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annotate lispref/windows.texi @ 34333:47ad90ebbc55
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author | Dave Love <fx@gnu.org> |
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date | Thu, 07 Dec 2000 12:17:57 +0000 |
parents | 91a288b94484 |
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6564 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
27189 | 3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999 |
4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
6564 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/windows | |
7 @node Windows, Frames, Buffers, Top | |
8 @chapter Windows | |
9 | |
10 This chapter describes most of the functions and variables related to | |
11 Emacs windows. See @ref{Display}, for information on how text is | |
12 displayed in windows. | |
13 | |
14 @menu | |
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15 * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows. |
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16 * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows. |
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17 * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows. |
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18 * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in. |
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19 * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows. |
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20 * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer. |
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21 * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-lever functions for displaying a buffer |
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22 and choosing a window for it. |
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23 * Choosing Window:: How to choose a window for displaying a buffer. |
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24 * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point. |
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25 * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text |
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26 is on-screen in the window. |
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27 * Textual Scrolling:: Moving text up and down through the window. |
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28 * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving the contents up and down on the window. |
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29 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving the contents sideways on the window. |
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30 * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window. |
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31 * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window. |
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32 * Coordinates and Windows:: Converting coordinates to windows. |
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33 * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen. |
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34 * Window Hooks:: Hooks for scrolling, window size changes, |
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35 redisplay going past a certain point, |
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36 or window configuration changes. |
6564 | 37 @end menu |
38 | |
39 @node Basic Windows | |
40 @section Basic Concepts of Emacs Windows | |
41 @cindex window | |
42 @cindex selected window | |
43 | |
12098 | 44 A @dfn{window} in Emacs is the physical area of the screen in which a |
45 buffer is displayed. The term is also used to refer to a Lisp object that | |
6564 | 46 represents that screen area in Emacs Lisp. It should be |
47 clear from the context which is meant. | |
48 | |
12098 | 49 Emacs groups windows into frames. A frame represents an area of |
50 screen available for Emacs to use. Each frame always contains at least | |
51 one window, but you can subdivide it vertically or horizontally into | |
52 multiple nonoverlapping Emacs windows. | |
6564 | 53 |
12098 | 54 In each frame, at any time, one and only one window is designated as |
55 @dfn{selected within the frame}. The frame's cursor appears in that | |
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56 window. At any time, one frame is the selected frame; and the window |
12098 | 57 selected within that frame is @dfn{the selected window}. The selected |
58 window's buffer is usually the current buffer (except when | |
59 @code{set-buffer} has been used). @xref{Current Buffer}. | |
60 | |
61 For practical purposes, a window exists only while it is displayed in | |
62 a frame. Once removed from the frame, the window is effectively deleted | |
63 and should not be used, @emph{even though there may still be references | |
64 to it} from other Lisp objects. Restoring a saved window configuration | |
65 is the only way for a window no longer on the screen to come back to | |
66 life. (@xref{Deleting Windows}.) | |
6564 | 67 |
68 Each window has the following attributes: | |
69 | |
70 @itemize @bullet | |
71 @item | |
72 containing frame | |
73 | |
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74 @item |
6564 | 75 window height |
76 | |
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77 @item |
6564 | 78 window width |
79 | |
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80 @item |
6564 | 81 window edges with respect to the screen or frame |
82 | |
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83 @item |
6564 | 84 the buffer it displays |
85 | |
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86 @item |
6564 | 87 position within the buffer at the upper left of the window |
88 | |
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89 @item |
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90 amount of horizontal scrolling, in columns |
6564 | 91 |
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92 @item |
6564 | 93 point |
94 | |
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95 @item |
6564 | 96 the mark |
97 | |
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98 @item |
6564 | 99 how recently the window was selected |
100 @end itemize | |
101 | |
102 @cindex multiple windows | |
103 Users create multiple windows so they can look at several buffers at | |
104 once. Lisp libraries use multiple windows for a variety of reasons, but | |
12098 | 105 most often to display related information. In Rmail, for example, you |
106 can move through a summary buffer in one window while the other window | |
107 shows messages one at a time as they are reached. | |
6564 | 108 |
109 The meaning of ``window'' in Emacs is similar to what it means in the | |
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110 context of general-purpose window systems such as X, but not identical. |
12098 | 111 The X Window System places X windows on the screen; Emacs uses one or |
112 more X windows as frames, and subdivides them into | |
113 Emacs windows. When you use Emacs on a character-only terminal, Emacs | |
114 treats the whole terminal screen as one frame. | |
6564 | 115 |
116 @cindex terminal screen | |
117 @cindex screen of terminal | |
118 @cindex tiled windows | |
119 Most window systems support arbitrarily located overlapping windows. | |
120 In contrast, Emacs windows are @dfn{tiled}; they never overlap, and | |
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121 together they fill the whole screen or frame. Because of the way in |
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122 which Emacs creates new windows and resizes them, not all conceivable |
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123 tilings of windows on an Emacs frame are actually possible. |
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124 @xref{Splitting Windows}, and @ref{Size of Window}. |
6564 | 125 |
126 @xref{Display}, for information on how the contents of the | |
127 window's buffer are displayed in the window. | |
128 | |
129 @defun windowp object | |
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130 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a window. |
6564 | 131 @end defun |
132 | |
133 @node Splitting Windows | |
134 @section Splitting Windows | |
135 @cindex splitting windows | |
136 @cindex window splitting | |
137 | |
138 The functions described here are the primitives used to split a window | |
139 into two windows. Two higher level functions sometimes split a window, | |
140 but not always: @code{pop-to-buffer} and @code{display-buffer} | |
141 (@pxref{Displaying Buffers}). | |
142 | |
143 The functions described here do not accept a buffer as an argument. | |
144 The two ``halves'' of the split window initially display the same buffer | |
145 previously visible in the window that was split. | |
146 | |
147 @deffn Command split-window &optional window size horizontal | |
148 This function splits @var{window} into two windows. The original | |
149 window @var{window} remains the selected window, but occupies only | |
150 part of its former screen area. The rest is occupied by a newly created | |
151 window which is returned as the value of this function. | |
152 | |
153 If @var{horizontal} is non-@code{nil}, then @var{window} splits into | |
154 two side by side windows. The original window @var{window} keeps the | |
155 leftmost @var{size} columns, and gives the rest of the columns to the | |
156 new window. Otherwise, it splits into windows one above the other, and | |
157 @var{window} keeps the upper @var{size} lines and gives the rest of the | |
158 lines to the new window. The original window is therefore the | |
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159 left-hand or upper of the two, and the new window is the right-hand or |
6564 | 160 lower. |
161 | |
162 If @var{window} is omitted or @code{nil}, then the selected window is | |
163 split. If @var{size} is omitted or @code{nil}, then @var{window} is | |
164 divided evenly into two parts. (If there is an odd line, it is | |
165 allocated to the new window.) When @code{split-window} is called | |
166 interactively, all its arguments are @code{nil}. | |
167 | |
168 The following example starts with one window on a screen that is 50 | |
169 lines high by 80 columns wide; then the window is split. | |
170 | |
171 @smallexample | |
172 @group | |
173 (setq w (selected-window)) | |
174 @result{} #<window 8 on windows.texi> | |
175 (window-edges) ; @r{Edges in order:} | |
176 @result{} (0 0 80 50) ; @r{left--top--right--bottom} | |
177 @end group | |
178 | |
179 @group | |
180 ;; @r{Returns window created} | |
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181 (setq w2 (split-window w 15)) |
6564 | 182 @result{} #<window 28 on windows.texi> |
183 @end group | |
184 @group | |
185 (window-edges w2) | |
186 @result{} (0 15 80 50) ; @r{Bottom window;} | |
187 ; @r{top is line 15} | |
188 @end group | |
189 @group | |
190 (window-edges w) | |
191 @result{} (0 0 80 15) ; @r{Top window} | |
192 @end group | |
193 @end smallexample | |
194 | |
195 The screen looks like this: | |
196 | |
197 @smallexample | |
198 @group | |
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199 __________ |
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200 | | line 0 |
6564 | 201 | w | |
202 |__________| | |
203 | | line 15 | |
204 | w2 | | |
205 |__________| | |
206 line 50 | |
207 column 0 column 80 | |
208 @end group | |
209 @end smallexample | |
210 | |
211 Next, the top window is split horizontally: | |
212 | |
213 @smallexample | |
214 @group | |
215 (setq w3 (split-window w 35 t)) | |
216 @result{} #<window 32 on windows.texi> | |
217 @end group | |
218 @group | |
219 (window-edges w3) | |
220 @result{} (35 0 80 15) ; @r{Left edge at column 35} | |
221 @end group | |
222 @group | |
223 (window-edges w) | |
224 @result{} (0 0 35 15) ; @r{Right edge at column 35} | |
225 @end group | |
226 @group | |
227 (window-edges w2) | |
228 @result{} (0 15 80 50) ; @r{Bottom window unchanged} | |
229 @end group | |
230 @end smallexample | |
231 | |
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232 @need 3000 |
6564 | 233 Now, the screen looks like this: |
234 | |
235 @smallexample | |
236 @group | |
237 column 35 | |
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238 __________ |
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239 | | | line 0 |
6564 | 240 | w | w3 | |
241 |___|______| | |
242 | | line 15 | |
243 | w2 | | |
244 |__________| | |
245 line 50 | |
246 column 0 column 80 | |
247 @end group | |
248 @end smallexample | |
8926 | 249 |
250 Normally, Emacs indicates the border between two side-by-side windows | |
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251 with a scroll bar (@pxref{Window Frame Parameters,Scroll Bars}) or @samp{|} |
8926 | 252 characters. The display table can specify alternative border |
253 characters; see @ref{Display Tables}. | |
6564 | 254 @end deffn |
255 | |
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256 @deffn Command split-window-vertically &optional size |
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257 This function splits the selected window into two windows, one above the |
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258 other, leaving the upper of the two windows selected, with @var{size} |
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259 lines. (If @var{size} is negative, then the lower of the two windows |
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260 gets @minus{} @var{size} lines and the upper window gets the rest, but |
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261 the upper window is still the one selected.) |
6564 | 262 @end deffn |
263 | |
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264 @deffn Command split-window-horizontally &optional size |
6564 | 265 This function splits the selected window into two windows |
266 side-by-side, leaving the selected window with @var{size} columns. | |
267 | |
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268 This function is basically an interface to @code{split-window}. |
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269 You could define a simplified version of the function like this: |
6564 | 270 |
271 @smallexample | |
272 @group | |
273 (defun split-window-horizontally (&optional arg) | |
274 "Split selected window into two windows, side by side..." | |
275 (interactive "P") | |
26211 | 276 @end group |
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277 @group |
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278 (let ((size (and arg (prefix-numeric-value arg)))) |
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279 (and size (< size 0) |
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280 (setq size (+ (window-width) size))) |
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281 (split-window nil size t))) |
6564 | 282 @end group |
283 @end smallexample | |
284 @end deffn | |
285 | |
286 @defun one-window-p &optional no-mini all-frames | |
287 This function returns non-@code{nil} if there is only one window. The | |
288 argument @var{no-mini}, if non-@code{nil}, means don't count the | |
289 minibuffer even if it is active; otherwise, the minibuffer window is | |
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290 included, if active, in the total number of windows, which is compared |
6564 | 291 against one. |
292 | |
293 The argument @var{all-frames} specifies which frames to consider. Here | |
294 are the possible values and their meanings: | |
295 | |
296 @table @asis | |
297 @item @code{nil} | |
298 Count the windows in the selected frame, plus the minibuffer used | |
299 by that frame even if it lies in some other frame. | |
300 | |
301 @item @code{t} | |
302 Count all windows in all existing frames. | |
303 | |
304 @item @code{visible} | |
305 Count all windows in all visible frames. | |
306 | |
12098 | 307 @item 0 |
308 Count all windows in all visible or iconified frames. | |
309 | |
6564 | 310 @item anything else |
311 Count precisely the windows in the selected frame, and no others. | |
312 @end table | |
313 @end defun | |
314 | |
315 @node Deleting Windows | |
316 @section Deleting Windows | |
317 @cindex deleting windows | |
318 | |
319 A window remains visible on its frame unless you @dfn{delete} it by | |
320 calling certain functions that delete windows. A deleted window cannot | |
