annotate lispref/lists.texi @ 27156:488f307b4f59

(International Intro): Add a link to to Fontsets.
author Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @setfilename ../info/lists
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6 @node Lists, Sequences Arrays Vectors, Strings and Characters, Top
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7 @chapter Lists
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8 @cindex list
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9 @cindex element (of list)
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10
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11 A @dfn{list} represents a sequence of zero or more elements (which may
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12 be any Lisp objects). The important difference between lists and
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13 vectors is that two or more lists can share part of their structure; in
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14 addition, you can insert or delete elements in a list without copying
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15 the whole list.
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16
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17 @menu
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18 * Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells.
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19 * Lists as Boxes:: Graphical notation to explain lists.
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20 * List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists.
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21 * List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list.
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22 * Building Lists:: Creating list structure.
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23 * Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list.
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24 * Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set.
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25 * Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping.
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26 @end menu
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27
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28 @node Cons Cells
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29 @section Lists and Cons Cells
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30 @cindex lists and cons cells
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31 @cindex @code{nil} and lists
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32
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33 Lists in Lisp are not a primitive data type; they are built up from
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34 @dfn{cons cells}. A cons cell is a data object that represents an
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35 ordered pair. That is, it has two slots, and each slot @dfn{holds}, or
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36 @dfn{refers to}, some Lisp object. One slot is known as the @sc{car},
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37 and the other is known as the @sc{cdr}. (These names are traditional;
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38 see @ref{Cons Cell Type}.) @sc{cdr} is pronounced ``could-er.''
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39
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40 We say that ``the @sc{car} of this cons cell is'' whatever object
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41 its @sc{car} slot currently holds, and likewise for the @sc{cdr}.
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42
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43 A list is a series of cons cells ``chained together,'' so that each
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44 cell refers to the next one. There one cons cell for each element of
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45 the list. By convention, the @sc{car}s of the cons cells hold the
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46 elements of the list, and the @sc{cdr}s are used to chain the list: the
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47 @sc{cdr} slot of each cons cell refers to the following cons cell. The
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48 @sc{cdr} of the last cons cell is @code{nil}. This asymmetry between
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49 the @sc{car} and the @sc{cdr} is entirely a matter of convention; at the
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50 level of cons cells, the @sc{car} and @sc{cdr} slots have the same
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51 characteristics.
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52
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53 @cindex list structure
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54 Because most cons cells are used as part of lists, the phrase
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55 @dfn{list structure} has come to mean any structure made out of cons
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56 cells.
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57
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58 The symbol @code{nil} is considered a list as well as a symbol; it is
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59 the list with no elements. For convenience, the symbol @code{nil} is
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60 considered to have @code{nil} as its @sc{cdr} (and also as its
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61 @sc{car}).
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62
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63 The @sc{cdr} of any nonempty list @var{l} is a list containing all the
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64 elements of @var{l} except the first.
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65
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66 @node Lists as Boxes
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67 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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68 @section Lists as Linked Pairs of Boxes
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69 @cindex box representation for lists
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70 @cindex lists represented as boxes
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71 @cindex cons cell as box
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72
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73 A cons cell can be illustrated as a pair of boxes. The first box
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74 represents the @sc{car} and the second box represents the @sc{cdr}.
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75 Here is an illustration of the two-element list, @code{(tulip lily)},
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76 made from two cons cells:
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77
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78 @example
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79 @group
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80 --------------- ---------------
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81 | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
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82 | tulip | o---------->| lily | nil |
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83 | | | | | |
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84 --------------- ---------------
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85 @end group
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86 @end example
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87
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88 Each pair of boxes represents a cons cell. Each box ``refers to'',
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89 ``points to'' or ``holds'' a Lisp object. (These terms are
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90 synonymous.) The first box, which describes the @sc{car} of the first
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91 cons cell, contains the symbol @code{tulip}. The arrow from the
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92 @sc{cdr} box of the first cons cell to the second cons cell indicates
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93 that the @sc{cdr} of the first cons cell is the second cons cell.
