} | |
2196 were @code{nil}. @xref{Active Keymaps}. | |
2197 | |
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2198 In order for a frame to display a menu bar, its @code{menu-bar-lines} |
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2199 parameter must be greater than zero. Emacs uses just one line for the |
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2200 menu bar itself; if you specify more than one line, the other lines |
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2201 serve to separate the menu bar from the windows in the frame. We |
64876 | 2202 recommend 1 or 2 as the value of @code{menu-bar-lines}. @xref{Layout |
12098 | 2203 Parameters}. |
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2204 |
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2205 Here's an example of setting up a menu bar item: |
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2206 |
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2207 @example |
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2208 @group |
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2209 (modify-frame-parameters (selected-frame) |
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2210 '((menu-bar-lines . 2))) |
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2211 @end group |
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2212 |
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2213 @group |
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2214 ;; @r{Make a menu keymap (with a prompt string)} |
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2215 ;; @r{and make it the menu bar item's definition.} |
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2216 (define-key global-map [menu-bar words] |
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2217 (cons "Words" (make-sparse-keymap "Words"))) |
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2218 @end group |
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2219 |
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2220 @group |
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2221 ;; @r{Define specific subcommands in this menu.} |
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2222 (define-key global-map |
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2223 [menu-bar words forward] |
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2224 '("Forward word" . forward-word)) |
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2225 @end group |
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2226 @group |
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2227 (define-key global-map |
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2228 [menu-bar words backward] |
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2229 '("Backward word" . backward-word)) |
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2230 @end group |
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2231 @end example |
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2232 |
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2233 A local keymap can cancel a menu bar item made by the global keymap by |
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2234 rebinding the same fake function key with @code{undefined} as the |
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2235 binding. For example, this is how Dired suppresses the @samp{Edit} menu |
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2236 bar item: |
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2237 |
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2238 @example |
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2239 (define-key dired-mode-map [menu-bar edit] 'undefined) |
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2240 @end example |
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2241 |
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2242 @noindent |
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2243 @code{edit} is the fake function key used by the global map for the |
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2244 @samp{Edit} menu bar item. The main reason to suppress a global |
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2245 menu bar item is to regain space for mode-specific items. |
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2246 |
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2247 @defvar menu-bar-final-items |
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2248 Normally the menu bar shows global items followed by items defined by the |
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2249 local maps. |
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2250 |
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2251 This variable holds a list of fake function keys for items to display at |
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2252 the end of the menu bar rather than in normal sequence. The default |
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2253 value is @code{(help-menu)}; thus, the @samp{Help} menu item normally appears |
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2254 at the end of the menu bar, following local menu items. |
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2255 @end defvar |
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2256 |
14199
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2257 @defvar menu-bar-update-hook |
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2258 This normal hook is run by redisplay to update the menu bar contents, |
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2259 before redisplaying the menu bar. You can use it to update submenus |
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2260 whose contents should vary. Since this hook is run frequently, we |
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2261 advise you to ensure that the functions it calls do not take much time |
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2262 in the usual case. |
14199
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2263 @end defvar |
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2264 |
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2265 @node Tool Bar |
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2266 @subsection Tool bars |
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2267 @cindex tool bar |
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2268 |
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2269 A @dfn{tool bar} is a row of icons at the top of a frame, that execute |
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2270 commands when you click on them---in effect, a kind of graphical menu |
60447
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2271 bar. |
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2272 |
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2273 The frame parameter @code{tool-bar-lines} (X resource @samp{toolBar}) |
27332
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2274 controls how many lines' worth of height to reserve for the tool bar. A |
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2275 zero value suppresses the tool bar. If the value is nonzero, and |
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2276 @code{auto-resize-tool-bars} is non-@code{nil}, the tool bar expands and |
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2277 contracts automatically as needed to hold the specified contents. |
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2278 |
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2279 The tool bar contents are controlled by a menu keymap attached to a |
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2280 fake ``function key'' called @code{tool-bar} (much like the way the menu |
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2281 bar is controlled). So you define a tool bar item using |
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2282 @code{define-key}, like this: |
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2283 |
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2284 @example |
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2285 (define-key global-map [tool-bar @var{key}] @var{item}) |
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2286 @end example |
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2287 |