321 appear on the screen, but continues to exist as a Lisp object until | |
322 there are no references to it. There is no way to cancel the deletion | |
323 of a window aside from restoring a saved window configuration | |
324 (@pxref{Window Configurations}). Restoring a window configuration also | |
325 deletes any windows that aren't part of that configuration. | |
326 | |
327 When you delete a window, the space it took up is given to one | |
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328 adjacent sibling. |
6564 | 329 |
330 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
331 @defun window-live-p window | |
332 This function returns @code{nil} if @var{window} is deleted, and | |
333 @code{t} otherwise. | |
334 | |
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335 @strong{Warning:} Erroneous information or fatal errors may result from |
6564 | 336 using a deleted window as if it were live. |
337 @end defun | |
338 | |
339 @deffn Command delete-window &optional window | |
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340 This function removes @var{window} from display, and returns @code{nil}. |
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341 If @var{window} is omitted, then the selected window is deleted. An |
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342 error is signaled if there is only one window when @code{delete-window} |
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343 is called. |
6564 | 344 @end deffn |
345 | |
346 @deffn Command delete-other-windows &optional window | |
347 This function makes @var{window} the only window on its frame, by | |
348 deleting the other windows in that frame. If @var{window} is omitted or | |
349 @code{nil}, then the selected window is used by default. | |
350 | |
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351 The return value is @code{nil}. |
6564 | 352 @end deffn |
353 | |
354 @deffn Command delete-windows-on buffer &optional frame | |
355 This function deletes all windows showing @var{buffer}. If there are | |
356 no windows showing @var{buffer}, it does nothing. | |
357 | |
358 @code{delete-windows-on} operates frame by frame. If a frame has | |
359 several windows showing different buffers, then those showing | |
360 @var{buffer} are removed, and the others expand to fill the space. If | |
361 all windows in some frame are showing @var{buffer} (including the case | |
362 where there is only one window), then the frame reverts to having a | |
363 single window showing another buffer chosen with @code{other-buffer}. | |
364 @xref{The Buffer List}. | |
365 | |
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366 The argument @var{frame} controls which frames to operate on. This |
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367 function does not use it in quite the same way as the other functions |
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368 which scan all windows; specifically, the values @code{t} and @code{nil} |
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369 have the opposite of their meanings in other functions. Here are the |
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370 full details: |
6564 | 371 |
372 @itemize @bullet | |
373 @item | |
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374 If it is @code{nil}, operate on all frames. |
6564 | 375 @item |
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376 If it is @code{t}, operate on the selected frame. |
6564 | 377 @item |
378 If it is @code{visible}, operate on all visible frames. | |
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379 @item |
12098 | 380 If it is 0, operate on all visible or iconified frames. |
6564 | 381 @item |
382 If it is a frame, operate on that frame. | |
383 @end itemize | |
384 | |
385 This function always returns @code{nil}. | |
386 @end deffn | |
387 | |
388 @node Selecting Windows | |
389 @section Selecting Windows | |
390 @cindex selecting windows | |
391 | |
392 When a window is selected, the buffer in the window becomes the current | |
393 buffer, and the cursor will appear in it. | |
394 | |
395 @defun selected-window | |
396 This function returns the selected window. This is the window in | |
397 which the cursor appears and to which many commands apply. | |
398 @end defun | |
399 | |
400 @defun select-window window | |
401 This function makes @var{window} the selected window. The cursor then | |
402 appears in @var{window} (on redisplay). The buffer being displayed in | |
403 @var{window} is immediately designated the current buffer. | |
404 | |
405 The return value is @var{window}. | |
406 | |
407 @example | |
408 @group | |
409 (setq w (next-window)) | |
410 (select-window w) | |
411 @result{} #<window 65 on windows.texi> | |
412 @end group | |
413 @end example | |
414 @end defun | |
415 | |
12098 | 416 @defmac save-selected-window forms@dots{} |
417 This macro records the selected window, executes @var{forms} | |
418 in sequence, then restores the earlier selected window. | |
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419 |
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420 This macro does not save or restore anything about the sizes, arrangement |
12098 | 421 or contents of windows; therefore, if the @var{forms} change them, |
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422 the change persists. |
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423 |
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424 Each frame, at any time, has a window selected within the frame. This |
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425 macro saves only @emph{the} selected window; it does not save anything |
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426 about other frames. If the @var{forms} select some other frame and |
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427 alter the window selected within it, the change persists. |
12098 | 428 @end defmac |
429 | |
6564 | 430 @cindex finding windows |
431 The following functions choose one of the windows on the screen, | |
432 offering various criteria for the choice. | |
433 | |
434 @defun get-lru-window &optional frame | |
435 This function returns the window least recently ``used'' (that is, | |
436 selected). The selected window is always the most recently used window. | |
437 | |
438 The selected window can be the least recently used window if it is the | |
439 only window. A newly created window becomes the least recently used | |
440 window until it is selected. A minibuffer window is never a candidate. | |
441 | |
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442 The argument @var{frame} controls which windows are considered. |
6564 | 443 |
444 @itemize @bullet | |
445 @item | |
446 If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame. | |
447 @item | |
448 If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames. | |
449 @item | |
450 If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames. | |
451 @item | |
12098 | 452 If it is 0, consider windows on all visible or iconified frames. |
453 @item | |
6564 | 454 If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame. |
455 @end itemize | |
456 @end defun | |
457 | |
458 @defun get-largest-window &optional frame | |
459 This function returns the window with the largest area (height times | |
460 width). If there are no side-by-side windows, then this is the window | |
461 with the most lines. A minibuffer window is never a candidate. | |
462 | |
463 If there are two windows of the same size, then the function returns | |
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464 the window that is first in the cyclic ordering of windows (see |
6564 | 465 following section), starting from the selected window. |
466 | |
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467 The argument @var{frame} controls which set of windows to |
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468 consider. See @code{get-lru-window}, above. |
6564 | 469 @end defun |
470 | |
471 @node Cyclic Window Ordering | |
472 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
473 @section Cyclic Ordering of Windows | |
474 @cindex cyclic ordering of windows | |
475 @cindex ordering of windows, cyclic | |
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476 @cindex window ordering, cyclic |
6564 | 477 |
478 When you use the command @kbd{C-x o} (@code{other-window}) to select | |
479 the next window, it moves through all the windows on the screen in a | |
480 specific cyclic order. For any given configuration of windows, this | |
481 order never varies. It is called the @dfn{cyclic ordering of windows}. | |
482 | |
483 This ordering generally goes from top to bottom, and from left to | |
484 right. But it may go down first or go right first, depending on the | |
485 order in which the windows were split. | |
486 | |
487 If the first split was vertical (into windows one above each other), | |
488 and then the subwindows were split horizontally, then the ordering is | |
489 left to right in the top of the frame, and then left to right in the | |
490 next lower part of the frame, and so on. If the first split was | |
491 horizontal, the ordering is top to bottom in the left part, and so on. | |
492 In general, within each set of siblings at any level in the window tree, | |
493 the order is left to right, or top to bottom. | |
494 | |
495 @defun next-window &optional window minibuf all-frames | |
496 @cindex minibuffer window | |
497 This function returns the window following @var{window} in the cyclic | |
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498 ordering of windows. This is the window that @kbd{C-x o} would select |
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499 if typed when @var{window} is selected. If @var{window} is the only |
6564 | 500 window visible, then this function returns @var{window}. If omitted, |
501 @var{window} defaults to the selected window. | |
502 | |
503 The value of the argument @var{minibuf} determines whether the | |
504 minibuffer is included in the window order. Normally, when | |
505 @var{minibuf} is @code{nil}, the minibuffer is included if it is | |
506 currently active; this is the behavior of @kbd{C-x o}. (The minibuffer | |
507 window is active while the minibuffer is in use. @xref{Minibuffers}.) | |
508 | |
509 If @var{minibuf} is @code{t}, then the cyclic ordering includes the | |
510 minibuffer window even if it is not active. | |
511 | |
512 If @var{minibuf} is neither @code{t} nor @code{nil}, then the minibuffer | |
513 window is not included even if it is active. | |
514 | |
515 The argument @var{all-frames} specifies which frames to consider. Here | |
516 are the possible values and their meanings: | |
517 | |
518 @table @asis | |
519 @item @code{nil} | |
520 Consider all the windows in @var{window}'s frame, plus the minibuffer | |
521 used by that frame even if it lies in some other frame. | |
522 | |
523 @item @code{t} | |
524 Consider all windows in all existing frames. | |
525 | |
526 @item @code{visible} | |
527 Consider all windows in all visible frames. (To get useful results, you | |
528 must ensure @var{window} is in a visible frame.) | |
529 | |
12099 | 530 @item 0 |
12098 | 531 Consider all windows in all visible or iconified frames. |
532 | |
6564 | 533 @item anything else |
534 Consider precisely the windows in @var{window}'s frame, and no others. | |
535 @end table | |
536 | |
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537 This example assumes there are two windows, both displaying the |
6564 | 538 buffer @samp{windows.texi}: |
539 | |
540 @example | |
541 @group | |
542 (selected-window) | |
543 @result{} #<window 56 on windows.texi> | |
544 @end group | |
545 @group | |
546 (next-window (selected-window)) | |
547 @result{} #<window 52 on windows.texi> | |
548 @end group | |
549 @group | |
550 (next-window (next-window (selected-window))) | |
551 @result{} #<window 56 on windows.texi> | |
552 @end group | |
553 @end example | |
554 @end defun | |
555 | |
556 @defun previous-window &optional window minibuf all-frames | |
557 This function returns the window preceding @var{window} in the cyclic | |
558 ordering of windows. The other arguments specify which windows to | |
559 include in the cycle, as in @code{next-window}. | |
560 @end defun | |
561 | |
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562 @deffn Command other-window count &optional all-frames |
6564 | 563 This function selects the @var{count}th following window in the cyclic |
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564 order. If count is negative, then it moves back @minus{}@var{count} |
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565 windows in the cycle, rather than forward. It returns @code{nil}. |
6564 | 566 |
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567 The argument @var{all-frames} has the same meaning as in |
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568 @code{next-window}, but the @var{minibuf} argument of @code{next-window} |
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569 is always effectively @code{nil}. |
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570 |
6564 | 571 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument. |
572 @end deffn | |
573 | |
574 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
575 @defun walk-windows proc &optional minibuf all-frames | |
576 This function cycles through all windows, calling @code{proc} | |
577 once for each window with the window as its sole argument. | |
578 | |
579 The optional arguments @var{minibuf} and @var{all-frames} specify the | |
580 set of windows to include in the scan. See @code{next-window}, above, | |
581 for details. | |
582 @end defun | |
583 | |
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584 @defun window-list &optional frame minibuf window |
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585 This function returns a list of the windows on @var{frame}, starting |
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586 with @var{window}. If @var{frame} is @code{nil} or omitted, the |
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587 selected frame is used instead; if @var{window} is @code{nil} or |
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588 omitted, the selected window is used instead. |
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589 |
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590 The value of @var{minibuf} determines if the minibuffer window will be |
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591 included in the result list. If @var{minibuf} is @code{t}, the |
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592 minibuffer window will be included, even if it isn't active. If |
33826 | 593 @var{minibuf} is @code{nil} or omitted, the minibuffer window will |
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594 only be included in the list if it is active. If @var{minibuf} is |
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595 neither @code{nil} nor @code{t}, the minibuffer window is not |
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596 included, whether or not it is active. |
33826 | 597 @end defun |
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598 |
6564 | 599 @node Buffers and Windows |
600 @section Buffers and Windows | |
601 @cindex examining windows | |
602 @cindex windows, controlling precisely | |
603 @cindex buffers, controlled in windows | |
604 | |
605 This section describes low-level functions to examine windows or to | |
606 display buffers in windows in a precisely controlled fashion. | |
607 @iftex | |
608 See the following section for | |
609 @end iftex | |
27193 | 610 @ifnottex |
6564 | 611 @xref{Displaying Buffers}, for |
27193 | 612 @end ifnottex |
6564 | 613 related functions that find a window to use and specify a buffer for it. |
614 The functions described there are easier to use than these, but they | |
615 employ heuristics in choosing or creating a window; use these functions | |
616 when you need complete control. | |
617 | |
618 @defun set-window-buffer window buffer-or-name | |
619 This function makes @var{window} display @var{buffer-or-name} as its | |
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620 contents. It returns @code{nil}. This is the fundamental primitive |
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621 for changing which buffer is displayed in a window, and all ways |
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622 of doing that call this function. |
6564 | 623 |
624 @example | |
