Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/building.texi @ 62238:45a3c926bb21
Fixed wrong entries in etc/ChangeLog and replaced my email.
author | Marcelo Toledo <marcelo@gnu.org> |
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date | Wed, 11 May 2005 18:26:03 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
39287 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,97,2000,2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
38202 | 4 @node Building, Maintaining, Programs, Top |
25829 | 5 @chapter Compiling and Testing Programs |
6 @cindex building programs | |
7 @cindex program building | |
8 @cindex running Lisp functions | |
9 | |
10 The previous chapter discusses the Emacs commands that are useful for | |
11 making changes in programs. This chapter deals with commands that assist | |
12 in the larger process of developing and maintaining programs. | |
13 | |
14 @menu | |
15 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other | |
16 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.). | |
17 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors. | |
18 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly | |
19 for use in the compilation buffer. | |
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20 * Grep Searching:: Searching with grep. |
61050 | 21 * Flymake:: Finding syntax errors on the fly. |
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22 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. |
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23 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, |
25829 | 24 with different facilities for running |
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25 the Lisp programs. |
25829 | 26 * Libraries: Lisp Libraries. Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs. |
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27 * Eval: Lisp Eval. Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. |
25829 | 28 * Interaction: Lisp Interaction. Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. |
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29 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. |
25829 | 30 @end menu |
31 | |
32 @node Compilation | |
33 @section Running Compilations under Emacs | |
34 @cindex inferior process | |
35 @cindex make | |
36 @cindex compilation errors | |
37 @cindex error log | |
38 | |
39 Emacs can run compilers for noninteractive languages such as C and | |
40 Fortran as inferior processes, feeding the error log into an Emacs buffer. | |
41 It can also parse the error messages and show you the source lines where | |
42 compilation errors occurred. | |
43 | |
44 @table @kbd | |
45 @item M-x compile | |
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46 Run a compiler asynchronously under Emacs, with error messages going to |
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47 the @samp{*compilation*} buffer. |
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48 @item M-x recompile |
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49 Invoke a compiler with the same command as in the last invocation of |
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50 @kbd{M-x compile}. |
25829 | 51 @item M-x grep |
52 Run @code{grep} asynchronously under Emacs, with matching lines | |
53 listed in the buffer named @samp{*grep*}. | |
54 @item M-x grep-find | |
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55 @item M-x find-grep |
25829 | 56 Run @code{grep} via @code{find}, with user-specified arguments, and |
57 collect output in the buffer named @samp{*grep*}. | |
58 @item M-x kill-compilation | |
59 @itemx M-x kill-grep | |
60 Kill the running compilation or @code{grep} subprocess. | |
61 @end table | |
62 | |
63 @findex compile | |
64 To run @code{make} or another compilation command, do @kbd{M-x | |
65 compile}. This command reads a shell command line using the minibuffer, | |
66 and then executes the command in an inferior shell, putting output in | |
67 the buffer named @samp{*compilation*}. The current buffer's default | |
68 directory is used as the working directory for the execution of the | |
69 command; normally, therefore, the compilation happens in this | |
70 directory. | |
71 | |
72 @vindex compile-command | |
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73 When the shell command line is read, the minibuffer appears |
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74 containing a default command line, which is the command you used the |
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75 last time you did @kbd{M-x compile}. If you type just @key{RET}, the |
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76 same command line is used again. For the first @kbd{M-x compile}, the |
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77 default is @samp{make -k}, which is correct most of the time for |
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78 nontrivial programs. (@xref{Top,, Make, make, GNU Make Manual}.) |
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79 The default compilation command comes from the variable |
25829 | 80 @code{compile-command}; if the appropriate compilation command for a |
81 file is something other than @samp{make -k}, it can be useful for the | |
82 file to specify a local value for @code{compile-command} (@pxref{File | |
83 Variables}). | |
84 | |
85 Starting a compilation displays the buffer @samp{*compilation*} in | |
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86 another window but does not select it. The buffer's mode line tells |
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87 you whether compilation is finished, with the word @samp{run}, |
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88 @samp{signal} or @samp{exit} inside the parentheses. You do not have |
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89 to keep this buffer visible; compilation continues in any case. While |
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90 a compilation is going on, the string @samp{Compiling} appears in the |
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91 mode lines of all windows. When this string disappears, the |
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92 compilation is finished. |
25829 | 93 |
94 If you want to watch the compilation transcript as it appears, switch | |
95 to the @samp{*compilation*} buffer and move point to the end of the | |
96 buffer. When point is at the end, new compilation output is inserted | |
97 above point, which remains at the end. If point is not at the end of | |
98 the buffer, it remains fixed while more compilation output is added at | |
99 the end of the buffer. | |
100 | |
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101 @cindex compilation buffer, keeping current position at the end |
25829 | 102 @vindex compilation-scroll-output |
103 If you set the variable @code{compilation-scroll-output} to a | |
104 non-@code{nil} value, then the compilation buffer always scrolls to | |
105 follow output as it comes in. | |
106 | |
107 @findex kill-compilation | |
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108 When the compiler process terminates, for whatever reason, the mode |
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109 line of the @samp{*compilation*} buffer changes to say @samp{exit} |
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110 (followed by the exit code, @samp{[0]} for a normal exit), or |
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111 @samp{signal} (if a signal terminated the process), instead of |
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112 @samp{run}. Starting a new compilation also kills any running |
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113 compilation, as only one can exist at any time. However, @kbd{M-x |
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114 compile} asks for confirmation before actually killing a compilation |
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115 that is running. You can also kill the compilation process with |
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116 @kbd{M-x kill-compilation}. |
25829 | 117 |
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118 @findex recompile |
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119 To rerun the last compilation with the same command, type @kbd{M-x |
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120 recompile}. This automatically reuses the compilation command from |
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121 the last invocation of @kbd{M-x compile}. It also reuses the |
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122 @samp{*compilation*} buffer and starts the compilation in its default |
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123 directory, which is the directory in which the previous compilation |
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124 was started. |
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125 |
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126 Emacs does not expect a compiler process to launch asynchronous |
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127 subprocesses; if it does, and they keep running after the main |
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128 compiler process has terminated, Emacs may kill them or their output |
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129 may not arrive in Emacs. To avoid this problem, make the main process |
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130 wait for its subprocesses to finish. In a shell script, you can do this |
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131 using @samp{$!} and @samp{wait}, like this: |
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132 |
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133 @example |
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134 (sleep 10; echo 2nd)& pid=$! # @r{Record pid of subprocess} |
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135 echo first message |
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136 wait $pid # @r{Wait for subprocess} |
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137 @end example |
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138 |
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139 If the background process does not output to the compilation buffer, |
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140 so you only need to prevent it from being killed when the main |
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141 compilation process terminates, this is sufficient: |
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142 |
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143 @example |
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144 nohup @var{command}; sleep 1 |
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145 @end example |
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146 |
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147 @vindex compilation-environment |
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148 You can control the environment passed to the compilation command |
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149 with the variable @code{compilation-environment}. Its value is a list |
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150 of environment variable settings; each element should be a string of |
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151 the form @code{"@var{envvarname}=@var{value}"}. These environment |
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152 variable settings override the usual ones. |
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153 |
25829 | 154 @node Compilation Mode |
155 @section Compilation Mode | |
156 | |
157 @findex compile-goto-error | |
158 @cindex Compilation mode | |
159 @cindex mode, Compilation | |
160 The @samp{*compilation*} buffer uses a special major mode, Compilation | |
161 mode, whose main feature is to provide a convenient way to look at the | |
162 source line where the error happened. | |
163 | |
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164 If you set the variable @code{compilation-scroll-output} to a |
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165 non-@code{nil} value, then the compilation buffer always scrolls to |
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166 follow output as it comes in. |
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167 |
25829 | 168 @table @kbd |
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169 @item M-g M-n |