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94
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95 The same list can be illustrated in a different sort of box notation
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96 like this:
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97
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98 @example
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99 @group
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100 --- --- --- ---
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101 | | |--> | | |--> nil
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102 --- --- --- ---
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103 | |
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104 | |
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105 --> tulip --> lily
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106 @end group
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107 @end example
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108
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109 Here is a more complex illustration, showing the three-element list,
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110 @code{((pine needles) oak maple)}, the first element of which is a
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111 two-element list:
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112
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113 @example
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114 @group
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115 --- --- --- --- --- ---
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116 | | |--> | | |--> | | |--> nil
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117 --- --- --- --- --- ---
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118 | | |
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119 | | |
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120 | --> oak --> maple
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121 |
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122 | --- --- --- ---
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123 --> | | |--> | | |--> nil
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124 --- --- --- ---
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125 | |
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126 | |
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127 --> pine --> needles
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128 @end group
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129 @end example
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130
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131 The same list represented in the first box notation looks like this:
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132
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133 @example
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134 @group
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135 -------------- -------------- --------------
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136 | car | cdr | | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
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137 | o | o------->| oak | o------->| maple | nil |
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138 | | | | | | | | | |
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139 -- | --------- -------------- --------------
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140 |
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141 |
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142 | -------------- ----------------
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143 | | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
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144 ------>| pine | o------->| needles | nil |
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145 | | | | | |
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146 -------------- ----------------
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147 @end group
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148 @end example
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149
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150 @xref{Cons Cell Type}, for the read and print syntax of cons cells and
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151 lists, and for more ``box and arrow'' illustrations of lists.
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152
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153 @node List-related Predicates
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154 @section Predicates on Lists
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155
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156 The following predicates test whether a Lisp object is an atom, is a
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157 cons cell or is a list, or whether it is the distinguished object
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158 @code{nil}. (Many of these predicates can be defined in terms of the
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159 others, but they are used so often that it is worth having all of them.)
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160
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161 @defun consp object
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162 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a cons cell, @code{nil}
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163 otherwise. @code{nil} is not a cons cell, although it @emph{is} a list.
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164 @end defun
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165
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166 @defun atom object
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167 @cindex atoms
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168 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is an atom, @code{nil}
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169 otherwise. All objects except cons cells are atoms. The symbol
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170 @code{nil} is an atom and is also a list; it is the only Lisp object
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171 that is both.
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172
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173 @example
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174 (atom @var{object}) @equiv{} (not (consp @var{object}))
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175 @end example
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176 @end defun
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177
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178 @defun listp object
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179 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a cons cell or
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180 @code{nil}. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}.
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181
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182 @example
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183 @group
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184 (listp '(1))
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185 @result{} t
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186 @end group
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187 @group
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188 (listp '())
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189 @result{} t
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190 @end group
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191 @end example
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192 @end defun
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193
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194 @defun nlistp object
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195 This function is the opposite of @code{listp}: it returns @code{t} if
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196 @var{object} is not a list. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}.
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197
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198 @example
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199 (listp @var{object}) @equiv{} (not (nlistp @var{object}))
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200 @end example
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201 @end defun
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202
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203 @defun null object
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204 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is @code{nil}, and
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205 returns @code{nil} otherwise. This function is identical to @code{not},
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206 but as a matter of clarity we use @code{null} when @var{object} is
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207 considered a list and @code{not} when it is considered a truth value
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208 (see @code{not} in @ref{Combining Conditions}).