625 @group | |
626 (set-window-buffer (selected-window) "foo") | |
627 @result{} nil | |
628 @end group | |
629 @end example | |
630 @end defun | |
631 | |
632 @defun window-buffer &optional window | |
633 This function returns the buffer that @var{window} is displaying. If | |
634 @var{window} is omitted, this function returns the buffer for the | |
635 selected window. | |
636 | |
637 @example | |
638 @group | |
639 (window-buffer) | |
640 @result{} #<buffer windows.texi> | |
641 @end group | |
642 @end example | |
643 @end defun | |
644 | |
645 @defun get-buffer-window buffer-or-name &optional all-frames | |
646 This function returns a window currently displaying | |
647 @var{buffer-or-name}, or @code{nil} if there is none. If there are | |
648 several such windows, then the function returns the first one in the | |
649 cyclic ordering of windows, starting from the selected window. | |
650 @xref{Cyclic Window Ordering}. | |
651 | |
652 The argument @var{all-frames} controls which windows to consider. | |
653 | |
654 @itemize @bullet | |
655 @item | |
656 If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame. | |
657 @item | |
658 If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames. | |
659 @item | |
660 If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames. | |
661 @item | |
12098 | 662 If it is 0, consider windows on all visible or iconified frames. |
663 @item | |
6564 | 664 If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame. |
665 @end itemize | |
666 @end defun | |
667 | |
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668 @defun get-buffer-window-list buffer-or-name &optional minibuf all-frames |
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669 This function returns a list of all the windows currently displaying |
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670 @var{buffer-or-name}. |
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671 |
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672 The two optional arguments work like the optional arguments of |
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673 @code{next-window} (@pxref{Cyclic Window Ordering}); they are @emph{not} |
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674 like the single optional argument of @code{get-buffer-window}. Perhaps |
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675 we should change @code{get-buffer-window} in the future to make it |
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676 compatible with the other functions. |
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677 |
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678 The argument @var{all-frames} controls which windows to consider. |
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679 |
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680 @itemize @bullet |
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681 @item |
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682 If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame. |
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683 @item |
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684 If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames. |
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685 @item |
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686 If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames. |
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687 @item |
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688 If it is 0, consider windows on all visible or iconified frames. |
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689 @item |
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690 If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame. |
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691 @end itemize |
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692 @end defun |
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693 |
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694 @defvar buffer-display-time |
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695 This variable records the time at which a buffer was last made visible |
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696 in a window. It is always local in each buffer; each time |
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697 @code{set-window-buffer} is called, it sets this variable to |
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698 @code{(current-time)} in the specified buffer (@pxref{Time of Day}). |
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699 When a buffer is first created, @code{buffer-display-time} starts out |
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700 with the value @code{nil}. |
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701 @end defvar |
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702 |
6564 | 703 @node Displaying Buffers |
704 @section Displaying Buffers in Windows | |
705 @cindex switching to a buffer | |
706 @cindex displaying a buffer | |
707 | |
708 In this section we describe convenient functions that choose a window | |
709 automatically and use it to display a specified buffer. These functions | |
710 can also split an existing window in certain circumstances. We also | |
711 describe variables that parameterize the heuristics used for choosing a | |
712 window. | |
713 @iftex | |
714 See the preceding section for | |
715 @end iftex | |
27193 | 716 @ifnottex |
6564 | 717 @xref{Buffers and Windows}, for |
27193 | 718 @end ifnottex |
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719 low-level functions that give you more precise control. All of these |
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720 functions work by calling @code{set-window-buffer}. |
6564 | 721 |
722 Do not use the functions in this section in order to make a buffer | |
723 current so that a Lisp program can access or modify it; they are too | |
724 drastic for that purpose, since they change the display of buffers in | |
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725 windows, which would be gratuitous and surprise the user. Instead, use |
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726 @code{set-buffer} and @code{save-current-buffer} (@pxref{Current |
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727 Buffer}), which designate buffers as current for programmed access |
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728 without affecting the display of buffers in windows. |
6564 | 729 |
730 @deffn Command switch-to-buffer buffer-or-name &optional norecord | |
731 This function makes @var{buffer-or-name} the current buffer, and also | |
732 displays the buffer in the selected window. This means that a human can | |
733 see the buffer and subsequent keyboard commands will apply to it. | |
734 Contrast this with @code{set-buffer}, which makes @var{buffer-or-name} | |
735 the current buffer but does not display it in the selected window. | |
736 @xref{Current Buffer}. | |
737 | |
12067 | 738 If @var{buffer-or-name} does not identify an existing buffer, then a new |
739 buffer by that name is created. The major mode for the new buffer is | |
740 set according to the variable @code{default-major-mode}. @xref{Auto | |
741 Major Mode}. | |
6564 | 742 |
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743 Normally the specified buffer is put at the front of the buffer list |
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744 (both the selected frame's buffer list and the frame-independent buffer |
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745 list). This affects the operation of @code{other-buffer}. However, if |
6564 | 746 @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}, this is not done. @xref{The Buffer |
747 List}. | |
748 | |
749 The @code{switch-to-buffer} function is often used interactively, as | |
750 the binding of @kbd{C-x b}. It is also used frequently in programs. It | |
751 always returns @code{nil}. | |
752 @end deffn | |
753 | |
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754 @deffn Command switch-to-buffer-other-window buffer-or-name &optional norecord |
6564 | 755 This function makes @var{buffer-or-name} the current buffer and |
756 displays it in a window not currently selected. It then selects that | |
757 window. The handling of the buffer is the same as in | |
758 @code{switch-to-buffer}. | |
759 | |
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760 The currently selected window is absolutely never used to do the job. |
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761 If it is the only window, then it is split to make a distinct window for |
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762 this purpose. If the selected window is already displaying the buffer, |
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763 then it continues to do so, but another window is nonetheless found to |
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764 display it in as well. |
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765 |
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766 This function updates the buffer list just like @code{switch-to-buffer} |
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767 unless @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}. |
6564 | 768 @end deffn |
769 | |
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770 @defun pop-to-buffer buffer-or-name &optional other-window norecord |
6564 | 771 This function makes @var{buffer-or-name} the current buffer and |
772 switches to it in some window, preferably not the window previously | |
773 selected. The ``popped-to'' window becomes the selected window within | |
774 its frame. | |
775 | |
776 If the variable @code{pop-up-frames} is non-@code{nil}, | |
777 @code{pop-to-buffer} looks for a window in any visible frame already | |
778 displaying the buffer; if there is one, it returns that window and makes | |
779 it be selected within its frame. If there is none, it creates a new | |
780 frame and displays the buffer in it. | |
781 | |
782 If @code{pop-up-frames} is @code{nil}, then @code{pop-to-buffer} | |
783 operates entirely within the selected frame. (If the selected frame has | |
784 just a minibuffer, @code{pop-to-buffer} operates within the most | |
785 recently selected frame that was not just a minibuffer.) | |
786 | |
787 If the variable @code{pop-up-windows} is non-@code{nil}, windows may | |
788 be split to create a new window that is different from the original | |
789 window. For details, see @ref{Choosing Window}. | |
790 | |
791 If @var{other-window} is non-@code{nil}, @code{pop-to-buffer} finds or | |
792 creates another window even if @var{buffer-or-name} is already visible | |
793 in the selected window. Thus @var{buffer-or-name} could end up | |
794 displayed in two windows. On the other hand, if @var{buffer-or-name} is | |
795 already displayed in the selected window and @var{other-window} is | |
796 @code{nil}, then the selected window is considered sufficient display | |
797 for @var{buffer-or-name}, so that nothing needs to be done. | |
798 | |
12098 | 799 All the variables that affect @code{display-buffer} affect |
800 @code{pop-to-buffer} as well. @xref{Choosing Window}. | |
801 | |
6564 | 802 If @var{buffer-or-name} is a string that does not name an existing |
12067 | 803 buffer, a buffer by that name is created. The major mode for the new |
804 buffer is set according to the variable @code{default-major-mode}. | |
805 @xref{Auto Major Mode}. | |
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806 |
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807 This function updates the buffer list just like @code{switch-to-buffer} |
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808 unless @var{norecord} is non-@code{nil}. |
6564 | 809 @end defun |
810 | |
12098 | 811 @deffn Command replace-buffer-in-windows buffer |
812 This function replaces @var{buffer} with some other buffer in all | |
813 windows displaying it. The other buffer used is chosen with | |
814 @code{other-buffer}. In the usual applications of this function, you | |
815 don't care which other buffer is used; you just want to make sure that | |
816 @var{buffer} is no longer displayed. | |
817 | |
818 This function returns @code{nil}. | |
819 @end deffn | |
820 | |
6564 | 821 @node Choosing Window |
822 @section Choosing a Window for Display | |
823 | |
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824 This section describes the basic facility that chooses a window to |
6564 | 825 display a buffer in---@code{display-buffer}. All the higher-level |
826 functions and commands use this subroutine. Here we describe how to use | |
827 @code{display-buffer} and how to customize it. | |
828 | |
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829 @deffn Command display-buffer buffer-or-name &optional not-this-window frame |
6564 | 830 This command makes @var{buffer-or-name} appear in some window, like |
831 @code{pop-to-buffer}, but it does not select that window and does not | |
832 make the buffer current. The identity of the selected window is | |
833 unaltered by this function. | |
834 | |
835 If @var{not-this-window} is non-@code{nil}, it means to display the | |
836 specified buffer in a window other than the selected one, even if it is | |
837 already on display in the selected window. This can cause the buffer to | |
838 appear in two windows at once. Otherwise, if @var{buffer-or-name} is | |
839 already being displayed in any window, that is good enough, so this | |
840 function does nothing. | |
841 | |
842 @code{display-buffer} returns the window chosen to display | |
843 @var{buffer-or-name}. | |
844 | |
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845 If the argument @var{frame} is non-@code{nil}, it specifies which frames |
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846 to check when deciding whether the buffer is already displayed. If the |
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847 buffer is already displayed in some window on one of these frames, |
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848 @code{display-buffer} simply returns that window. Here are the possible |
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849 values of @var{frame}: |
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850 |
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851 @itemize @bullet |
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852 @item |
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853 If it is @code{nil}, consider windows on the selected frame. |
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854 @item |
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855 If it is @code{t}, consider windows on all frames. |
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856 @item |
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857 If it is @code{visible}, consider windows on all visible frames. |
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858 @item |
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859 If it is 0, consider windows on all visible or iconified frames. |
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860 @item |
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861 If it is a frame, consider windows on that frame. |
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862 @end itemize |
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863 |
6564 | 864 Precisely how @code{display-buffer} finds or creates a window depends on |
865 the variables described below. | |
866 @end deffn | |
867 | |
30665 | 868 @defopt display-buffer-reuse-frames |
869 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{display-buffer} searches | |
870 existing frames for a window displaying the buffer. If the buffer is | |
871 already displayed in a window in some frame, @code{display-buffer} makes | |
872 the frame visible and raises it, to use that window. If the buffer is | |
873 not already displayed, or if @code{display-buffer-reuse-frames} is | |
874 @code{nil}, @code{display-buffer}'s behavior is determined by other | |
875 variables, described below. | |
876 @end defopt | |
877 | |
6564 | 878 @defopt pop-up-windows |
879 This variable controls whether @code{display-buffer} makes new windows. | |
880 If it is non-@code{nil} and there is only one window, then that window | |
881 is split. If it is @code{nil}, then @code{display-buffer} does not | |
882 split the single window, but uses it whole. | |