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170 @itemx M-g n |
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171 @itemx C-x ` |
25829 | 172 Visit the locus of the next compiler error message or @code{grep} match. |
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173 @item M-g M-p |
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174 @itemx M-g p |
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175 Visit the locus of the previous compiler error message or @code{grep} match. |
25829 | 176 @item @key{RET} |
177 Visit the locus of the error message that point is on. | |
178 This command is used in the compilation buffer. | |
179 @item Mouse-2 | |
180 Visit the locus of the error message that you click on. | |
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181 @item M-n |
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182 Find and highlight the locus of the next error message, without |
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183 selecting the source buffer. |
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184 @item M-p |
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185 Find and highlight the locus of the previous error message, without |
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186 selecting the source buffer. |
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187 @item M-@} |
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188 Move point to the next error for a different file than the current |
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189 one. |
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190 @item M-@{ |
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191 Move point to the previous error for a different file than the current |
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192 one. |
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193 @item C-c C-f |
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194 Toggle Next Error Follow minor mode, which makes cursor motion in the |
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195 compilation buffer produce automatic source display. |
25829 | 196 @end table |
197 | |
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198 @kindex M-g M-n |
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199 @kindex M-g n |
25829 | 200 @kindex C-x ` |
201 @findex next-error | |
202 You can visit the source for any particular error message by moving | |
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203 point in the @samp{*compilation*} buffer to that error message and |
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204 typing @key{RET} (@code{compile-goto-error}). Alternatively, you can |
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205 click @kbd{Mouse-2} on the error message; you need not switch to the |
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206 @samp{*compilation*} buffer first. |
25829 | 207 |
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208 @vindex next-error-highlight |
25829 | 209 To parse the compiler error messages sequentially, type @kbd{C-x `} |
210 (@code{next-error}). The character following the @kbd{C-x} is the | |
211 backquote or ``grave accent,'' not the single-quote. This command is | |
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212 available in all buffers, not just in @samp{*compilation*}; it |
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213 displays the next error message at the top of one window and source |
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214 location of the error in another window. It also momentarily |
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215 highlights the relevant source line. You can change the behavior of |
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216 this highlighting with the variable @code{next-error-highlight}. |
25829 | 217 |
218 The first time @kbd{C-x `} is used after the start of a compilation, | |
219 it moves to the first error's location. Subsequent uses of @kbd{C-x `} | |
220 advance down to subsequent errors. If you visit a specific error | |
221 message with @key{RET} or @kbd{Mouse-2}, subsequent @kbd{C-x `} | |
222 commands advance from there. When @kbd{C-x `} gets to the end of the | |
223 buffer and finds no more error messages to visit, it fails and signals | |
224 an Emacs error. | |
225 | |
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226 You don't have to be in the compilation buffer in order to use |
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227 @code{next-error}. If one window on the selected frame can be the |
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228 target of the @code{next-error} call, it is used. Else, if a buffer |
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229 previously had @code{next-error} called on it, it is used. Else, |
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230 if the current buffer can be the target of @code{next-error}, it is |
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231 used. Else, all the buffers Emacs manages are tried for |
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232 @code{next-error} support. |
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233 |
25829 | 234 @kbd{C-u C-x `} starts scanning from the beginning of the compilation |
235 buffer. This is one way to process the same set of errors again. | |
236 | |
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237 @vindex compilation-error-regexp-alist |
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238 @vindex grep-regexp-alist |
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239 To parse messages from the compiler, Compilation mode uses the |
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240 variable @code{compilation-error-regexp-alist} which lists various |
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241 formats of error messages and tells Emacs how to extract the source file |
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242 and the line number from the text of a message. If your compiler isn't |
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243 supported, you can tailor Compilation mode to it by adding elements to |
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244 that list. A similar variable @code{grep-regexp-alist} tells Emacs how |
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245 to parse output of a @code{grep} command. |
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246 |
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247 @findex compilation-next-error |
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248 @findex compilation-previous-error |
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249 @findex compilation-next-file |
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250 @findex compilation-previous-file |
25829 | 251 Compilation mode also redefines the keys @key{SPC} and @key{DEL} to |
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252 scroll by screenfuls, and @kbd{M-n} (@code{compilation-next-error}) |
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253 and @kbd{M-p} (@code{compilation-previous-error}) to move to the next |
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254 or previous error message. You can also use @kbd{M-@{} |
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255 (@code{compilation-next-file} and @kbd{M-@}} |
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256 (@code{compilation-previous-file}) to move up or down to an error |
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257 message for a different source file. |
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258 |
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259 @cindex Next Error Follow mode |
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260 @findex next-error-follow-minor-mode |
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261 You can type @kbd{C-c C-f} to toggle Next Error Follow mode. In |
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262 this minor mode, ordinary cursor motion in the compilation buffer |
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263 automatically updates the source buffer. For instance, moving the |
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264 cursor to the next error message causes the location of that error to |
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265 be displayed immediately. |
25829 | 266 |
267 The features of Compilation mode are also available in a minor mode | |
268 called Compilation Minor mode. This lets you parse error messages in | |
269 any buffer, not just a normal compilation output buffer. Type @kbd{M-x | |
270 compilation-minor-mode} to enable the minor mode. This defines the keys | |
271 @key{RET} and @kbd{Mouse-2}, as in the Compilation major mode. | |
272 | |
273 Compilation minor mode works in any buffer, as long as the contents | |
274 are in a format that it understands. In an Rlogin buffer (@pxref{Remote | |
275 Host}), Compilation minor mode automatically accesses remote source | |
276 files by FTP (@pxref{File Names}). | |
277 | |
278 @node Compilation Shell | |
279 @section Subshells for Compilation | |
280 | |
281 Emacs uses a shell to run the compilation command, but specifies | |
282 the option for a noninteractive shell. This means, in particular, that | |
283 the shell should start with no prompt. If you find your usual shell | |
284 prompt making an unsightly appearance in the @samp{*compilation*} | |
285 buffer, it means you have made a mistake in your shell's init file by | |
286 setting the prompt unconditionally. (This init file's name may be | |
287 @file{.bashrc}, @file{.profile}, @file{.cshrc}, @file{.shrc}, or various | |
288 other things, depending on the shell you use.) The shell init file | |
289 should set the prompt only if there already is a prompt. In csh, here | |
290 is how to do it: | |
291 | |
292 @example | |
293 if ($?prompt) set prompt = @dots{} | |
294 @end example | |
295 | |
296 @noindent | |
297 And here's how to do it in bash: | |
298 | |
299 @example | |
300 if [ "$@{PS1+set@}" = set ] | |
301 then PS1=@dots{} | |
302 fi | |
303 @end example | |
304 | |
305 There may well be other things that your shell's init file | |
306 ought to do only for an interactive shell. You can use the same | |
307 method to conditionalize them. | |
308 | |
309 The MS-DOS ``operating system'' does not support asynchronous | |
310 subprocesses; to work around this lack, @kbd{M-x compile} runs the | |
311 compilation command synchronously on MS-DOS. As a consequence, you must | |
312 wait until the command finishes before you can do anything else in | |
313 Emacs. @xref{MS-DOS}. | |
314 | |
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315 @node Grep Searching |
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316 @section Searching with Grep under Emacs |
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317 |
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318 @findex grep |
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319 Just as you can run a compiler from Emacs and then visit the lines |
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320 where there were compilation errors, you can also run @code{grep} and |
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321 then visit the lines on which matches were found. This works by |
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322 treating the matches reported by @code{grep} as if they were ``errors.'' |
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323 |
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324 To do this, type @kbd{M-x grep}, then enter a command line that |
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325 specifies how to run @code{grep}. Use the same arguments you would give |
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326 @code{grep} when running it normally: a @code{grep}-style regexp |
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327 (usually in single-quotes to quote the shell's special characters) |
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328 followed by file names, which may use wildcards. If you specify a |
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329 prefix argument for @kbd{M-x grep}, it figures out the tag |
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330 (@pxref{Tags}) around point, and puts that into the default |
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331 @code{grep} command. |
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332 |