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209
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210 @example
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211 @group
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212 (null '(1))
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213 @result{} nil
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214 @end group
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215 @group
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216 (null '())
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217 @result{} t
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218 @end group
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219 @end example
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220 @end defun
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221
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222 @need 2000
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223
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224 @node List Elements
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225 @section Accessing Elements of Lists
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226 @cindex list elements
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227
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228 @defun car cons-cell
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229 This function returns the value referred to by the first slot of the
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230 cons cell @var{cons-cell}. Expressed another way, this function
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231 returns the @sc{car} of @var{cons-cell}.
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232
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233 As a special case, if @var{cons-cell} is @code{nil}, then @code{car}
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234 is defined to return @code{nil}; therefore, any list is a valid argument
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235 for @code{car}. An error is signaled if the argument is not a cons cell
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236 or @code{nil}.
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237
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238 @example
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239 @group
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240 (car '(a b c))
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241 @result{} a
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242 @end group
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243 @group
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244 (car '())
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245 @result{} nil
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246 @end group
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247 @end example
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248 @end defun
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249
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250 @defun cdr cons-cell
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251 This function returns the value referred to by the second slot of
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252 the cons cell @var{cons-cell}. Expressed another way, this function
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253 returns the @sc{cdr} of @var{cons-cell}.
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254
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255 As a special case, if @var{cons-cell} is @code{nil}, then @code{cdr}
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256 is defined to return @code{nil}; therefore, any list is a valid argument
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257 for @code{cdr}. An error is signaled if the argument is not a cons cell
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258 or @code{nil}.
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259
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260 @example
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261 @group
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262 (cdr '(a b c))
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263 @result{} (b c)
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264 @end group
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265 @group
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266 (cdr '())
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267 @result{} nil
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268 @end group
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269 @end example
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270 @end defun
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271
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272 @defun car-safe object
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273 This function lets you take the @sc{car} of a cons cell while avoiding
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274 errors for other data types. It returns the @sc{car} of @var{object} if
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275 @var{object} is a cons cell, @code{nil} otherwise. This is in contrast
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276 to @code{car}, which signals an error if @var{object} is not a list.
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277
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278 @example
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279 @group
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280 (car-safe @var{object})
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281 @equiv{}
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282 (let ((x @var{object}))
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283 (if (consp x)
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284 (car x)
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285 nil))
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286 @end group
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287 @end example
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288 @end defun
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289
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290 @defun cdr-safe object
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291 This function lets you take the @sc{cdr} of a cons cell while
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292 avoiding errors for other data types. It returns the @sc{cdr} of
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293 @var{object} if @var{object} is a cons cell, @code{nil} otherwise.
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294 This is in contrast to @code{cdr}, which signals an error if
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295 @var{object} is not a list.
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296
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297 @example
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298 @group
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299 (cdr-safe @var{object})
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300 @equiv{}
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301 (let ((x @var{object}))
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302 (if (consp x)
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303 (cdr x)
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304 nil))
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305 @end group
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306 @end example
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307 @end defun
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308
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309 @tindex pop
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310 @defmac pop listname
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311 This macro is a way of examining the @sc{car} of a list,
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312 and taking it off the list, all at once. It is new in Emacs 21.
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313
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314 It operates on the list which is stored in the symbol @var{listname}.
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315 It removes this element from the list by setting @var{listname}
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316 to the @sc{cdr} of its old value---but it also returns the @sc{car}
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317 of that list, which is the element being removed.
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318
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319 @example
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320 x
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321 @result{} (a b c)
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322 (pop x)
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323 @result{} a
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324 x
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325 @result{} (b c)
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326 @end example
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327 @end defmac
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328
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329 @defun nth n list
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330 This function returns the @var{n}th element of @var{list}. Elements
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331 are numbered starting with zero, so the @sc{car} of @var{list} is
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332 element number zero. If the length of @var{list} is @var{n} or less,
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333 the value is @code{nil}.
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334
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335 If @var{n} is negative, @code{nth} returns the first element of
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336 @var{list}.
