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author | Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org> |
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date | Sat, 08 Jul 2006 18:13:14 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, |
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3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Major Modes, Indentation, International, Top | |
6 @chapter Major Modes | |
7 @cindex major modes | |
8 @cindex mode, major | |
9 @kindex TAB @r{(and major modes)} | |
10 @kindex DEL @r{(and major modes)} | |
11 @kindex C-j @r{(and major modes)} | |
12 | |
13 Emacs provides many alternative @dfn{major modes}, each of which | |
14 customizes Emacs for editing text of a particular sort. The major modes | |
15 are mutually exclusive, and each buffer has one major mode at any time. | |
16 The mode line normally shows the name of the current major mode, in | |
17 parentheses (@pxref{Mode Line}). | |
18 | |
19 The least specialized major mode is called @dfn{Fundamental mode}. | |
20 This mode has no mode-specific redefinitions or variable settings, so | |
21 that each Emacs command behaves in its most general manner, and each | |
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22 user option variable is in its default state. For editing text of a |
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23 specific type that Emacs knows about, such as Lisp code or English |
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24 text, you should switch to the appropriate major mode, such as Lisp |
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25 mode or Text mode. |
25829 | 26 |
27 Selecting a major mode changes the meanings of a few keys to become | |
28 more specifically adapted to the language being edited. The ones that | |
29 are changed frequently are @key{TAB}, @key{DEL}, and @kbd{C-j}. The | |
30 prefix key @kbd{C-c} normally contains mode-specific commands. In | |
31 addition, the commands which handle comments use the mode to determine | |
32 how comments are to be delimited. Many major modes redefine the | |
33 syntactical properties of characters appearing in the buffer. | |
34 @xref{Syntax}. | |
35 | |
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36 The major modes fall into three major groups. The first group |
38745 | 37 contains modes for normal text, either plain or with mark-up. It |
38 includes Text mode, HTML mode, SGML mode, @TeX{} mode and Outline | |
39 mode. The second group contains modes for specific programming | |
40 languages. These include Lisp mode (which has several variants), C | |
41 mode, Fortran mode, and others. The remaining major modes are not | |
42 intended for use on users' files; they are used in buffers created for | |
43 specific purposes by Emacs, such as Dired mode for buffers made by | |
44 Dired (@pxref{Dired}), Mail mode for buffers made by @kbd{C-x m} | |
45 (@pxref{Sending Mail}), and Shell mode for buffers used for | |
46 communicating with an inferior shell process (@pxref{Interactive | |
47 Shell}). | |
25829 | 48 |
49 Most programming-language major modes specify that only blank lines | |
50 separate paragraphs. This is to make the paragraph commands useful. | |
51 (@xref{Paragraphs}.) They also cause Auto Fill mode to use the | |
52 definition of @key{TAB} to indent the new lines it creates. This is | |
28550 | 53 because most lines in a program are usually indented |
54 (@pxref{Indentation}). | |
25829 | 55 |
56 @menu | |
57 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen. | |
58 @end menu | |
59 | |
60 @node Choosing Modes,,Major Modes,Major Modes | |
61 @section How Major Modes are Chosen | |
62 | |
63 @cindex choosing a major mode | |
64 You can select a major mode explicitly for the current buffer, but | |
65 most of the time Emacs determines which mode to use based on the file | |
66 name or on special text in the file. | |
67 | |
68547 | 68 To explicitly select a new major, you use an @kbd{M-x} command. |
69 Take the name of a major mode and add @code{-mode} to get the name of | |
70 the command to select that mode. Thus, you can enter Lisp mode by | |
71 executing @kbd{M-x lisp-mode}. | |
25829 | 72 |
73 @vindex auto-mode-alist | |
74 When you visit a file, Emacs usually chooses the right major mode based | |
75 on the file's name. For example, files whose names end in @samp{.c} are | |
76 edited in C mode. The correspondence between file names and major modes is | |
77 controlled by the variable @code{auto-mode-alist}. Its value is a list in | |
78 which each element has this form, | |
79 | |
80 @example | |
81 (@var{regexp} . @var{mode-function}) | |
82 @end example | |
83 | |
84 @noindent | |
85 or this form, | |
86 | |
87 @example | |
88 (@var{regexp} @var{mode-function} @var{flag}) | |
89 @end example | |
90 | |
91 @noindent | |
92 For example, one element normally found in the list has the form | |
93 @code{(@t{"\\.c\\'"} . c-mode)}, and it is responsible for selecting C | |
94 mode for files whose names end in @file{.c}. (Note that @samp{\\} is | |
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95 needed in Lisp syntax to include a @samp{\} in the string, which must |
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96 be used to suppress the special meaning of @samp{.} in regexps.) If |
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97 the element has the form @code{(@var{regexp} @var{mode-function} |
25829 | 98 @var{flag})} and @var{flag} is non-@code{nil}, then after calling |
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99 @var{mode-function}, Emacs discards the suffix that matched |