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333 The output from @code{grep} goes in the @samp{*grep*} buffer. You |
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334 can find the corresponding lines in the original files using @kbd{C-x |
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335 `}, @key{RET}, and so forth, just like compilation errors. |
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336 |
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337 Some grep programs accept a @samp{--color} option to output special |
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338 markers around matches for the purpose of highlighting. You can make |
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339 use of this feature by setting @code{grep-highlight-matches} to t. |
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340 When displaying a match in the source buffer, the exact match will be |
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341 highlighted, instead of the entire source line. |
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342 |
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343 @findex grep-find |
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344 @findex find-grep |
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345 The command @kbd{M-x grep-find} (also available as @kbd{M-x |
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346 find-grep}) is similar to @kbd{M-x grep}, but it supplies a different |
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347 initial default for the command---one that runs both @code{find} and |
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348 @code{grep}, so as to search every file in a directory tree. See also |
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349 the @code{find-grep-dired} command, in @ref{Dired and Find}. |
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350 |
61050 | 351 @node Flymake |
352 @section Finding Syntax Errors On The Fly | |
353 @cindex checking syntax | |
354 | |
355 Flymake mode is a minor mode that performs on-the-fly syntax | |
356 checking for many programming and markup languages, including C, C++, | |
357 Perl, HTML, and @TeX{}/La@TeX{}. It is somewhat analogous to Flyspell | |
358 mode, which performs spell checking for ordinary human languages in a | |
359 similar fashion (@pxref{Spelling}). As you edit a file, Flymake mode | |
360 runs an appropriate syntax checking tool in the background, using a | |
361 temporary copy of the buffer. It then parses the error and warning | |
362 messages, and highlights the erroneous lines in the buffer. The | |
363 syntax checking tool used depends on the language; for example, for | |
364 C/C++ files this is usually the C compiler. Flymake can also use | |
365 build tools such as @code{make} for checking complicated projects. | |
366 | |
367 To activate Flymake mode, type @kbd{M-x flymake-mode}. You can move | |
368 to the errors spotted by Flymake mode with @kbd{M-x | |
369 flymake-goto-next-error} and @kbd{M-x flymake-goto-prev-error}. To | |
370 display any error messages associated with the current line, use | |
371 @kbd{M-x flymake-display-err-menu-for-current-line}. | |
372 | |
373 For more details about using Flymake, see @ref{Top, Flymake, | |
374 Flymake, flymake, The Flymake Manual}. | |
375 | |
25829 | 376 @node Debuggers |
377 @section Running Debuggers Under Emacs | |
378 @cindex debuggers | |
379 @cindex GUD library | |
380 @cindex GDB | |
381 @cindex DBX | |
382 @cindex SDB | |
383 @cindex XDB | |
384 @cindex Perldb | |
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385 @cindex bashdb |
25829 | 386 @cindex JDB |
387 @cindex PDB | |
388 | |
389 @c Do you believe in GUD? | |
390 The GUD (Grand Unified Debugger) library provides an interface to | |
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391 various symbolic debuggers from within Emacs. We recommend the |
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392 debugger GDB, which is free software, but you can also run DBX, SDB or |
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393 XDB if you have them. GUD can also serve as an interface to Perl's |
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394 debugging mode, the Python debugger PDB, the bash debugger, and to |
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395 JDB, the Java Debugger. @xref{Debugging,, The Lisp Debugger, elisp, |
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396 the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, for information on debugging Emacs |
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397 Lisp programs. |
25829 | 398 |
399 @menu | |
400 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess. | |
401 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers. | |
402 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands. | |
403 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD. | |
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404 * GDB Graphical Interface:: An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to |
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405 implement a graphical debugging environment through |
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406 Emacs. |
25829 | 407 @end menu |
408 | |
409 @node Starting GUD | |
410 @subsection Starting GUD | |
411 | |
412 There are several commands for starting a debugger, each corresponding | |
413 to a particular debugger program. | |
414 | |
415 @table @kbd | |
416 @item M-x gdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
417 @findex gdb | |
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418 Run GDB as a subprocess of Emacs. By default, this operates in |
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419 graphical mode; @xref{GDB Graphical Interface}. Graphical mode |
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420 does not support any other debuggers. |
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421 |
25829 | 422 @item M-x dbx @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} |
423 @findex dbx | |
38490 | 424 Similar, but run DBX instead of GDB. |
25829 | 425 |
426 @item M-x xdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
427 @findex xdb | |
428 @vindex gud-xdb-directories | |
38490 | 429 Similar, but run XDB instead of GDB. Use the variable |
25829 | 430 @code{gud-xdb-directories} to specify directories to search for source |
431 files. | |
432 | |
433 @item M-x sdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
434 @findex sdb | |
38490 | 435 Similar, but run SDB instead of GDB. |
25829 | 436 |
437 Some versions of SDB do not mention source file names in their | |
438 messages. When you use them, you need to have a valid tags table | |
439 (@pxref{Tags}) in order for GUD to find functions in the source code. | |
440 If you have not visited a tags table or the tags table doesn't list one | |
441 of the functions, you get a message saying @samp{The sdb support | |
442 requires a valid tags table to work}. If this happens, generate a valid | |
443 tags table in the working directory and try again. | |
444 | |
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445 @item M-x bashdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} |
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446 @findex bashdb |
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447 Run the bash debugger to debug @var{file}, a shell script. |
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448 |
25829 | 449 @item M-x perldb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} |
450 @findex perldb | |
451 Run the Perl interpreter in debug mode to debug @var{file}, a Perl program. | |
452 | |
453 @item M-x jdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
454 @findex jdb | |
455 Run the Java debugger to debug @var{file}. | |
456 | |
457 @item M-x pdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
458 @findex pdb | |
459 Run the Python debugger to debug @var{file}. | |
460 @end table | |
461 | |
462 Each of these commands takes one argument: a command line to invoke | |
463 the debugger. In the simplest case, specify just the name of the | |
464 executable file you want to debug. You may also use options that the | |
465 debugger supports. However, shell wildcards and variables are not | |
466 allowed. GUD assumes that the first argument not starting with a | |
467 @samp{-} is the executable file name. | |
468 | |
469 @node Debugger Operation | |
470 @subsection Debugger Operation | |
471 | |
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472 @cindex fringes, and current execution line in GUD |
25829 | 473 When you run a debugger with GUD, the debugger uses an Emacs buffer |
474 for its ordinary input and output. This is called the GUD buffer. The | |
475 debugger displays the source files of the program by visiting them in | |
476 Emacs buffers. An arrow (@samp{=>}) in one of these buffers indicates | |
42913 | 477 the current execution line.@footnote{Under a window system, the arrow |
478 appears in the left fringe of the Emacs window.} Moving point in this | |
479 buffer does not move the arrow. | |
25829 | 480 |
481 You can start editing these source files at any time in the buffers | |
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482 that display them. The arrow is not part of the file's |
25829 | 483 text; it appears only on the screen. If you do modify a source file, |
484 keep in mind that inserting or deleting lines will throw off the arrow's | |
485 positioning; GUD has no way of figuring out which line corresponded | |
486 before your changes to the line number in a debugger message. Also, | |
487 you'll typically have to recompile and restart the program for your | |
488 changes to be reflected in the debugger's tables. | |
489 | |
490 If you wish, you can control your debugger process entirely through the | |
491 debugger buffer, which uses a variant of Shell mode. All the usual | |
492 commands for your debugger are available, and you can use the Shell mode | |
493 history commands to repeat them. @xref{Shell Mode}. | |
494 | |
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495 @cindex tooltips with GUD |
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496 @vindex tooltip-gud-modes |
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497 @vindex gud-tooltip-mode |
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498 @vindex gud-tooltip-echo-area |
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499 The Tooltip facility (@pxref{Tooltips}) provides support for GUD@. |
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500 You activate this feature by turning on the minor mode |
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501 @code{gud-tooltip-mode}. Then you can display a variable's value in a |
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502 tooltip simply by pointing at it with the mouse. In graphical mode, |
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503 with a C program, you can also display the @code{#define} directive |
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504 associated with an identifier when the program is not executing. This |
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505 operates in the GUD buffer and in source buffers with major modes in |
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506 the list @code{gud-tooltip-modes}. If the variable |
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507 @code{gud-tooltip-echo-area} is non-@code{nil} then the help text is |
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508 displayed in the echo area. |
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509 |
25829 | 510 @node Commands of GUD |
511 @subsection Commands of GUD | |
512 | |
513 The GUD interaction buffer uses a variant of Shell mode, so the | |
514 commands of Shell mode are available (@pxref{Shell Mode}). GUD mode | |
515 also provides commands for setting and clearing breakpoints, for | |
516 selecting stack frames, and for stepping through the program. These | |
517 commands are available both in the GUD buffer and globally, but with | |
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518 different key bindings. It also has its own toolbar from which you |
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519 can invoke the more common commands by clicking on the appropriate |
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520 icon. This is particularly useful for repetitive commands like |
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521 gud-next and gud-step and allows the user to hide the GUD buffer. |
25829 | 522 |
