annotate lispref/nonascii.texi @ 28909:43d9eb93e1fb

(help-xref-stack): Doc fix. (help-xref-following): New variable. (help-make-xrefs): Use it. (help-xref-go-back): Use position information from stack element. (help-follow): Make position in stack element a pair. Use help-xref-following.
author Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
date Sun, 14 May 2000 15:48:45 +0000
parents ac620ff5fd5d
children 69f20c18d6eb
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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1998, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @setfilename ../info/characters
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6 @node Non-ASCII Characters, Searching and Matching, Text, Top
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7 @chapter Non-@sc{ascii} Characters
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8 @cindex multibyte characters
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9 @cindex non-@sc{ascii} characters
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10
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11 This chapter covers the special issues relating to non-@sc{ascii}
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12 characters and how they are stored in strings and buffers.
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13
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14 @menu
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15 * Text Representations:: Unibyte and multibyte representations
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16 * Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa.
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17 * Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi.
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18 * Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to
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19 codes of individual characters.
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20 * Character Sets:: The space of possible characters codes
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21 is divided into various character sets.
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22 * Chars and Bytes:: More information about multibyte encodings.
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23 * Splitting Characters:: Converting a character to its byte sequence.
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24 * Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer?
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25 * Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion.
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26 * Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files.
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27 * Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various
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28 non-ASCII characters without speciak keyboards.
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29 * Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale.
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30 @end menu
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31
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32 @node Text Representations
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33 @section Text Representations
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34 @cindex text representations
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35
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36 Emacs has two @dfn{text representations}---two ways to represent text
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37 in a string or buffer. These are called @dfn{unibyte} and
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38 @dfn{multibyte}. Each string, and each buffer, uses one of these two
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39 representations. For most purposes, you can ignore the issue of
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40 representations, because Emacs converts text between them as
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41 appropriate. Occasionally in Lisp programming you will need to pay
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42 attention to the difference.
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43
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44 @cindex unibyte text
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45 In unibyte representation, each character occupies one byte and
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46 therefore the possible character codes range from 0 to 255. Codes 0
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47 through 127 are @sc{ascii} characters; the codes from 128 through 255
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48 are used for one non-@sc{ascii} character set (you can choose which
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49 character set by setting the variable @code{nonascii-insert-offset}).
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50
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51 @cindex leading code
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52 @cindex multibyte text
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53 @cindex trailing codes
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54 In multibyte representation, a character may occupy more than one
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55 byte, and as a result, the full range of Emacs character codes can be
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56 stored. The first byte of a multibyte character is always in the range
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57 128 through 159 (octal 0200 through 0237). These values are called
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58 @dfn{leading codes}. The second and subsequent bytes of a multibyte
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59 character are always in the range 160 through 255 (octal 0240 through
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60 0377); these values are @dfn{trailing codes}.
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61
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62 Some sequences of bytes are not valid in multibyte text: for example,
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63 a single isolated byte in the range 128 through 159 is not allowed.
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64 But character codes 128 through 159 can appear in multibyte text,
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65 represented as two-byte sequences. None of the character codes 128
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66 through 255 normally appear in ordinary multibyte text, but they do
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67 appear in multibyte buffers and strings when you do explicit encoding
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68 and decoding (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}).
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69
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70 In a buffer, the buffer-local value of the variable
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71 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} specifies the representation used.
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72 The representation for a string is determined and recorded in the string
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73 when the string is constructed.
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74
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75 @defvar enable-multibyte-characters
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76 This variable specifies the current buffer's text representation.
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77 If it is non-@code{nil}, the buffer contains multibyte text; otherwise,
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78 it contains unibyte text.
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79
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80 You cannot set this variable directly; instead, use the function
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81 @code{set-buffer-multibyte} to change a buffer's representation.
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82 @end defvar
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83
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84 @defvar default-enable-multibyte-characters
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85 This variable's value is entirely equivalent to @code{(default-value
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86 'enable-multibyte-characters)}, and setting this variable changes that
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87 default value. Setting the local binding of
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88 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} in a specific buffer is not allowed,
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89 but changing the default value is supported, and it is a reasonable
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90 thing to do, because it has no effect on existing buffers.
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91
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92 The @samp{--unibyte} command line option does its job by setting the
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93 default value to @code{nil} early in startup.
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94 @end defvar
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95
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96 @defun position-bytes position
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97 @tindex position-bytes
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98 Return the byte-position corresponding to buffer position @var{position}
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99 in the current buffer.
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100 @end defun
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101
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102 @defun byte-to-position byte-position
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103 @tindex byte-to-position
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104 Return the buffer position corresponding to byte-position
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105 @var{byte-position} in the current buffer.
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106 @end defun
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107
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108 @defun multibyte-string-p string
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109 Return @code{t} if @var{string} is a multibyte string.
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110 @end defun
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111
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112 @node Converting Representations
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113 @section Converting Text Representations
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114
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115 Emacs can convert unibyte text to multibyte; it can also convert
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116 multibyte text to unibyte, though this conversion loses information. In
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117 general these conversions happen when inserting text into a buffer, or
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118 when putting text from several strings together in one string. You can
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119 also explicitly convert a string's contents to either representation.
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120
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121 Emacs chooses the representation for a string based on the text that
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122 it is constructed from. The general rule is to convert unibyte text to
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123 multibyte text when combining it with other multibyte text, because the
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124 multibyte representation is more general and can hold whatever
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125 characters the unibyte text has.
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126
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127 When inserting text into a buffer, Emacs converts the text to the
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128 buffer's representation, as specified by
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129 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} in that buffer. In particular, when
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130 you insert multibyte text into a unibyte buffer, Emacs converts the text
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131 to unibyte, even though this conversion cannot in general preserve all
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132 the characters that might be in the multibyte text. The other natural
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133 alternative, to convert the buffer contents to multibyte, is not
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134 acceptable because the buffer's representation is a choice made by the
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135 user that cannot be overridden automatically.
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136
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137 Converting unibyte text to multibyte text leaves @sc{ascii} characters
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138 unchanged, and likewise 128 through 159. It converts the non-@sc{ascii}
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139 codes 160 through 255 by adding the value @code{nonascii-insert-offset}
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140 to each character code. By setting this variable, you specify which
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141 character set the unibyte characters correspond to (@pxref{Character
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142 Sets}). For example, if @code{nonascii-insert-offset} is 2048, which is
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143 @code{(- (make-char 'latin-iso8859-1) 128)}, then the unibyte
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144 non-@sc{ascii} characters correspond to Latin 1. If it is 2688, which
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145 is @code{(- (make-char 'greek-iso8859-7) 128)}, then they correspond to
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146 Greek letters.