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337
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338 @example
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339 @group
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340 (nth 2 '(1 2 3 4))
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341 @result{} 3
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342 @end group
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343 @group
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344 (nth 10 '(1 2 3 4))
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345 @result{} nil
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346 @end group
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347 @group
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348 (nth -3 '(1 2 3 4))
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349 @result{} 1
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350
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351 (nth n x) @equiv{} (car (nthcdr n x))
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352 @end group
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353 @end example
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354
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355 The function @code{elt} is similar, but applies to any kind of sequence.
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356 For historical reasons, it takes its arguments in the opposite order.
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357 @xref{Sequence Functions}.
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358 @end defun
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359
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360 @defun nthcdr n list
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361 This function returns the @var{n}th @sc{cdr} of @var{list}. In other
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362 words, it skips past the first @var{n} links of @var{list} and returns
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363 what follows.
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364
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365 If @var{n} is zero or negative, @code{nthcdr} returns all of
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366 @var{list}. If the length of @var{list} is @var{n} or less,
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367 @code{nthcdr} returns @code{nil}.
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368
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369 @example
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370 @group
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371 (nthcdr 1 '(1 2 3 4))
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372 @result{} (2 3 4)
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373 @end group
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374 @group
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375 (nthcdr 10 '(1 2 3 4))
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376 @result{} nil
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377 @end group
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378 @group
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379 (nthcdr -3 '(1 2 3 4))
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380 @result{} (1 2 3 4)
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381 @end group
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382 @end example
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383 @end defun
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384
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385 @defun safe-length list
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386 @tindex safe-length
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387 This function returns the length of @var{list}, with no risk
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388 of either an error or an infinite loop.
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389
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390 If @var{list} is not really a list, @code{safe-length} returns 0. If
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391 @var{list} is circular, it returns a finite value which is at least the
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392 number of distinct elements.
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393 @end defun
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394
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395 The most common way to compute the length of a list, when you are not
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396 worried that it may be circular, is with @code{length}. @xref{Sequence
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397 Functions}.
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398
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399 @defun caar cons-cell
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400 @tindex caar
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401 This is the same as @code{(car (car @var{cons-cell}))}.
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402 @end defun
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403
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404 @defun cadr cons-cell
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405 @tindex cadr
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406 This is the same as @code{(car (cdr @var{cons-cell}))}
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407 or @code{(nth 1 @var{cons-cell})}.
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408 @end defun
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409
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410 @defun cdar cons-cell
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411 @tindex cdar
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412 This is the same as @code{(cdr (car @var{cons-cell}))}.
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413 @end defun
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414
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415 @defun cddr cons-cell
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416 @tindex cddr
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417 This is the same as @code{(cdr (cdr @var{cons-cell}))}
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418 or @code{(nthcdr 2 @var{cons-cell})}.
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419 @end defun
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420
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421 @node Building Lists
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422 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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423 @section Building Cons Cells and Lists
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424 @cindex cons cells
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425 @cindex building lists
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426
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427 Many functions build lists, as lists reside at the very heart of Lisp.
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428 @code{cons} is the fundamental list-building function; however, it is
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429 interesting to note that @code{list} is used more times in the source
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430 code for Emacs than @code{cons}.
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431
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432 @defun cons object1 object2
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433 This function is the fundamental function used to build new list
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434 structure. It creates a new cons cell, making @var{object1} the
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435 @sc{car}, and @var{object2} the @sc{cdr}. It then returns the new cons
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436 cell. The arguments @var{object1} and @var{object2} may be any Lisp
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437 objects, but most often @var{object2} is a list.
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438
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439 @example
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440 @group
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441 (cons 1 '(2))
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442 @result{} (1 2)
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443 @end group
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444 @group
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445 (cons 1 '())
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446 @result{} (1)
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447 @end group
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448 @group
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449 (cons 1 2)
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450 @result{} (1 . 2)
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451 @end group
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452 @end example
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453
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454 @cindex consing
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455 @code{cons} is often used to add a single element to the front of a
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456 list. This is called @dfn{consing the element onto the list}. For
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457 example:
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458
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459 @example
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460 (setq list (cons newelt list))
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461 @end example
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462
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463 Note that there is no conflict between the variable named @code{list}
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464 used in this example and the function named @code{list} described below;
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465 any symbol can serve both purposes.
