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annotate lispref/files.texi @ 19223:475cf041a683
(Frequire): Don't insist on a suffix
if the file name argument was explicitly specified.
author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Fri, 08 Aug 1997 20:06:34 +0000 |
parents | eb712b69e495 |
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6555 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. | |
5 @setfilename ../info/files | |
6 @node Files, Backups and Auto-Saving, Documentation, Top | |
7 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
8 @chapter Files | |
9 | |
10 In Emacs, you can find, create, view, save, and otherwise work with | |
11 files and file directories. This chapter describes most of the | |
12 file-related functions of Emacs Lisp, but a few others are described in | |
13 @ref{Buffers}, and those related to backups and auto-saving are | |
14 described in @ref{Backups and Auto-Saving}. | |
15 | |
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16 Many of the file functions take one or more arguments that are file |
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17 names. A file name is actually a string. Most of these functions |
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18 expand file name arguments using @code{expand-file-name}, so that |
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19 @file{~} is handled correctly, as are relative file names (including |
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20 @samp{../}). These functions don't recognize environment variable |
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21 substitutions such as @samp{$HOME}. @xref{File Name Expansion}. |
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22 |
6555 | 23 @menu |
24 * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing. | |
25 * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files. | |
26 * Reading from Files:: Reading files into buffers without visiting. | |
27 * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers. | |
28 * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent | |
29 simultaneous editing by two people. | |
30 * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files. | |
31 * Changing File Attributes:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc. | |
32 * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names. | |
33 * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory. | |
34 * Create/Delete Dirs:: Creating and Deleting Directories. | |
35 * Magic File Names:: Defining "magic" special handling | |
36 for certain file names. | |
12067 | 37 * Format Conversion:: Conversion to and from various file formats. |
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38 * Files and MS-DOS:: Distinguishing text and binary files on MS-DOS. |
6555 | 39 @end menu |
40 | |
41 @node Visiting Files | |
42 @section Visiting Files | |
43 @cindex finding files | |
44 @cindex visiting files | |
45 | |
46 Visiting a file means reading a file into a buffer. Once this is | |
47 done, we say that the buffer is @dfn{visiting} that file, and call the | |
48 file ``the visited file'' of the buffer. | |
49 | |
50 A file and a buffer are two different things. A file is information | |
51 recorded permanently in the computer (unless you delete it). A buffer, | |
52 on the other hand, is information inside of Emacs that will vanish at | |
53 the end of the editing session (or when you kill the buffer). Usually, | |
54 a buffer contains information that you have copied from a file; then we | |
55 say the buffer is visiting that file. The copy in the buffer is what | |
56 you modify with editing commands. Such changes to the buffer do not | |
57 change the file; therefore, to make the changes permanent, you must | |
58 @dfn{save} the buffer, which means copying the altered buffer contents | |
59 back into the file. | |
60 | |
61 In spite of the distinction between files and buffers, people often | |
62 refer to a file when they mean a buffer and vice-versa. Indeed, we say, | |
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63 ``I am editing a file,'' rather than, ``I am editing a buffer that I |
6555 | 64 will soon save as a file of the same name.'' Humans do not usually need |
65 to make the distinction explicit. When dealing with a computer program, | |
66 however, it is good to keep the distinction in mind. | |
67 | |
68 @menu | |
69 * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting. | |
70 * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use. | |
71 @end menu | |
72 | |
73 @node Visiting Functions | |
74 @subsection Functions for Visiting Files | |
75 | |
76 This section describes the functions normally used to visit files. | |
77 For historical reasons, these functions have names starting with | |
78 @samp{find-} rather than @samp{visit-}. @xref{Buffer File Name}, for | |
79 functions and variables that access the visited file name of a buffer or | |
80 that find an existing buffer by its visited file name. | |
81 | |
12098 | 82 In a Lisp program, if you want to look at the contents of a file but |
83 not alter it, the fastest way is to use @code{insert-file-contents} in a | |
84 temporary buffer. Visiting the file is not necessary and takes longer. | |
85 @xref{Reading from Files}. | |
86 | |
6555 | 87 @deffn Command find-file filename |
88 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, | |
89 using an existing buffer if there is one, and otherwise creating a | |
90 new buffer and reading the file into it. It also returns that buffer. | |
91 | |
92 The body of the @code{find-file} function is very simple and looks | |
93 like this: | |
94 | |
95 @example | |
96 (switch-to-buffer (find-file-noselect filename)) | |
97 @end example | |
98 | |
99 @noindent | |
100 (See @code{switch-to-buffer} in @ref{Displaying Buffers}.) | |
101 | |
102 When @code{find-file} is called interactively, it prompts for | |
103 @var{filename} in the minibuffer. | |
104 @end deffn | |
105 | |
106 @defun find-file-noselect filename | |
107 This function is the guts of all the file-visiting functions. It finds | |
108 or creates a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, and returns it. | |
109 It uses an existing buffer if there is one, and otherwise creates a new | |
110 buffer and reads the file into it. You may make the buffer current or | |
111 display it in a window if you wish, but this function does not do so. | |
112 | |
113 When @code{find-file-noselect} uses an existing buffer, it first | |
114 verifies that the file has not changed since it was last visited or | |
115 saved in that buffer. If the file has changed, then this function asks | |
116 the user whether to reread the changed file. If the user says | |
117 @samp{yes}, any changes previously made in the buffer are lost. | |
118 | |
119 If @code{find-file-noselect} needs to create a buffer, and there is no | |
120 file named @var{filename}, it displays the message @samp{New file} in | |
121 the echo area, and leaves the buffer empty. | |
122 | |
123 The @code{find-file-noselect} function calls @code{after-find-file} | |
124 after reading the file (@pxref{Subroutines of Visiting}). That function | |
125 sets the buffer major mode, parses local variables, warns the user if | |
126 there exists an auto-save file more recent than the file just visited, | |
127 and finishes by running the functions in @code{find-file-hooks}. | |
128 | |
129 The @code{find-file-noselect} function returns the buffer that is | |
130 visiting the file @var{filename}. | |
131 | |
132 @example | |
133 @group | |
134 (find-file-noselect "/etc/fstab") | |
135 @result{} #<buffer fstab> | |
136 @end group | |
137 @end example | |
138 @end defun | |
139 | |
140 @deffn Command find-file-other-window filename | |
141 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, but | |
142 does so in a window other than the selected window. It may use another | |
143 existing window or split a window; see @ref{Displaying Buffers}. | |
144 | |
145 When this command is called interactively, it prompts for | |
146 @var{filename}. | |
147 @end deffn | |
148 | |
149 @deffn Command find-file-read-only filename | |
150 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, like | |
151 @code{find-file}, but it marks the buffer as read-only. @xref{Read Only | |
152 Buffers}, for related functions and variables. | |
153 | |
154 When this command is called interactively, it prompts for | |
155 @var{filename}. | |
156 @end deffn | |
157 | |
158 @deffn Command view-file filename | |
12098 | 159 This command visits @var{filename} in View mode, and displays it in a |
160 recursive edit, returning to the previous buffer when done. View mode | |
161 is a mode that allows you to skim rapidly through the file but does not | |
162 let you modify it. Entering View mode runs the normal hook | |
163 @code{view-mode-hook}. @xref{Hooks}. | |
6555 | 164 |
165 When @code{view-file} is called interactively, it prompts for | |
166 @var{filename}. | |
167 @end deffn | |
168 | |
169 @defvar find-file-hooks | |
170 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called after a | |
171 file is visited. The file's local-variables specification (if any) will | |
172 have been processed before the hooks are run. The buffer visiting the | |
173 file is current when the hook functions are run. | |
174 | |
175 This variable works just like a normal hook, but we think that renaming | |
176 it would not be advisable. | |
177 @end defvar | |
178 | |
179 @defvar find-file-not-found-hooks | |
180 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called when | |
181 @code{find-file} or @code{find-file-noselect} is passed a nonexistent | |
182 file name. @code{find-file-noselect} calls these functions as soon as | |
183 it detects a nonexistent file. It calls them in the order of the list, | |
184 until one of them returns non-@code{nil}. @code{buffer-file-name} is | |
185 already set up. | |
186 | |
187 This is not a normal hook because the values of the functions are | |
188 used and they may not all be called. | |
189 @end defvar | |
190 | |
191 @node Subroutines of Visiting | |
192 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
193 @subsection Subroutines of Visiting | |
194 | |
195 The @code{find-file-noselect} function uses the | |
196 @code{create-file-buffer} and @code{after-find-file} functions as | |
197 subroutines. Sometimes it is useful to call them directly. | |
198 | |
199 @defun create-file-buffer filename | |
200 This function creates a suitably named buffer for visiting | |
201 @var{filename}, and returns it. It uses @var{filename} (sans directory) | |
202 as the name if that name is free; otherwise, it appends a string such as | |
203 @samp{<2>} to get an unused name. See also @ref{Creating Buffers}. | |
204 | |
205 @strong{Please note:} @code{create-file-buffer} does @emph{not} | |
206 associate the new buffer with a file and does not select the buffer. | |
12098 | 207 It also does not use the default major mode. |
6555 | 208 |
209 @example | |
210 @group | |
211 (create-file-buffer "foo") | |
212 @result{} #<buffer foo> | |
213 @end group | |
214 @group | |
215 (create-file-buffer "foo") | |
216 @result{} #<buffer foo<2>> | |
217 @end group | |
218 @group | |
219 (create-file-buffer "foo") | |
220 @result{} #<buffer foo<3>> | |
221 @end group | |
222 @end example | |
223 | |
224 This function is used by @code{find-file-noselect}. | |
225 It uses @code{generate-new-buffer} (@pxref{Creating Buffers}). | |
226 @end defun | |
227 | |
228 @defun after-find-file &optional error warn | |
229 This function sets the buffer major mode, and parses local variables | |
230 (@pxref{Auto Major Mode}). It is called by @code{find-file-noselect} | |
231 and by the default revert function (@pxref{Reverting}). | |
232 | |
233 @cindex new file message | |
234 @cindex file open error | |
235 If reading the file got an error because the file does not exist, but | |
236 its directory does exist, the caller should pass a non-@code{nil} value | |
237 for @var{error}. In that case, @code{after-find-file} issues a warning: | |
238 @samp{(New File)}. For more serious errors, the caller should usually not | |
239 call @code{after-find-file}. | |
240 | |
241 If @var{warn} is non-@code{nil}, then this function issues a warning | |
242 if an auto-save file exists and is more recent than the visited file. | |
243 | |
244 The last thing @code{after-find-file} does is call all the functions | |
245 in @code{find-file-hooks}. | |
246 @end defun | |
247 | |
248 @node Saving Buffers | |
249 @section Saving Buffers | |
250 | |
251 When you edit a file in Emacs, you are actually working on a buffer | |
252 that is visiting that file---that is, the contents of the file are | |
253 copied into the buffer and the copy is what you edit. Changes to the | |
254 buffer do not change the file until you @dfn{save} the buffer, which | |
255 means copying the contents of the buffer into the file. | |
256 | |
257 @deffn Command save-buffer &optional backup-option | |
258 This function saves the contents of the current buffer in its visited | |
259 file if the buffer has been modified since it was last visited or saved. | |
260 Otherwise it does nothing. | |
261 | |
262 @code{save-buffer} is responsible for making backup files. Normally, | |
263 @var{backup-option} is @code{nil}, and @code{save-buffer} makes a backup | |
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264 file only if this is the first save since visiting the file. Other |
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265 values for @var{backup-option} request the making of backup files in |
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266 other circumstances: |
6555 | 267 |
268 @itemize @bullet | |
269 @item | |
270 With an argument of 4 or 64, reflecting 1 or 3 @kbd{C-u}'s, the | |
271 @code{save-buffer} function marks this version of the file to be | |
272 backed up when the buffer is next saved. | |
273 | |
274 @item | |
275 With an argument of 16 or 64, reflecting 2 or 3 @kbd{C-u}'s, the | |
276 @code{save-buffer} function unconditionally backs up the previous | |
277 version of the file before saving it. | |
278 @end itemize | |
279 @end deffn | |
280 | |