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523 The breakpoint commands are normally used in source file buffers, |
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524 because that is the easiest way to specify where to set or clear the |
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525 breakpoint. Here's the global command to set a breakpoint: |
25829 | 526 |
527 @table @kbd | |
528 @item C-x @key{SPC} | |
529 @kindex C-x SPC | |
530 Set a breakpoint on the source line that point is on. | |
531 @end table | |
532 | |
533 @kindex C-x C-a @r{(GUD)} | |
534 Here are the other special commands provided by GUD. The keys | |
535 starting with @kbd{C-c} are available only in the GUD interaction | |
536 buffer. The key bindings that start with @kbd{C-x C-a} are available in | |
537 the GUD interaction buffer and also in source files. | |
538 | |
539 @table @kbd | |
540 @item C-c C-l | |
541 @kindex C-c C-l @r{(GUD)} | |
542 @itemx C-x C-a C-l | |
543 @findex gud-refresh | |
544 Display in another window the last line referred to in the GUD | |
545 buffer (that is, the line indicated in the last location message). | |
546 This runs the command @code{gud-refresh}. | |
547 | |
548 @item C-c C-s | |
549 @kindex C-c C-s @r{(GUD)} | |
550 @itemx C-x C-a C-s | |
551 @findex gud-step | |
552 Execute a single line of code (@code{gud-step}). If the line contains | |
553 a function call, execution stops after entering the called function. | |
554 | |
555 @item C-c C-n | |
556 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(GUD)} | |
557 @itemx C-x C-a C-n | |
558 @findex gud-next | |
559 Execute a single line of code, stepping across entire function calls | |
560 at full speed (@code{gud-next}). | |
561 | |
562 @item C-c C-i | |
563 @kindex C-c C-i @r{(GUD)} | |
564 @itemx C-x C-a C-i | |
565 @findex gud-stepi | |
566 Execute a single machine instruction (@code{gud-stepi}). | |
567 | |
568 @need 3000 | |
569 @item C-c C-r | |
570 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(GUD)} | |
571 @itemx C-x C-a C-r | |
572 @findex gud-cont | |
573 Continue execution without specifying any stopping point. The program | |
574 will run until it hits a breakpoint, terminates, or gets a signal that | |
575 the debugger is checking for (@code{gud-cont}). | |
576 | |
577 @need 1000 | |
578 @item C-c C-d | |
579 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(GUD)} | |
580 @itemx C-x C-a C-d | |
581 @findex gud-remove | |
582 Delete the breakpoint(s) on the current source line, if any | |
583 (@code{gud-remove}). If you use this command in the GUD interaction | |
584 buffer, it applies to the line where the program last stopped. | |
585 | |
586 @item C-c C-t | |
587 @kindex C-c C-t @r{(GUD)} | |
588 @itemx C-x C-a C-t | |
589 @findex gud-tbreak | |
590 Set a temporary breakpoint on the current source line, if any. | |
591 If you use this command in the GUD interaction buffer, | |
592 it applies to the line where the program last stopped. | |
593 @end table | |
594 | |
595 The above commands are common to all supported debuggers. If you are | |
596 using GDB or (some versions of) DBX, these additional commands are available: | |
597 | |
598 @table @kbd | |
599 @item C-c < | |
600 @kindex C-c < @r{(GUD)} | |
601 @itemx C-x C-a < | |
602 @findex gud-up | |
603 Select the next enclosing stack frame (@code{gud-up}). This is | |
604 equivalent to the @samp{up} command. | |
605 | |
606 @item C-c > | |
607 @kindex C-c > @r{(GUD)} | |
608 @itemx C-x C-a > | |
609 @findex gud-down | |
610 Select the next inner stack frame (@code{gud-down}). This is | |
611 equivalent to the @samp{down} command. | |
612 @end table | |
613 | |
614 If you are using GDB, these additional key bindings are available: | |
615 | |
616 @table @kbd | |
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617 @item C-c C-r |
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618 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(GUD)} |
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619 @itemx C-x C-a C-r |
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620 @findex gud-run |
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621 Start execution of the program (@code{gud-run}). |
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622 |
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623 @item C-c C-u |
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624 @kindex C-c C-u @r{(GUD)} |
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625 @itemx C-x C-a C-u |
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626 @findex gud-until |
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627 Continue execution to the current line. The program will run until |
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628 it hits a breakpoint, terminates, gets a signal that the debugger is |
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629 checking for, or reaches the line on which the cursor currently sits |
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630 (@code{gud-until}). |
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631 |
25829 | 632 @item @key{TAB} |
633 @kindex TAB @r{(GUD)} | |
634 @findex gud-gdb-complete-command | |
635 With GDB, complete a symbol name (@code{gud-gdb-complete-command}). | |
636 This key is available only in the GUD interaction buffer, and requires | |
637 GDB versions 4.13 and later. | |
638 | |
639 @item C-c C-f | |
640 @kindex C-c C-f @r{(GUD)} | |
641 @itemx C-x C-a C-f | |
642 @findex gud-finish | |
643 Run the program until the selected stack frame returns (or until it | |
644 stops for some other reason). | |
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645 |
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646 @item C-x C-a C-j |
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647 @kindex C-x C-a C-j @r{(GUD)} |
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648 @findex gud-jump |
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649 Only useful in a source buffer, (@code{gud-jump}) transfers the |
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650 program's execution point to the current line. In other words, the |
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651 next line that the program executes will be the one where you gave the |
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652 command. If the new execution line is in a different function from |
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653 the previously one, GDB prompts for confirmation since the results may |
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654 be bizarre. See the GDB manual entry regarding @code{jump} for |
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655 details. |
25829 | 656 @end table |
657 | |
658 These commands interpret a numeric argument as a repeat count, when | |
659 that makes sense. | |
660 | |
661 Because @key{TAB} serves as a completion command, you can't use it to | |
662 enter a tab as input to the program you are debugging with GDB. | |
663 Instead, type @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} to enter a tab. | |
664 | |
665 @node GUD Customization | |
666 @subsection GUD Customization | |
667 | |
668 @vindex gdb-mode-hook | |
669 @vindex dbx-mode-hook | |
670 @vindex sdb-mode-hook | |
671 @vindex xdb-mode-hook | |
672 @vindex perldb-mode-hook | |
673 @vindex pdb-mode-hook | |
674 @vindex jdb-mode-hook | |
675 On startup, GUD runs one of the following hooks: @code{gdb-mode-hook}, | |
676 if you are using GDB; @code{dbx-mode-hook}, if you are using DBX; | |
677 @code{sdb-mode-hook}, if you are using SDB; @code{xdb-mode-hook}, if you | |
678 are using XDB; @code{perldb-mode-hook}, for Perl debugging mode; | |
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679 @code{pdb-mode-hook}, for PDB; @code{jdb-mode-hook}, for JDB. You can |
25829 | 680 use these hooks to define custom key bindings for the debugger |
681 interaction buffer. @xref{Hooks}. | |
682 | |
683 Here is a convenient way to define a command that sends a particular | |
684 command string to the debugger, and set up a key binding for it in the | |
685 debugger interaction buffer: | |
686 | |
687 @findex gud-def | |
688 @example | |
689 (gud-def @var{function} @var{cmdstring} @var{binding} @var{docstring}) | |
690 @end example | |
691 | |
692 This defines a command named @var{function} which sends | |
693 @var{cmdstring} to the debugger process, and gives it the documentation | |
38743 | 694 string @var{docstring}. You can then use the command @var{function} in any |
25829 | 695 buffer. If @var{binding} is non-@code{nil}, @code{gud-def} also binds |
696 the command to @kbd{C-c @var{binding}} in the GUD buffer's mode and to | |
697 @kbd{C-x C-a @var{binding}} generally. | |
698 | |
699 The command string @var{cmdstring} may contain certain | |
700 @samp{%}-sequences that stand for data to be filled in at the time | |
701 @var{function} is called: | |
702 | |
703 @table @samp | |
704 @item %f | |
705 The name of the current source file. If the current buffer is the GUD | |
706 buffer, then the ``current source file'' is the file that the program | |
707 stopped in. | |
708 @c This said, ``the name of the file the program counter was in at the last breakpoint.'' | |
709 @c But I suspect it is really the last stop file. | |
710 | |
711 @item %l | |
712 The number of the current source line. If the current buffer is the GUD | |
713 buffer, then the ``current source line'' is the line that the program | |
714 stopped in. | |
715 | |
716 @item %e | |
717 The text of the C lvalue or function-call expression at or adjacent to point. | |
718 | |
719 @item %a | |
720 The text of the hexadecimal address at or adjacent to point. | |
721 | |
722 @item %p | |
723 The numeric argument of the called function, as a decimal number. If | |
724 the command is used without a numeric argument, @samp{%p} stands for the | |
725 empty string. | |
726 | |
727 If you don't use @samp{%p} in the command string, the command you define | |
728 ignores any numeric argument. | |
729 @end table | |
730 | |
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731 @node GDB Graphical Interface |
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732 @subsection GDB Graphical Interface |
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733 |
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734 By default, the command @code{gdb} starts GDB using a graphical |
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735 interface where you view and control the program's data using Emacs |
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736 windows. You can still interact with GDB through the GUD buffer, but |
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737 the point of this mode is that you can do it through menus and clicks, |
60594
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738 without needing to know GDB commands. For example, you can click |
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739 @kbd{Mouse-1} on a line of the source buffer, in the fringe or display |
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740 margin, to set a breakpoint there. If a breakpoint already exists on |
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741 that line, this action will remove it |
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742 (@code{gdb-mouse-set-clear-breakpoint}). Where Emacs uses the margin |
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743 to display breakpoints, it is also possible to enable or disable them |
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744 when you click @kbd{Mouse-3} there |
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745 (@code{gdb-mouse-toggle--breakpoint}). |
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746 |
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747 @vindex gud-gdb-command-name |
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748 @findex gdba |
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749 You can also run GDB in text command mode, which creates a buffer |
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750 for input and output to GDB. To do this, set |
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751 @code{gud-gdb-command-name} to @code{"gdb --fullname"} or edit the |
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752 startup command in the minibuffer to say that. You need to do use |
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753 text command mode to run multiple debugging sessions within one Emacs |
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754 session. If you have customised @code{gud-gdb-command-name} in that |