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466 @end defun
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467
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468 @tindex push
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469 @defmac push newelt listname
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470 This macro provides an alternative way to write
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471 @code{(setq @var{listname} (cons @var{newelt} @var{listname}))}.
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472 It is new in Emacs 21.
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473 @end defmac
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474
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475 @defun list &rest objects
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476 This function creates a list with @var{objects} as its elements. The
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477 resulting list is always @code{nil}-terminated. If no @var{objects}
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478 are given, the empty list is returned.
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479
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480 @example
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481 @group
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482 (list 1 2 3 4 5)
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483 @result{} (1 2 3 4 5)
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484 @end group
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485 @group
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486 (list 1 2 '(3 4 5) 'foo)
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487 @result{} (1 2 (3 4 5) foo)
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488 @end group
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489 @group
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490 (list)
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491 @result{} nil
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492 @end group
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493 @end example
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494 @end defun
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495
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496 @defun make-list length object
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497 This function creates a list of length @var{length}, in which all the
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498 elements have the identical value @var{object}. Compare
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499 @code{make-list} with @code{make-string} (@pxref{Creating Strings}).
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500
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501 @example
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502 @group
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503 (make-list 3 'pigs)
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504 @result{} (pigs pigs pigs)
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505 @end group
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506 @group
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507 (make-list 0 'pigs)
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508 @result{} nil
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509 @end group
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510 @end example
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511 @end defun
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512
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513 @defun append &rest sequences
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514 @cindex copying lists
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515 This function returns a list containing all the elements of
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516 @var{sequences}. The @var{sequences} may be lists, vectors,
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517 bool-vectors, or strings, but the last one should usually be a list.
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518 All arguments except the last one are copied, so none of the arguments
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519 is altered. (See @code{nconc} in @ref{Rearrangement}, for a way to join
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520 lists with no copying.)
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521
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522 More generally, the final argument to @code{append} may be any Lisp
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523 object. The final argument is not copied or converted; it becomes the
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524 @sc{cdr} of the last cons cell in the new list. If the final argument
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525 is itself a list, then its elements become in effect elements of the
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526 result list. If the final element is not a list, the result is a
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527 ``dotted list'' since its final @sc{cdr} is not @code{nil} as required
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528 in a true list.
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529
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530 The @code{append} function also allows integers as arguments. It
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531 converts them to strings of digits, making up the decimal print
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532 representation of the integer, and then uses the strings instead of the
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533 original integers. @strong{Don't use this feature; we plan to eliminate
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534 it. If you already use this feature, change your programs now!} The
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535 proper way to convert an integer to a decimal number in this way is with
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536 @code{format} (@pxref{Formatting Strings}) or @code{number-to-string}
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537 (@pxref{String Conversion}).