281 @deffn Command save-some-buffers &optional save-silently-p exiting | |
282 This command saves some modified file-visiting buffers. Normally it | |
283 asks the user about each buffer. But if @var{save-silently-p} is | |
284 non-@code{nil}, it saves all the file-visiting buffers without querying | |
285 the user. | |
286 | |
287 The optional @var{exiting} argument, if non-@code{nil}, requests this | |
288 function to offer also to save certain other buffers that are not | |
289 visiting files. These are buffers that have a non-@code{nil} local | |
290 value of @code{buffer-offer-save}. (A user who says yes to saving one | |
291 of these is asked to specify a file name to use.) The | |
292 @code{save-buffers-kill-emacs} function passes a non-@code{nil} value | |
293 for this argument. | |
294 @end deffn | |
295 | |
296 @defvar buffer-offer-save | |
297 When this variable is non-@code{nil} in a buffer, Emacs offers to save | |
298 the buffer on exit even if the buffer is not visiting a file. The | |
299 variable is automatically local in all buffers. Normally, Mail mode | |
300 (used for editing outgoing mail) sets this to @code{t}. | |
301 @end defvar | |
302 | |
303 @deffn Command write-file filename | |
304 This function writes the current buffer into file @var{filename}, makes | |
305 the buffer visit that file, and marks it not modified. Then it renames | |
306 the buffer based on @var{filename}, appending a string like @samp{<2>} | |
307 if necessary to make a unique buffer name. It does most of this work by | |
308 calling @code{set-visited-file-name} and @code{save-buffer}. | |
309 @end deffn | |
310 | |
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311 Saving a buffer runs several hooks. It also performs format |
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312 conversion (@pxref{Format Conversion}), and may save text properties in |
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313 ``annotations'' (@pxref{Saving Properties}). |
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314 |
6555 | 315 @defvar write-file-hooks |
316 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called before | |
317 writing out a buffer to its visited file. If one of them returns | |
318 non-@code{nil}, the file is considered already written and the rest of | |
319 the functions are not called, nor is the usual code for writing the file | |
320 executed. | |
321 | |
322 If a function in @code{write-file-hooks} returns non-@code{nil}, it | |
323 is responsible for making a backup file (if that is appropriate). | |
324 To do so, execute the following code: | |
325 | |
326 @example | |
327 (or buffer-backed-up (backup-buffer)) | |
328 @end example | |
329 | |
330 You might wish to save the file modes value returned by | |
331 @code{backup-buffer} and use that to set the mode bits of the file that | |
332 you write. This is what @code{save-buffer} normally does. | |
333 | |
334 Even though this is not a normal hook, you can use @code{add-hook} and | |
335 @code{remove-hook} to manipulate the list. @xref{Hooks}. | |
336 @end defvar | |
337 | |
338 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
339 @defvar local-write-file-hooks | |
340 This works just like @code{write-file-hooks}, but it is intended | |
341 to be made local to particular buffers. It's not a good idea to make | |
342 @code{write-file-hooks} local to a buffer---use this variable instead. | |
343 | |
344 The variable is marked as a permanent local, so that changing the major | |
345 mode does not alter a buffer-local value. This is convenient for | |
346 packages that read ``file'' contents in special ways, and set up hooks | |
347 to save the data in a corresponding way. | |
348 @end defvar | |
349 | |
350 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
351 @defvar write-contents-hooks | |
352 This works just like @code{write-file-hooks}, but it is intended for | |
353 hooks that pertain to the contents of the file, as opposed to hooks that | |
8364 | 354 pertain to where the file came from. Such hooks are usually set up by |
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355 major modes, as buffer-local bindings for this variable. |
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356 |
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357 This variable automatically becomes buffer-local whenever it is set; |
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358 switching to a new major mode always resets this variable. When you use |
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359 @code{add-hooks} to add an element to this hook, you should @emph{not} |
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360 specify a non-@code{nil} @var{local} argument, since this variable is |
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361 used @emph{only} locally. |
6555 | 362 @end defvar |
363 | |
364 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
365 @defvar after-save-hook | |
366 This normal hook runs after a buffer has been saved in its visited file. | |
367 @end defvar | |
368 | |
369 @defvar file-precious-flag | |
370 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then @code{save-buffer} protects | |
371 against I/O errors while saving by writing the new file to a temporary | |
372 name instead of the name it is supposed to have, and then renaming it to | |
373 the intended name after it is clear there are no errors. This procedure | |
374 prevents problems such as a lack of disk space from resulting in an | |
375 invalid file. | |
376 | |
12226 | 377 As a side effect, backups are necessarily made by copying. @xref{Rename |
378 or Copy}. Yet, at the same time, saving a precious file always breaks | |
379 all hard links between the file you save and other file names. | |
6555 | 380 |
12098 | 381 Some modes set this variable non-@code{nil} locally in particular |
382 buffers. | |
6555 | 383 @end defvar |
384 | |
385 @defopt require-final-newline | |
386 This variable determines whether files may be written out that do | |
387 @emph{not} end with a newline. If the value of the variable is | |
388 @code{t}, then @code{save-buffer} silently adds a newline at the end of | |
389 the file whenever the buffer being saved does not already end in one. | |
390 If the value of the variable is non-@code{nil}, but not @code{t}, then | |
391 @code{save-buffer} asks the user whether to add a newline each time the | |
392 case arises. | |
393 | |
394 If the value of the variable is @code{nil}, then @code{save-buffer} | |
395 doesn't add newlines at all. @code{nil} is the default value, but a few | |
396 major modes set it to @code{t} in particular buffers. | |
397 @end defopt | |
398 | |
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399 @deffn Command set-visited-file-name filename &optional no-query |
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400 This function changes the visited file name of the current buffer to |
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401 @var{filename}. It also renames the buffer based on @var{filename}, |
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402 appending a string like @samp{<2>} if necessary to make a unique buffer |
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403 name. It marks the buffer as @emph{modified},a since the contents do not |
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404 (as far as Emacs knows) match the actual file's contents. |
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405 |
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406 If the specified file already exists, @code{set-visited-file-name} |
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407 asks for confirmation unless @var{no-query} is non-@code{nil}. |
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408 @end deffn |
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409 |
6555 | 410 @node Reading from Files |
411 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
412 @section Reading from Files | |
413 | |
414 You can copy a file from the disk and insert it into a buffer | |
415 using the @code{insert-file-contents} function. Don't use the user-level | |
416 command @code{insert-file} in a Lisp program, as that sets the mark. | |
417 | |
418 @defun insert-file-contents filename &optional visit beg end replace | |
419 This function inserts the contents of file @var{filename} into the | |
12226 | 420 current buffer after point. It returns a list of the absolute file name |
6555 | 421 and the length of the data inserted. An error is signaled if |
422 @var{filename} is not the name of a file that can be read. | |
423 | |
12098 | 424 The function @code{insert-file-contents} checks the file contents |
425 against the defined file formats, and converts the file contents if | |
426 appropriate. @xref{Format Conversion}. It also calls the functions in | |
427 the list @code{after-insert-file-functions}; see @ref{Saving | |
428 Properties}. | |
6555 | 429 |
430 If @var{visit} is non-@code{nil}, this function additionally marks the | |
431 buffer as unmodified and sets up various fields in the buffer so that it | |
432 is visiting the file @var{filename}: these include the buffer's visited | |
433 file name and its last save file modtime. This feature is used by | |
434 @code{find-file-noselect} and you probably should not use it yourself. | |
435 | |
436 If @var{beg} and @var{end} are non-@code{nil}, they should be integers | |
437 specifying the portion of the file to insert. In this case, @var{visit} | |
438 must be @code{nil}. For example, | |
439 | |
440 @example | |
441 (insert-file-contents filename nil 0 500) | |
442 @end example | |
443 | |
444 @noindent | |
445 inserts the first 500 characters of a file. | |
446 | |
447 If the argument @var{replace} is non-@code{nil}, it means to replace the | |
448 contents of the buffer (actually, just the accessible portion) with the | |
449 contents of the file. This is better than simply deleting the buffer | |
450 contents and inserting the whole file, because (1) it preserves some | |
451 marker positions and (2) it puts less data in the undo list. | |
452 @end defun | |
453 | |
454 If you want to pass a file name to another process so that another | |
455 program can read the file, use the function @code{file-local-copy}; see | |
456 @ref{Magic File Names}. | |
457 | |
458 @node Writing to Files | |
459 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
460 @section Writing to Files | |
461 | |
462 You can write the contents of a buffer, or part of a buffer, directly | |
463 to a file on disk using the @code{append-to-file} and | |
464 @code{write-region} functions. Don't use these functions to write to | |
465 files that are being visited; that could cause confusion in the | |
466 mechanisms for visiting. | |
467 | |
468 @deffn Command append-to-file start end filename | |
469 This function appends the contents of the region delimited by | |
470 @var{start} and @var{end} in the current buffer to the end of file | |
471 @var{filename}. If that file does not exist, it is created. This | |
472 function returns @code{nil}. | |
473 | |
474 An error is signaled if @var{filename} specifies a nonwritable file, | |
475 or a nonexistent file in a directory where files cannot be created. | |
476 @end deffn | |
477 | |
478 @deffn Command write-region start end filename &optional append visit | |
479 This function writes the region delimited by @var{start} and @var{end} | |
480 in the current buffer into the file specified by @var{filename}. | |
481 | |
482 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
483 If @var{start} is a string, then @code{write-region} writes or appends | |
484 that string, rather than text from the buffer. | |
485 | |
486 If @var{append} is non-@code{nil}, then the specified text is appended | |
487 to the existing file contents (if any). | |
488 | |
489 If @var{visit} is @code{t}, then Emacs establishes an association | |
490 between the buffer and the file: the buffer is then visiting that file. | |
491 It also sets the last file modification time for the current buffer to | |
492 @var{filename}'s modtime, and marks the buffer as not modified. This | |
493 feature is used by @code{save-buffer}, but you probably should not use | |
494 it yourself. | |
495 | |
496 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
497 If @var{visit} is a string, it specifies the file name to visit. This | |
498 way, you can write the data to one file (@var{filename}) while recording | |
499 the buffer as visiting another file (@var{visit}). The argument | |
500 @var{visit} is used in the echo area message and also for file locking; | |
501 @var{visit} is stored in @code{buffer-file-name}. This feature is used | |
502 to implement @code{file-precious-flag}; don't use it yourself unless you | |
503 really know what you're doing. | |
504 | |
12098 | 505 The function @code{write-region} converts the data which it writes to |
506 the appropriate file formats specified by @code{buffer-file-format}. | |
507 @xref{Format Conversion}. It also calls the functions in the list | |
508 @code{write-region-annotate-functions}; see @ref{Saving Properties}. | |
6555 | 509 |
510 Normally, @code{write-region} displays a message @samp{Wrote file | |
511 @var{filename}} in the echo area. If @var{visit} is neither @code{t} | |
512 nor @code{nil} nor a string, then this message is inhibited. This | |
513 feature is useful for programs that use files for internal purposes, | |
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514 files that the user does not need to know about. |
6555 | 515 @end deffn |
516 | |
517 @node File Locks | |
518 @section File Locks | |
519 @cindex file locks | |
520 | |
521 When two users edit the same file at the same time, they are likely to | |
522 interfere with each other. Emacs tries to prevent this situation from | |
523 arising by recording a @dfn{file lock} when a file is being modified. | |
524 Emacs can then detect the first attempt to modify a buffer visiting a | |
525 file that is locked by another Emacs job, and ask the user what to do. | |
526 | |
527 File locks do not work properly when multiple machines can share | |
528 file systems, such as with NFS. Perhaps a better file locking system | |