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147
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148 Converting multibyte text to unibyte is simpler: it discards all but
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149 the low 8 bits of each character code. If @code{nonascii-insert-offset}
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150 has a reasonable value, corresponding to the beginning of some character
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151 set, this conversion is the inverse of the other: converting unibyte
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152 text to multibyte and back to unibyte reproduces the original unibyte
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153 text.
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154
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155 @defvar nonascii-insert-offset
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156 This variable specifies the amount to add to a non-@sc{ascii} character
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157 when converting unibyte text to multibyte. It also applies when
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158 @code{self-insert-command} inserts a character in the unibyte
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159 non-@sc{ascii} range, 128 through 255. However, the function
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160 @code{insert-char} does not perform this conversion.
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161
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162 The right value to use to select character set @var{cs} is @code{(-
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163 (make-char @var{cs}) 128)}. If the value of
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164 @code{nonascii-insert-offset} is zero, then conversion actually uses the
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165 value for the Latin 1 character set, rather than zero.
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166 @end defvar
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167
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168 @defvar nonascii-translation-table
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169 This variable provides a more general alternative to
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170 @code{nonascii-insert-offset}. You can use it to specify independently
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171 how to translate each code in the range of 128 through 255 into a
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172 multibyte character. The value should be a vector, or @code{nil}.
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173 If this is non-@code{nil}, it overrides @code{nonascii-insert-offset}.
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174 @end defvar
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175
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176 @defun string-make-unibyte string
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177 This function converts the text of @var{string} to unibyte
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178 representation, if it isn't already, and returns the result. If
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179 @var{string} is a unibyte string, it is returned unchanged.
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180 @end defun
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181
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182 @defun string-make-multibyte string
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183 This function converts the text of @var{string} to multibyte
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184 representation, if it isn't already, and returns the result. If
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185 @var{string} is a multibyte string, it is returned unchanged.
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186 @end defun
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187
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188 @node Selecting a Representation
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189 @section Selecting a Representation
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190
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191 Sometimes it is useful to examine an existing buffer or string as
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192 multibyte when it was unibyte, or vice versa.
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193
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194 @defun set-buffer-multibyte multibyte
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195 Set the representation type of the current buffer. If @var{multibyte}
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196 is non-@code{nil}, the buffer becomes multibyte. If @var{multibyte}
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197 is @code{nil}, the buffer becomes unibyte.
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198
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199 This function leaves the buffer contents unchanged when viewed as a
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200 sequence of bytes. As a consequence, it can change the contents viewed
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201 as characters; a sequence of two bytes which is treated as one character
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202 in multibyte representation will count as two characters in unibyte
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203 representation.
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204
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205 This function sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to record which
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206 representation is in use. It also adjusts various data in the buffer
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207 (including overlays, text properties and markers) so that they cover the
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208 same text as they did before.
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209
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210 You cannot use @code{set-buffer-multibyte} on an indirect buffer,
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211 because indirect buffers always inherit the representation of the
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212 base buffer.
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213 @end defun
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214
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215 @defun string-as-unibyte string
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216 This function returns a string with the same bytes as @var{string} but
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217 treating each byte as a character. This means that the value may have
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218 more characters than @var{string} has.
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219
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220 If @var{string} is already a unibyte string, then the value is
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221 @var{string} itself.
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222 @end defun
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223
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224 @defun string-as-multibyte string
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225 This function returns a string with the same bytes as @var{string} but
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226 treating each multibyte sequence as one character. This means that the
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227 value may have fewer characters than @var{string} has.
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228
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229 If @var{string} is already a multibyte string, then the value is
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230 @var{string} itself.
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231 @end defun
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232
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233 @node Character Codes
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234 @section Character Codes
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235 @cindex character codes
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236
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237 The unibyte and multibyte text representations use different character
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238 codes. The valid character codes for unibyte representation range from
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239 0 to 255---the values that can fit in one byte. The valid character
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240 codes for multibyte representation range from 0 to 524287, but not all
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241 values in that range are valid. The values 128 through 255 are not
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242 really proper in multibyte text, but they can occur if you do explicit
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243 encoding and decoding (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). Some other character
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244 codes cannot occur at all in multibyte text. Only the @sc{ascii} codes
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245 0 through 127 are truly legitimate in both representations.
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246
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247 @defun char-valid-p charcode
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248 This returns @code{t} if @var{charcode} is valid for either one of the two
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249 text representations.
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250
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251 @example
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252 (char-valid-p 65)
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253 @result{} t
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254 (char-valid-p 256)
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255 @result{} nil
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256 (char-valid-p 2248)
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257 @result{} t
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258 @end example
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259 @end defun
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260
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261 @node Character Sets
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262 @section Character Sets
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263 @cindex character sets
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264
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265 Emacs classifies characters into various @dfn{character sets}, each of
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266 which has a name which is a symbol. Each character belongs to one and
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267 only one character set.
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268
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269 In general, there is one character set for each distinct script. For
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270 example, @code{latin-iso8859-1} is one character set,
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271 @code{greek-iso8859-7} is another, and @code{ascii} is another. An
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272 Emacs character set can hold at most 9025 characters; therefore, in some
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273 cases, characters that would logically be grouped together are split
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274 into several character sets. For example, one set of Chinese
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275 characters, generally known as Big 5, is divided into two Emacs
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276 character sets, @code{chinese-big5-1} and @code{chinese-big5-2}.
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277
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278 @sc{ascii} characters are in character set @code{ascii}. The
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279 non-@sc{ascii} characters 128 through 159 are in character set
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280 @code{eight-bit-control}, and codes 160 through 255 are in character set
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281 @code{eight-bit-graphic}.
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282
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283 @defun charsetp object
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284 Returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a symbol that names a character set,
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285 @code{nil} otherwise.
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286 @end defun
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287
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288 @defun charset-list
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289 This function returns a list of all defined character set names.
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290 @end defun
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291
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292 @defun char-charset character
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293 This function returns the name of the character set that @var{character}
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294 belongs to.
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295 @end defun
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296
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297 @defun charset-plist charset
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298 @tindex charset-plist
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299 This function returns the charset property list of the character set
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300 @var{charset}. Although @var{charset} is a symbol, this is not the same
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301 as the property list of that symbol. Charset properties are used for
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302 special purposes within Emacs; for example, @code{x-charset-registry}
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303 helps determine which fonts to use (@pxref{Font Selection}).