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2288 @noindent |
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2289 where @var{key} is a fake ``function key'' to distinguish this item from |
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2290 other items, and @var{item} is a menu item key binding (@pxref{Extended |
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2291 Menu Items}), which says how to display this item and how it behaves. |
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2292 |
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2293 The usual menu keymap item properties, @code{:visible}, |
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2294 @code{:enable}, @code{:button}, and @code{:filter}, are useful in |
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2295 tool bar bindings and have their normal meanings. The @var{real-binding} |
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2296 in the item must be a command, not a keymap; in other words, it does not |
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2297 work to define a tool bar icon as a prefix key. |
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2298 |
31374 | 2299 The @code{:help} property specifies a ``help-echo'' string to display |
2300 while the mouse is on that item. This is displayed in the same way as | |
2301 @code{help-echo} text properties (@pxref{Help display}). | |
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2302 |
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2303 In addition, you should use the @code{:image} property; |
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2304 this is how you specify the image to display in the tool bar: |
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2305 |
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2306 @table @code |
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2307 @item :image @var{image} |
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2308 @var{images} is either a single image specification or a vector of four |
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2309 image specifications. If you use a vector of four, |
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2310 one of them is used, depending on circumstances: |
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2311 |
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2312 @table @asis |
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2313 @item item 0 |
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2314 Used when the item is enabled and selected. |
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2315 @item item 1 |
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2316 Used when the item is enabled and deselected. |
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2317 @item item 2 |
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2318 Used when the item is disabled and selected. |
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2319 @item item 3 |
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2320 Used when the item is disabled and deselected. |
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2321 @end table |
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2322 @end table |
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2323 |
28952 | 2324 If @var{image} is a single image specification, Emacs draws the tool bar |
2325 button in disabled state by applying an edge-detection algorithm to the | |
2326 image. | |
2327 | |
33489 | 2328 The default tool bar is defined so that items specific to editing do not |
2329 appear for major modes whose command symbol has a @code{mode-class} | |
2330 property of @code{special} (@pxref{Major Mode Conventions}). Major | |
2331 modes may add items to the global bar by binding @code{[tool-bar | |
2332 @var{foo}]} in their local map. It makes sense for some major modes to | |
2333 replace the default tool bar items completely, since not many can be | |
2334 accommodated conveniently, and the default bindings make this easy by | |
2335 using an indirection through @code{tool-bar-map}. | |
2336 | |
2337 @defvar tool-bar-map | |
2338 @tindex tool-bar-map | |
2339 By default, the global map binds @code{[tool-bar]} as follows: | |
2340 @example | |
2341 (global-set-key [tool-bar] | |
2342 '(menu-item "tool bar" ignore | |
2343 :filter (lambda (ignore) tool-bar-map))) | |
2344 @end example | |
2345 @noindent | |
2346 Thus the tool bar map is derived dynamically from the value of variable | |
2347 @code{tool-bar-map} and you should normally adjust the default (global) | |
2348 tool bar by changing that map. Major modes may replace the global bar | |
2349 completely by making @code{tool-bar-map} buffer-local and set to a | |
2350 keymap containing only the desired items. Info mode provides an | |
2351 example. | |
2352 @end defvar | |
2353 | |
2354 There are two convenience functions for defining tool bar items, as | |
2355 follows. | |
2356 | |
2357 @defun tool-bar-add-item icon def key &rest props | |
2358 @tindex tool-bar-add-item | |
2359 This function adds an item to the tool bar by modifying | |
2360 @code{tool-bar-map}. The image to use is defined by @var{icon}, which | |
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2361 is the base name of an XPM, XBM or PBM image file to be located by |
33489 | 2362 @code{find-image}. Given a value @samp{"exit"}, say, @file{exit.xpm}, |
2363 @file{exit.pbm} and @file{exit.xbm} would be searched for in that order | |
2364 on a color display. On a monochrome display, the search order is | |
2365 @samp{.pbm}, @samp{.xbm} and @samp{.xpm}. The binding to use is the | |
2366 command @var{def}, and @var{key} is the fake function key symbol in the | |
2367 prefix keymap. The remaining arguments @var{props} are additional | |
2368 property list elements to add to the menu item specification. | |
2369 | |
54864 | 2370 To define items in some local map, bind @code{tool-bar-map} with |
33489 | 2371 @code{let} around calls of this function: |
2372 @example | |
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2373 (defvar foo-tool-bar-map |
33489 | 2374 (let ((tool-bar-map (make-sparse-keymap))) |
2375 (tool-bar-add-item @dots{}) | |
2376 @dots{} | |
2377 tool-bar-map)) | |
2378 @end example | |
2379 @end defun | |
2380 | |
2381 @defun tool-bar-add-item-from-menu command icon &optional map &rest props | |
2382 @tindex tool-bar-add-item-from-menu | |
52186
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2383 This function is a convenience for defining tool bar items which are |
33489 | 2384 consistent with existing menu bar bindings. The binding of |
2385 @var{command} is looked up in the menu bar in @var{map} (default | |
2386 @code{global-map}) and modified to add an image specification for | |
52186
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2387 @var{icon}, which is found in the same way as by |
33489 | 2388 @code{tool-bar-add-item}. The resulting binding is then placed in |
52186
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2389 @code{tool-bar-map}, so use this function only for global tool bar |
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2390 items. |
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2391 |
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2392 @var{map} must contain an appropriate keymap bound to |
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2393 @code{[menu-bar]}. The remaining arguments @var{props} are additional |
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2394 property list elements to add to the menu item specification. |
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2395 @end defun |
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2396 |
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2397 @defun tool-bar-local-item-from-menu command icon in-map &optional from-map &rest props |
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2398 This function is used for making non-global tool bar items. Use it |
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2399 like @code{tool-bar-add-item-from-menu} except that @var{in-map} |
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2400 specifies the local map to make the definition in. The argument |
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2401 @var{from-map} is like the @var{map} argument of |
52186