529 will be implemented in the future. When file locks do not work, it is | |
530 possible for two users to make changes simultaneously, but Emacs can | |
531 still warn the user who saves second. Also, the detection of | |
532 modification of a buffer visiting a file changed on disk catches some | |
533 cases of simultaneous editing; see @ref{Modification Time}. | |
534 | |
535 @defun file-locked-p filename | |
536 This function returns @code{nil} if the file @var{filename} is not | |
537 locked by this Emacs process. It returns @code{t} if it is locked by | |
538 this Emacs, and it returns the name of the user who has locked it if it | |
539 is locked by someone else. | |
540 | |
541 @example | |
542 @group | |
543 (file-locked-p "foo") | |
544 @result{} nil | |
545 @end group | |
546 @end example | |
547 @end defun | |
548 | |
549 @defun lock-buffer &optional filename | |
550 This function locks the file @var{filename}, if the current buffer is | |
551 modified. The argument @var{filename} defaults to the current buffer's | |
552 visited file. Nothing is done if the current buffer is not visiting a | |
553 file, or is not modified. | |
554 @end defun | |
555 | |
556 @defun unlock-buffer | |
557 This function unlocks the file being visited in the current buffer, | |
558 if the buffer is modified. If the buffer is not modified, then | |
559 the file should not be locked, so this function does nothing. It also | |
560 does nothing if the current buffer is not visiting a file. | |
561 @end defun | |
562 | |
563 @defun ask-user-about-lock file other-user | |
564 This function is called when the user tries to modify @var{file}, but it | |
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565 is locked by another user named @var{other-user}. The value it returns |
6555 | 566 determines what happens next: |
567 | |
568 @itemize @bullet | |
569 @item | |
570 A value of @code{t} says to grab the lock on the file. Then | |
571 this user may edit the file and @var{other-user} loses the lock. | |
572 | |
573 @item | |
574 A value of @code{nil} says to ignore the lock and let this | |
575 user edit the file anyway. | |
576 | |
577 @item | |
578 @kindex file-locked | |
579 This function may instead signal a @code{file-locked} error, in which | |
580 case the change that the user was about to make does not take place. | |
581 | |
582 The error message for this error looks like this: | |
583 | |
584 @example | |
585 @error{} File is locked: @var{file} @var{other-user} | |
586 @end example | |
587 | |
588 @noindent | |
589 where @code{file} is the name of the file and @var{other-user} is the | |
590 name of the user who has locked the file. | |
591 @end itemize | |
592 | |
593 The default definition of this function asks the user to choose what | |
594 to do. If you wish, you can replace the @code{ask-user-about-lock} | |
595 function with your own version that decides in another way. The code | |
596 for its usual definition is in @file{userlock.el}. | |
597 @end defun | |
598 | |
599 @node Information about Files | |
600 @section Information about Files | |
601 | |
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602 The functions described in this section all operate on strings that |
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603 designate file names. All the functions have names that begin with the |
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604 word @samp{file}. These functions all return information about actual |
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605 files or directories, so their arguments must all exist as actual files |
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606 or directories unless otherwise noted. |
6555 | 607 |
608 @menu | |
609 * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable? | |
610 * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A symbolic link? | |
611 * Truenames:: Eliminating symbolic links from a file name. | |
612 * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc. | |
613 @end menu | |
614 | |
615 @node Testing Accessibility | |
616 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
617 @subsection Testing Accessibility | |
618 @cindex accessibility of a file | |
619 @cindex file accessibility | |
620 | |
621 These functions test for permission to access a file in specific ways. | |
622 | |
623 @defun file-exists-p filename | |
624 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} appears | |
625 to exist. This does not mean you can necessarily read the file, only | |
626 that you can find out its attributes. (On Unix, this is true if the | |
627 file exists and you have execute permission on the containing | |
628 directories, regardless of the protection of the file itself.) | |
629 | |
630 If the file does not exist, or if fascist access control policies | |
631 prevent you from finding the attributes of the file, this function | |
632 returns @code{nil}. | |
633 @end defun | |
634 | |
635 @defun file-readable-p filename | |
636 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} exists | |
637 and you can read it. It returns @code{nil} otherwise. | |
638 | |
639 @example | |
640 @group | |
641 (file-readable-p "files.texi") | |
642 @result{} t | |
643 @end group | |
644 @group | |
645 (file-exists-p "/usr/spool/mqueue") | |
646 @result{} t | |
647 @end group | |
648 @group | |
649 (file-readable-p "/usr/spool/mqueue") | |
650 @result{} nil | |
651 @end group | |
652 @end example | |
653 @end defun | |
654 | |
655 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
656 @defun file-executable-p filename | |
657 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} exists and | |
658 you can execute it. It returns @code{nil} otherwise. If the file is a | |
659 directory, execute permission means you can check the existence and | |
660 attributes of files inside the directory, and open those files if their | |
661 modes permit. | |
662 @end defun | |
663 | |
664 @defun file-writable-p filename | |
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665 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename} can be written |
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666 or created by you, and @code{nil} otherwise. A file is writable if the |
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667 file exists and you can write it. It is creatable if it does not exist, |
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668 but the specified directory does exist and you can write in that |
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669 directory. |
6555 | 670 |
671 In the third example below, @file{foo} is not writable because the | |
672 parent directory does not exist, even though the user could create such | |
673 a directory. | |
674 | |
675 @example | |
676 @group | |
677 (file-writable-p "~/foo") | |
678 @result{} t | |
679 @end group | |
680 @group | |
681 (file-writable-p "/foo") | |
682 @result{} nil | |
683 @end group | |
684 @group | |
685 (file-writable-p "~/no-such-dir/foo") | |
686 @result{} nil | |
687 @end group | |
688 @end example | |
689 @end defun | |
690 | |
691 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
692 @defun file-accessible-directory-p dirname | |
693 This function returns @code{t} if you have permission to open existing | |
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694 files in the directory whose name as a file is @var{dirname}; otherwise |
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695 (or if there is no such directory), it returns @code{nil}. The value |
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696 of @var{dirname} may be either a directory name or the file name of a |
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697 directory. |
6555 | 698 |
699 Example: after the following, | |
700 | |
701 @example | |
702 (file-accessible-directory-p "/foo") | |
703 @result{} nil | |
704 @end example | |
705 | |
706 @noindent | |
707 we can deduce that any attempt to read a file in @file{/foo/} will | |
708 give an error. | |
709 @end defun | |
710 | |
12067 | 711 @defun file-ownership-preserved-p filename |
712 This function returns @code{t} if deleting the file @var{filename} and | |
713 then creating it anew would keep the file's owner unchanged. | |
714 @end defun | |
715 | |
6555 | 716 @defun file-newer-than-file-p filename1 filename2 |
717 @cindex file age | |
718 @cindex file modification time | |
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719 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename1} is |
6555 | 720 newer than file @var{filename2}. If @var{filename1} does not |
721 exist, it returns @code{nil}. If @var{filename2} does not exist, | |
722 it returns @code{t}. | |
723 | |
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724 In the following example, assume that the file @file{aug-19} was written |
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725 on the 19th, @file{aug-20} was written on the 20th, and the file |
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726 @file{no-file} doesn't exist at all. |
6555 | 727 |
728 @example | |
729 @group | |
730 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-19" "aug-20") | |
731 @result{} nil | |
732 @end group | |
733 @group | |
734 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-20" "aug-19") | |
735 @result{} t | |
736 @end group | |
737 @group | |
738 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-19" "no-file") | |
739 @result{} t | |
740 @end group | |
741 @group | |
742 (file-newer-than-file-p "no-file" "aug-19") | |
743 @result{} nil | |
744 @end group | |
745 @end example | |
746 | |
747 You can use @code{file-attributes} to get a file's last modification | |
748 time as a list of two numbers. @xref{File Attributes}. | |
749 @end defun | |
750 | |
751 @node Kinds of Files | |
752 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
753 @subsection Distinguishing Kinds of Files | |
754 | |
12098 | 755 This section describes how to distinguish various kinds of files, such |
756 as directories, symbolic links, and ordinary files. | |
6555 | 757 |
758 @defun file-symlink-p filename | |
759 @cindex file symbolic links | |
760 If the file @var{filename} is a symbolic link, the @code{file-symlink-p} | |
761 function returns the file name to which it is linked. This may be the | |
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762 name of a text file, a directory, or even another symbolic link, or it |
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763 may be a nonexistent file name. |
6555 | 764 |
765 If the file @var{filename} is not a symbolic link (or there is no such file), | |
766 @code{file-symlink-p} returns @code{nil}. | |
767 | |
768 @example | |
769 @group | |
770 (file-symlink-p "foo") | |
771 @result{} nil | |
772 @end group | |
773 @group | |
774 (file-symlink-p "sym-link") | |
775 @result{} "foo" | |
776 @end group | |
777 @group | |
778 (file-symlink-p "sym-link2") | |
779 @result{} "sym-link" | |
780 @end group | |
781 @group | |
782 (file-symlink-p "/bin") | |
783 @result{} "/pub/bin" | |
784 @end group | |
785 @end example | |
786 | |
787 @c !!! file-symlink-p: should show output of ls -l for comparison | |
788 @end defun | |
789 | |
790 @defun file-directory-p filename | |
791 This function returns @code{t} if @var{filename} is the name of an | |
792 existing directory, @code{nil} otherwise. | |
793 | |
794 @example | |
795 @group | |
796 (file-directory-p "~rms") | |
797 @result{} t | |
798 @end group | |
799 @group | |
800 (file-directory-p "~rms/lewis/files.texi") | |
801 @result{} nil | |
802 @end group | |
803 @group | |
804 (file-directory-p "~rms/lewis/no-such-file") | |
805 @result{} nil | |
806 @end group | |
807 @group | |
808 (file-directory-p "$HOME") | |
809 @result{} nil | |
810 @end group | |
811 @group | |
812 (file-directory-p | |
813 (substitute-in-file-name "$HOME")) | |
814 @result{} t | |
815 @end group | |
816 @end example | |
817 @end defun | |
818 | |
12067 | 819 @defun file-regular-p filename |
820 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename} exists and is | |
821 a regular file (not a directory, symbolic link, named pipe, terminal, or | |
822 other I/O device). | |
823 @end defun | |
824 | |
6555 | 825 @node Truenames |
826 @subsection Truenames | |
827 @cindex truename (of file) | |
828 | |
829 @c Emacs 19 features | |
830 The @dfn{truename} of a file is the name that you get by following | |
831 symbolic links until none remain, then expanding to get rid of @samp{.} | |
832 and @samp{..} as components. Strictly speaking, a file need not have a | |
833 unique truename; the number of distinct truenames a file has is equal to | |
834 the number of hard links to the file. However, truenames are useful | |
835 because they eliminate symbolic links as a cause of name variation. | |
836 | |
837 @defun file-truename filename | |
838 The function @code{file-truename} returns the true name of the file | |
839 @var{filename}. This is the name that you get by following symbolic | |
840 links until none remain. The argument must be an absolute file name. | |
841 @end defun | |
842 | |
843 @xref{Buffer File Name}, for related information. | |
844 | |
845 @node File Attributes | |
846 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
847 @subsection Other Information about Files | |
848 | |
849 This section describes the functions for getting detailed information | |
850 about a file, other than its contents. This information includes the | |
851 mode bits that control access permission, the owner and group numbers, | |
852 the number of names, the inode number, the size, and the times of access | |
853 and modification. | |
854 | |
855 @defun file-modes filename | |
856 @cindex permission | |
857 @cindex file attributes | |
858 This function returns the mode bits of @var{filename}, as an integer. | |
859 The mode bits are also called the file permissions, and they specify | |
860 access control in the usual Unix fashion. If the low-order bit is 1, | |
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861 then the file is executable by all users, if the second-lowest-order bit |
6555 | 862 is 1, then the file is writable by all users, etc. |
863 | |