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304 @end defun
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305
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306 @node Chars and Bytes
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307 @section Characters and Bytes
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308 @cindex bytes and characters
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309
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310 @cindex introduction sequence
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311 @cindex dimension (of character set)
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312 In multibyte representation, each character occupies one or more
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313 bytes. Each character set has an @dfn{introduction sequence}, which is
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314 normally one or two bytes long. (Exception: the @sc{ascii} character
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315 set has a zero-length introduction sequence.) The introduction sequence
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316 is the beginning of the byte sequence for any character in the character
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317 set. The rest of the character's bytes distinguish it from the other
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318 characters in the same character set. Depending on the character set,
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319 there are either one or two distinguishing bytes; the number of such
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320 bytes is called the @dfn{dimension} of the character set.
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321
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322 @defun charset-dimension charset
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323 This function returns the dimension of @var{charset}; at present, the
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324 dimension is always 1 or 2.
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325 @end defun
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326
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327 @defun charset-bytes charset
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328 @tindex charset-bytes
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329 This function returns the number of bytes used to represent a character
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330 in character set @var{charset}.
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331 @end defun
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332
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333 This is the simplest way to determine the byte length of a character
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334 set's introduction sequence:
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335
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336 @example
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337 (- (charset-bytes @var{charset})
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338 (charset-dimension @var{charset}))
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339 @end example
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340
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341 @node Splitting Characters
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342 @section Splitting Characters
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343
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344 The functions in this section convert between characters and the byte
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345 values used to represent them. For most purposes, there is no need to
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346 be concerned with the sequence of bytes used to represent a character,
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347 because Emacs translates automatically when necessary.
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348
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349 @defun split-char character
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350 Return a list containing the name of the character set of
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351 @var{character}, followed by one or two byte values (integers) which
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352 identify @var{character} within that character set. The number of byte
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353 values is the character set's dimension.
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354
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355 @example
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356 (split-char 2248)
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357 @result{} (latin-iso8859-1 72)
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358 (split-char 65)
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359 @result{} (ascii 65)
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360 @end example
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361
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362 Unibyte non-@sc{ascii} characters are considered as part of
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363 the @code{ascii} character set:
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364
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365 @example
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366 (split-char 192)
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367 @result{} (ascii 192)
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368 @end example
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369 @end defun
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370
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371 @defun make-char charset &rest byte-values
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372 This function returns the character in character set @var{charset}
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373 identified by @var{byte-values}. This is roughly the inverse of
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374 @code{split-char}. Normally, you should specify either one or two
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375 @var{byte-values}, according to the dimension of @var{charset}. For
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376 example,
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377
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378 @example
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379 (make-char 'latin-iso8859-1 72)
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380 @result{} 2248
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381 @end example
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382 @end defun
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383
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384 @cindex generic characters
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385 If you call @code{make-char} with no @var{byte-values}, the result is
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386 a @dfn{generic character} which stands for @var{charset}. A generic
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387 character is an integer, but it is @emph{not} valid for insertion in the
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388 buffer as a character. It can be used in @code{char-table-range} to
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389 refer to the whole character set (@pxref{Char-Tables}).
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390 @code{char-valid-p} returns @code{nil} for generic characters.
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391 For example:
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392
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393 @example
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394 (make-char 'latin-iso8859-1)
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395 @result{} 2176
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396 (char-valid-p 2176)
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397 @result{} nil
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398 (split-char 2176)
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399 @result{} (latin-iso8859-1 0)
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400 @end example
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401
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402 @node Scanning Charsets
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403 @section Scanning for Character Sets
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404
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405 Sometimes it is useful to find out which character sets appear in a
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406 part of a buffer or a string. One use for this is in determining which
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407 coding systems (@pxref{Coding Systems}) are capable of representing all
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408 of the text in question.
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409
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410 @defun find-charset-region beg end &optional translation
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411 This function returns a list of the character sets that appear in the
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412 current buffer between positions @var{beg} and @var{end}.
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413
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414 The optional argument @var{translation} specifies a translation table to
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415 be used in scanning the text (@pxref{Translation of Characters}). If it
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416 is non-@code{nil}, then each character in the region is translated
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417 through this table, and the value returned describes the translated
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418 characters instead of the characters actually in the buffer.
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419 @end defun
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420
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421 @defun find-charset-string string &optional translation
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422 This function returns a list of the character sets that appear in the
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423 string @var{string}. It is just like @code{find-charset-region}, except
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424 that it applies to the contents of @var{string} instead of part of the
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425 current buffer.
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426 @end defun
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427
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428 @node Translation of Characters
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429 @section Translation of Characters
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430 @cindex character translation tables
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431 @cindex translation tables
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432
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433 A @dfn{translation table} specifies a mapping of characters
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434 into characters. These tables are used in encoding and decoding, and
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435 for other purposes. Some coding systems specify their own particular
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436 translation tables; there are also default translation tables which
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437 apply to all other coding systems.
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438
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439 @defun make-translation-table &rest translations
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440 This function returns a translation table based on the argument
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441 @var{translations}. Each element of
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442 @var{translations} should be a list of the form @code{(@var{from}
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443 . @var{to})}; this says to translate the character @var{from} into
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444 @var{to}.
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445
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446 You can also map one whole character set into another character set with
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447 the same dimension. To do this, you specify a generic character (which
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448 designates a character set) for @var{from} (@pxref{Splitting Characters}).
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449 In this case, @var{to} should also be a generic character, for another
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450 character set of the same dimension. Then the translation table
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451 translates each character of @var{from}'s character set into the
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452 corresponding character of @var{to}'s character set.
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453 @end defun
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454
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455 In decoding, the translation table's translations are applied to the
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456 characters that result from ordinary decoding. If a coding system has
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457 property @code{character-translation-table-for-decode}, that specifies
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458 the translation table to use. Otherwise, if
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459 @code{standard-translation-table-for-decode} is non-@code{nil}, decoding
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460 uses that table.
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461
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462 In encoding, the translation table's translations are applied to the
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463 characters in the buffer, and the result of translation is actually
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464 encoded. If a coding system has property
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465 @code{character-translation-table-for-encode}, that specifies the
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466 translation table to use. Otherwise the variable
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467 @code{standard-translation-table-for-encode} specifies the translation
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468 table.
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469
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470 @defvar standard-translation-table-for-decode
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471 This is the default translation table for decoding, for
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472 coding systems that don't specify any other translation table.
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473 @end defvar
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474
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475 @defvar standard-translation-table-for-encode
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476 This is the default translation table for encoding, for
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477 coding systems that don't specify any other translation table.
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478 @end defvar
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479
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480 @node Coding Systems
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481 @section Coding Systems
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482
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483 @cindex coding system
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484 When Emacs reads or writes a file, and when Emacs sends text to a
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485 subprocess or receives text from a subprocess, it normally performs
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486 character code conversion and end-of-line conversion as specified
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487 by a particular @dfn{coding system}.