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755 way, then you can use @kbd{M-x gdba} to invoke GDB in graphical mode. |
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756 |
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757 @menu |
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758 * Layout:: Control the number of displayed buffers. |
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759 * Breakpoints Buffer:: A breakpoint control panel. |
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760 * Stack Buffer:: Select a frame from the call stack. |
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761 * Watch Expressions:: Monitor variable values in the speedbar. |
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762 * Other Buffers:: Input/output, locals, registers, assembler, threads |
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763 and memory buffers. |
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764 @end menu |
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765 |
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766 @node Layout |
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767 @subsubsection Layout |
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768 @cindex GDB User Interface layout |
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769 |
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770 @findex gdb-many-windows |
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771 @vindex gdb-many-windows |
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772 |
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773 If the variable @code{gdb-many-windows} is @code{nil} (the default |
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774 value) then gdb just pops up the GUD buffer unless the variable |
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775 @code{gdb-show-main} is non-@code{nil}. In this case it starts with |
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776 two windows: one displaying the GUD buffer and the other with the |
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777 source file with the main routine of the inferior. |
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778 |
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779 If @code{gdb-many-windows} is non-@code{nil}, regardless of the value of |
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780 @code{gdb-show-main}, the layout below will appear unless |
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781 @code{gdb-use-inferior-io-buffer} is @code{nil}. In this case the |
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782 source buffer occupies the full width of the frame. |
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783 |
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784 @multitable @columnfractions .5 .5 |
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785 @item GUD buffer (I/O of GDB) |
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786 @tab Locals buffer |
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787 @item |
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788 @tab |
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789 @item Source buffer |
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790 @tab Input/Output (of inferior) buffer |
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791 @item |
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792 @tab |
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793 @item Stack buffer |
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794 @tab Breakpoints buffer |
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795 @end multitable |
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796 |
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797 To toggle this layout, do @kbd{M-x gdb-many-windows}. |
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798 |
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799 @findex gdb-restore-windows |
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800 If you change the window layout, for example, while editing and |
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801 re-compiling your program, then you can restore it with the command |
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802 @code{gdb-restore-windows}. |
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803 |
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804 You may also choose which additional buffers you want to display, |
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805 either in the same frame or a different one. Select GDB-windows or |
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806 GDB-Frames from the menu-bar under the heading GUD. If the menu-bar |
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807 is unavailable, type @code{M-x |
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808 gdb-display-@var{buffertype}-buffer} or @code{M-x |
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809 gdb-frame-@var{buffertype}-buffer} respectively, where @var{buffertype} |
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810 is the relevant buffer type e.g breakpoints. |
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811 |
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812 When you finish debugging then kill the GUD buffer with @kbd{C-x k}, |
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813 which will also kill all the buffers associated with the session. |
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814 However you need not do this if, after editing and re-compiling your |
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815 source code within Emacs, you wish continue debugging. When you |
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816 restart execution, GDB will automatically find your new executable. |
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817 Keeping the GUD buffer has the advantage of keeping the shell history |
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818 as well as GDB's breakpoints. You need to check, however, that the |
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819 breakpoints in the recently edited code are still where you want them. |
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820 |
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821 @node Breakpoints Buffer |
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822 @subsubsection Breakpoints Buffer |
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|
823 |
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|
824 The breakpoints buffer shows the existing breakpoints and watchpoints |
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825 (@pxref{Breakpoints,,, gdb, The GNU debugger}). It has three special |
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|
826 commands: |
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|
827 |
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|
828 @table @kbd |
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parents:
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|
829 @item @key{SPC} |
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|
830 @kindex SPC @r{(GDB breakpoints buffer)} |
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|
831 @findex gdb-toggle-breakpoint |
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|
832 Enable/disable the breakpoint at the current line |
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|
833 (@code{gdb-toggle-breakpoint}). On a graphical display, this changes |
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|
834 the color of a bullet in the margin of the source buffer at the |
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|
835 relevant line. This is red when the breakpoint is enabled and grey |
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|
836 when it is disabled. Text-only terminals correspondingly display |
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|
837 a @samp{B} or @samp{b}. |
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|
838 |
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|
839 @item @kbd{d} |
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|
840 @kindex d @r{(GDB breakpoints buffer)} |
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|
841 @findex gdb-delete-breakpoint |
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|
842 Delete the breakpoint at the current line (@code{gdb-delete-breakpoint}). |
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|
843 |
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|
844 @item @key{RET} |
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|
845 @kindex RET @r{(GDB breakpoints buffer)} |
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|
846 @findex gdb-goto-breakpoint |
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|
847 Display the file in the source buffer at the breakpoint specified at |
60843
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parents:
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|
848 the current line (@code{gdb-goto-breakpoint}). Alternatively, click |
4e549a9044e1
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|
849 @kbd{Mouse-2} on the breakpoint that you wish to visit. |
51296
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|
850 @end table |
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|
851 |
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|
852 @node Stack Buffer |
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|
853 @subsubsection Stack Buffer |
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|
854 |
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|
855 The stack buffer displays a @dfn{call stack}, with one line for each |
35bdcc98e5b1
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
856 of the nested subroutine calls (@dfn{stack frames}) now active in the |
35bdcc98e5b1
(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
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parents:
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|
857 program. @xref{Backtrace,,info stack, gdb, The GNU debugger}. |
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|
858 |
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|
859 The selected frame is displayed in reverse contrast. Move point to |
4e549a9044e1
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Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
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|
860 any frame in the stack and type @key{RET} to select it (@code{gdb-frames-select}) |
4e549a9044e1
(Stack Buffer): Mention reverse contrast for
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parents:
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|
861 and display the associated source in the source buffer. Alternatively, |
4e549a9044e1
(Stack Buffer): Mention reverse contrast for
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|
862 click @kbd{Mouse-2} to make the selected frame become the current one. |
4e549a9044e1
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parents:
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|
863 If the locals buffer is displayed then its contents update to display |
4e549a9044e1
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parents:
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changeset
|
864 the variables that are local to the new frame. |
51296
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|
865 |
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|
866 @node Watch Expressions |
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parents:
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|
867 @subsubsection Watch Expressions |
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|
868 @cindex Watching expressions in GDB |
51296
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|
869 |
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|
870 If you want to see how a variable changes each time your program stops |
52907
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|
871 then place the cursor over the variable name and click on the watch |
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parents:
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|
872 icon in the toolbar (@code{gud-watch}). |
51296
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|
873 |
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|
874 Each watch expression is displayed in the speedbar. Complex data |
cc4a96fa8f08
(Watch Expressions): Update.