864 The highest value returnable is 4095 (7777 octal), meaning that | |
865 everyone has read, write, and execute permission, that the @sc{suid} bit | |
866 is set for both others and group, and that the sticky bit is set. | |
867 | |
868 @example | |
869 @group | |
870 (file-modes "~/junk/diffs") | |
871 @result{} 492 ; @r{Decimal integer.} | |
872 @end group | |
873 @group | |
874 (format "%o" 492) | |
875 @result{} "754" ; @r{Convert to octal.} | |
876 @end group | |
877 | |
878 @group | |
879 (set-file-modes "~/junk/diffs" 438) | |
880 @result{} nil | |
881 @end group | |
882 | |
883 @group | |
884 (format "%o" 438) | |
885 @result{} "666" ; @r{Convert to octal.} | |
886 @end group | |
887 | |
888 @group | |
889 % ls -l diffs | |
890 -rw-rw-rw- 1 lewis 0 3063 Oct 30 16:00 diffs | |
891 @end group | |
892 @end example | |
893 @end defun | |
894 | |
895 @defun file-nlinks filename | |
896 This functions returns the number of names (i.e., hard links) that | |
897 file @var{filename} has. If the file does not exist, then this function | |
898 returns @code{nil}. Note that symbolic links have no effect on this | |
899 function, because they are not considered to be names of the files they | |
900 link to. | |
901 | |
902 @example | |
903 @group | |
904 % ls -l foo* | |
905 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 4 Aug 19 01:27 foo | |
906 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 4 Aug 19 01:27 foo1 | |
907 @end group | |
908 | |
909 @group | |
910 (file-nlinks "foo") | |
911 @result{} 2 | |
912 @end group | |
913 @group | |
914 (file-nlinks "doesnt-exist") | |
915 @result{} nil | |
916 @end group | |
917 @end example | |
918 @end defun | |
919 | |
920 @defun file-attributes filename | |
921 This function returns a list of attributes of file @var{filename}. If | |
922 the specified file cannot be opened, it returns @code{nil}. | |
923 | |
924 The elements of the list, in order, are: | |
925 | |
926 @enumerate 0 | |
927 @item | |
928 @code{t} for a directory, a string for a symbolic link (the name | |
929 linked to), or @code{nil} for a text file. | |
930 | |
931 @c Wordy so as to prevent an overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92 | |
932 @item | |
933 The number of names the file has. Alternate names, also known as hard | |
934 links, can be created by using the @code{add-name-to-file} function | |
935 (@pxref{Changing File Attributes}). | |
936 | |
937 @item | |
938 The file's @sc{uid}. | |
939 | |
940 @item | |
941 The file's @sc{gid}. | |
942 | |
943 @item | |
944 The time of last access, as a list of two integers. | |
945 The first integer has the high-order 16 bits of time, | |
946 the second has the low 16 bits. (This is similar to the | |
947 value of @code{current-time}; see @ref{Time of Day}.) | |
948 | |
949 @item | |
950 The time of last modification as a list of two integers (as above). | |
951 | |
952 @item | |
953 The time of last status change as a list of two integers (as above). | |
954 | |
955 @item | |
956 The size of the file in bytes. | |
957 | |
958 @item | |
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959 The file's modes, as a string of ten letters or dashes, |
6555 | 960 as in @samp{ls -l}. |
961 | |
962 @item | |
963 @code{t} if the file's @sc{gid} would change if file were | |
964 deleted and recreated; @code{nil} otherwise. | |
965 | |
966 @item | |
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967 The file's inode number. If possible, this is an integer. If the inode |
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968 number is too large to be represented as an integer in Emacs Lisp, then |
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969 the value has the form @code{(@var{high} . @var{low})}, where @var{low} |
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970 holds the low 16 bits. |
6555 | 971 |
972 @item | |
973 The file system number of the file system that the file is in. This | |
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974 element and the file's inode number together give enough information to |
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975 distinguish any two files on the system---no two files can have the same |
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976 values for both of these numbers. |
6555 | 977 @end enumerate |
978 | |
979 For example, here are the file attributes for @file{files.texi}: | |
980 | |
981 @example | |
982 @group | |
983 (file-attributes "files.texi") | |
984 @result{} (nil | |
985 1 | |
986 2235 | |
987 75 | |
988 (8489 20284) | |
989 (8489 20284) | |
990 (8489 20285) | |
991 14906 | |
992 "-rw-rw-rw-" | |
993 nil | |
994 129500 | |
995 -32252) | |
996 @end group | |
997 @end example | |
998 | |
999 @noindent | |
1000 and here is how the result is interpreted: | |
1001 | |
1002 @table @code | |
1003 @item nil | |
1004 is neither a directory nor a symbolic link. | |
1005 | |
1006 @item 1 | |
1007 has only one name (the name @file{files.texi} in the current default | |
1008 directory). | |
1009 | |
1010 @item 2235 | |
1011 is owned by the user with @sc{uid} 2235. | |
1012 | |
1013 @item 75 | |
1014 is in the group with @sc{gid} 75. | |
1015 | |
1016 @item (8489 20284) | |
12522 | 1017 was last accessed on Aug 19 00:09. |
6555 | 1018 |
1019 @item (8489 20284) | |
1020 was last modified on Aug 19 00:09. | |
1021 | |
1022 @item (8489 20285) | |
1023 last had its inode changed on Aug 19 00:09. | |
1024 | |
1025 @item 14906 | |
1026 is 14906 characters long. | |
1027 | |
1028 @item "-rw-rw-rw-" | |
1029 has a mode of read and write access for the owner, group, and world. | |
1030 | |
1031 @item nil | |
1032 would retain the same @sc{gid} if it were recreated. | |
1033 | |
1034 @item 129500 | |
1035 has an inode number of 129500. | |
1036 @item -32252 | |
1037 is on file system number -32252. | |
1038 @end table | |
1039 @end defun | |
1040 | |
1041 @node Changing File Attributes | |
1042 @section Changing File Names and Attributes | |
1043 @cindex renaming files | |
1044 @cindex copying files | |
1045 @cindex deleting files | |
1046 @cindex linking files | |
1047 @cindex setting modes of files | |
1048 | |
1049 The functions in this section rename, copy, delete, link, and set the | |
1050 modes of files. | |
1051 | |
1052 In the functions that have an argument @var{newname}, if a file by the | |
1053 name of @var{newname} already exists, the actions taken depend on the | |
1054 value of the argument @var{ok-if-already-exists}: | |
1055 | |
1056 @itemize @bullet | |
1057 @item | |
1058 Signal a @code{file-already-exists} error if | |
1059 @var{ok-if-already-exists} is @code{nil}. | |
1060 | |
1061 @item | |
1062 Request confirmation if @var{ok-if-already-exists} is a number. | |
1063 | |
1064 @item | |
1065 Replace the old file without confirmation if @var{ok-if-already-exists} | |
1066 is any other value. | |
1067 @end itemize | |
1068 | |
1069 @defun add-name-to-file oldname newname &optional ok-if-already-exists | |
1070 @cindex file with multiple names | |
1071 @cindex file hard link | |
1072 This function gives the file named @var{oldname} the additional name | |
1073 @var{newname}. This means that @var{newname} becomes a new ``hard | |
1074 link'' to @var{oldname}. | |
1075 | |
1076 In the first part of the following example, we list two files, | |
1077 @file{foo} and @file{foo3}. | |
1078 | |
1079 @example | |
1080 @group | |
1081 % ls -l fo* | |
1082 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo | |
1083 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 24 Aug 18 20:31 foo3 | |
1084 @end group | |
1085 @end example | |
1086 | |
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1087 Now we create a hard link, by calling @code{add-name-to-file}, then list |
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1088 the files again. This shows two names for one file, @file{foo} and |
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1089 @file{foo2}. |
6555 | 1090 |
1091 @example | |
1092 @group | |
1093 (add-name-to-file "~/lewis/foo1" "~/lewis/foo2") | |
1094 @result{} nil | |
1095 @end group | |
1096 | |
1097 @group | |
1098 % ls -l fo* | |
1099 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo | |
1100 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo2 | |
1101 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 24 Aug 18 20:31 foo3 | |
1102 @end group | |
1103 @end example | |
1104 | |
1105 @c !!! Check whether this set of examples is consistent. --rjc 15mar92 | |
1106 Finally, we evaluate the following: | |
1107 | |
1108 @example | |
1109 (add-name-to-file "~/lewis/foo" "~/lewis/foo3" t) | |
1110 @end example | |
1111 | |
1112 @noindent | |
1113 and list the files again. Now there are three names | |
1114 for one file: @file{foo}, @file{foo2}, and @file{foo3}. The old | |
1115 contents of @file{foo3} are lost. | |
1116 | |
1117 @example | |
1118 @group | |
1119 (add-name-to-file "~/lewis/foo1" "~/lewis/foo3") | |
1120 @result{} nil | |
1121 @end group | |
1122 | |
1123 @group | |
1124 % ls -l fo* | |
1125 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo | |
1126 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo2 | |
1127 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo3 | |
1128 @end group | |
1129 @end example | |
1130 | |
1131 This function is meaningless on VMS, where multiple names for one file | |
1132 are not allowed. | |
1133 | |
1134 See also @code{file-nlinks} in @ref{File Attributes}. | |
1135 @end defun | |
1136 | |
1137 @deffn Command rename-file filename newname &optional ok-if-already-exists | |
1138 This command renames the file @var{filename} as @var{newname}. | |
1139 | |
1140 If @var{filename} has additional names aside from @var{filename}, it | |
1141 continues to have those names. In fact, adding the name @var{newname} | |
1142 with @code{add-name-to-file} and then deleting @var{filename} has the | |
1143 same effect as renaming, aside from momentary intermediate states. | |
1144 | |
1145 In an interactive call, this function prompts for @var{filename} and | |
1146 @var{newname} in the minibuffer; also, it requests confirmation if | |
1147 @var{newname} already exists. | |
1148 @end deffn | |
1149 | |
1150 @deffn Command copy-file oldname newname &optional ok-if-exists time | |
1151 This command copies the file @var{oldname} to @var{newname}. An | |
1152 error is signaled if @var{oldname} does not exist. | |
1153 | |
1154 If @var{time} is non-@code{nil}, then this functions gives the new | |
1155 file the same last-modified time that the old one has. (This works on | |
1156 only some operating systems.) | |
1157 | |
1158 In an interactive call, this function prompts for @var{filename} and | |
1159 @var{newname} in the minibuffer; also, it requests confirmation if | |
1160 @var{newname} already exists. | |
1161 @end deffn | |
1162 | |
1163 @deffn Command delete-file filename | |
1164 @pindex rm | |
1165 This command deletes the file @var{filename}, like the shell command | |
1166 @samp{rm @var{filename}}. If the file has multiple names, it continues | |
1167 to exist under the other names. | |
1168 | |
1169 A suitable kind of @code{file-error} error is signaled if the file | |
1170 does not exist, or is not deletable. (On Unix, a file is deletable if | |
1171 its directory is writable.) | |
1172 | |
1173 See also @code{delete-directory} in @ref{Create/Delete Dirs}. | |
1174 @end deffn | |
1175 | |
1176 @deffn Command make-symbolic-link filename newname &optional ok-if-exists | |
1177 @pindex ln | |
1178 @kindex file-already-exists | |
1179 This command makes a symbolic link to @var{filename}, named | |
1180 @var{newname}. This is like the shell command @samp{ln -s | |
1181 @var{filename} @var{newname}}. | |
1182 | |
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1183 In an interactive call, this function prompts for @var{filename} and |
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1184 @var{newname} in the minibuffer; also, it requests confirmation if |
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1185 @var{newname} already exists. |
6555 | 1186 @end deffn |
1187 | |
1188 @defun define-logical-name varname string | |
1189 This function defines the logical name @var{name} to have the value | |
1190 @var{string}. It is available only on VMS. | |
1191 @end defun | |
1192 | |
1193 @defun set-file-modes filename mode | |
1194 This function sets mode bits of @var{filename} to @var{mode} (which must | |
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1195 be an integer). Only the low 12 bits of @var{mode} are used. |
6555 | 1196 @end defun |
1197 | |
1198 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1199 @defun set-default-file-modes mode | |
1200 This function sets the default file protection for new files created by | |
1201 Emacs and its subprocesses. Every file created with Emacs initially has | |
1202 this protection. On Unix, the default protection is the bitwise | |
1203 complement of the ``umask'' value. | |
1204 | |
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1205 The argument @var{mode} must be an integer. Only the low 9 bits of |
6555 | 1206 @var{mode} are used. |
1207 | |
1208 Saving a modified version of an existing file does not count as creating | |
1209 the file; it does not change the file's mode, and does not use the | |
1210 default file protection. | |
1211 @end defun | |
1212 | |
1213 @defun default-file-modes | |
1214 This function returns the current default protection value. | |
1215 @end defun | |
1216 | |
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1217 @cindex MS-DOS and file modes |
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1218 @cindex file modes and MS-DOS |
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1219 On MS-DOS, there is no such thing as an ``executable'' file mode bit. |
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1220 So Emacs considers a file executable if its name ends in @samp{.com}, |
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1221 @samp{.bat} or @samp{.exe}. This is reflected in the values returned |
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1222 by @code{file-modes} and @code{file-attributes}. |
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1223 |
6555 | 1224 @node File Names |