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488
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489 How to define a coding system is an arcane matter, and is not
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490 documented here.
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491
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492 @menu
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493 * Coding System Basics:: Basic concepts.
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494 * Encoding and I/O:: How file I/O functions handle coding systems.
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495 * Lisp and Coding Systems:: Functions to operate on coding system names.
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496 * User-Chosen Coding Systems:: Asking the user to choose a coding system.
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497 * Default Coding Systems:: Controlling the default choices.
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498 * Specifying Coding Systems:: Requesting a particular coding system
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499 for a single file operation.
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500 * Explicit Encoding:: Encoding or decoding text without doing I/O.
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501 * Terminal I/O Encoding:: Use of encoding for terminal I/O.
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502 * MS-DOS File Types:: How DOS "text" and "binary" files
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503 relate to coding systems.
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504 @end menu
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505
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506 @node Coding System Basics
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507 @subsection Basic Concepts of Coding Systems
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508
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509 @cindex character code conversion
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510 @dfn{Character code conversion} involves conversion between the encoding
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511 used inside Emacs and some other encoding. Emacs supports many
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512 different encodings, in that it can convert to and from them. For
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513 example, it can convert text to or from encodings such as Latin 1, Latin
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514 2, Latin 3, Latin 4, Latin 5, and several variants of ISO 2022. In some
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515 cases, Emacs supports several alternative encodings for the same
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516 characters; for example, there are three coding systems for the Cyrillic
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517 (Russian) alphabet: ISO, Alternativnyj, and KOI8.
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518
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519 Most coding systems specify a particular character code for
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520 conversion, but some of them leave the choice unspecified---to be chosen
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521 heuristically for each file, based on the data.
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522
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523 @cindex end of line conversion
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524 @dfn{End of line conversion} handles three different conventions used
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525 on various systems for representing end of line in files. The Unix
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526 convention is to use the linefeed character (also called newline). The
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527 DOS convention is to use a carriage-return and a linefeed at the end of
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528 a line. The Mac convention is to use just carriage-return.
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529
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530 @cindex base coding system
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531 @cindex variant coding system
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532 @dfn{Base coding systems} such as @code{latin-1} leave the end-of-line
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533 conversion unspecified, to be chosen based on the data. @dfn{Variant
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534 coding systems} such as @code{latin-1-unix}, @code{latin-1-dos} and
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535 @code{latin-1-mac} specify the end-of-line conversion explicitly as
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536 well. Most base coding systems have three corresponding variants whose
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537 names are formed by adding @samp{-unix}, @samp{-dos} and @samp{-mac}.
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538
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539 The coding system @code{raw-text} is special in that it prevents
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540 character code conversion, and causes the buffer visited with that
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541 coding system to be a unibyte buffer. It does not specify the
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542 end-of-line conversion, allowing that to be determined as usual by the
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543 data, and has the usual three variants which specify the end-of-line
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544 conversion. @code{no-conversion} is equivalent to @code{raw-text-unix}:
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545 it specifies no conversion of either character codes or end-of-line.
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546
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547 The coding system @code{emacs-mule} specifies that the data is
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548 represented in the internal Emacs encoding. This is like
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549 @code{raw-text} in that no code conversion happens, but different in
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550 that the result is multibyte data.
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551
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552 @defun coding-system-get coding-system property
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553 This function returns the specified property of the coding system
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554 @var{coding-system}. Most coding system properties exist for internal
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555 purposes, but one that you might find useful is @code{mime-charset}.
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556 That property's value is the name used in MIME for the character coding
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557 which this coding system can read and write. Examples:
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558
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559 @example
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560 (coding-system-get 'iso-latin-1 'mime-charset)
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561 @result{} iso-8859-1
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562 (coding-system-get 'iso-2022-cn 'mime-charset)
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563 @result{} iso-2022-cn
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564 (coding-system-get 'cyrillic-koi8 'mime-charset)
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565 @result{} koi8-r
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566 @end example
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567
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568 The value of the @code{mime-charset} property is also defined
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569 as an alias for the coding system.
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570 @end defun
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571
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572 @node Encoding and I/O
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573 @subsection Encoding and I/O
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574
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575 The principal purpose of coding systems is for use in reading and
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576 writing files. The function @code{insert-file-contents} uses
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577 a coding system for decoding the file data, and @code{write-region}
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578 uses one to encode the buffer contents.
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579
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580 You can specify the coding system to use either explicitly
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581 (@pxref{Specifying Coding Systems}), or implicitly using the defaulting
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582 mechanism (@pxref{Default Coding Systems}). But these methods may not
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583 completely specify what to do. For example, they may choose a coding
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584 system such as @code{undefined} which leaves the character code
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585 conversion to be determined from the data. In these cases, the I/O
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586 operation finishes the job of choosing a coding system. Very often
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587 you will want to find out afterwards which coding system was chosen.
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588
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589 @defvar buffer-file-coding-system
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590 This variable records the coding system that was used for visiting the
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591 current buffer. It is used for saving the buffer, and for writing part
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592 of the buffer with @code{write-region}. When those operations ask the
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593 user to specify a different coding system,
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594 @code{buffer-file-coding-system} is updated to the coding system
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595 specified.
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596
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597 However, @code{buffer-file-coding-system} does not affect sending text
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598 to a subprocess.
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599 @end defvar
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600
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601 @defvar save-buffer-coding-system
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602 This variable specifies the coding system for saving the buffer---but it
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603 is not used for @code{write-region}.
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604
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605 When a command to save the buffer starts out to use
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606 @code{save-buffer-coding-system}, and that coding system cannot handle
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607 the actual text in the buffer, the command asks the user to choose
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608 another coding system. After that happens, the command also updates
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609 @code{save-buffer-coding-system} to represent the coding system that the
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610 user specified.
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611 @end defvar
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612
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613 @defvar last-coding-system-used
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614 I/O operations for files and subprocesses set this variable to the
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615 coding system name that was used. The explicit encoding and decoding
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616 functions (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}) set it too.
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617
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618 @strong{Warning:} Since receiving subprocess output sets this variable,
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619 it can change whenever Emacs waits; therefore, you should copy the
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620 value shortly after the function call that stores the value you are
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621 interested in.
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622 @end defvar
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623
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624 The variable @code{selection-coding-system} specifies how to encode
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625 selections for the window system. @xref{Window System Selections}.