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parents:
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|
875 types, such as arrays, structures and unions are represented in a tree |
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(Watch Expressions): Update.
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parents:
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|
876 format. To expand or contract a complex data type, click @kbd{Mouse-2} |
cc4a96fa8f08
(Watch Expressions): Update.
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parents:
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|
877 on the tag to the left of the expression. |
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parents:
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|
878 |
52907
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Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
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|
879 @kindex RET @r{(GDB speedbar)} |
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(Watch Expressions): Update section on data display
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parents:
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|
880 @findex gdb-var-delete |
53254
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|
881 With the cursor over the root expression of a complex data type, type |
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882 @kbd{D} to delete it from the speedbar |
53254
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|
883 (@code{gdb-var-delete}). |
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(Watch Expressions): Update.
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parents:
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|
884 |
cc4a96fa8f08
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parents:
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|
885 @findex gdb-edit-value |
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Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
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|
886 With the cursor over a simple data type or an element of a complex |
cc4a96fa8f08
(Watch Expressions): Update.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
52907
diff
changeset
|
887 data type which holds a value, type @key{RET} or click @kbd{Mouse-2} to edit |
cc4a96fa8f08
(Watch Expressions): Update.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
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|
888 its value. A prompt for a new value appears in the mini-buffer |
cc4a96fa8f08
(Watch Expressions): Update.
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parents:
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|
889 (@code{gdb-edit-value}). |
cc4a96fa8f08
(Watch Expressions): Update.
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parents:
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|
890 |
54131
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|
891 If you set the variable @code{gdb-show-changed-values} to |
6534ec3bbe32
(Watch Expressions): Update.
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diff
changeset
|
892 non-@code{nil} (the default value), then Emacs will use |
6534ec3bbe32
(Watch Expressions): Update.
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parents:
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|
893 font-lock-warning-face to display values that have recently changed in |
6534ec3bbe32
(Watch Expressions): Update.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
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diff
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|
894 the speedbar. |
53254
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parents:
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|
895 |
cc4a96fa8f08
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parents:
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diff
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|
896 If you set the variable @code{gdb-use-colon-colon-notation} to a |
cc4a96fa8f08
(Watch Expressions): Update.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
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diff
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|
897 non-@code{nil} value, then, in C, Emacs will use the |
cc4a96fa8f08
(Watch Expressions): Update.
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|
898 FUNCTION::VARIABLE format to display variables in the speedbar. |
54131
6534ec3bbe32
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|
899 Since this does not work for variables defined in compound statements, |
6534ec3bbe32
(Watch Expressions): Update.
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|
900 the default value is @code{nil}. |
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|
901 |
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|
902 @node Other Buffers |
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|
903 @subsubsection Other Buffers |
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|
904 |
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|
905 @table @asis |
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|
906 @item Input/Output Buffer |
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|
907 If the variable @code{gdb-use-inferior-io-buffer} is non-@code{nil}, |
66ec9893d229
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|
908 the executable program that is being debugged takes its input and |
51296
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|
909 displays its output here. Some of the commands from shell mode are |
35bdcc98e5b1
(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
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|
910 available here. @xref{Shell Mode}. |
35bdcc98e5b1
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|
911 |
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|
912 @item Locals Buffer |
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|
913 The locals buffer displays the values of local variables of the |
35bdcc98e5b1
(GDB Graphical Interface): New node (rewritten somewhat by RMS).
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|
914 current frame for simple data types (@pxref{Frame Info,,, gdb, The GNU |
35bdcc98e5b1
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|
915 debugger}). |
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|
916 |
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|
917 Arrays and structures display their type only. You must display them |
61900
cdd3e3ac3b37
(Debugger Operation): Add description for
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parents:
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|
918 separately to examine their values. @xref{Watch Expressions}. |
51296
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|
919 |
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|
920 @item Registers Buffer |
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|
921 The registers buffer displays the values held by the registers |
35bdcc98e5b1
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|
922 (@pxref{Registers,,, gdb, The GNU debugger}). |
35bdcc98e5b1
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|
923 |
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|
924 @item Assembler Buffer |
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|
925 The assembler buffer displays the current frame as machine code. An |
35bdcc98e5b1
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parents:
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|
926 overlay arrow points to the current instruction and you can set and |
59825
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diff
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|
927 remove breakpoints as with the source buffer. Breakpoint icons also |
c20149ca0bba
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diff
changeset
|
928 appear in the fringe or margin. |
53254
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|
929 |
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changeset
|
930 @item Threads Buffer |
cc4a96fa8f08
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parents:
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|
931 |
cc4a96fa8f08
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parents:
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changeset
|
932 The threads buffer displays a summary of all threads currently in your |
59825
c20149ca0bba
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
933 program (@pxref{Threads,,, gdb, The GNU debugger}). Move point to |
53254
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parents:
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changeset
|
934 any thread in the list and type @key{RET} to make it become the |
cc4a96fa8f08
(Watch Expressions): Update.
Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
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changeset
|
935 current thread (@code{gdb-threads-select}) and display the associated |
cc4a96fa8f08
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Nick Roberts <nickrob@snap.net.nz>
parents:
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936 source in the source buffer. Alternatively, click @kbd{Mouse-2} to |
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937 make the selected thread become the current one. |
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938 |
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939 @item Memory Buffer |
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940 |
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941 The memory buffer allows the user to examine sections of program |
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942 memory (@pxref{Memory,,, gdb, The GNU debugger}). Click @kbd{Mouse-1} |
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943 on the appropriate part of the header line to change the starting |
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944 address or number of data items that the buffer displays. |
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945 Click @kbd{Mouse-3} on the header line to select the display format |
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946 or unit size for these data items. |
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947 |
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948 @end table |
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949 |
25829 | 950 @node Executing Lisp |
951 @section Executing Lisp Expressions | |
952 | |
953 Emacs has several different major modes for Lisp and Scheme. They are | |
954 the same in terms of editing commands, but differ in the commands for | |
955 executing Lisp expressions. Each mode has its own purpose. | |
956 | |
957 @table @asis | |
958 @item Emacs-Lisp mode | |
959 The mode for editing source files of programs to run in Emacs Lisp. | |
960 This mode defines @kbd{C-M-x} to evaluate the current defun. | |
961 @xref{Lisp Libraries}. | |
962 @item Lisp Interaction mode | |
963 The mode for an interactive session with Emacs Lisp. It defines | |
964 @kbd{C-j} to evaluate the sexp before point and insert its value in the | |
965 buffer. @xref{Lisp Interaction}. | |
966 @item Lisp mode | |
967 The mode for editing source files of programs that run in Lisps other | |
968 than Emacs Lisp. This mode defines @kbd{C-M-x} to send the current defun | |
969 to an inferior Lisp process. @xref{External Lisp}. | |
970 @item Inferior Lisp mode | |
971 The mode for an interactive session with an inferior Lisp process. | |
972 This mode combines the special features of Lisp mode and Shell mode | |
973 (@pxref{Shell Mode}). | |
974 @item Scheme mode | |
975 Like Lisp mode but for Scheme programs. | |
976 @item Inferior Scheme mode | |
977 The mode for an interactive session with an inferior Scheme process. | |
978 @end table | |
979 | |
980 Most editing commands for working with Lisp programs are in fact | |
981 available globally. @xref{Programs}. | |
982 | |
983 @node Lisp Libraries | |
984 @section Libraries of Lisp Code for Emacs | |
985 @cindex libraries | |
986 @cindex loading Lisp code | |
987 | |
988 Lisp code for Emacs editing commands is stored in files whose names | |
989 conventionally end in @file{.el}. This ending tells Emacs to edit them in | |
990 Emacs-Lisp mode (@pxref{Executing Lisp}). | |
991 | |
992 @findex load-file | |
993 To execute a file of Emacs Lisp code, use @kbd{M-x load-file}. This | |
994 command reads a file name using the minibuffer and then executes the | |
995 contents of that file as Lisp code. It is not necessary to visit the | |
996 file first; in any case, this command reads the file as found on disk, | |
997 not text in an Emacs buffer. | |
998 | |
999 @findex load | |
1000 @findex load-library | |
1001 Once a file of Lisp code is installed in the Emacs Lisp library | |
1002 directories, users can load it using @kbd{M-x load-library}. Programs can | |
1003 load it by calling @code{load-library}, or with @code{load}, a more primitive | |
1004 function that is similar but accepts some additional arguments. | |
1005 | |
1006 @kbd{M-x load-library} differs from @kbd{M-x load-file} in that it | |
1007 searches a sequence of directories and tries three file names in each | |
1008 directory. Suppose your argument is @var{lib}; the three names are | |
1009 @file{@var{lib}.elc}, @file{@var{lib}.el}, and lastly just | |
1010 @file{@var{lib}}. If @file{@var{lib}.elc} exists, it is by convention | |
1011 the result of compiling @file{@var{lib}.el}; it is better to load the | |
1012 compiled file, since it will load and run faster. | |
1013 | |
1014 If @code{load-library} finds that @file{@var{lib}.el} is newer than | |
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1015 @file{@var{lib}.elc} file, it issues a warning, because it's likely that |
25829 | 1016 somebody made changes to the @file{.el} file and forgot to recompile |
1017 it. | |
1018 | |
1019 Because the argument to @code{load-library} is usually not in itself | |
1020 a valid file name, file name completion is not available. Indeed, when | |
1021 using this command, you usually do not know exactly what file name | |
1022 will be used. | |
1023 | |
1024 @vindex load-path | |
1025 The sequence of directories searched by @kbd{M-x load-library} is | |
1026 specified by the variable @code{load-path}, a list of strings that are | |
1027 directory names. The default value of the list contains the directory where | |
1028 the Lisp code for Emacs itself is stored. If you have libraries of | |
1029 your own, put them in a single directory and add that directory | |
1030 to @code{load-path}. @code{nil} in this list stands for the current default | |
1031 directory, but it is probably not a good idea to put @code{nil} in the | |
1032 list. If you find yourself wishing that @code{nil} were in the list, | |
1033 most likely what you really want to do is use @kbd{M-x load-file} | |
1034 this once. | |
1035 | |
1036 @cindex autoload | |
1037 Often you do not have to give any command to load a library, because | |
1038 the commands defined in the library are set up to @dfn{autoload} that | |
1039 library. Trying to run any of those commands calls @code{load} to load | |
1040 the library; this replaces the autoload definitions with the real ones | |
1041 from the library. | |
1042 | |
1043 @cindex byte code | |
1044 Emacs Lisp code can be compiled into byte-code which loads faster, | |
1045 takes up less space when loaded, and executes faster. @xref{Byte | |
1046 Compilation,, Byte Compilation, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
1047 By convention, the compiled code for a library goes in a separate file | |
1048 whose name consists of the library source file with @samp{c} appended. | |
1049 Thus, the compiled code for @file{foo.el} goes in @file{foo.elc}. | |
1050 That's why @code{load-library} searches for @samp{.elc} files first. | |
1051 | |
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1052 @vindex load-dangerous-libraries |
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1053 @cindex Lisp files byte-compiled by XEmacs |
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1054 By default, Emacs refuses to load compiled Lisp files which were |
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1055 compiled with XEmacs, a modified versions of Emacs---they can cause |
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1056 Emacs to crash. Set the variable @code{load-dangerous-libraries} to |
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1057 @code{t} if you want to try loading them. |
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1058 |
25829 | 1059 @node Lisp Eval |
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1060 @section Evaluating Emacs Lisp Expressions |
25829 | 1061 @cindex Emacs-Lisp mode |
1062 @cindex mode, Emacs-Lisp | |
1063 | |
1064 @findex emacs-lisp-mode | |
1065 Lisp programs intended to be run in Emacs should be edited in | |
1066 Emacs-Lisp mode; this happens automatically for file names ending in | |
1067 @file{.el}. By contrast, Lisp mode itself is used for editing Lisp | |
1068 programs intended for other Lisp systems. To switch to Emacs-Lisp mode | |
1069 explicitly, use the command @kbd{M-x emacs-lisp-mode}. | |
1070 | |
1071 For testing of Lisp programs to run in Emacs, it is often useful to | |
1072 evaluate part of the program as it is found in the Emacs buffer. For | |
1073 example, after changing the text of a Lisp function definition, | |
1074 evaluating the definition installs the change for future calls to the | |
1075 function. Evaluation of Lisp expressions is also useful in any kind of | |
1076 editing, for invoking noninteractive functions (functions that are | |
1077 not commands). | |
1078 | |
1079 @table @kbd | |
1080 @item M-: | |
1081 Read a single Lisp expression in the minibuffer, evaluate it, and print | |
1082 the value in the echo area (@code{eval-expression}). | |
1083 @item C-x C-e | |
1084 Evaluate the Lisp expression before point, and print the value in the | |
1085 echo area (@code{eval-last-sexp}). | |
1086 @item C-M-x | |
1087 Evaluate the defun containing or after point, and print the value in | |
1088 the echo area (@code{eval-defun}). | |
1089 @item M-x eval-region | |
1090 Evaluate all the Lisp expressions in the region. | |
1091 @item M-x eval-current-buffer | |
1092 Evaluate all the Lisp expressions in the buffer. | |
1093 @end table | |
1094 | |
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1095 @ifinfo |