1225 @section File Names | |
1226 @cindex file names | |
1227 | |
1228 Files are generally referred to by their names, in Emacs as elsewhere. | |
1229 File names in Emacs are represented as strings. The functions that | |
1230 operate on a file all expect a file name argument. | |
1231 | |
1232 In addition to operating on files themselves, Emacs Lisp programs | |
1233 often need to operate on the names; i.e., to take them apart and to use | |
1234 part of a name to construct related file names. This section describes | |
1235 how to manipulate file names. | |
1236 | |
1237 The functions in this section do not actually access files, so they | |
1238 can operate on file names that do not refer to an existing file or | |
1239 directory. | |
1240 | |
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1241 On VMS, all these functions understand both VMS file-name syntax and |
6555 | 1242 Unix syntax. This is so that all the standard Lisp libraries can |
1243 specify file names in Unix syntax and work properly on VMS without | |
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1244 change. On MS-DOS, these functions understand MS-DOS file-name syntax |
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1245 as well as Unix syntax. |
6555 | 1246 |
1247 @menu | |
1248 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest. | |
1249 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory | |
1250 is different from its name as a file. | |
1251 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a current directory. | |
1252 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones. | |
1253 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files. | |
1254 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
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1255 * Standard File Names:: If your package uses a fixed file name, |
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1256 how to handle various operating systems simply. |
6555 | 1257 @end menu |
1258 | |
1259 @node File Name Components | |
1260 @subsection File Name Components | |
1261 @cindex directory part (of file name) | |
1262 @cindex nondirectory part (of file name) | |
1263 @cindex version number (in file name) | |
1264 | |
1265 The operating system groups files into directories. To specify a | |
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1266 file, you must specify the directory and the file's name within that |
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1267 directory. Therefore, Emacs considers a file name as having two main |
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1268 parts: the @dfn{directory name} part, and the @dfn{nondirectory} part |
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1269 (or @dfn{file name within the directory}). Either part may be empty. |
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1270 Concatenating these two parts reproduces the original file name. |
6555 | 1271 |
1272 On Unix, the directory part is everything up to and including the last | |
1273 slash; the nondirectory part is the rest. The rules in VMS syntax are | |
1274 complicated. | |
1275 | |
1276 For some purposes, the nondirectory part is further subdivided into | |
1277 the name proper and the @dfn{version number}. On Unix, only backup | |
1278 files have version numbers in their names; on VMS, every file has a | |
1279 version number, but most of the time the file name actually used in | |
1280 Emacs omits the version number. Version numbers are found mostly in | |
1281 directory lists. | |
1282 | |
1283 @defun file-name-directory filename | |
1284 This function returns the directory part of @var{filename} (or | |
1285 @code{nil} if @var{filename} does not include a directory part). On | |
1286 Unix, the function returns a string ending in a slash. On VMS, it | |
1287 returns a string ending in one of the three characters @samp{:}, | |
1288 @samp{]}, or @samp{>}. | |
1289 | |
1290 @example | |
1291 @group | |
1292 (file-name-directory "lewis/foo") ; @r{Unix example} | |
1293 @result{} "lewis/" | |
1294 @end group | |
1295 @group | |
1296 (file-name-directory "foo") ; @r{Unix example} | |
1297 @result{} nil | |
1298 @end group | |
1299 @group | |
1300 (file-name-directory "[X]FOO.TMP") ; @r{VMS example} | |
1301 @result{} "[X]" | |
1302 @end group | |
1303 @end example | |
1304 @end defun | |
1305 | |
1306 @defun file-name-nondirectory filename | |
1307 This function returns the nondirectory part of @var{filename}. | |
1308 | |
1309 @example | |
1310 @group | |
1311 (file-name-nondirectory "lewis/foo") | |
1312 @result{} "foo" | |
1313 @end group | |
1314 @group | |
1315 (file-name-nondirectory "foo") | |
1316 @result{} "foo" | |
1317 @end group | |
1318 @group | |
1319 ;; @r{The following example is accurate only on VMS.} | |
1320 (file-name-nondirectory "[X]FOO.TMP") | |
1321 @result{} "FOO.TMP" | |
1322 @end group | |
1323 @end example | |
1324 @end defun | |
1325 | |
1326 @defun file-name-sans-versions filename | |
1327 This function returns @var{filename} without any file version numbers, | |
1328 backup version numbers, or trailing tildes. | |
1329 | |
1330 @example | |
1331 @group | |
1332 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo.~1~") | |
1333 @result{} "~rms/foo" | |
1334 @end group | |
1335 @group | |
1336 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo~") | |
1337 @result{} "~rms/foo" | |
1338 @end group | |
1339 @group | |
1340 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo") | |
1341 @result{} "~rms/foo" | |
1342 @end group | |
1343 @group | |
1344 ;; @r{The following example applies to VMS only.} | |
1345 (file-name-sans-versions "foo;23") | |
1346 @result{} "foo" | |
1347 @end group | |
1348 @end example | |
1349 @end defun | |
1350 | |
12067 | 1351 @defun file-name-sans-extension filename |
12098 | 1352 This function returns @var{filename} minus its ``extension,'' if any. |
1353 The extension, in a file name, is the part that starts with the last | |
1354 @samp{.} in the last name component. For example, | |
1355 | |
1356 @example | |
1357 (file-name-sans-extension "foo.lose.c") | |
1358 @result{} "foo.lose" | |
1359 (file-name-sans-extension "big.hack/foo") | |
1360 @result{} "big.hack/foo" | |
1361 @end example | |
12067 | 1362 @end defun |
1363 | |
6555 | 1364 @node Directory Names |
1365 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1366 @subsection Directory Names | |
1367 @cindex directory name | |
1368 @cindex file name of directory | |
1369 | |
1370 A @dfn{directory name} is the name of a directory. A directory is a | |
1371 kind of file, and it has a file name, which is related to the directory | |
1372 name but not identical to it. (This is not quite the same as the usual | |
1373 Unix terminology.) These two different names for the same entity are | |
1374 related by a syntactic transformation. On Unix, this is simple: a | |
1375 directory name ends in a slash, whereas the directory's name as a file | |
1376 lacks that slash. On VMS, the relationship is more complicated. | |
1377 | |
1378 The difference between a directory name and its name as a file is | |
1379 subtle but crucial. When an Emacs variable or function argument is | |
1380 described as being a directory name, a file name of a directory is not | |
1381 acceptable. | |
1382 | |
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1383 The following two functions convert between directory names and file |
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1384 names. They do nothing special with environment variable substitutions |
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1385 such as @samp{$HOME}, and the constructs @samp{~}, and @samp{..}. |
6555 | 1386 |
1387 @defun file-name-as-directory filename | |
1388 This function returns a string representing @var{filename} in a form | |
1389 that the operating system will interpret as the name of a directory. In | |
1390 Unix, this means appending a slash to the string. On VMS, the function | |
1391 converts a string of the form @file{[X]Y.DIR.1} to the form | |
1392 @file{[X.Y]}. | |
1393 | |
1394 @example | |
1395 @group | |
1396 (file-name-as-directory "~rms/lewis") | |
1397 @result{} "~rms/lewis/" | |
1398 @end group | |
1399 @end example | |
1400 @end defun | |
1401 | |
1402 @defun directory-file-name dirname | |
1403 This function returns a string representing @var{dirname} in a form | |
1404 that the operating system will interpret as the name of a file. On | |
1405 Unix, this means removing a final slash from the string. On VMS, the | |
1406 function converts a string of the form @file{[X.Y]} to | |
1407 @file{[X]Y.DIR.1}. | |
1408 | |
1409 @example | |
1410 @group | |
1411 (directory-file-name "~lewis/") | |
1412 @result{} "~lewis" | |
1413 @end group | |
1414 @end example | |
1415 @end defun | |
1416 | |
1417 @cindex directory name abbreviation | |
1418 Directory name abbreviations are useful for directories that are | |
1419 normally accessed through symbolic links. Sometimes the users recognize | |
1420 primarily the link's name as ``the name'' of the directory, and find it | |
1421 annoying to see the directory's ``real'' name. If you define the link | |
1422 name as an abbreviation for the ``real'' name, Emacs shows users the | |
1423 abbreviation instead. | |
1424 | |
1425 @defvar directory-abbrev-alist | |
1426 The variable @code{directory-abbrev-alist} contains an alist of | |
1427 abbreviations to use for file directories. Each element has the form | |
1428 @code{(@var{from} . @var{to})}, and says to replace @var{from} with | |
1429 @var{to} when it appears in a directory name. The @var{from} string is | |
1430 actually a regular expression; it should always start with @samp{^}. | |
1431 The function @code{abbreviate-file-name} performs these substitutions. | |
1432 | |
1433 You can set this variable in @file{site-init.el} to describe the | |
1434 abbreviations appropriate for your site. | |
1435 | |
1436 Here's an example, from a system on which file system @file{/home/fsf} | |
1437 and so on are normally accessed through symbolic links named @file{/fsf} | |
1438 and so on. | |
1439 | |
1440 @example | |
1441 (("^/home/fsf" . "/fsf") | |
1442 ("^/home/gp" . "/gp") | |
1443 ("^/home/gd" . "/gd")) | |
1444 @end example | |
1445 @end defvar | |
1446 | |
1447 To convert a directory name to its abbreviation, use this | |
1448 function: | |
1449 | |
1450 @defun abbreviate-file-name dirname | |
1451 This function applies abbreviations from @code{directory-abbrev-alist} | |
1452 to its argument, and substitutes @samp{~} for the user's home | |
1453 directory. | |
1454 @end defun | |
1455 | |
1456 @node Relative File Names | |
1457 @subsection Absolute and Relative File Names | |
1458 @cindex absolute file name | |
1459 @cindex relative file name | |
1460 | |
1461 All the directories in the file system form a tree starting at the | |
1462 root directory. A file name can specify all the directory names | |
1463 starting from the root of the tree; then it is called an @dfn{absolute} | |
1464 file name. Or it can specify the position of the file in the tree | |
1465 relative to a default directory; then it is called a @dfn{relative} | |
1466 file name. On Unix, an absolute file name starts with a slash or a | |
1467 tilde (@samp{~}), and a relative one does not. The rules on VMS are | |
1468 complicated. | |
1469 | |
1470 @defun file-name-absolute-p filename | |
1471 This function returns @code{t} if file @var{filename} is an absolute | |
1472 file name, @code{nil} otherwise. On VMS, this function understands both | |
1473 Unix syntax and VMS syntax. | |
1474 | |
1475 @example | |
1476 @group | |
1477 (file-name-absolute-p "~rms/foo") | |
1478 @result{} t | |
1479 @end group | |
1480 @group | |
1481 (file-name-absolute-p "rms/foo") | |
1482 @result{} nil | |
1483 @end group | |
1484 @group | |
1485 (file-name-absolute-p "/user/rms/foo") | |
1486 @result{} t | |
1487 @end group | |
1488 @end example | |
1489 @end defun | |
1490 | |
1491 @node File Name Expansion | |
1492 @subsection Functions that Expand Filenames | |
1493 @cindex expansion of file names | |
1494 | |
1495 @dfn{Expansion} of a file name means converting a relative file name | |
1496 to an absolute one. Since this is done relative to a default directory, | |
1497 you must specify the default directory name as well as the file name to | |
1498 be expanded. Expansion also simplifies file names by eliminating | |
1499 redundancies such as @file{./} and @file{@var{name}/../}. | |
1500 | |
1501 @defun expand-file-name filename &optional directory | |
1502 This function converts @var{filename} to an absolute file name. If | |
1503 @var{directory} is supplied, it is the directory to start with if | |
1504 @var{filename} is relative. (The value of @var{directory} should itself | |
1505 be an absolute directory name; it may start with @samp{~}.) | |
1506 Otherwise, the current buffer's value of @code{default-directory} is | |
1507 used. For example: | |
1508 | |
1509 @example | |
1510 @group | |
1511 (expand-file-name "foo") | |
1512 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/foo" | |
1513 @end group | |
1514 @group | |
1515 (expand-file-name "../foo") | |
1516 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo" | |
1517 @end group | |
1518 @group | |
1519 (expand-file-name "foo" "/usr/spool/") | |
1520 @result{} "/usr/spool/foo" | |
1521 @end group | |
1522 @group | |
1523 (expand-file-name "$HOME/foo") | |
1524 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/$HOME/foo" | |
1525 @end group | |
1526 @end example | |
1527 | |
1528 Filenames containing @samp{.} or @samp{..} are simplified to their | |
1529 canonical form: | |
1530 | |
1531 @example | |
1532 @group | |
1533 (expand-file-name "bar/../foo") | |
1534 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/foo" | |
1535 @end group | |
1536 @end example | |
1537 | |
1538 @samp{~/} is expanded into the user's home directory. A @samp{/} or | |
1539 @samp{~} following a @samp{/} is taken to be the start of an absolute | |
1540 file name that overrides what precedes it, so everything before that | |
1541 @samp{/} or @samp{~} is deleted. For example: | |
1542 | |
1543 @example | |
1544 @group | |
1545 (expand-file-name | |