883 @end defopt | |
884 | |
885 @defopt split-height-threshold | |
886 This variable determines when @code{display-buffer} may split a window, | |
887 if there are multiple windows. @code{display-buffer} always splits the | |
888 largest window if it has at least this many lines. If the largest | |
889 window is not this tall, it is split only if it is the sole window and | |
890 @code{pop-up-windows} is non-@code{nil}. | |
891 @end defopt | |
892 | |
34269 | 893 @defopt even-window-heights |
894 This variable determines if @code{display-buffer} should even out window | |
895 heights if the buffer gets displayed in an existing window, above or | |
896 beneath another existing window. If @code{even-window-heights} is | |
897 @code{t}, the default, window heights will be evened out. If | |
898 @code{even-window-heights} is @code{nil}, the orginal window heights | |
899 will be left alone. | |
34307 | 900 @end defopt |
34269 | 901 |
6564 | 902 @c Emacs 19 feature |
903 @defopt pop-up-frames | |
904 This variable controls whether @code{display-buffer} makes new frames. | |
905 If it is non-@code{nil}, @code{display-buffer} looks for an existing | |
906 window already displaying the desired buffer, on any visible frame. If | |
907 it finds one, it returns that window. Otherwise it makes a new frame. | |
908 The variables @code{pop-up-windows} and @code{split-height-threshold} do | |
909 not matter if @code{pop-up-frames} is non-@code{nil}. | |
910 | |
911 If @code{pop-up-frames} is @code{nil}, then @code{display-buffer} either | |
912 splits a window or reuses one. | |
913 | |
914 @xref{Frames}, for more information. | |
915 @end defopt | |
916 | |
917 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
918 @defvar pop-up-frame-function | |
919 This variable specifies how to make a new frame if @code{pop-up-frames} | |
920 is non-@code{nil}. | |
921 | |
922 Its value should be a function of no arguments. When | |
923 @code{display-buffer} makes a new frame, it does so by calling that | |
924 function, which should return a frame. The default value of the | |
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925 variable is a function that creates a frame using parameters from |
6564 | 926 @code{pop-up-frame-alist}. |
927 @end defvar | |
928 | |
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929 @defopt pop-up-frame-alist |
6564 | 930 This variable holds an alist specifying frame parameters used when |
931 @code{display-buffer} makes a new frame. @xref{Frame Parameters}, for | |
932 more information about frame parameters. | |
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933 @end defopt |
6564 | 934 |
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935 @defopt special-display-buffer-names |
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936 A list of buffer names for buffers that should be displayed specially. |
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937 If the buffer's name is in this list, @code{display-buffer} handles the |
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938 buffer specially. |
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939 |
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940 By default, special display means to give the buffer a dedicated frame. |
12098 | 941 |
942 If an element is a list, instead of a string, then the @sc{car} of the | |
943 list is the buffer name, and the rest of the list says how to create the | |
944 frame. There are two possibilities for the rest of the list. It can be | |
945 an alist, specifying frame parameters, or it can contain a function and | |
946 arguments to give to it. (The function's first argument is always the | |
947 buffer to be displayed; the arguments from the list come after that.) | |
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948 @end defopt |
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949 |
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950 @defopt special-display-regexps |
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951 A list of regular expressions that specify buffers that should be |
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952 displayed specially. If the buffer's name matches any of the regular |
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953 expressions in this list, @code{display-buffer} handles the buffer |
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954 specially. |
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955 |
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956 By default, special display means to give the buffer a dedicated frame. |
12098 | 957 |
958 If an element is a list, instead of a string, then the @sc{car} of the | |
959 list is the regular expression, and the rest of the list says how to | |
960 create the frame. See above, under @code{special-display-buffer-names}. | |
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961 @end defopt |
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962 |
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963 @defvar special-display-function |
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964 This variable holds the function to call to display a buffer specially. |
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965 It receives the buffer as an argument, and should return the window in |
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966 which it is displayed. |
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967 |
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968 The default value of this variable is |
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969 @code{special-display-popup-frame}. |
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970 @end defvar |
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971 |
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972 @defun special-display-popup-frame buffer &rest args |
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973 This function makes @var{buffer} visible in a frame of its own. If |
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974 @var{buffer} is already displayed in a window in some frame, it makes |
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975 the frame visible and raises it, to use that window. Otherwise, it |
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976 creates a frame that will be dedicated to @var{buffer}. |
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977 |
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978 If @var{args} is an alist, it specifies frame parameters for the new |
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979 frame. |
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980 |
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981 If @var{args} is a list whose @sc{car} is a symbol, then @code{(car |
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982 @var{args})} is called as a function to actually create and set up the |
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983 frame; it is called with @var{buffer} as first argument, and @code{(cdr |
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984 @var{args})} as additional arguments. |
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985 |
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986 This function always uses an existing window displaying @var{buffer}, |
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987 whether or not it is in a frame of its own; but if you set up the above |
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988 variables in your init file, before @var{buffer} was created, then |
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989 presumably the window was previously made by this function. |
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990 @end defun |
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991 |
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992 @defopt special-display-frame-alist |
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993 This variable holds frame parameters for |
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994 @code{special-display-popup-frame} to use when it creates a frame. |
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995 @end defopt |
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996 |
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997 @defopt same-window-buffer-names |
12098 | 998 A list of buffer names for buffers that should be displayed in the |
999 selected window. If the buffer's name is in this list, | |
1000 @code{display-buffer} handles the buffer by switching to it in the | |
1001 selected window. | |
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1002 @end defopt |
12098 | 1003 |
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1004 @defopt same-window-regexps |
12098 | 1005 A list of regular expressions that specify buffers that should be |
1006 displayed in the selected window. If the buffer's name matches any of | |
1007 the regular expressions in this list, @code{display-buffer} handles the | |
1008 buffer by switching to it in the selected window. | |
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1009 @end defopt |
12098 | 1010 |
6564 | 1011 @c Emacs 19 feature |
1012 @defvar display-buffer-function | |
1013 This variable is the most flexible way to customize the behavior of | |
1014 @code{display-buffer}. If it is non-@code{nil}, it should be a function | |
1015 that @code{display-buffer} calls to do the work. The function should | |
1016 accept two arguments, the same two arguments that @code{display-buffer} | |
1017 received. It should choose or create a window, display the specified | |
1018 buffer, and then return the window. | |
1019 | |
1020 This hook takes precedence over all the other options and hooks | |
1021 described above. | |
1022 @end defvar | |
1023 | |
1024 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1025 @cindex dedicated window | |
1026 A window can be marked as ``dedicated'' to its buffer. Then | |
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1027 @code{display-buffer} will not try to use that window to display any |
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1028 other buffer. |
6564 | 1029 |
1030 @defun window-dedicated-p window | |
1031 This function returns @code{t} if @var{window} is marked as dedicated; | |
1032 otherwise @code{nil}. | |
1033 @end defun | |
1034 | |
1035 @defun set-window-dedicated-p window flag | |
1036 This function marks @var{window} as dedicated if @var{flag} is | |
1037 non-@code{nil}, and nondedicated otherwise. | |
1038 @end defun | |
1039 | |
1040 @node Window Point | |
1041 @section Windows and Point | |
1042 @cindex window position | |
1043 @cindex window point | |
1044 @cindex position in window | |
1045 @cindex point in window | |
1046 | |
1047 Each window has its own value of point, independent of the value of | |
1048 point in other windows displaying the same buffer. This makes it useful | |
1049 to have multiple windows showing one buffer. | |
1050 | |
1051 @itemize @bullet | |
1052 @item | |
1053 The window point is established when a window is first created; it is | |
1054 initialized from the buffer's point, or from the window point of another | |
1055 window opened on the buffer if such a window exists. | |
1056 | |
1057 @item | |
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1058 Selecting a window sets the value of point in its buffer from the |
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1059 window's value of point. Conversely, deselecting a window sets the |
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1060 window's value of point from that of the buffer. Thus, when you switch |
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1061 between windows that display a given buffer, the point value for the |
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1062 selected window is in effect in the buffer, while the point values for |
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1063 the other windows are stored in those windows. |
6564 | 1064 |
1065 @item | |
1066 As long as the selected window displays the current buffer, the window's | |
1067 point and the buffer's point always move together; they remain equal. | |
1068 | |
1069 @item | |
1070 @xref{Positions}, for more details on buffer positions. | |
1071 @end itemize | |
1072 | |
1073 As far as the user is concerned, point is where the cursor is, and | |
1074 when the user switches to another buffer, the cursor jumps to the | |
1075 position of point in that buffer. | |
1076 | |
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1077 @defun window-point &optional window |
6564 | 1078 This function returns the current position of point in @var{window}. |
1079 For a nonselected window, this is the value point would have (in that | |
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1080 window's buffer) if that window were selected. If @var{window} is |
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1081 @code{nil}, the selected window is used. |
6564 | 1082 |
1083 When @var{window} is the selected window and its buffer is also the | |
1084 current buffer, the value returned is the same as point in that buffer. | |
1085 | |
1086 Strictly speaking, it would be more correct to return the | |
1087 ``top-level'' value of point, outside of any @code{save-excursion} | |
1088 forms. But that value is hard to find. | |
1089 @end defun | |
1090 | |
1091 @defun set-window-point window position | |
1092 This function positions point in @var{window} at position | |
1093 @var{position} in @var{window}'s buffer. | |
1094 @end defun | |
1095 | |
1096 @node Window Start | |
1097 @section The Window Start Position | |
1098 | |
1099 Each window contains a marker used to keep track of a buffer position | |
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1100 that specifies where in the buffer display should start. This position |
6564 | 1101 is called the @dfn{display-start} position of the window (or just the |
1102 @dfn{start}). The character after this position is the one that appears | |
1103 at the upper left corner of the window. It is usually, but not | |
1104 inevitably, at the beginning of a text line. | |
1105 | |
1106 @defun window-start &optional window | |
1107 @cindex window top line | |
1108 This function returns the display-start position of window | |
1109 @var{window}. If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is | |
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1110 used. For example, |
6564 | 1111 |
1112 @example | |
1113 @group | |
1114 (window-start) | |
1115 @result{} 7058 | |
1116 @end group | |
1117 @end example | |
1118 | |
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1119 When you create a window, or display a different buffer in it, the |
6564 | 1120 display-start position is set to a display-start position recently used |
1121 for the same buffer, or 1 if the buffer doesn't have any. | |
1122 | |
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1123 Redisplay updates the window-start position (if you have not specified |
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1124 it explicitly since the previous redisplay)---for example, to make sure |
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1125 point appears on the screen. Nothing except redisplay automatically |
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1126 changes the window-start position; if you move point, do not expect the |
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1127 window-start position to change in response until after the next |
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1128 redisplay. |
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1129 |
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1130 For a realistic example of using @code{window-start}, see the |
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1131 description of @code{count-lines} in @ref{Text Lines}. |
6564 | 1132 @end defun |
1133 | |
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1134 @defun window-end &optional window update |
6564 | 1135 This function returns the position of the end of the display in window |
1136 @var{window}. If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is | |
1137 used. | |
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1138 |
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1139 Simply changing the buffer text or moving point does not update the |