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1096 @c This uses ``colon'' instead of a literal `:' because Info cannot |
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1097 @c cope with a `:' in a menu |
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1098 @kindex M-@key{colon} |
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1099 @end ifinfo |
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1100 @ifnotinfo |
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1101 @kindex M-: |
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1102 @end ifnotinfo |
25829 | 1103 @findex eval-expression |
1104 @kbd{M-:} (@code{eval-expression}) is the most basic command for evaluating | |
1105 a Lisp expression interactively. It reads the expression using the | |
1106 minibuffer, so you can execute any expression on a buffer regardless of | |
1107 what the buffer contains. When the expression is evaluated, the current | |
1108 buffer is once again the buffer that was current when @kbd{M-:} was | |
1109 typed. | |
1110 | |
1111 @kindex C-M-x @r{(Emacs-Lisp mode)} | |
1112 @findex eval-defun | |
1113 In Emacs-Lisp mode, the key @kbd{C-M-x} is bound to the command | |
1114 @code{eval-defun}, which parses the defun containing or following point | |
1115 as a Lisp expression and evaluates it. The value is printed in the echo | |
1116 area. This command is convenient for installing in the Lisp environment | |
1117 changes that you have just made in the text of a function definition. | |
1118 | |
1119 @kbd{C-M-x} treats @code{defvar} expressions specially. Normally, | |
1120 evaluating a @code{defvar} expression does nothing if the variable it | |
1121 defines already has a value. But @kbd{C-M-x} unconditionally resets the | |
1122 variable to the initial value specified in the @code{defvar} expression. | |
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1123 @code{defcustom} expressions are treated similarly. |
25829 | 1124 This special feature is convenient for debugging Lisp programs. |
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1125 Typing @kbd{C-M-x} on a @code{defface} expression reinitializes |
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1126 the face according to the @code{defface} specification. |
25829 | 1127 |
1128 @kindex C-x C-e | |
1129 @findex eval-last-sexp | |
1130 The command @kbd{C-x C-e} (@code{eval-last-sexp}) evaluates the Lisp | |
1131 expression preceding point in the buffer, and displays the value in the | |
1132 echo area. It is available in all major modes, not just Emacs-Lisp | |
1133 mode. It does not treat @code{defvar} specially. | |
1134 | |
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1135 When the result of an evaluation is an integer, you can type |
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1136 @kbd{C-x C-e} a second time to display the value of the integer result |
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1137 in additional formats (octal, hexadecimal, and character). |
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1138 |
25829 | 1139 If @kbd{C-M-x}, @kbd{C-x C-e}, or @kbd{M-:} is given a numeric |
1140 argument, it inserts the value into the current buffer at point, rather | |
1141 than displaying it in the echo area. The argument's value does not | |
1142 matter. | |
1143 | |
1144 @findex eval-region | |
1145 @findex eval-current-buffer | |
1146 The most general command for evaluating Lisp expressions from a buffer | |
1147 is @code{eval-region}. @kbd{M-x eval-region} parses the text of the | |
1148 region as one or more Lisp expressions, evaluating them one by one. | |
1149 @kbd{M-x eval-current-buffer} is similar but evaluates the entire | |
1150 buffer. This is a reasonable way to install the contents of a file of | |
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1151 Lisp code that you are ready to test. Later, as you find bugs and |
25829 | 1152 change individual functions, use @kbd{C-M-x} on each function that you |
1153 change. This keeps the Lisp world in step with the source file. | |
1154 | |
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1155 @vindex eval-expression-print-level |
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1156 @vindex eval-expression-print-length |
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1157 @vindex eval-expression-debug-on-error |
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1158 The customizable variables @code{eval-expression-print-level} and |
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1159 @code{eval-expression-print-length} control the maximum depth and length |
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1160 of lists to print in the result of the evaluation commands before |
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1161 abbreviating them. @code{eval-expression-debug-on-error} controls |
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1162 whether evaluation errors invoke the debugger when these commands are |
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1163 used. |
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1164 |
25829 | 1165 @node Lisp Interaction |
1166 @section Lisp Interaction Buffers | |
1167 | |
1168 The buffer @samp{*scratch*} which is selected when Emacs starts up is | |
1169 provided for evaluating Lisp expressions interactively inside Emacs. | |
1170 | |
1171 The simplest way to use the @samp{*scratch*} buffer is to insert Lisp | |
1172 expressions and type @kbd{C-j} after each expression. This command | |
1173 reads the Lisp expression before point, evaluates it, and inserts the | |
1174 value in printed representation before point. The result is a complete | |
1175 typescript of the expressions you have evaluated and their values. | |
1176 | |
1177 The @samp{*scratch*} buffer's major mode is Lisp Interaction mode, which | |
1178 is the same as Emacs-Lisp mode except for the binding of @kbd{C-j}. | |
1179 | |
1180 @findex lisp-interaction-mode | |
1181 The rationale for this feature is that Emacs must have a buffer when | |
1182 it starts up, but that buffer is not useful for editing files since a | |
1183 new buffer is made for every file that you visit. The Lisp interpreter | |
1184 typescript is the most useful thing I can think of for the initial | |
1185 buffer to do. Type @kbd{M-x lisp-interaction-mode} to put the current | |
1186 buffer in Lisp Interaction mode. | |
1187 | |
1188 @findex ielm | |
1189 An alternative way of evaluating Emacs Lisp expressions interactively | |
1190 is to use Inferior Emacs-Lisp mode, which provides an interface rather | |
1191 like Shell mode (@pxref{Shell Mode}) for evaluating Emacs Lisp | |
1192 expressions. Type @kbd{M-x ielm} to create an @samp{*ielm*} buffer | |
1193 which uses this mode. | |
1194 | |
1195 @node External Lisp | |
1196 @section Running an External Lisp | |
1197 | |
1198 Emacs has facilities for running programs in other Lisp systems. You can | |
1199 run a Lisp process as an inferior of Emacs, and pass expressions to it to | |
1200 be evaluated. You can also pass changed function definitions directly from | |
1201 the Emacs buffers in which you edit the Lisp programs to the inferior Lisp | |
1202 process. | |
1203 | |
1204 @findex run-lisp | |
1205 @vindex inferior-lisp-program | |
1206 @kindex C-x C-z | |
1207 To run an inferior Lisp process, type @kbd{M-x run-lisp}. This runs | |
1208 the program named @code{lisp}, the same program you would run by typing | |
1209 @code{lisp} as a shell command, with both input and output going through | |
1210 an Emacs buffer named @samp{*lisp*}. That is to say, any ``terminal | |
1211 output'' from Lisp will go into the buffer, advancing point, and any | |
1212 ``terminal input'' for Lisp comes from text in the buffer. (You can | |
1213 change the name of the Lisp executable file by setting the variable | |
1214 @code{inferior-lisp-program}.) | |
1215 | |
1216 To give input to Lisp, go to the end of the buffer and type the input, | |
1217 terminated by @key{RET}. The @samp{*lisp*} buffer is in Inferior Lisp | |
1218 mode, which combines the special characteristics of Lisp mode with most | |
1219 of the features of Shell mode (@pxref{Shell Mode}). The definition of | |
1220 @key{RET} to send a line to a subprocess is one of the features of Shell | |
1221 mode. | |
1222 | |
1223 @findex lisp-mode | |
1224 For the source files of programs to run in external Lisps, use Lisp | |
1225 mode. This mode can be selected with @kbd{M-x lisp-mode}, and is used | |
1226 automatically for files whose names end in @file{.l}, @file{.lsp}, or | |
1227 @file{.lisp}, as most Lisp systems usually expect. | |
1228 | |
1229 @kindex C-M-x @r{(Lisp mode)} | |
1230 @findex lisp-eval-defun | |
1231 When you edit a function in a Lisp program you are running, the easiest | |
1232 way to send the changed definition to the inferior Lisp process is the key | |
1233 @kbd{C-M-x}. In Lisp mode, this runs the function @code{lisp-eval-defun}, | |
1234 which finds the defun around or following point and sends it as input to | |
1235 the Lisp process. (Emacs can send input to any inferior process regardless | |
1236 of what buffer is current.) | |
1237 | |
1238 Contrast the meanings of @kbd{C-M-x} in Lisp mode (for editing programs | |
1239 to be run in another Lisp system) and Emacs-Lisp mode (for editing Lisp | |
1240 programs to be run in Emacs): in both modes it has the effect of installing | |
1241 the function definition that point is in, but the way of doing so is | |
1242 different according to where the relevant Lisp environment is found. | |
1243 @xref{Executing Lisp}. | |
52401 | 1244 |
1245 @ignore | |
1246 arch-tag: 9c3c2f71-b332-4144-8500-3ff9945a50ed | |
1247 @end ignore |