1546 "/a1/gnu//usr/local/lib/emacs/etc/MACHINES") | |
1547 @result{} "/usr/local/lib/emacs/etc/MACHINES" | |
1548 @end group | |
1549 @group | |
1550 (expand-file-name "/a1/gnu/~/foo") | |
1551 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo" | |
1552 @end group | |
1553 @end example | |
1554 | |
1555 @noindent | |
1556 In both cases, @file{/a1/gnu/} is discarded because an absolute file | |
1557 name follows it. | |
1558 | |
1559 Note that @code{expand-file-name} does @emph{not} expand environment | |
1560 variables; only @code{substitute-in-file-name} does that. | |
1561 @end defun | |
1562 | |
1563 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1564 @defun file-relative-name filename directory | |
1565 This function does the inverse of expansion---it tries to return a | |
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1566 relative name that is equivalent to @var{filename} when interpreted |
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1567 relative to @var{directory}. |
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1568 |
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1569 On some operating systems, an absolute file name begins with a device |
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1570 name. On such systems, @var{filename} has no relative equivalent based |
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1571 on @var{directory} if they start with two different device names. In |
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1572 this case, @code{file-relative-name} returns @var{filename} in absolute |
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1573 form. |
6555 | 1574 |
1575 @example | |
1576 (file-relative-name "/foo/bar" "/foo/") | |
1577 @result{} "bar") | |
1578 (file-relative-name "/foo/bar" "/hack/") | |
1579 @result{} "/foo/bar") | |
1580 @end example | |
1581 @end defun | |
1582 | |
1583 @defvar default-directory | |
1584 The value of this buffer-local variable is the default directory for the | |
1585 current buffer. It should be an absolute directory name; it may start | |
1586 with @samp{~}. This variable is local in every buffer. | |
1587 | |
1588 @code{expand-file-name} uses the default directory when its second | |
1589 argument is @code{nil}. | |
1590 | |
1591 On Unix systems, the value is always a string ending with a slash. | |
1592 | |
1593 @example | |
1594 @group | |
1595 default-directory | |
1596 @result{} "/user/lewis/manual/" | |
1597 @end group | |
1598 @end example | |
1599 @end defvar | |
1600 | |
1601 @defun substitute-in-file-name filename | |
1602 This function replaces environment variables references in | |
1603 @var{filename} with the environment variable values. Following standard | |
1604 Unix shell syntax, @samp{$} is the prefix to substitute an environment | |
1605 variable value. | |
1606 | |
1607 The environment variable name is the series of alphanumeric characters | |
1608 (including underscores) that follow the @samp{$}. If the character following | |
1609 the @samp{$} is a @samp{@{}, then the variable name is everything up to the | |
1610 matching @samp{@}}. | |
1611 | |
1612 @c Wordy to avoid overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92 | |
1613 Here we assume that the environment variable @code{HOME}, which holds | |
1614 the user's home directory name, has value @samp{/xcssun/users/rms}. | |
1615 | |
1616 @example | |
1617 @group | |
1618 (substitute-in-file-name "$HOME/foo") | |
1619 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo" | |
1620 @end group | |
1621 @end example | |
1622 | |
1623 If a @samp{~} or a @samp{/} appears following a @samp{/}, after | |
1624 substitution, everything before the following @samp{/} is discarded: | |
1625 | |
1626 @example | |
1627 @group | |
1628 (substitute-in-file-name "bar/~/foo") | |
1629 @result{} "~/foo" | |
1630 @end group | |
1631 @group | |
1632 (substitute-in-file-name "/usr/local/$HOME/foo") | |
1633 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo" | |
1634 @end group | |
1635 @end example | |
1636 | |
1637 On VMS, @samp{$} substitution is not done, so this function does nothing | |
1638 on VMS except discard superfluous initial components as shown above. | |
1639 @end defun | |
1640 | |
1641 @node Unique File Names | |
1642 @subsection Generating Unique File Names | |
1643 | |
1644 Some programs need to write temporary files. Here is the usual way to | |
1645 construct a name for such a file: | |
1646 | |
1647 @example | |
1648 (make-temp-name (concat "/tmp/" @var{name-of-application})) | |
1649 @end example | |
1650 | |
1651 @noindent | |
1652 Here we use the directory @file{/tmp/} because that is the standard | |
1653 place on Unix for temporary files. The job of @code{make-temp-name} is | |
1654 to prevent two different users or two different jobs from trying to use | |
1655 the same name. | |
1656 | |
1657 @defun make-temp-name string | |
1658 This function generates string that can be used as a unique name. The | |
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1659 name starts with @var{string}, and ends with a number that is different |
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1660 in each Emacs job. |
6555 | 1661 |
1662 @example | |
1663 @group | |
1664 (make-temp-name "/tmp/foo") | |
1665 @result{} "/tmp/foo021304" | |
1666 @end group | |
1667 @end example | |
1668 | |
1669 To prevent conflicts among different libraries running in the same | |
1670 Emacs, each Lisp program that uses @code{make-temp-name} should have its | |
1671 own @var{string}. The number added to the end of the name distinguishes | |
1672 between the same application running in different Emacs jobs. | |
1673 @end defun | |
1674 | |
1675 @node File Name Completion | |
1676 @subsection File Name Completion | |
1677 @cindex file name completion subroutines | |
1678 @cindex completion, file name | |
1679 | |
1680 This section describes low-level subroutines for completing a file | |
1681 name. For other completion functions, see @ref{Completion}. | |
1682 | |
1683 @defun file-name-all-completions partial-filename directory | |
1684 This function returns a list of all possible completions for a file | |
1685 whose name starts with @var{partial-filename} in directory | |
1686 @var{directory}. The order of the completions is the order of the files | |
1687 in the directory, which is unpredictable and conveys no useful | |
1688 information. | |
1689 | |
1690 The argument @var{partial-filename} must be a file name containing no | |
1691 directory part and no slash. The current buffer's default directory is | |
1692 prepended to @var{directory}, if @var{directory} is not absolute. | |
1693 | |
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1694 In the following example, suppose that @file{~rms/lewis} is the current |
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1695 default directory, and has five files whose names begin with @samp{f}: |
6555 | 1696 @file{foo}, @file{file~}, @file{file.c}, @file{file.c.~1~}, and |
1697 @file{file.c.~2~}.@refill | |
1698 | |
1699 @example | |
1700 @group | |
1701 (file-name-all-completions "f" "") | |
1702 @result{} ("foo" "file~" "file.c.~2~" | |
1703 "file.c.~1~" "file.c") | |
1704 @end group | |
1705 | |
1706 @group | |
1707 (file-name-all-completions "fo" "") | |
1708 @result{} ("foo") | |
1709 @end group | |
1710 @end example | |
1711 @end defun | |
1712 | |
1713 @defun file-name-completion filename directory | |
1714 This function completes the file name @var{filename} in directory | |
1715 @var{directory}. It returns the longest prefix common to all file names | |
1716 in directory @var{directory} that start with @var{filename}. | |
1717 | |
1718 If only one match exists and @var{filename} matches it exactly, the | |
1719 function returns @code{t}. The function returns @code{nil} if directory | |
1720 @var{directory} contains no name starting with @var{filename}. | |
1721 | |
1722 In the following example, suppose that the current default directory | |
1723 has five files whose names begin with @samp{f}: @file{foo}, | |
1724 @file{file~}, @file{file.c}, @file{file.c.~1~}, and | |
1725 @file{file.c.~2~}.@refill | |
1726 | |
1727 @example | |
1728 @group | |
1729 (file-name-completion "fi" "") | |
1730 @result{} "file" | |
1731 @end group | |
1732 | |
1733 @group | |
1734 (file-name-completion "file.c.~1" "") | |
1735 @result{} "file.c.~1~" | |
1736 @end group | |
1737 | |
1738 @group | |
1739 (file-name-completion "file.c.~1~" "") | |
1740 @result{} t | |
1741 @end group | |
1742 | |
1743 @group | |
1744 (file-name-completion "file.c.~3" "") | |
1745 @result{} nil | |
1746 @end group | |
1747 @end example | |
1748 @end defun | |
1749 | |
1750 @defopt completion-ignored-extensions | |
1751 @code{file-name-completion} usually ignores file names that end in any | |
1752 string in this list. It does not ignore them when all the possible | |
1753 completions end in one of these suffixes or when a buffer showing all | |
1754 possible completions is displayed.@refill | |
1755 | |
1756 A typical value might look like this: | |
1757 | |
1758 @example | |
1759 @group | |
1760 completion-ignored-extensions | |
1761 @result{} (".o" ".elc" "~" ".dvi") | |
1762 @end group | |
1763 @end example | |
1764 @end defopt | |
1765 | |
15765
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1766 @node Standard File Names |
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1767 @subsection Standard File Names |
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1768 |
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1769 Most of the file names used in Lisp programs are entered by the user. |
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1770 But occasionally a Lisp program needs to specify a standard file name |
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1771 for a particular use---typically, to hold customization information |
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1772 about each user. For example, abbrev definitions are stored (by |
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1773 default) in the file @file{~/.abbrev_defs}; the @code{completion} |
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1774 package stores completions in the file @file{~/.completions}. These are |
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1775 two of the many standard file names used by parts of Emacs for certain |
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1776 purposes. |
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1777 |
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1778 Various operating systems have their own conventions for valid file |
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1779 names and for which file names to use for user profile data. A Lisp |
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1780 program which reads a file using a standard file name ought to use, on |
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1781 each type of system, a file name suitable for that system. The function |
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1782 @code{convert-standard-filename} makes this easy to do. |
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1783 |
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1784 @defun convert-standard-filename filename |
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1785 This function alters the file name @var{filename} to fit the conventions |
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1786 of the operating system in use, and returns the result as a new string. |
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1787 @end defun |
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1788 |
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1789 The recommended way to specify a standard file name in a Lisp program |
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1790 is to choose a name which fits the conventions of GNU and Unix systems, |
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1791 usually with a nondirectory part that starts with a period, and pass it |
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1792 to @code{convert-standard-filename} instead of using it directly. Here |
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1793 is an example from the @code{completion} package: |
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1794 |
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1795 @example |
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1796 (defvar save-completions-file-name |
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1797 (convert-standard-filename "~/.completions") |
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1798 "*The file name to save completions to.") |
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1799 @end example |
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1800 |
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1801 On GNU and Unix systems, and on some other systems as well, |
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1802 @code{convert-standard-filename} returns its argument unchanged. On |
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1803 some other systems, it alters the name to fit the systems's conventions. |
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1804 |
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1805 For example, on MS-DOS the alterations made by this function include |
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1806 converting a leading @samp{.} to @samp{_}, converting a @samp{_} in the |
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1807 middle of the name to @samp{.} if there is no other @samp{.}, inserting |
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1808 a @samp{.} after eight characters if there is none, and truncating to |
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1809 three characters after the @samp{.}. (It makes other changes as well.) |
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1810 Thus, @file{.abbrev_defs} becomes @file{_abbrev.def}, and |
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1811 @file{.completions} becomes @file{_complet.ion}. |