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626
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627 @node Lisp and Coding Systems
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628 @subsection Coding Systems in Lisp
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629
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630 Here are the Lisp facilities for working with coding systems:
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631
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632 @defun coding-system-list &optional base-only
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633 This function returns a list of all coding system names (symbols). If
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634 @var{base-only} is non-@code{nil}, the value includes only the
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parents:
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635 base coding systems. Otherwise, it includes variant coding systems as well.
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636 @end defun
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637
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638 @defun coding-system-p object
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639 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a coding system
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parents:
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640 name.
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641 @end defun
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parents:
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642
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643 @defun check-coding-system coding-system
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644 This function checks the validity of @var{coding-system}.
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645 If that is valid, it returns @var{coding-system}.
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646 Otherwise it signals an error with condition @code{coding-system-error}.
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647 @end defun
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648
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649 @defun coding-system-change-eol-conversion coding-system eol-type
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650 This function returns a coding system which is like @var{coding-system}
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651 except for its eol conversion, which is specified by @code{eol-type}.
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652 @var{eol-type} should be @code{unix}, @code{dos}, @code{mac}, or
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653 @code{nil}. If it is @code{nil}, the returned coding system determines
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654 the end-of-line conversion from the data.
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655 @end defun
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656
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657 @defun coding-system-change-text-conversion eol-coding text-coding
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658 This function returns a coding system which uses the end-of-line
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659 conversion of @var{eol-coding}, and the text conversion of
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660 @var{text-coding}. If @var{text-coding} is @code{nil}, it returns
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661 @code{undecided}, or one of its variants according to @var{eol-coding}.
21682
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662 @end defun
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diff changeset
663
22138
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diff changeset
664 @defun find-coding-systems-region from to
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
665 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
666 encode a text between @var{from} and @var{to}. All coding systems in
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
667 the list can safely encode any multibyte characters in that portion of
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
668 the text.
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
669
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
670 If the text contains no multibyte characters, the function returns the
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
671 list @code{(undecided)}.
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diff changeset
672 @end defun
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diff changeset
673
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
674 @defun find-coding-systems-string string
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
675 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
676 encode the text of @var{string}. All coding systems in the list can
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
677 safely encode any multibyte characters in @var{string}. If the text
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
678 contains no multibyte characters, this returns the list
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
679 @code{(undecided)}.
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
680 @end defun
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
681
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
682 @defun find-coding-systems-for-charsets charsets
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
683 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
684 encode all the character sets in the list @var{charsets}.
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
685 @end defun
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
686
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
687 @defun detect-coding-region start end &optional highest
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
688 This function chooses a plausible coding system for decoding the text
28877
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
689 from @var{start} to @var{end}. This text should be a byte sequence
21682
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
690 (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}).
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
691
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
692 Normally this function returns a list of coding systems that could
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
693 handle decoding the text that was scanned. They are listed in order of
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
694 decreasing priority. But if @var{highest} is non-@code{nil}, then the
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
695 return value is just one coding system, the one that is highest in
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
696 priority.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
697
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 24952
diff changeset
698 If the region contains only @sc{ascii} characters, the value
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
699 is @code{undecided} or @code{(undecided)}.
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
700 @end defun
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
701
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
702 @defun detect-coding-string string highest
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703 This function is like @code{detect-coding-region} except that it
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
704 operates on the contents of @var{string} instead of bytes in the buffer.
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
705 @end defun
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
706
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
707 @xref{Process Information}, for how to examine or set the coding
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
708 systems used for I/O to a subprocess.
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
709
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
710 @node User-Chosen Coding Systems
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
711 @subsection User-Chosen Coding Systems
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
712
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
713 @defun select-safe-coding-system from to &optional preferred-coding-system
22267
dfac7398266b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22252
diff changeset
714 This function selects a coding system for encoding the text between
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
715 @var{from} and @var{to}, asking the user to choose if necessary.
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
716
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
717 The optional argument @var{preferred-coding-system} specifies a coding
22267
dfac7398266b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22252
diff changeset
718 system to try first. If that one can handle the text in the specified
dfac7398266b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22252
diff changeset
719 region, then it is used. If this argument is omitted, the current
dfac7398266b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22252
diff changeset
720 buffer's value of @code{buffer-file-coding-system} is tried first.
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
721
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
722 If the region contains some multibyte characters that the preferred
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
723 coding system cannot encode, this function asks the user to choose from
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
724 a list of coding systems which can encode the text, and returns the
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
725 user's choice.
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
726
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
727 One other kludgy feature: if @var{from} is a string, the string is the
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
728 target text, and @var{to} is ignored.
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
729 @end defun
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
730
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
731 Here are two functions you can use to let the user specify a coding
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
732 system, with completion. @xref{Completion}.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
733
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
734 @defun read-coding-system prompt &optional default
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
735 This function reads a coding system using the minibuffer, prompting with
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
736 string @var{prompt}, and returns the coding system name as a symbol. If
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
737 the user enters null input, @var{default} specifies which coding system
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
738 to return. It should be a symbol or a string.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
739 @end defun
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
740
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
741 @defun read-non-nil-coding-system prompt
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
742 This function reads a coding system using the minibuffer, prompting with
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
743 string @var{prompt}, and returns the coding system name as a symbol. If
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
744 the user tries to enter null input, it asks the user to try again.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
745 @xref{Coding Systems}.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
746 @end defun
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
747
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
748 @node Default Coding Systems
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
749 @subsection Default Coding Systems
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
750
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
751 This section describes variables that specify the default coding
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
752 system for certain files or when running certain subprograms, and the
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
753 function that I/O operations use to access them.
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
754
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
755 The idea of these variables is that you set them once and for all to the
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
756 defaults you want, and then do not change them again. To specify a
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
757 particular coding system for a particular operation in a Lisp program,
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
758 don't change these variables; instead, override them using
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
759 @code{coding-system-for-read} and @code{coding-system-for-write}
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
760 (@pxref{Specifying Coding Systems}).
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
761
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
762 @defvar file-coding-system-alist
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
763 This variable is an alist that specifies the coding systems to use for
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
764 reading and writing particular files. Each element has the form
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
765 @code{(@var{pattern} . @var{coding})}, where @var{pattern} is a regular
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
766 expression that matches certain file names. The element applies to file
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
767 names that match @var{pattern}.
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768
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769 The @sc{cdr} of the element, @var{coding}, should be either a coding
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diff changeset
770 system, a cons cell containing two coding systems, or a function name (a
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parents: 24952
diff changeset
771 symbol with a function definition). If @var{coding} is a coding system,
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parents: 24952
diff changeset
772 that coding system is used for both reading the file and writing it. If
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diff changeset
773 @var{coding} is a cons cell containing two coding systems, its @sc{car}
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parents: 24952
diff changeset
774 specifies the coding system for decoding, and its @sc{cdr} specifies the
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parents: 24952
diff changeset
775 coding system for encoding.