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1140 value that @code{window-end} returns. The value is updated only when |
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1141 Emacs redisplays and redisplay completes without being preempted. |
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1142 |
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1143 If the last redisplay of @var{window} was preempted, and did not finish, |
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1144 Emacs does not know the position of the end of display in that window. |
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1145 In that case, this function returns @code{nil}. |
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1146 |
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1147 If @var{update} is non-@code{nil}, @code{window-end} always returns |
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1148 an up-to-date value for where the window ends. If the saved value is |
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1149 valid, @code{window-end} returns that; otherwise it computes the correct |
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1150 value by scanning the buffer text. |
6564 | 1151 @end defun |
1152 | |
1153 @defun set-window-start window position &optional noforce | |
1154 This function sets the display-start position of @var{window} to | |
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1155 @var{position} in @var{window}'s buffer. It returns @var{position}. |
6564 | 1156 |
1157 The display routines insist that the position of point be visible when a | |
1158 buffer is displayed. Normally, they change the display-start position | |
1159 (that is, scroll the window) whenever necessary to make point visible. | |
1160 However, if you specify the start position with this function using | |
1161 @code{nil} for @var{noforce}, it means you want display to start at | |
1162 @var{position} even if that would put the location of point off the | |
1163 screen. If this does place point off screen, the display routines move | |
1164 point to the left margin on the middle line in the window. | |
1165 | |
1166 For example, if point @w{is 1} and you set the start of the window @w{to | |
1167 2}, then point would be ``above'' the top of the window. The display | |
1168 routines will automatically move point if it is still 1 when redisplay | |
1169 occurs. Here is an example: | |
1170 | |
1171 @example | |
1172 @group | |
1173 ;; @r{Here is what @samp{foo} looks like before executing} | |
1174 ;; @r{the @code{set-window-start} expression.} | |
1175 @end group | |
1176 | |
1177 @group | |
1178 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1179 @point{}This is the contents of buffer foo. | |
1180 2 | |
1181 3 | |
1182 4 | |
1183 5 | |
1184 6 | |
1185 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1186 @end group | |
1187 | |
1188 @group | |
1189 (set-window-start | |
1190 (selected-window) | |
1191 (1+ (window-start))) | |
1192 @result{} 2 | |
1193 @end group | |
1194 | |
1195 @group | |
1196 ;; @r{Here is what @samp{foo} looks like after executing} | |
1197 ;; @r{the @code{set-window-start} expression.} | |
1198 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1199 his is the contents of buffer foo. | |
1200 2 | |
1201 3 | |
1202 @point{}4 | |
1203 5 | |
1204 6 | |
1205 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1206 @end group | |
1207 @end example | |
1208 | |
1209 If @var{noforce} is non-@code{nil}, and @var{position} would place point | |
1210 off screen at the next redisplay, then redisplay computes a new window-start | |
1211 position that works well with point, and thus @var{position} is not used. | |
1212 @end defun | |
1213 | |
33992 | 1214 @defun pos-visible-in-window-p &optional position window fully |
1215 This function returns @code{t} if @var{position} is within the range of | |
1216 text currently visible on the screen in @var{window}. If @var{fully} is | |
1217 non-@code{nil}, then locations that are partially obscured are not | |
1218 considered visible. It returns @code{nil} if @var{position} is scrolled | |
1219 vertically out of view. The argument @var{position} defaults to the | |
1220 current position of point; @var{window}, to the selected window. Here | |
1221 is an example: | |
6564 | 1222 |
1223 @example | |
1224 @group | |
1225 (or (pos-visible-in-window-p | |
1226 (point) (selected-window)) | |
1227 (recenter 0)) | |
1228 @end group | |
1229 @end example | |
1230 | |
1231 The @code{pos-visible-in-window-p} function considers only vertical | |
1232 scrolling. If @var{position} is out of view only because @var{window} | |
1233 has been scrolled horizontally, @code{pos-visible-in-window-p} returns | |
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1234 @code{t} anyway. @xref{Horizontal Scrolling}. |
6564 | 1235 @end defun |
1236 | |
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1237 @node Textual Scrolling |
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1238 @section Textual Scrolling |
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1239 @cindex textual scrolling |
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1240 @cindex scrolling textually |
6564 | 1241 |
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1242 @dfn{Textual scrolling} means moving the text up or down though a |
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1243 window. It works by changing the value of the window's display-start |
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1244 location. It may also change the value of @code{window-point} to keep |
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1245 point on the screen. |
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1246 |
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1247 Textual scrolling was formerly called ``vertical scrolling,'' but we |
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1248 changed its name to distinguish it from the new vertical fractional |
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1249 scrolling feature (@pxref{Vertical Scrolling}). |
6564 | 1250 |
1251 In the commands @code{scroll-up} and @code{scroll-down}, the directions | |
1252 ``up'' and ``down'' refer to the motion of the text in the buffer at which | |
1253 you are looking through the window. Imagine that the text is | |
1254 written on a long roll of paper and that the scrolling commands move the | |
1255 paper up and down. Thus, if you are looking at text in the middle of a | |
1256 buffer and repeatedly call @code{scroll-down}, you will eventually see | |
1257 the beginning of the buffer. | |
1258 | |
1259 Some people have urged that the opposite convention be used: they | |
1260 imagine that the window moves over text that remains in place. Then | |
1261 ``down'' commands would take you to the end of the buffer. This view is | |
1262 more consistent with the actual relationship between windows and the | |
1263 text in the buffer, but it is less like what the user sees. The | |
1264 position of a window on the terminal does not move, and short scrolling | |
1265 commands clearly move the text up or down on the screen. We have chosen | |
1266 names that fit the user's point of view. | |
1267 | |
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1268 The textual scrolling functions (aside from |
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1269 @code{scroll-other-window}) have unpredictable results if the current |
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1270 buffer is different from the buffer that is displayed in the selected |
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1271 window. @xref{Current Buffer}. |
6564 | 1272 |
1273 @deffn Command scroll-up &optional count | |
1274 This function scrolls the text in the selected window upward | |
1275 @var{count} lines. If @var{count} is negative, scrolling is actually | |
1276 downward. | |
1277 | |
1278 If @var{count} is @code{nil} (or omitted), then the length of scroll | |
1279 is @code{next-screen-context-lines} lines less than the usable height of | |
1280 the window (not counting its mode line). | |
1281 | |
1282 @code{scroll-up} returns @code{nil}. | |
1283 @end deffn | |
1284 | |
1285 @deffn Command scroll-down &optional count | |
1286 This function scrolls the text in the selected window downward | |
1287 @var{count} lines. If @var{count} is negative, scrolling is actually | |
1288 upward. | |
1289 | |
1290 If @var{count} is omitted or @code{nil}, then the length of the scroll | |
1291 is @code{next-screen-context-lines} lines less than the usable height of | |
8491
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1292 the window (not counting its mode line). |
6564 | 1293 |
1294 @code{scroll-down} returns @code{nil}. | |
1295 @end deffn | |
1296 | |
1297 @deffn Command scroll-other-window &optional count | |
1298 This function scrolls the text in another window upward @var{count} | |
1299 lines. Negative values of @var{count}, or @code{nil}, are handled | |
1300 as in @code{scroll-up}. | |
1301 | |
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1302 You can specify which buffer to scroll by setting the variable |
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1303 @code{other-window-scroll-buffer} to a buffer. If that buffer isn't |
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1304 already displayed, @code{scroll-other-window} displays it in some |
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1305 window. |
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1306 |
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1307 When the selected window is the minibuffer, the next window is normally |
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1308 the one at the top left corner. You can specify a different window to |
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1309 scroll, when the minibuffer is selected, by setting the variable |
6564 | 1310 @code{minibuffer-scroll-window}. This variable has no effect when any |
1311 other window is selected. @xref{Minibuffer Misc}. | |
1312 | |
1313 When the minibuffer is active, it is the next window if the selected | |
1314 window is the one at the bottom right corner. In this case, | |
1315 @code{scroll-other-window} attempts to scroll the minibuffer. If the | |
1316 minibuffer contains just one line, it has nowhere to scroll to, so the | |
1317 line reappears after the echo area momentarily displays the message | |
1318 ``Beginning of buffer''. | |
1319 @end deffn | |
1320 | |
1321 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1322 @defvar other-window-scroll-buffer | |
1323 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it tells @code{scroll-other-window} | |
1324 which buffer to scroll. | |
1325 @end defvar | |
1326 | |
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1327 @defopt scroll-margin |
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1328 This option specifies the size of the scroll margin---a minimum number |
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1329 of lines between point and the top or bottom of a window. Whenever |
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1330 point gets within this many lines of the top or bottom of the window, |
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1331 the window scrolls automatically (if possible) to move point out of the |
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1332 margin, closer to the center of the window. |
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1333 @end defopt |
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1334 |
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1335 @defopt scroll-conservatively |
6564 | 1336 This variable controls how scrolling is done automatically when point |
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1337 moves off the screen (or into the scroll margin). If the value is zero, |
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1338 then redisplay scrolls the text to center point vertically in the |
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1339 window. If the value is a positive integer @var{n}, then redisplay |
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1340 scrolls the window up to @var{n} lines in either direction, if that will |
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1341 bring point back into view. Otherwise, it centers point. The default |
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1342 value is zero. |
26394 | 1343 |
1344 A value of @code{nil} is equivalent to .5, since it centers point. This | |
1345 variable automatically becomes buffer-local when set in any fashion. | |
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1346 @end defopt |
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1347 |
26210 | 1348 @defopt scroll-up-aggressively |
1349 @tindex scroll-up-aggressively | |
1350 The value of this variable should be either @code{nil} or a fraction | |
1351 @var{f} between 0 and 1. If it is a fraction, that specifies where on | |
1352 the screen to put point when scrolling upward. More precisely, when a | |
1353 window scrolls up because point is above the window start, the new start | |
1354 position is chosen to put point @var{f} part of the window height from | |
1355 the top. The larger @var{f}, the more aggressive the scrolling. | |
1356 | |
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1357 A value of @code{nil} is equivalent to .5, since its effect is to center |
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1358 point. This variable automatically becomes buffer-local when set in any |
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1359 fashion. |
26210 | 1360 @end defopt |
1361 | |
1362 @defopt scroll-down-aggressively | |
1363 @tindex scroll-down-aggressively | |
1364 Likewise, for scrolling down. The value, @var{f}, specifies how far | |
1365 point should be placed from the bottom of the window; thus, as with | |
1366 @code{scroll-up-aggressively}, a larger value scrolls more aggressively. | |
1367 @end defopt | |
1368 | |
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1369 @defopt scroll-step |
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1370 This variable is an older variant of @code{scroll-conservatively}. The |
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1371 difference is that it if its value is @var{n}, that permits scrolling |
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1372 only by precisely @var{n} lines, not a smaller number. This feature |
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1373 does not work with @code{scroll-margin}. The default value is zero. |
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1374 @end defopt |
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1375 |
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1376 @defopt scroll-preserve-screen-position |
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1377 If this option is non-@code{nil}, the scroll functions move point so |
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1378 that the vertical position of the cursor is unchanged, when that is |
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1379 possible. |
6564 | 1380 @end defopt |
1381 | |
1382 @defopt next-screen-context-lines | |
1383 The value of this variable is the number of lines of continuity to | |
1384 retain when scrolling by full screens. For example, @code{scroll-up} | |
1385 with an argument of @code{nil} scrolls so that this many lines at the | |
1386 bottom of the window appear instead at the top. The default value is | |
1387 @code{2}. | |
1388 @end defopt | |
1389 | |
1390 @deffn Command recenter &optional count | |
1391 @cindex centering point | |
1392 This function scrolls the selected window to put the text where point | |
1393 is located at a specified vertical position within the window. | |
1394 | |
1395 If @var{count} is a nonnegative number, it puts the line containing | |
1396 point @var{count} lines down from the top of the window. If @var{count} | |
1397 is a negative number, then it counts upward from the bottom of the | |
1398 window, so that @minus{}1 stands for the last usable line in the window. | |
1399 If @var{count} is a non-@code{nil} list, then it stands for the line in | |
1400 the middle of the window. | |
1401 | |
1402 If @var{count} is @code{nil}, @code{recenter} puts the line containing | |
1403 point in the middle of the window, then clears and redisplays the entire | |
1404 selected frame. | |