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1812 |
6555 | 1813 @node Contents of Directories |
1814 @section Contents of Directories | |
1815 @cindex directory-oriented functions | |
1816 @cindex file names in directory | |
1817 | |
1818 A directory is a kind of file that contains other files entered under | |
1819 various names. Directories are a feature of the file system. | |
1820 | |
1821 Emacs can list the names of the files in a directory as a Lisp list, | |
1822 or display the names in a buffer using the @code{ls} shell command. In | |
1823 the latter case, it can optionally display information about each file, | |
1824 depending on the options passed to the @code{ls} command. | |
1825 | |
1826 @defun directory-files directory &optional full-name match-regexp nosort | |
1827 This function returns a list of the names of the files in the directory | |
1828 @var{directory}. By default, the list is in alphabetical order. | |
1829 | |
1830 If @var{full-name} is non-@code{nil}, the function returns the files' | |
1831 absolute file names. Otherwise, it returns the names relative to | |
1832 the specified directory. | |
1833 | |
1834 If @var{match-regexp} is non-@code{nil}, this function returns only | |
1835 those file names that contain a match for that regular expression---the | |
1836 other file names are excluded from the list. | |
1837 | |
1838 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1839 If @var{nosort} is non-@code{nil}, @code{directory-files} does not sort | |
1840 the list, so you get the file names in no particular order. Use this if | |
1841 you want the utmost possible speed and don't care what order the files | |
1842 are processed in. If the order of processing is visible to the user, | |
1843 then the user will probably be happier if you do sort the names. | |
1844 | |
1845 @example | |
1846 @group | |
1847 (directory-files "~lewis") | |
1848 @result{} ("#foo#" "#foo.el#" "." ".." | |
1849 "dired-mods.el" "files.texi" | |
1850 "files.texi.~1~") | |
1851 @end group | |
1852 @end example | |
1853 | |
1854 An error is signaled if @var{directory} is not the name of a directory | |
1855 that can be read. | |
1856 @end defun | |
1857 | |
1858 @defun file-name-all-versions file dirname | |
1859 This function returns a list of all versions of the file named | |
1860 @var{file} in directory @var{dirname}. | |
1861 @end defun | |
1862 | |
1863 @defun insert-directory file switches &optional wildcard full-directory-p | |
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1864 This function inserts (in the current buffer) a directory listing for |
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1865 directory @var{file}, formatted with @code{ls} according to |
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1866 @var{switches}. It leaves point after the inserted text. |
6555 | 1867 |
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1868 The argument @var{file} may be either a directory name or a file |
6555 | 1869 specification including wildcard characters. If @var{wildcard} is |
1870 non-@code{nil}, that means treat @var{file} as a file specification with | |
1871 wildcards. | |
1872 | |
1873 If @var{full-directory-p} is non-@code{nil}, that means @var{file} is a | |
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1874 directory and switches do not contain @samp{-d}, so that the listing |
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1875 should show the full contents of the directory. (The @samp{-d} option |
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1876 to @code{ls} says to describe a directory itself rather than its |
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1877 contents.) |
6555 | 1878 |
1879 This function works by running a directory listing program whose name is | |
1880 in the variable @code{insert-directory-program}. If @var{wildcard} is | |
1881 non-@code{nil}, it also runs the shell specified by | |
1882 @code{shell-file-name}, to expand the wildcards. | |
1883 @end defun | |
1884 | |
1885 @defvar insert-directory-program | |
1886 This variable's value is the program to run to generate a directory listing | |
1887 for the function @code{insert-directory}. | |
1888 @end defvar | |
1889 | |
1890 @node Create/Delete Dirs | |
1891 @section Creating and Deleting Directories | |
1892 @c Emacs 19 features | |
1893 | |
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1894 Most Emacs Lisp file-manipulation functions get errors when used on |
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1895 files that are directories. For example, you cannot delete a directory |
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1896 with @code{delete-file}. These special functions exist to create and |
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1897 delete directories. |
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1898 |
6555 | 1899 @defun make-directory dirname |
1900 This function creates a directory named @var{dirname}. | |
1901 @end defun | |
1902 | |
1903 @defun delete-directory dirname | |
1904 This function deletes the directory named @var{dirname}. The function | |
1905 @code{delete-file} does not work for files that are directories; you | |
12098 | 1906 must use @code{delete-directory} for them. If the directory contains |
1907 any files, @code{delete-directory} signals an error. | |
6555 | 1908 @end defun |
1909 | |
1910 @node Magic File Names | |
1911 @section Making Certain File Names ``Magic'' | |
1912 @cindex magic file names | |
1913 | |
1914 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1915 You can implement special handling for certain file names. This is | |
1916 called making those names @dfn{magic}. You must supply a regular | |
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1917 expression to define the class of names (all those that match the |
6555 | 1918 regular expression), plus a handler that implements all the primitive |
1919 Emacs file operations for file names that do match. | |
1920 | |
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1921 The variable @code{file-name-handler-alist} holds a list of handlers, |
6555 | 1922 together with regular expressions that determine when to apply each |
1923 handler. Each element has this form: | |
1924 | |
1925 @example | |
1926 (@var{regexp} . @var{handler}) | |
1927 @end example | |
1928 | |
1929 @noindent | |
1930 All the Emacs primitives for file access and file name transformation | |
1931 check the given file name against @code{file-name-handler-alist}. If | |
1932 the file name matches @var{regexp}, the primitives handle that file by | |
1933 calling @var{handler}. | |
1934 | |
1935 The first argument given to @var{handler} is the name of the primitive; | |
1936 the remaining arguments are the arguments that were passed to that | |
1937 operation. (The first of these arguments is typically the file name | |
1938 itself.) For example, if you do this: | |
1939 | |
1940 @example | |
1941 (file-exists-p @var{filename}) | |
1942 @end example | |
1943 | |
1944 @noindent | |
1945 and @var{filename} has handler @var{handler}, then @var{handler} is | |
1946 called like this: | |
1947 | |
1948 @example | |
1949 (funcall @var{handler} 'file-exists-p @var{filename}) | |
1950 @end example | |
1951 | |
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1952 Here are the operations that a magic file name handler gets to handle: |
6555 | 1953 |
1954 @noindent | |
1955 @code{add-name-to-file}, @code{copy-file}, @code{delete-directory}, | |
1956 @code{delete-file},@* | |
12226 | 1957 @code{diff-latest-backup-file}, |
6555 | 1958 @code{directory-file-name}, |
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1959 @code{directory-files},@* |
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1960 @code{dired-call-process}, |
6555 | 1961 @code{dired-compress-file}, @code{dired-uncache}, |
1962 @code{expand-file-name},@* | |
1963 @code{file-accessible-directory-p}, | |
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1964 @code{file-attributes}, @code{file-directory-p},@* |
6555 | 1965 @code{file-executable-p}, @code{file-exists-p}, @code{file-local-copy}, |
1966 @code{file-modes}, @code{file-name-all-completions}, | |
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1967 @code{file-name-as-directory}, @code{file-name-completion},@* |
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1968 @code{file-name-directory}, |
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1969 @code{file-name-nondirectory}, |
6555 | 1970 @code{file-name-sans-versions}, @code{file-newer-than-file-p}, |
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1971 @code{file-ownership-preserved-p}, |
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1972 @code{file-readable-p}, @code{file-regular-p}, @code{file-symlink-p}, |
12226 | 1973 @code{file-truename}, @code{file-writable-p}, |
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1974 @code{find-backup-file-name}, |
12226 | 1975 @code{get-file-buffer}, |
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1976 @code{insert-directory},@* |
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1977 @code{insert-file-contents}, |
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1978 @code{load}, @code{make-directory}, |
6555 | 1979 @code{make-symbolic-link}, @code{rename-file}, @code{set-file-modes}, |
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1980 @code{set-visited-file-modtime}, @code{shell-command}. |
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1981 @code{unhandled-file-name-directory},@* |
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1982 @code{vc-registered}, |
6555 | 1983 @code{verify-visited-file-modtime}, @code{write-region}. |
1984 | |
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1985 Handlers for @code{insert-file-contents} typically need to clear the |
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1986 buffer's modified flag, with @code{(set-buffer-modified-p nil)}, if the |
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1987 @var{visit} argument is non-@code{nil}. This also has the effect of |
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1988 unlocking the buffer if it is locked. |
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1989 |
6555 | 1990 The handler function must handle all of the above operations, and |
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1991 possibly others to be added in the future. It need not implement all |
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1992 these operations itself---when it has nothing special to do for a |
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1993 certain operation, it can reinvoke the primitive, to handle the |
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1994 operation ``in the usual way''. It should always reinvoke the primitive |
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1995 for an operation it does not recognize. Here's one way to do this: |
6555 | 1996 |
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1997 @smallexample |
6555 | 1998 (defun my-file-handler (operation &rest args) |
1999 ;; @r{First check for the specific operations} | |
2000 ;; @r{that we have special handling for.} | |
2001 (cond ((eq operation 'insert-file-contents) @dots{}) | |
2002 ((eq operation 'write-region) @dots{}) | |
2003 @dots{} | |
2004 ;; @r{Handle any operation we don't know about.} | |
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2005 (t (let ((inhibit-file-name-handlers |
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2006 (cons 'my-file-handler |
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2007 (and (eq inhibit-file-name-operation operation) |
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2008 inhibit-file-name-handlers))) |
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2009 (inhibit-file-name-operation operation)) |
6555 | 2010 (apply operation args))))) |
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2011 @end smallexample |
6555 | 2012 |
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2013 When a handler function decides to call the ordinary Emacs primitive for |
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2014 the operation at hand, it needs to prevent the primitive from calling |
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2015 the same handler once again, thus leading to an infinite recursion. The |
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2016 example above shows how to do this, with the variables |
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2017 @code{inhibit-file-name-handlers} and |
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2018 @code{inhibit-file-name-operation}. Be careful to use them exactly as |
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2019 shown above; the details are crucial for proper behavior in the case of |
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2020 multiple handlers, and for operations that have two file names that may |
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2021 each have handlers. |
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2022 |
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2023 @defvar inhibit-file-name-handlers |
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2024 This variable holds a list of handlers whose use is presently inhibited |
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2025 for a certain operation. |
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2026 @end defvar |
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2027 |
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2028 @defvar inhibit-file-name-operation |
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2029 The operation for which certain handlers are presently inhibited. |
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2030 @end defvar |
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2031 |
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2032 @defun find-file-name-handler file operation |
6555 | 2033 This function returns the handler function for file name @var{file}, or |
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2034 @code{nil} if there is none. The argument @var{operation} should be the |