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diff changeset
776
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777 If @var{coding} is a function name, the function must return a coding
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diff changeset
778 system or a cons cell containing two coding systems. This value is used
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779 as described above.
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780 @end defvar
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781
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782 @defvar process-coding-system-alist
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783 This variable is an alist specifying which coding systems to use for a
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784 subprocess, depending on which program is running in the subprocess. It
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785 works like @code{file-coding-system-alist}, except that @var{pattern} is
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diff changeset
786 matched against the program name used to start the subprocess. The coding
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787 system or systems specified in this alist are used to initialize the
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788 coding systems used for I/O to the subprocess, but you can specify
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789 other coding systems later using @code{set-process-coding-system}.
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790 @end defvar
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diff changeset
791
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792 @strong{Warning:} Coding systems such as @code{undecided}, which
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diff changeset
793 determine the coding system from the data, do not work entirely reliably
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794 with asynchronous subprocess output. This is because Emacs handles
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diff changeset
795 asynchronous subprocess output in batches, as it arrives. If the coding
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796 system leaves the character code conversion unspecified, or leaves the
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797 end-of-line conversion unspecified, Emacs must try to detect the proper
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798 conversion from one batch at a time, and this does not always work.
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799
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800 Therefore, with an asynchronous subprocess, if at all possible, use a
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801 coding system which determines both the character code conversion and
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diff changeset
802 the end of line conversion---that is, one like @code{latin-1-unix},
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803 rather than @code{undecided} or @code{latin-1}.
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804
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805 @defvar network-coding-system-alist
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806 This variable is an alist that specifies the coding system to use for
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807 network streams. It works much like @code{file-coding-system-alist},
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diff changeset
808 with the difference that the @var{pattern} in an element may be either a
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diff changeset
809 port number or a regular expression. If it is a regular expression, it
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810 is matched against the network service name used to open the network
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811 stream.
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812 @end defvar
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813
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814 @defvar default-process-coding-system
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815 This variable specifies the coding systems to use for subprocess (and
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diff changeset
816 network stream) input and output, when nothing else specifies what to
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diff changeset
817 do.
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818
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diff changeset
819 The value should be a cons cell of the form @code{(@var{input-coding}
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diff changeset
820 . @var{output-coding})}. Here @var{input-coding} applies to input from
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diff changeset
821 the subprocess, and @var{output-coding} applies to output to it.
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822 @end defvar
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823
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824 @defun find-operation-coding-system operation &rest arguments
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825 This function returns the coding system to use (by default) for
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parents:
diff changeset
826 performing @var{operation} with @var{arguments}. The value has this
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827 form:
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828
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829 @example
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830 (@var{decoding-system} @var{encoding-system})
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831 @end example
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832
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833 The first element, @var{decoding-system}, is the coding system to use
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diff changeset
834 for decoding (in case @var{operation} does decoding), and
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diff changeset
835 @var{encoding-system} is the coding system for encoding (in case
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diff changeset
836 @var{operation} does encoding).
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837
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838 The argument @var{operation} should be a symbol, one of
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diff changeset
839 @code{insert-file-contents}, @code{write-region}, @code{call-process},
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840 @code{call-process-region}, @code{start-process}, or
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diff changeset
841 @code{open-network-stream}. These are the names of the Emacs I/O primitives
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diff changeset
842 that can do coding system conversion.
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843
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844 The remaining arguments should be the same arguments that might be given
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845 to that I/O primitive. Depending on the primitive, one of those
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846 arguments is selected as the @dfn{target}. For example, if
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847 @var{operation} does file I/O, whichever argument specifies the file
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parents:
diff changeset
848 name is the target. For subprocess primitives, the process name is the
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parents:
diff changeset
849 target. For @code{open-network-stream}, the target is the service name
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parents:
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850 or port number.
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parents:
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851
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852 This function looks up the target in @code{file-coding-system-alist},
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parents:
diff changeset
853 @code{process-coding-system-alist}, or
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parents:
diff changeset
854 @code{network-coding-system-alist}, depending on @var{operation}.
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diff changeset
855 @xref{Default Coding Systems}.
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856 @end defun
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857
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858 @node Specifying Coding Systems
22138
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diff changeset
859 @subsection Specifying a Coding System for One Operation
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860
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861 You can specify the coding system for a specific operation by binding
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parents:
diff changeset
862 the variables @code{coding-system-for-read} and/or
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parents:
diff changeset
863 @code{coding-system-for-write}.
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864
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diff changeset
865 @defvar coding-system-for-read
21006
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866 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it specifies the coding system to
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parents:
diff changeset
867 use for reading a file, or for input from a synchronous subprocess.
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parents:
diff changeset
868
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diff changeset
869 It also applies to any asynchronous subprocess or network stream, but in
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parents:
diff changeset
870 a different way: the value of @code{coding-system-for-read} when you
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parents:
diff changeset
871 start the subprocess or open the network stream specifies the input
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parents:
diff changeset
872 decoding method for that subprocess or network stream. It remains in
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parents:
diff changeset
873 use for that subprocess or network stream unless and until overridden.
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parents:
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874
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parents:
diff changeset
875 The right way to use this variable is to bind it with @code{let} for a
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parents:
diff changeset
876 specific I/O operation. Its global value is normally @code{nil}, and
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parents:
diff changeset
877 you should not globally set it to any other value. Here is an example
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parents:
diff changeset
878 of the right way to use the variable:
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parents:
diff changeset
879
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diff changeset
880 @example
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diff changeset
881 ;; @r{Read the file with no character code conversion.}
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parents: 21006
diff changeset
882 ;; @r{Assume @sc{crlf} represents end-of-line.}
21006
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parents:
diff changeset
883 (let ((coding-system-for-write 'emacs-mule-dos))
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parents:
diff changeset
884 (insert-file-contents filename))
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885 @end example
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parents:
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886
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887 When its value is non-@code{nil}, @code{coding-system-for-read} takes
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diff changeset
888 precedence over all other methods of specifying a coding system to use for
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diff changeset
889 input, including @code{file-coding-system-alist},
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parents:
diff changeset
890 @code{process-coding-system-alist} and
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891 @code{network-coding-system-alist}.
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892 @end defvar
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diff changeset
893
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diff changeset
894 @defvar coding-system-for-write
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diff changeset
895 This works much like @code{coding-system-for-read}, except that it
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parents:
diff changeset
896 applies to output rather than input. It affects writing to files,
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parents: 23433
diff changeset
897 as well as sending output to subprocesses and net connections.