1405 | |
1406 When @code{recenter} is called interactively, @var{count} is the raw | |
1407 prefix argument. Thus, typing @kbd{C-u} as the prefix sets the | |
1408 @var{count} to a non-@code{nil} list, while typing @kbd{C-u 4} sets | |
1409 @var{count} to 4, which positions the current line four lines from the | |
1410 top. | |
1411 | |
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1412 With an argument of zero, @code{recenter} positions the current line at |
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1413 the top of the window. This action is so handy that some people make a |
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1414 separate key binding to do this. For example, |
6564 | 1415 |
1416 @example | |
1417 @group | |
1418 (defun line-to-top-of-window () | |
1419 "Scroll current line to top of window. | |
1420 Replaces three keystroke sequence C-u 0 C-l." | |
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1421 (interactive) |
6564 | 1422 (recenter 0)) |
1423 | |
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1424 (global-set-key [kp-multiply] 'line-to-top-of-window) |
6564 | 1425 @end group |
1426 @end example | |
1427 @end deffn | |
1428 | |
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1429 @node Vertical Scrolling |
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1430 @section Vertical Fractional Scrolling |
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1431 @cindex Vertical Fractional Scrolling |
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1432 |
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1433 @dfn{Vertical fractional scrolling} means shifting the image in the |
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1434 window up or down by a specified multiple or fraction of a line. |
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1435 Starting in Emacs 21, each window has a @dfn{vertical scroll position}, |
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1436 which is a number, never less than zero. It specifies how far to raise |
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1437 the contents of the window. Raising the window contents generally makes |
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1438 all or part of some lines disappear off the top, and all or part of some |
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1439 other lines appear at the bottom. The usual value is zero. |
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1440 |
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1441 The vertical scroll position is measured in units of the normal line |
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1442 height, which is the height of the default font. Thus, if the value is |
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1443 .5, that means the window contents are scrolled up half the normal line |
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1444 height. If it is 3.3, that means the window contents are scrolled up |
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1445 somewhat over three times the normal line height. |
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1446 |
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1447 What fraction of a line the vertical scrolling covers, or how many |
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1448 lines, depends on what the lines contain. A value of .5 could scroll a |
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1449 line whose height is very short off the screen, while a value of 3.3 |
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1450 could scroll just part of the way through a tall line or an image. |
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1451 |
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1452 @defun window-vscroll &optional window |
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1453 This function returns the current vertical scroll position of |
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1454 @var{window}, If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is |
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1455 used. |
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1456 |
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1457 @example |
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1458 @group |
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1459 (window-vscroll) |
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1460 @result{} 0 |
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1461 @end group |
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1462 @end example |
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1463 @end defun |
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1464 |
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1465 @defun set-window-vscroll window lines |
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1466 This function sets @var{window}'s vertical scroll position to |
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1467 @var{lines}. The argument @var{lines} should be zero or positive; if |
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1468 not, it is taken as zero. |
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1469 |
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1470 The actual vertical scroll position must always correspond |
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1471 to an integral number of pixels, so the value you specify |
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1472 is rounded accordingly. |
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1473 |
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1474 The return value is the result of this rounding. |
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1475 |
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1476 @example |
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1477 @group |
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1478 (set-window-vscroll (selected-window) 1.2) |
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1479 @result{} 1.13 |
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1480 @end group |
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1481 @end example |
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1482 @end defun |
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1483 |
6564 | 1484 @node Horizontal Scrolling |
1485 @section Horizontal Scrolling | |
1486 @cindex horizontal scrolling | |
1487 | |
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1488 @dfn{Horizontal scrolling} means shifting the image in the window left |
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1489 or right by a specified multiple of the normal character width. Each |
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1490 window has a @dfn{vertical scroll position}, which is a number, never |
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1491 less than zero. It specifies how far to shift the contents left. |
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1492 Shifting the window contents left generally makes all or part of some |
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1493 characters disappear off the left, and all or part of some other |
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1494 characters appear at the right. The usual value is zero. |
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1495 |
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1496 The horizontal scroll position is measured in units of the normal |
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1497 character width, which is the width of space in the default font. Thus, |
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1498 if the value is 5, that means the window contents are scrolled left by 5 |
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1499 times the the normal character width. How many characters actually |
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1500 disappear off to the left depends on their width, and could vary from |
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1501 line to line. |
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1502 |
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1503 Because we read from side to side in the ``inner loop'', and from top |
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1504 to bottom in the ``outer loop'', the effect of horizontal scrolling is |
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1505 not like that of textual or vertical scrolling. Textual scrolling |
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1506 involves selection of a portion of text to display, and vertical |
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1507 scrolling moves the window contents contiguously; but horizontal |
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1508 scrolling causes part of @emph{each line} to go off screen. |
6564 | 1509 |
1510 Usually, no horizontal scrolling is in effect; then the leftmost | |
1511 column is at the left edge of the window. In this state, scrolling to | |
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1512 the right is meaningless, since there is no data to the left of the edge |
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1513 to be revealed by it; so this is not allowed. Scrolling to the left is |
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1514 allowed; it scrolls the first columns of text off the edge of the window |
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1515 and can reveal additional columns on the right that were truncated |
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1516 before. Once a window has a nonzero amount of leftward horizontal |
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1517 scrolling, you can scroll it back to the right, but only so far as to |
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1518 reduce the net horizontal scroll to zero. There is no limit to how far |
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1519 left you can scroll, but eventually all the text will disappear off the |
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1520 left edge. |
6564 | 1521 |
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1522 In Emacs 21, redisplay automatically alters the horizontal scrolling |
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1523 of a window as necessary to ensure that point is always visible. |
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1524 However, you can still set the horizontal scrolling value explicitly. |
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1525 The value you specify will be used, provided it leaves point visible. |
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1526 |
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1527 @deffn Command scroll-left &optional count |
6564 | 1528 This function scrolls the selected window @var{count} columns to the |
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1529 left (or to the right if @var{count} is negative). The default |
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1530 for @var{count} is the window width, minus 2. |
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1531 |
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1532 The return value is the total amount of leftward horizontal scrolling in |
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1533 effect after the change---just like the value returned by |
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1534 @code{window-hscroll} (below). |
6564 | 1535 @end deffn |
1536 | |
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1537 @deffn Command scroll-right &optional count |
6564 | 1538 This function scrolls the selected window @var{count} columns to the |
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1539 right (or to the left if @var{count} is negative). The default |
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1540 for @var{count} is the window width, minus 2. |
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1541 |
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1542 The return value is the total amount of leftward horizontal scrolling in |
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1543 effect after the change---just like the value returned by |
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1544 @code{window-hscroll} (below). |
6564 | 1545 |
1546 Once you scroll a window as far right as it can go, back to its normal | |
1547 position where the total leftward scrolling is zero, attempts to scroll | |
1548 any farther right have no effect. | |
1549 @end deffn | |
1550 | |
1551 @defun window-hscroll &optional window | |
1552 This function returns the total leftward horizontal scrolling of | |
1553 @var{window}---the number of columns by which the text in @var{window} | |
1554 is scrolled left past the left margin. | |
1555 | |
1556 The value is never negative. It is zero when no horizontal scrolling | |
1557 has been done in @var{window} (which is usually the case). | |
1558 | |
1559 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is used. | |
1560 | |
1561 @example | |
1562 @group | |
1563 (window-hscroll) | |
1564 @result{} 0 | |
1565 @end group | |
1566 @group | |
1567 (scroll-left 5) | |
1568 @result{} 5 | |
1569 @end group | |
1570 @group | |
1571 (window-hscroll) | |
1572 @result{} 5 | |
1573 @end group | |
1574 @end example | |
1575 @end defun | |
1576 | |
1577 @defun set-window-hscroll window columns | |
1578 This function sets the number of columns from the left margin that | |
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1579 @var{window} is scrolled from the value of @var{columns}. The argument |
6564 | 1580 @var{columns} should be zero or positive; if not, it is taken as zero. |
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1581 Fractional values of @var{columns} are not supported at present. |
6564 | 1582 |
1583 The value returned is @var{columns}. | |
1584 | |
1585 @example | |
1586 @group | |
1587 (set-window-hscroll (selected-window) 10) | |
1588 @result{} 10 | |
1589 @end group | |
1590 @end example | |
1591 @end defun | |
1592 | |
1593 Here is how you can determine whether a given position @var{position} | |
1594 is off the screen due to horizontal scrolling: | |
1595 | |
1596 @example | |
1597 @group | |
8491
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1598 (defun hscroll-on-screen (window position) |
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1599 (save-excursion |
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1600 (goto-char position) |
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1601 (and |
8491
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1602 (>= (- (current-column) (window-hscroll window)) 0) |
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1603 (< (- (current-column) (window-hscroll window)) |
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1604 (window-width window))))) |
6564 | 1605 @end group |
1606 @end example | |
1607 | |
1608 @node Size of Window | |
1609 @section The Size of a Window | |
1610 @cindex window size | |
1611 @cindex size of window | |
1612 | |
1613 An Emacs window is rectangular, and its size information consists of | |
1614 the height (the number of lines) and the width (the number of character | |
1615 positions in each line). The mode line is included in the height. But | |
1616 the width does not count the scroll bar or the column of @samp{|} | |
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1617 characters that separates side-by-side windows. |
6564 | 1618 |
1619 The following three functions return size information about a window: | |
1620 | |
1621 @defun window-height &optional window | |
21682
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1622 This function returns the number of lines in @var{window}, including its |
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1623 mode line. If @var{window} fills its entire frame, this is typically |
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1624 one less than the value of @code{frame-height} on that frame (since the |
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1625 last line is always reserved for the minibuffer). |
6564 | 1626 |
1627 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the function uses the selected window. | |
1628 | |
1629 @example | |
1630 @group | |
1631 (window-height) | |