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538 @end defun
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539
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540 Here is an example of using @code{append}:
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541
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542 @example
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543 @group
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544 (setq trees '(pine oak))
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545 @result{} (pine oak)
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546 (setq more-trees (append '(maple birch) trees))
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547 @result{} (maple birch pine oak)
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548 @end group
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549
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550 @group
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551 trees
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552 @result{} (pine oak)
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553 more-trees
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554 @result{} (maple birch pine oak)
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555 @end group
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556 @group
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557 (eq trees (cdr (cdr more-trees)))
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558 @result{} t
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559 @end group
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560 @end example
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561
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562 You can see how @code{append} works by looking at a box diagram. The
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563 variable @code{trees} is set to the list @code{(pine oak)} and then the
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564 variable @code{more-trees} is set to the list @code{(maple birch pine
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565 oak)}. However, the variable @code{trees} continues to refer to the
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566 original list:
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567
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568 @smallexample
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569 @group
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570 more-trees trees
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571 | |
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572 | --- --- --- --- -> --- --- --- ---
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573 --> | | |--> | | |--> | | |--> | | |--> nil
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574 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
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575 | | | |
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576 | | | |
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577 --> maple -->birch --> pine --> oak
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578 @end group
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579 @end smallexample
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580
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581 An empty sequence contributes nothing to the value returned by
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582 @code{append}. As a consequence of this, a final @code{nil} argument
22274
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583 forces a copy of the previous argument:
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584
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585 @example
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586 @group
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587 trees
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588 @result{} (pine oak)
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589 @end group
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590 @group
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591 (setq wood (append trees nil))
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592 @result{} (pine oak)
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593 @end group
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594 @group
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595 wood
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596 @result{} (pine oak)
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597 @end group
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598 @group
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599 (eq wood trees)
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600 @result{} nil
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601 @end group
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602 @end example
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603
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604 @noindent
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605 This once was the usual way to copy a list, before the function
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606 @code{copy-sequence} was invented. @xref{Sequences Arrays Vectors}.
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607
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608 Here we show the use of vectors and strings as arguments to @code{append}:
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609
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610 @example
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611 @group
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612 (append [a b] "cd" nil)
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613 @result{} (a b 99 100)
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614 @end group
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615 @end example
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616
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617 With the help of @code{apply} (@pxref{Calling Functions}), we can append
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618 all the lists in a list of lists:
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619
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620 @example
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621 @group
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622 (apply 'append '((a b c) nil (x y z) nil))
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623 @result{} (a b c x y z)
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624 @end group
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625 @end example
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626
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627 If no @var{sequences} are given, @code{nil} is returned:
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628
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629 @example
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630 @group
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631 (append)
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632 @result{} nil
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633 @end group
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634 @end example
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635
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636 Here are some examples where the final argument is not a list:
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637
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638 @example
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639 (append '(x y) 'z)
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640 @result{} (x y . z)
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641 (append '(x y) [z])
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642 @result{} (x y . [z])
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643 @end example
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644
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645 @noindent
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646 The second example shows that when the final argument is a sequence but
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647 not a list, the sequence's elements do not become elements of the
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648 resulting list. Instead, the sequence becomes the final @sc{cdr}, like
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649 any other non-list final argument.
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650
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651 @defun reverse list
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652 This function creates a new list whose elements are the elements of
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653 @var{list}, but in reverse order. The original argument @var{list} is
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654 @emph{not} altered.
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655
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656 @example
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657 @group
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658 (setq x '(1 2 3 4))
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659 @result{} (1 2 3 4)
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660 @end group
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661 @group
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662 (reverse x)
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663 @result{} (4 3 2 1)
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664 x
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665 @result{} (1 2 3 4)
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666 @end group
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667 @end example
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668 @end defun
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669
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670 @node Modifying Lists
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671 @section Modifying Existing List Structure
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672 @cindex destructive list operations
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673
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674 You can modify the @sc{car} and @sc{cdr} contents of a cons cell with the
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parents: 22253
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675 primitives @code{setcar} and @code{setcdr}. We call these ``destructive''
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parents: 22253
diff changeset
676 operations because they change existing list structure.
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parents:
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677
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parents:
diff changeset
678 @cindex CL note---@code{rplaca} vrs @code{setcar}
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parents:
diff changeset
679 @quotation
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parents:
diff changeset
680 @findex rplaca
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parents:
diff changeset
681 @findex rplacd
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parents:
diff changeset
682 @b{Common Lisp note:} Common Lisp uses functions @code{rplaca} and
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parents:
diff changeset
683 @code{rplacd} to alter list structure; they change structure the same
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parents:
diff changeset
684 way as @code{setcar} and @code{setcdr}, but the Common Lisp functions
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parents:
diff changeset
685 return the cons cell while @code{setcar} and @code{setcdr} return the
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parents:
diff changeset
686 new @sc{car} or @sc{cdr}.