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898
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diff changeset
899 When a single operation does both input and output, as do
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parents:
diff changeset
900 @code{call-process-region} and @code{start-process}, both
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parents:
diff changeset
901 @code{coding-system-for-read} and @code{coding-system-for-write}
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parents:
diff changeset
902 affect it.
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903 @end defvar
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parents:
diff changeset
904
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diff changeset
905 @defvar inhibit-eol-conversion
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diff changeset
906 When this variable is non-@code{nil}, no end-of-line conversion is done,
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parents:
diff changeset
907 no matter which coding system is specified. This applies to all the
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parents:
diff changeset
908 Emacs I/O and subprocess primitives, and to the explicit encoding and
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parents:
diff changeset
909 decoding functions (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}).
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diff changeset
910 @end defvar
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diff changeset
911
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diff changeset
912 @node Explicit Encoding
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diff changeset
913 @subsection Explicit Encoding and Decoding
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diff changeset
914 @cindex encoding text
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diff changeset
915 @cindex decoding text
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parents:
diff changeset
916
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diff changeset
917 All the operations that transfer text in and out of Emacs have the
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parents:
diff changeset
918 ability to use a coding system to encode or decode the text.
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diff changeset
919 You can also explicitly encode and decode text using the functions
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parents:
diff changeset
920 in this section.
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parents:
diff changeset
921
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diff changeset
922 The result of encoding, and the input to decoding, are not ordinary
28877
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parents: 28635
diff changeset
923 text. They logically consist of a series of byte values; that is, a
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parents: 28635
diff changeset
924 series of characters whose codes are in the range 0 through 255. In a
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
925 multibyte buffer or string, character codes 128 through 159 are
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
926 represented by multibyte sequences, but this is invisible to Lisp
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
927 programs.
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928
28877
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
929 The usual way to read a file into a buffer as a sequence of bytes, so
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
930 you can decode the contents explicitly, is with
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
931 @code{insert-file-contents-literally} (@pxref{Reading from Files});
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
932 alternatively, specify a non-@code{nil} @var{rawfile} argument when
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
933 visiting a file with @code{find-file-noselect}. These methods result in
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
934 a unibyte buffer.
24951
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23433
diff changeset
935
28877
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
936 The usual way to use the byte sequence that results from explicitly
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
937 encoding text is to copy it to a file or process---for example, to write
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
938 it with @code{write-region} (@pxref{Writing to Files}), and suppress
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
939 encoding by binding @code{coding-system-for-write} to
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
940 @code{no-conversion}.
24951
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23433
diff changeset
941
7451b1458af1 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 23433
diff changeset
942 Here are the functions to perform explicit encoding or decoding. The
28877
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
943 decoding functions produce sequences of bytes; the encoding functions
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
944 are meant to operate on sequences of bytes. All of these functions
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
945 discard text properties.
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
946
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
947 @defun encode-coding-region start end coding-system
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
948 This function encodes the text from @var{start} to @var{end} according
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
949 to coding system @var{coding-system}. The encoded text replaces the
28877
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
950 original text in the buffer. The result of encoding is logically a
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
951 sequence of bytes, but the buffer remains multibyte if it was multibyte
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
952 before.
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
953 @end defun
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
954
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
955 @defun encode-coding-string string coding-system
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
956 This function encodes the text in @var{string} according to coding
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
957 system @var{coding-system}. It returns a new string containing the
28877
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
958 encoded text. The result of encoding is a unibyte string.
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
959 @end defun
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
960
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
961 @defun decode-coding-region start end coding-system
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
962 This function decodes the text from @var{start} to @var{end} according
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
963 to coding system @var{coding-system}. The decoded text replaces the
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
964 original text in the buffer. To make explicit decoding useful, the text
28877
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
965 before decoding ought to be a sequence of byte values, but both
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
966 multibyte and unibyte buffers are acceptable.
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
967 @end defun
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
968
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
969 @defun decode-coding-string string coding-system
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
970 This function decodes the text in @var{string} according to coding
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
971 system @var{coding-system}. It returns a new string containing the
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
972 decoded text. To make explicit decoding useful, the contents of
28877
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
973 @var{string} ought to be a sequence of byte values, but a multibyte
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
974 string is acceptable.
21006
00022857f529 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
975 @end defun
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
976
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
977 @node Terminal I/O Encoding
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
978 @subsection Terminal I/O Encoding
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
979
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
980 Emacs can decode keyboard input using a coding system, and encode
23110
0d84817a4973 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22267
diff changeset
981 terminal output. This is useful for terminals that transmit or display
0d84817a4973 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22267
diff changeset
982 text using a particular encoding such as Latin-1. Emacs does not set
0d84817a4973 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22267
diff changeset
983 @code{last-coding-system-used} for encoding or decoding for the
0d84817a4973 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22267
diff changeset
984 terminal.
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
985
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
986 @defun keyboard-coding-system
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
987 This function returns the coding system that is in use for decoding
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
988 keyboard input---or @code{nil} if no coding system is to be used.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
989 @end defun
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
990
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
991 @defun set-keyboard-coding-system coding-system
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
992 This function specifies @var{coding-system} as the coding system to
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
993 use for decoding keyboard input. If @var{coding-system} is @code{nil},
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
994 that means do not decode keyboard input.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
995 @end defun
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
996
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
997 @defun terminal-coding-system
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
998 This function returns the coding system that is in use for encoding
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
999 terminal output---or @code{nil} for no encoding.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1000 @end defun
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1001
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1002 @defun set-terminal-coding-system coding-system
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1003 This function specifies @var{coding-system} as the coding system to use
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1004 for encoding terminal output. If @var{coding-system} is @code{nil},
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1005 that means do not encode terminal output.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1006 @end defun
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1007
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1008 @node MS-DOS File Types
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1009 @subsection MS-DOS File Types
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1010 @cindex DOS file types
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1011 @cindex MS-DOS file types
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1012 @cindex Windows file types
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1013 @cindex file types on MS-DOS and Windows
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1014 @cindex text files and binary files
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1015 @cindex binary files and text files
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1016
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1017 On MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows, Emacs guesses the appropriate
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1018 end-of-line conversion for a file by looking at the file's name. This
28877
607e317d50b5 *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28635
diff changeset
1019 feature classifies files as @dfn{text files} and @dfn{binary files}. By
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1020 ``binary file'' we mean a file of literal byte values that are not
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1021 necessarily meant to be characters; Emacs does no end-of-line conversion
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1022 and no character code conversion for them. On the other hand, the bytes
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1023 in a text file are intended to represent characters; when you create a
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1024 new file whose name implies that it is a text file, Emacs uses DOS
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1025 end-of-line conversion.