1632 @result{} 23 | |
1633 @end group | |
1634 @group | |
1635 (split-window-vertically) | |
1636 @result{} #<window 4 on windows.texi> | |
1637 @end group | |
1638 @group | |
1639 (window-height) | |
1640 @result{} 11 | |
1641 @end group | |
1642 @end example | |
1643 @end defun | |
1644 | |
1645 @defun window-width &optional window | |
1646 This function returns the number of columns in @var{window}. If | |
1647 @var{window} fills its entire frame, this is the same as the value of | |
1648 @code{frame-width} on that frame. The width does not include the | |
1649 window's scroll bar or the column of @samp{|} characters that separates | |
1650 side-by-side windows. | |
1651 | |
1652 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the function uses the selected window. | |
1653 | |
1654 @example | |
1655 @group | |
1656 (window-width) | |
1657 @result{} 80 | |
1658 @end group | |
1659 @end example | |
1660 @end defun | |
1661 | |
1662 @defun window-edges &optional window | |
1663 This function returns a list of the edge coordinates of @var{window}. | |
1664 If @var{window} is @code{nil}, the selected window is used. | |
1665 | |
1666 The order of the list is @code{(@var{left} @var{top} @var{right} | |
1667 @var{bottom})}, all elements relative to 0, 0 at the top left corner of | |
1668 the frame. The element @var{right} of the value is one more than the | |
1669 rightmost column used by @var{window}, and @var{bottom} is one more than | |
1670 the bottommost row used by @var{window} and its mode-line. | |
1671 | |
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1672 If a window has a scroll bar, the right edge value includes the width of |
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1673 the scroll bar. Otherwise, if the window has a neighbor on the right, |
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1674 its right edge value includes the width of the separator line between |
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1675 the window and that neighbor. Since the width of the window does not |
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1676 include this separator, the width does not usually equal the difference |
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1677 between the right and left edges. |
6564 | 1678 |
1679 Here is the result obtained on a typical 24-line terminal with just one | |
1680 window: | |
1681 | |
1682 @example | |
1683 @group | |
1684 (window-edges (selected-window)) | |
1685 @result{} (0 0 80 23) | |
1686 @end group | |
1687 @end example | |
1688 | |
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1689 @noindent |
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1690 The bottom edge is at line 23 because the last line is the echo area. |
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1691 |
13275 | 1692 If @var{window} is at the upper left corner of its frame, then |
1693 @var{bottom} is the same as the value of @code{(window-height)}, | |
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1694 @var{right} is almost the same as the value of @code{(window-width)}, |
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1695 and @var{top} and @var{left} are zero. For example, the edges of the |
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1696 following window are @w{@samp{0 0 8 5}}. Assuming that the frame has |
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1697 more than 8 columns, the last column of the window (column 7) holds a |
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1698 border rather than text. The last row (row 4) holds the mode line, |
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1699 shown here with @samp{xxxxxxxxx}. |
6564 | 1700 |
1701 @example | |
1702 @group | |
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1703 0 |
6564 | 1704 _______ |
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1705 0 | | |
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1706 | | |
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1707 | | |
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1708 | | |
6564 | 1709 xxxxxxxxx 4 |
1710 | |
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1711 7 |
6564 | 1712 @end group |
1713 @end example | |
1714 | |
1715 In the following example, let's suppose that the frame is 7 | |
1716 columns wide. Then the edges of the left window are @w{@samp{0 0 4 3}} | |
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1717 and the edges of the right window are @w{@samp{4 0 8 3}}. |
6564 | 1718 |
1719 @example | |
1720 @group | |
1721 ___ ___ | |
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1722 | | | |
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1723 | | | |
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1724 xxxxxxxxx |
6564 | 1725 |
1726 0 34 7 | |
1727 @end group | |
1728 @end example | |
1729 @end defun | |
1730 | |
1731 @node Resizing Windows | |
1732 @section Changing the Size of a Window | |
1733 @cindex window resizing | |
1734 @cindex changing window size | |
1735 @cindex window size, changing | |
1736 | |
1737 The window size functions fall into two classes: high-level commands | |
1738 that change the size of windows and low-level functions that access | |
1739 window size. Emacs does not permit overlapping windows or gaps between | |
1740 windows, so resizing one window affects other windows. | |
1741 | |
1742 @deffn Command enlarge-window size &optional horizontal | |
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1743 This function makes the selected window @var{size} lines taller, |
6564 | 1744 stealing lines from neighboring windows. It takes the lines from one |
1745 window at a time until that window is used up, then takes from another. | |
1746 If a window from which lines are stolen shrinks below | |
1747 @code{window-min-height} lines, that window disappears. | |
1748 | |
1749 If @var{horizontal} is non-@code{nil}, this function makes | |
1750 @var{window} wider by @var{size} columns, stealing columns instead of | |
1751 lines. If a window from which columns are stolen shrinks below | |
1752 @code{window-min-width} columns, that window disappears. | |
1753 | |
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1754 If the requested size would exceed that of the window's frame, then the |
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1755 function makes the window occupy the entire height (or width) of the |
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1756 frame. |
6564 | 1757 |
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1758 If there are various other windows from which lines or columns can be |
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1759 stolen, and some of them specify fixed size (using |
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1760 @code{window-size-fixed}, see below), they are left untouched while |
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1761 other windows are ``robbed.'' If it would be necessary to alter the |
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1762 size of a fixed-size window, @code{enlarge-window} gets an error |
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1763 instead. |
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1764 |
6564 | 1765 If @var{size} is negative, this function shrinks the window by |
1766 @minus{}@var{size} lines or columns. If that makes the window smaller | |
1767 than the minimum size (@code{window-min-height} and | |
1768 @code{window-min-width}), @code{enlarge-window} deletes the window. | |
1769 | |
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1770 @code{enlarge-window} returns @code{nil}. |
6564 | 1771 @end deffn |
1772 | |
1773 @deffn Command enlarge-window-horizontally columns | |
1774 This function makes the selected window @var{columns} wider. | |
1775 It could be defined as follows: | |
1776 | |
1777 @example | |
1778 @group | |
1779 (defun enlarge-window-horizontally (columns) | |
1780 (enlarge-window columns t)) | |
1781 @end group | |
1782 @end example | |
1783 @end deffn | |
1784 | |
1785 @deffn Command shrink-window size &optional horizontal | |
1786 This function is like @code{enlarge-window} but negates the argument | |
1787 @var{size}, making the selected window smaller by giving lines (or | |
1788 columns) to the other windows. If the window shrinks below | |
1789 @code{window-min-height} or @code{window-min-width}, then it disappears. | |
1790 | |
1791 If @var{size} is negative, the window is enlarged by @minus{}@var{size} | |
1792 lines or columns. | |
1793 @end deffn | |
1794 | |
1795 @deffn Command shrink-window-horizontally columns | |
1796 This function makes the selected window @var{columns} narrower. | |
1797 It could be defined as follows: | |
1798 | |
1799 @example | |
1800 @group | |
1801 (defun shrink-window-horizontally (columns) | |
1802 (shrink-window columns t)) | |
1803 @end group | |
1804 @end example | |
1805 @end deffn | |
1806 | |
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1807 @deffn Command shrink-window-if-larger-than-buffer &optional window |
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1808 This command shrinks @var{window} to be as small as possible while still |
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1809 showing the full contents of its buffer---but not less than |
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1810 @code{window-min-height} lines. If @var{window} is not given, |
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1811 it defaults to the selected window. |
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1812 |
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1813 However, the command does nothing if the window is already too small to |
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1814 display the whole text of the buffer, or if part of the contents are |
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1815 currently scrolled off screen, or if the window is not the full width of |
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1816 its frame, or if the window is the only window in its frame. |
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1817 @end deffn |
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1818 |
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1819 @tindex window-size-fixed |
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1820 @defvar window-size-fixed |
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1821 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, in any given buffer, |
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1822 then the size of any window displaying the buffer remains fixed |
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1823 unless you explicitly change it or Emacs has no other choice. |
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1824 (This feature is new in Emacs 21.) |
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1825 |
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1826 If the value is @code{height}, then only the window's height is fixed; |
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1827 if the value is @code{width}, then only the window's width is fixed. |
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1828 Any other non-@code{nil} value fixes both the width and the height. |
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1829 |
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1830 The usual way to use this variable is to give it a buffer-local value in |
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1831 a particular buffer. That way, the windows (but usually there is only |
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1832 one) displaying that buffer have fixed size. |
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1833 |
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1834 Explicit size-change functions such as @code{enlarge-window} |
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1835 get an error if they would have to change a window size which is fixed. |
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1836 Therefore, when you want to change the size of such a window, |
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1837 you should bind @code{window-size-fixed} to @code{nil}, like this: |
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1838 |
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1839 @example |
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1840 (let ((window-size-fixed nil)) |
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1841 (enlarge-window 10)) |
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1842 @end example |
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1843 |
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1844 Note that changing the frame size will change the size of a |
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1845 fixed-size window, if there is no other alternative. |
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1846 @end defvar |
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1847 |
6564 | 1848 @cindex minimum window size |
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1849 The following two variables constrain the window-size-changing |
6564 | 1850 functions to a minimum height and width. |
1851 | |
1852 @defopt window-min-height | |
1853 The value of this variable determines how short a window may become | |
1854 before it is automatically deleted. Making a window smaller than | |
1855 @code{window-min-height} automatically deletes it, and no window may be | |
1856 created shorter than this. The absolute minimum height is two (allowing | |
1857 one line for the mode line, and one line for the buffer display). | |
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1858 Actions that change window sizes reset this variable to two if it is |
6564 | 1859 less than two. The default value is 4. |
1860 @end defopt | |
1861 | |
1862 @defopt window-min-width | |
1863 The value of this variable determines how narrow a window may become | |
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1864 before it is automatically deleted. Making a window smaller than |
6564 | 1865 @code{window-min-width} automatically deletes it, and no window may be |
1866 created narrower than this. The absolute minimum width is one; any | |
1867 value below that is ignored. The default value is 10. | |
1868 @end defopt | |
1869 | |
1870 @node Coordinates and Windows | |
1871 @section Coordinates and Windows | |
1872 | |
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1873 This section describes how to relate screen coordinates to windows. |
6564 | 1874 |
1875 @defun window-at x y &optional frame | |
1876 This function returns the window containing the specified cursor | |
1877 position in the frame @var{frame}. The coordinates @var{x} and @var{y} | |
1878 are measured in characters and count from the top left corner of the | |
1879 frame. If they are out of range, @code{window-at} returns @code{nil}. | |
1880 | |
1881 If you omit @var{frame}, the selected frame is used. | |
1882 @end defun | |
1883 | |
1884 @defun coordinates-in-window-p coordinates window | |
1885 This function checks whether a particular frame position falls within | |
1886 the window @var{window}. | |
1887 | |
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1888 The argument @var{coordinates} is a cons cell of the form @code{(@var{x} |
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1889 . @var{y})}. The coordinates @var{x} and @var{y} are measured in |
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1890 characters, and count from the top left corner of the screen or frame. |
6564 | 1891 |
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1892 The value returned by @code{coordinates-in-window-p} is non-@code{nil} |
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1893 if the coordinates are inside @var{window}. The value also indicates |
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1894 what part of the window the position is in, as follows: |
6564 | 1895 |
1896 @table @code | |
1897 @item (@var{relx} . @var{rely}) | |
1898 The coordinates are inside @var{window}. The numbers @var{relx} and | |
1899 @var{rely} are the equivalent window-relative coordinates for the | |
1900 specified position, counting from 0 at the top left corner of the | |
1901 window. | |
1902 | |
1903 @item mode-line | |
1904 The coordinates are in the mode line of @var{window}. | |
1905 | |