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2402 @code{tool-bar-add-item-from-menu}. |
33489 | 2403 @end defun |
2404 | |
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2405 @tindex auto-resize-tool-bar |
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2406 @defvar auto-resize-tool-bar |
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2407 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, the tool bar automatically resizes to |
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2408 show all defined tool bar items---but not larger than a quarter of the |
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2409 frame's height. |
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2410 @end defvar |
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2411 |
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2412 @tindex auto-raise-tool-bar-buttons |
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2413 @defvar auto-raise-tool-bar-buttons |
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2414 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, tool bar items display |
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2415 in raised form when the mouse moves over them. |
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2416 @end defvar |
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2417 |
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2418 @tindex tool-bar-button-margin |
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2419 @defvar tool-bar-button-margin |
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2420 This variable specifies an extra margin to add around tool bar items. |
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2421 The value is an integer, a number of pixels. The default is 4. |
25751
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2422 @end defvar |
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2423 |
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2424 @tindex tool-bar-button-relief |
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2425 @defvar tool-bar-button-relief |
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2426 This variable specifies the shadow width for tool bar items. |
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2427 The value is an integer, a number of pixels. The default is 1. |
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2428 @end defvar |
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2429 |
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2430 You can define a special meaning for clicking on a tool bar item with |
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2431 the shift, control, meta, etc., modifiers. You do this by setting up |
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2432 additional items that relate to the original item through the fake |
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2433 function keys. Specifically, the additional items should use the |
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2434 modified versions of the same fake function key used to name the |
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2435 original item. |
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2436 |
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2437 Thus, if the original item was defined this way, |
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2438 |
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2439 @example |
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2440 (define-key global-map [tool-bar shell] |
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2441 '(menu-item "Shell" shell |
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2442 :image (image :type xpm :file "shell.xpm"))) |
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2443 @end example |
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2444 |
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2445 @noindent |
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2446 then here is how you can define clicking on the same tool bar image with |
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2447 the shift modifier: |
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2448 |
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2449 @example |
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2450 (define-key global-map [tool-bar S-shell] 'some-command) |
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2451 @end example |
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2452 |
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2453 @xref{Function Keys}, for more information about how to add modifiers to |
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2454 function keys. |
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2455 |
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2456 @node Modifying Menus |
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2457 @subsection Modifying Menus |
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2458 |
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2459 When you insert a new item in an existing menu, you probably want to |
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2460 put it in a particular place among the menu's existing items. If you |
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2461 use @code{define-key} to add the item, it normally goes at the front of |
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2462 the menu. To put it elsewhere in the menu, use @code{define-key-after}: |
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2463 |
27822 | 2464 @defun define-key-after map key binding &optional after |
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2465 Define a binding in @var{map} for @var{key}, with value @var{binding}, |
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2466 just like @code{define-key}, but position the binding in @var{map} after |
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2467 the binding for the event @var{after}. The argument @var{key} should be |
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2468 of length one---a vector or string with just one element. But |
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2469 @var{after} should be a single event type---a symbol or a character, not |
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2470 a sequence. The new binding goes after the binding for @var{after}. If |
27970 | 2471 @var{after} is @code{t} or is omitted, then the new binding goes last, at |
2472 the end of the keymap. However, new bindings are added before any | |
2473 inherited keymap. | |
7681 | 2474 |
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2475 Here is an example: |
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2476 |
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2477 @example |
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2478 (define-key-after my-menu [drink] |
27970 | 2479 '("Drink" . drink-command) 'eat) |
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2480 @end example |
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2481 |
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2482 @noindent |
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2483 makes a binding for the fake function key @key{DRINK} and puts it |
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2484 right after the binding for @key{EAT}. |
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2485 |
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2486 Here is how to insert an item called @samp{Work} in the @samp{Signals} |
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2487 menu of Shell mode, after the item @code{break}: |
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2488 |
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2489 @example |
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2490 (define-key-after |
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2491 (lookup-key shell-mode-map [menu-bar signals]) |
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2492 [work] '("Work" . work-command) 'break) |
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2493 @end example |
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2494 @end defun |
52401 | 2495 |
2496 @ignore | |
2497 arch-tag: cfb87287-9364-4e46-9e93-6c2f7f6ae794 | |
2498 @end ignore |