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1026
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1027 @defvar buffer-file-type
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1028 This variable, automatically buffer-local in each buffer, records the
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1029 file type of the buffer's visited file. When a buffer does not specify
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1030 a coding system with @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, this variable is
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1031 used to determine which coding system to use when writing the contents
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1032 of the buffer. It should be @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1033 If it is @code{t}, the coding system is @code{no-conversion}.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1034 Otherwise, @code{undecided-dos} is used.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1035
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1036 Normally this variable is set by visiting a file; it is set to
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1037 @code{nil} if the file was visited without any actual conversion.
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1038 @end defvar
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1039
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1040 @defopt file-name-buffer-file-type-alist
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1041 This variable holds an alist for recognizing text and binary files.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1042 Each element has the form (@var{regexp} . @var{type}), where
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1043 @var{regexp} is matched against the file name, and @var{type} may be
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1044 @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary, or a function to call to
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1045 compute which. If it is a function, then it is called with a single
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1046 argument (the file name) and should return @code{t} or @code{nil}.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1047
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1048 When running on MS-DOS or MS-Windows, Emacs checks this alist to decide
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1049 which coding system to use when reading a file. For a text file,
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1050 @code{undecided-dos} is used. For a binary file, @code{no-conversion}
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1051 is used.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1052
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1053 If no element in this alist matches a given file name, then
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1054 @code{default-buffer-file-type} says how to treat the file.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1055 @end defopt
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1056
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1057 @defopt default-buffer-file-type
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1058 This variable says how to handle files for which
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1059 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} says nothing about the type.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1060
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1061 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then these files are treated as
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1062 binary: the coding system @code{no-conversion} is used. Otherwise,
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1063 nothing special is done for them---the coding system is deduced solely
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1064 from the file contents, in the usual Emacs fashion.
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1065 @end defopt
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21006
diff changeset
1066
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1067 @node Input Methods
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1068 @section Input Methods
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1069 @cindex input methods
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1070
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24952
diff changeset
1071 @dfn{Input methods} provide convenient ways of entering non-@sc{ascii}
22138
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1072 characters from the keyboard. Unlike coding systems, which translate
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1073 non-@sc{ascii} characters to and from encodings meant to be read by
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1074 programs, input methods provide human-friendly commands. (@xref{Input
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1075 Methods,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for information on how users
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1076 use input methods to enter text.) How to define input methods is not
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1077 yet documented in this manual, but here we describe how to use them.
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1078
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1079 Each input method has a name, which is currently a string;
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1080 in the future, symbols may also be usable as input method names.
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1081
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1082 @defvar current-input-method
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1083 This variable holds the name of the input method now active in the
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1084 current buffer. (It automatically becomes local in each buffer when set
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1085 in any fashion.) It is @code{nil} if no input method is active in the
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1086 buffer now.
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1087 @end defvar
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1088
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1089 @defvar default-input-method
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1090 This variable holds the default input method for commands that choose an
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1091 input method. Unlike @code{current-input-method}, this variable is
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1092 normally global.
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1093 @end defvar
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1094
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1095 @defun set-input-method input-method
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1096 This function activates input method @var{input-method} for the current
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1097 buffer. It also sets @code{default-input-method} to @var{input-method}.
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1098 If @var{input-method} is @code{nil}, this function deactivates any input
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1099 method for the current buffer.
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1100 @end defun
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1101
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1102 @defun read-input-method-name prompt &optional default inhibit-null
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1103 This function reads an input method name with the minibuffer, prompting
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1104 with @var{prompt}. If @var{default} is non-@code{nil}, that is returned
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parents: 21682
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1105 by default, if the user enters empty input. However, if
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parents: 21682
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1106 @var{inhibit-null} is non-@code{nil}, empty input signals an error.
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1107
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1108 The returned value is a string.
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1109 @end defun
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1110
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1111 @defvar input-method-alist
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1112 This variable defines all the supported input methods.
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parents: 21682
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1113 Each element defines one input method, and should have the form:
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parents: 21682
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1114
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1115 @example
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1116 (@var{input-method} @var{language-env} @var{activate-func}
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1117 @var{title} @var{description} @var{args}...)
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1118 @end example
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1119
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1120 Here @var{input-method} is the input method name, a string;
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parents: 22138
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1121 @var{language-env} is another string, the name of the language
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1122 environment this input method is recommended for. (That serves only for
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parents: 22138
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1123 documentation purposes.)
22138
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1124
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1125 @var{activate-func} is a function to call to activate this method. The
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1126 @var{args}, if any, are passed as arguments to @var{activate-func}. All
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1127 told, the arguments to @var{activate-func} are @var{input-method} and
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parents: 21682
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1128 the @var{args}.
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1129
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1130 @var{title} is a string to display in the mode line while this method is
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1131 active. @var{description} is a string describing this method and what
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1132 it is good for.
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1133 @end defvar
22138
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1134
23110
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1135 The fundamental interface to input methods is through the
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parents: 22267
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1136 variable @code{input-method-function}. @xref{Reading One Event}.
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1137
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1138 @node Locales
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1139 @section Locales
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1140 @cindex locale
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1141
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Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
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1142 POSIX defines a concept of ``locales'' which control which language
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1143 to use in language-related features. These Emacs variables control
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
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1144 how Emacs interacts with these features.
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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parents: 25751
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1145
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1146 @defvar locale-coding-system
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parents: 25751
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1147 @tindex locale-coding-system
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
1148 This variable specifies the coding system to use for decoding system
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1149 error messages, for encoding the format argument to
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
1150 @code{format-time-string}, and for decoding the return value of
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
1151 @code{format-time-string}.
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parents: 25751
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1152 @end defvar
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
1153
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1154 @defvar system-messages-locale
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1155 @tindex system-messages-locale
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
1156 This variable specifies the locale to use for generating system error
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
1157 messages. Changing the locale can cause messages to come out in a
27362
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1158 different language or in a different orthography. If the variable is
26696
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1159 @code{nil}, the locale is specified by environment variables in the
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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diff changeset
1160 usual POSIX fashion.
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1161 @end defvar
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1162
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1163 @defvar system-time-locale
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diff changeset
1164 @tindex system-time-locale
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Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1165 This variable specifies the locale to use for formatting time values.
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1166 Changing the locale can cause messages to appear according to the
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1167 conventions of a different language. If the variable is @code{nil}, the
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1168 locale is specified by environment variables in the usual POSIX fashion.
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
1169 @end defvar
28877
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1170