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1906 @item header-line |
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1907 The coordinates are in the header line of @var{window}. |
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1908 |
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1909 @item vertical-line |
6564 | 1910 The coordinates are in the vertical line between @var{window} and its |
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1911 neighbor to the right. This value occurs only if the window doesn't |
6564 | 1912 have a scroll bar; positions in a scroll bar are considered outside the |
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1913 window for these purposes. |
6564 | 1914 |
1915 @item nil | |
1916 The coordinates are not in any part of @var{window}. | |
1917 @end table | |
1918 | |
1919 The function @code{coordinates-in-window-p} does not require a frame as | |
1920 argument because it always uses the frame that @var{window} is on. | |
1921 @end defun | |
1922 | |
1923 @node Window Configurations | |
1924 @section Window Configurations | |
1925 @cindex window configurations | |
1926 @cindex saving window information | |
1927 | |
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1928 A @dfn{window configuration} records the entire layout of one |
6564 | 1929 frame---all windows, their sizes, which buffers they contain, what part |
1930 of each buffer is displayed, and the values of point and the mark. You | |
1931 can bring back an entire previous layout by restoring a window | |
1932 configuration previously saved. | |
1933 | |
1934 If you want to record all frames instead of just one, use a frame | |
1935 configuration instead of a window configuration. @xref{Frame | |
1936 Configurations}. | |
1937 | |
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1938 @defun current-window-configuration &optional frame |
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1939 This function returns a new object representing @var{frame}'s |
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1940 current window configuration, including the number of windows, their |
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1941 sizes and current buffers, which window is the selected window, and for |
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1942 each window the displayed buffer, the display-start position, and the |
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1943 positions of point and the mark. It also includes the values of |
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1944 @code{window-min-height}, @code{window-min-width} and |
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1945 @code{minibuffer-scroll-window}. An exception is made for point in the |
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1946 current buffer, whose value is not saved. |
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1947 |
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1948 If @var{frame} is omitted, the selected frame is used. |
6564 | 1949 @end defun |
1950 | |
1951 @defun set-window-configuration configuration | |
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1952 This function restores the configuration of windows and buffers as |
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1953 specified by @var{configuration}, for the frame that @var{configuration} |
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1954 was created for. |
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1955 |
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1956 The argument @var{configuration} must be a value that was previously |
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1957 returned by @code{current-window-configuration}. This configuration is |
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1958 restored in the frame from which @var{configuration} was made, whether |
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1959 that frame is selected or not. This always counts as a window size |
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1960 change and triggers execution of the @code{window-size-change-functions} |
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1961 (@pxref{Window Hooks}), because @code{set-window-configuration} doesn't |
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1962 know how to tell whether the new configuration actually differs from the |
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1963 old one. |
6564 | 1964 |
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1965 If the frame which @var{configuration} was saved from is dead, all this |
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1966 function does is restore the three variables @code{window-min-height}, |
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1967 @code{window-min-width} and @code{minibuffer-scroll-window}. |
12098 | 1968 |
6564 | 1969 Here is a way of using this function to get the same effect |
1970 as @code{save-window-excursion}: | |
1971 | |
1972 @example | |
1973 @group | |
1974 (let ((config (current-window-configuration))) | |
1975 (unwind-protect | |
1976 (progn (split-window-vertically nil) | |
1977 @dots{}) | |
1978 (set-window-configuration config))) | |
1979 @end group | |
1980 @end example | |
1981 @end defun | |
1982 | |
1983 @defspec save-window-excursion forms@dots{} | |
1984 This special form records the window configuration, executes @var{forms} | |
1985 in sequence, then restores the earlier window configuration. The window | |
1986 configuration includes the value of point and the portion of the buffer | |
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1987 that is visible. It also includes the choice of selected window. |
6564 | 1988 However, it does not include the value of point in the current buffer; |
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1989 use @code{save-excursion} also, if you wish to preserve that. |
6564 | 1990 |
12098 | 1991 Don't use this construct when @code{save-selected-window} is all you need. |
1992 | |
1993 Exit from @code{save-window-excursion} always triggers execution of the | |
1994 @code{window-size-change-functions}. (It doesn't know how to tell | |
1995 whether the restored configuration actually differs from the one in | |
1996 effect at the end of the @var{forms}.) | |
1997 | |
6564 | 1998 The return value is the value of the final form in @var{forms}. |
1999 For example: | |
2000 | |
2001 @example | |
2002 @group | |
2003 (split-window) | |
2004 @result{} #<window 25 on control.texi> | |
2005 @end group | |
2006 @group | |
2007 (setq w (selected-window)) | |
2008 @result{} #<window 19 on control.texi> | |
2009 @end group | |
2010 @group | |
2011 (save-window-excursion | |
2012 (delete-other-windows w) | |
2013 (switch-to-buffer "foo") | |
2014 'do-something) | |
2015 @result{} do-something | |
2016 ;; @r{The screen is now split again.} | |
2017 @end group | |
2018 @end example | |
2019 @end defspec | |
2020 | |
2021 @defun window-configuration-p object | |
2022 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a window configuration. | |
2023 @end defun | |
2024 | |
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2025 @defun compare-window-configurations config1 config2 |
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2026 This function compares two window configurations as regards the |
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2027 structure of windows, but ignores the values of point and mark and the |
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2028 saved scrolling positions---it can return @code{t} even if those |
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2029 aspects differ. |
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2030 |
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2031 The function @code{equal} can also compare two window configurations; it |
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2032 regards configurations as unequal if they differ in any respect, even a |
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2033 saved point or mark. |
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2034 @end defun |
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2035 |
6564 | 2036 Primitives to look inside of window configurations would make sense, |
2037 but none are implemented. It is not clear they are useful enough to be | |
2038 worth implementing. | |
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2039 |
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2040 @node Window Hooks |
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2041 @section Hooks for Window Scrolling and Changes |
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2042 |
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2043 This section describes how a Lisp program can take action whenever a |
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2044 window displays a different part of its buffer or a different buffer. |
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2045 There are three actions that can change this: scrolling the window, |
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2046 switching buffers in the window, and changing the size of the window. |
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2047 The first two actions run @code{window-scroll-functions}; the last runs |
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2048 @code{window-size-change-functions}. The paradigmatic use of these |
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2049 hooks is in the implementation of Lazy Lock mode; see @ref{Support |
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2050 Modes, Lazy Lock, Font Lock Support Modes, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. |
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2051 |
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2052 @defvar window-scroll-functions |
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2053 This variable holds a list of functions that Emacs should call before |
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2054 redisplaying a window with scrolling. It is not a normal hook, because |
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2055 each function is called with two arguments: the window, and its new |
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2056 display-start position. |
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2057 |
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2058 Displaying a different buffer in the window also runs these functions. |
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2059 |
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2060 These functions must be careful in using @code{window-end} |
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2061 (@pxref{Window Start}); if you need an up-to-date value, you must use |
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2062 the @var{update} argument to ensure you get it. |
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2063 @end defvar |
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2064 |
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2065 @defvar window-size-change-functions |
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2066 This variable holds a list of functions to be called if the size of any |
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2067 window changes for any reason. The functions are called just once per |
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2068 redisplay, and just once for each frame on which size changes have |
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2069 occurred. |
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2070 |
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2071 Each function receives the frame as its sole argument. There is no |
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2072 direct way to find out which windows on that frame have changed size, or |
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2073 precisely how. However, if a size-change function records, at each |
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2074 call, the existing windows and their sizes, it can also compare the |
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2075 present sizes and the previous sizes. |
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2076 |
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2077 Creating or deleting windows counts as a size change, and therefore |
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2078 causes these functions to be called. Changing the frame size also |
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2079 counts, because it changes the sizes of the existing windows. |
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2080 |
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2081 It is not a good idea to use @code{save-window-excursion} (@pxref{Window |
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2082 Configurations}) in these functions, because that always counts as a |
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2083 size change, and it would cause these functions to be called over and |
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2084 over. In most cases, @code{save-selected-window} (@pxref{Selecting |
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2085 Windows}) is what you need here. |
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2086 @end defvar |
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2087 |
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2088 @defvar redisplay-end-trigger-functions |
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2089 This abnormal hook is run whenever redisplay in a window uses text that |
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2090 extends past a specified end trigger position. You set the end trigger |
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2091 position with the function @code{set-window-redisplay-end-trigger}. The |
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2092 functions are called with two arguments: the window, and the end trigger |
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2093 position. Storing @code{nil} for the end trigger position turns off the |
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2094 feature, and the trigger value is automatically reset to @code{nil} just |
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2095 after the hook is run. |
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2096 @end defvar |
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2097 |
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2098 @defun set-window-redisplay-end-trigger window position |
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2099 This function sets @var{window}'s end trigger position at |
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2100 @var{position}. |
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2101 @end defun |
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2102 |
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2103 @defun window-redisplay-end-trigger &optional window |
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2104 This function returns @var{window}'s current end trigger position. |
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2105 @end defun |
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2106 |
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2107 @defvar window-configuration-change-hook |
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2108 A normal hook that is run every time you change the window configuration |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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2109 of an existing frame. This includes splitting or deleting windows, |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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2110 changing the sizes of windows, or displaying a different buffer in a |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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2111 window. The frame whose window configuration has changed is the |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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2112 selected frame when this hook runs. |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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2113 @end defvar |