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2035 operation to be performed on the file---the value you will pass to the |
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2036 handler as its first argument when you call it. The operation is needed |
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2037 for comparison with @code{inhibit-file-name-operation}. |
6555 | 2038 @end defun |
2039 | |
2040 @defun file-local-copy filename | |
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2041 This function copies file @var{filename} to an ordinary non-magic file, |
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2042 if it isn't one already. |
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2043 |
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2044 If @var{filename} specifies a ``magic'' file name, which programs |
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2045 outside Emacs cannot directly read or write, this copies the contents to |
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2046 an ordinary file and returns that file's name. |
6555 | 2047 |
2048 If @var{filename} is an ordinary file name, not magic, then this function | |
2049 does nothing and returns @code{nil}. | |
2050 @end defun | |
2051 | |
2052 @defun unhandled-file-name-directory filename | |
2053 This function returns the name of a directory that is not magic. | |
2054 It uses the directory part of @var{filename} if that is not magic. | |
2055 Otherwise, it asks the handler what to do. | |
2056 | |
2057 This is useful for running a subprocess; every subprocess must have a | |
2058 non-magic directory to serve as its current directory, and this function | |
2059 is a good way to come up with one. | |
2060 @end defun | |
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2061 |
12067 | 2062 @node Format Conversion |
2063 @section File Format Conversion | |
2064 | |
2065 @cindex file format conversion | |
2066 @cindex encoding file formats | |
2067 @cindex decoding file formats | |
2068 The variable @code{format-alist} defines a list of @dfn{file formats}, | |
12098 | 2069 which describe textual representations used in files for the data (text, |
12067 | 2070 text-properties, and possibly other information) in an Emacs buffer. |
12098 | 2071 Emacs performs format conversion if appropriate when reading and writing |
2072 files. | |
12067 | 2073 |
2074 @defvar format-alist | |
2075 This list contains one format definition for each defined file format. | |
2076 @end defvar | |
2077 | |
2078 @cindex format definition | |
2079 Each format definition is a list of this form: | |
2080 | |
2081 @example | |
2082 (@var{name} @var{doc-string} @var{regexp} @var{from-fn} @var{to-fn} @var{modify} @var{mode-fn}) | |
2083 @end example | |
2084 | |
2085 Here is what the elements in a format definition mean: | |
2086 | |
2087 @table @var | |
2088 @item name | |
2089 The name of this format. | |
2090 | |
2091 @item doc-string | |
2092 A documentation string for the format. | |
2093 | |
2094 @item regexp | |
2095 A regular expression which is used to recognize files represented in | |
2096 this format. | |
2097 | |
2098 @item from-fn | |
2099 A function to call to decode data in this format (to convert file data into | |
2100 the usual Emacs data representation). | |
2101 | |
2102 The @var{from-fn} is called with two args, @var{begin} and @var{end}, | |
2103 which specify the part of the buffer it should convert. It should convert | |
2104 the text by editing it in place. Since this can change the length of the | |
2105 text, @var{from-fn} should return the modified end position. | |
2106 | |
12098 | 2107 One responsibility of @var{from-fn} is to make sure that the beginning |
12067 | 2108 of the file no longer matches @var{regexp}. Otherwise it is likely to |
2109 get called again. | |
2110 | |
2111 @item to-fn | |
2112 A function to call to encode data in this format (to convert | |
2113 the usual Emacs data representation into this format). | |
2114 | |
2115 The @var{to-fn} is called with two args, @var{begin} and @var{end}, | |
2116 which specify the part of the buffer it should convert. There are | |
2117 two ways it can do the conversion: | |
2118 | |
2119 @itemize @bullet | |
2120 @item | |
2121 By editing the buffer in place. In this case, @var{to-fn} should | |
2122 return the end-position of the range of text, as modified. | |
2123 | |
2124 @item | |
2125 By returning a list of annotations. This is a list of elements of the | |
2126 form @code{(@var{position} . @var{string})}, where @var{position} is an | |
2127 integer specifying the relative position in the text to be written, and | |
2128 @var{string} is the annotation to add there. The list must be sorted in | |
2129 order of position when @var{to-fn} returns it. | |
2130 | |
2131 When @code{write-region} actually writes the text from the buffer to the | |
2132 file, it intermixes the specified annotations at the corresponding | |
2133 positions. All this takes place without modifying the buffer. | |
2134 @end itemize | |
2135 | |
2136 @item modify | |
2137 A flag, @code{t} if the encoding function modifies the buffer, and | |
2138 @code{nil} if it works by returning a list of annotations. | |
2139 | |
2140 @item mode | |
2141 A mode function to call after visiting a file converted from this | |
2142 format. | |
2143 @end table | |
2144 | |
2145 The function @code{insert-file-contents} automatically recognizes file | |
2146 formats when it reads the specified file. It checks the text of the | |
2147 beginning of the file against the regular expressions of the format | |
2148 definitions, and if it finds a match, it calls the decoding function for | |
2149 that format. Then it checks all the known formats over again. | |
2150 It keeps checking them until none of them is applicable. | |
2151 | |
2152 Visiting a file, with @code{find-file-noselect} or the commands that use | |
2153 it, performs conversion likewise (because it calls | |
12098 | 2154 @code{insert-file-contents}); it also calls the mode function for each |
2155 format that it decodes. It stores a list of the format names in the | |
2156 buffer-local variable @code{buffer-file-format}. | |
12067 | 2157 |
2158 @defvar buffer-file-format | |
12098 | 2159 This variable states the format of the visited file. More precisely, |
2160 this is a list of the file format names that were decoded in the course | |
2161 of visiting the current buffer's file. It is always local in all | |
12067 | 2162 buffers. |
2163 @end defvar | |
2164 | |
2165 When @code{write-region} writes data into a file, it first calls the | |
12098 | 2166 encoding functions for the formats listed in @code{buffer-file-format}, |
2167 in the order of appearance in the list. | |
12067 | 2168 |
2169 @defun format-write-file file format | |
2170 This command writes the current buffer contents into the file @var{file} | |
2171 in format @var{format}, and makes that format the default for future | |
12098 | 2172 saves of the buffer. The argument @var{format} is a list of format |
2173 names. | |
12067 | 2174 @end defun |
2175 | |
12226 | 2176 @defun format-find-file file format |
2177 This command finds the file @var{file}, converting it according to | |
2178 format @var{format}. It also makes @var{format} the default if the | |
2179 buffer is saved later. | |
2180 | |
2181 The argument @var{format} is a list of format names. If @var{format} is | |
2182 @code{nil}, no conversion takes place. Interactively, typing just | |
2183 @key{RET} for @var{format} specifies @code{nil}. | |
2184 @end defun | |
2185 | |
2186 @defun format-insert-file file format %optional beg end | |
2187 This command inserts the contents of file @var{file}, converting it | |
2188 according to format @var{format}. If @var{beg} and @var{end} are | |
2189 non-@code{nil}, they specify which part of the file to read, as in | |
2190 @code{insert-file-contents} (@pxref{Reading from Files}). | |
2191 | |
2192 The return value is like what @code{insert-file-contents} returns: a | |
2193 list of the absolute file name and the length of the data inserted | |
2194 (after conversion). | |
2195 | |
2196 The argument @var{format} is a list of format names. If @var{format} is | |
2197 @code{nil}, no conversion takes place. Interactively, typing just | |
2198 @key{RET} for @var{format} specifies @code{nil}. | |
2199 @end defun | |
2200 | |
12067 | 2201 @defvar auto-save-file-format |
2202 This variable specifies the format to use for auto-saving. Its value is | |
2203 a list of format names, just like the value of | |
2204 @code{buffer-file-format}; but it is used instead of | |
2205 @code{buffer-file-format} for writing auto-save files. This variable | |
2206 is always local in all buffers. | |
2207 @end defvar | |
2208 | |
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2209 @node Files and MS-DOS |
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2210 @section Files and MS-DOS |
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2211 @cindex MS-DOS file types |
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2212 @cindex file types on MS-DOS |
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2213 @cindex text files and binary files |
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2214 @cindex binary files and text files |
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2215 @cindex Windows file types |
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2216 |
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2217 Emacs on MS-DOS and on Windows NT or 95 makes a distinction between |
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2218 text files and binary files. This is necessary because ordinary text |
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2219 files on MS-DOS use a two character sequence between lines: |
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2220 carriage-return and linefeed (@sc{crlf}). Emacs expects just a newline |
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2221 character (a linefeed) between lines. When Emacs reads or writes a text |
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2222 file on MS-DOS, it needs to convert the line separators. This means it |
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2223 needs to know which files are text files and which are binary. It makes |
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2224 this decision when visiting a file, and records the decision in the |
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2225 variable @code{buffer-file-type} for use when the file is saved. |
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2226 |
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2227 @xref{MS-DOS Subprocesses}, for a related feature for subprocesses. |
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2228 |
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2229 @defvar buffer-file-type |
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2230 This variable, automatically local in each buffer, records the file type |
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2231 of the buffer's visited file. The value is @code{nil} for text, |
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2232 @code{t} for binary. |
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2233 @end defvar |
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2234 |
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2235 @defun find-buffer-file-type filename |
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2236 This function determines whether file @var{filename} is a text file |
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2237 or a binary file. It returns @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary. |
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2238 @end defun |
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2239 |
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2240 @defopt file-name-buffer-file-type-alist |
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2241 This variable holds an alist for distinguishing text files from binary |
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2242 files. Each element has the form (@var{regexp} . @var{type}), where |
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2243 @var{regexp} is matched against the file name, and @var{type} may be is |
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2244 @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary, or a function to call to |
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2245 compute which. If it is a function, then it is called with a single |
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2246 argument (the file name) and should return @code{t} or @code{nil}. |
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2247 @end defopt |
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2248 |
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2249 @defopt default-buffer-file-type |
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2250 This variable specifies the default file type for files whose names |
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2251 don't indicate anything in particular. Its value should be @code{nil} |
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2252 for text, or @code{t} for binary. |
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2253 @end defopt |
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2254 |
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2255 @deffn Command find-file-text filename |
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2256 Like @code{find-file}, but treat the file as text regardless of its name. |
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2257 @end deffn |
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2258 |
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2259 @deffn Command find-file-binary filename |
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2260 Like @code{find-file}, but treat the file as binary regardless of its |
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2261 name. |
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2262 @end deffn |