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100 @var{regexp} and searches the list again for another match. |
25829 | 101 |
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102 @vindex magic-mode-alist |
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103 Sometimes the major mode is determined from the way the file's text |
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104 begins. The variable @code{magic-mode-alist} controls this. Its value |
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105 is a list of elements of this form: |
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106 |
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107 @example |
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108 (@var{regexp} . @var{mode-function}) |
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109 @end example |
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110 |
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111 @noindent |
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112 This looks like an element of @code{auto-mode-alist}, but it doesn't work |
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113 the same: this @var{regexp} is matched against the text at the start |
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114 of the buffer, not against the file name. @code{magic-mode-alist} |
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115 takes priority over @code{auto-mode-alist}. |
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116 |
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117 You can specify the major mode to use for editing a certain file by |
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118 special text in the first nonblank line of the file. The |
25829 | 119 mode name should appear in this line both preceded and followed by |
120 @samp{-*-}. Other text may appear on the line as well. For example, | |
121 | |
122 @example | |
123 ;-*-Lisp-*- | |
124 @end example | |
125 | |
126 @noindent | |
127 tells Emacs to use Lisp mode. Such an explicit specification overrides | |
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128 any defaults based on the file name. Note how the semicolon is used |
25829 | 129 to make Lisp treat this line as a comment. |
130 | |
131 Another format of mode specification is | |
132 | |
133 @example | |
134 -*- mode: @var{modename};-*- | |
135 @end example | |
136 | |
137 @noindent | |
138 which allows you to specify local variables as well, like this: | |
139 | |
140 @example | |
141 -*- mode: @var{modename}; @var{var}: @var{value}; @dots{} -*- | |
142 @end example | |
143 | |
144 @noindent | |
145 @xref{File Variables}, for more information about this. | |
146 | |
147 @vindex interpreter-mode-alist | |
148 When a file's contents begin with @samp{#!}, it can serve as an | |
149 executable shell command, which works by running an interpreter named on | |
150 the file's first line. The rest of the file is used as input to the | |
151 interpreter. | |
152 | |
153 When you visit such a file in Emacs, if the file's name does not | |
154 specify a major mode, Emacs uses the interpreter name on the first line | |
155 to choose a mode. If the first line is the name of a recognized | |
156 interpreter program, such as @samp{perl} or @samp{tcl}, Emacs uses a | |
157 mode appropriate for programs for that interpreter. The variable | |
158 @code{interpreter-mode-alist} specifies the correspondence between | |
159 interpreter program names and major modes. | |
160 | |
161 When the first line starts with @samp{#!}, you cannot (on many | |
162 systems) use the @samp{-*-} feature on the first line, because the | |
163 system would get confused when running the interpreter. So Emacs looks | |
164 for @samp{-*-} on the second line in such files as well as on the | |
165 first line. | |
166 | |
167 @vindex default-major-mode | |
168 When you visit a file that does not specify a major mode to use, or | |
169 when you create a new buffer with @kbd{C-x b}, the variable | |
170 @code{default-major-mode} specifies which major mode to use. Normally | |
171 its value is the symbol @code{fundamental-mode}, which specifies | |
172 Fundamental mode. If @code{default-major-mode} is @code{nil}, the major | |
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173 mode is taken from the previously current buffer. |
25829 | 174 |
175 @findex normal-mode | |
176 If you change the major mode of a buffer, you can go back to the major | |
177 mode Emacs would choose automatically: use the command @kbd{M-x | |
178 normal-mode} to do this. This is the same function that | |
179 @code{find-file} calls to choose the major mode. It also processes | |
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180 the file's @samp{-*-} line or local variables list (if any). |
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181 @xref{File Variables}. |
25829 | 182 |
183 @vindex change-major-mode-with-file-name | |
184 The commands @kbd{C-x C-w} and @code{set-visited-file-name} change to | |
185 a new major mode if the new file name implies a mode (@pxref{Saving}). | |
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186 (@kbd{C-x C-s} does this too, if the buffer wasn't visiting a file.) |
25829 | 187 However, this does not happen if the buffer contents specify a major |
188 mode, and certain ``special'' major modes do not allow the mode to | |
189 change. You can turn off this mode-changing feature by setting | |
190 @code{change-major-mode-with-file-name} to @code{nil}. | |
52401 | 191 |
192 @ignore | |
193 arch-tag: f2558800-cf32-4839-8acb-7d3b4df2a155 | |
194 @end ignore |