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parents:
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687 @end quotation
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parents:
diff changeset
688
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parents:
diff changeset
689 @menu
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parents:
diff changeset
690 * Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list.
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parents:
diff changeset
691 * Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone.
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parents:
diff changeset
692 This can be used to remove or add elements.
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parents:
diff changeset
693 * Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists.
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parents:
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694 @end menu
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parents:
diff changeset
695
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parents:
diff changeset
696 @node Setcar
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parents:
diff changeset
697 @subsection Altering List Elements with @code{setcar}
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parents:
diff changeset
698
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
699 Changing the @sc{car} of a cons cell is done with @code{setcar}. When
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
700 used on a list, @code{setcar} replaces one element of a list with a
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
701 different element.
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parents:
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702
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parents:
diff changeset
703 @defun setcar cons object
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parents:
diff changeset
704 This function stores @var{object} as the new @sc{car} of @var{cons},
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
705 replacing its previous @sc{car}. In other words, it changes the
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parents: 22961
diff changeset
706 @sc{car} slot of @var{cons} to refer to @var{object}. It returns the
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
707 value @var{object}. For example:
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parents:
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708
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709 @example
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parents:
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710 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
711 (setq x '(1 2))
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parents:
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712 @result{} (1 2)
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713 @end group
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parents:
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714 @group
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parents:
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715 (setcar x 4)
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parents:
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716 @result{} 4
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717 @end group
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parents:
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718 @group
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parents:
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719 x
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parents:
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720 @result{} (4 2)
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parents:
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721 @end group
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722 @end example
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parents:
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723 @end defun
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parents:
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724
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parents:
diff changeset
725 When a cons cell is part of the shared structure of several lists,
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parents:
diff changeset
726 storing a new @sc{car} into the cons changes one element of each of
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parents:
diff changeset
727 these lists. Here is an example:
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parents:
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728
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729 @example
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parents:
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730 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
731 ;; @r{Create two lists that are partly shared.}
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parents:
diff changeset
732 (setq x1 '(a b c))
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parents:
diff changeset
733 @result{} (a b c)
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parents:
diff changeset
734 (setq x2 (cons 'z (cdr x1)))
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parents:
diff changeset
735 @result{} (z b c)
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parents:
diff changeset
736 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
737
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parents:
diff changeset
738 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
739 ;; @r{Replace the @sc{car} of a shared link.}
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parents:
diff changeset
740 (setcar (cdr x1) 'foo)
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parents:
diff changeset
741 @result{} foo
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742 x1 ; @r{Both lists are changed.}
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parents:
diff changeset
743 @result{} (a foo c)
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parents:
diff changeset
744 x2
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parents:
diff changeset
745 @result{} (z foo c)
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parents:
diff changeset
746 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
747
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
748 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
749 ;; @r{Replace the @sc{car} of a link that is not shared.}
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parents:
diff changeset
750 (setcar x1 'baz)
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parents:
diff changeset
751 @result{} baz
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parents:
diff changeset
752 x1 ; @r{Only one list is changed.}
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parents:
diff changeset
753 @result{} (baz foo c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
754 x2
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
755 @result{} (z foo c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
757 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
758
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
759 Here is a graphical depiction of the shared structure of the two lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760 in the variables @code{x1} and @code{x2}, showing why replacing @code{b}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761 changes them both:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
762
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
763 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
764 @group
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
765 --- --- --- --- --- ---
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
766 x1---> | | |----> | | |--> | | |--> nil
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
767 --- --- --- --- --- ---
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
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768 | --> | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
769 | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
770 --> a | --> b --> c
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
771 |
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
772 --- --- |
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
773 x2--> | | |--
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
774 --- ---
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
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775 |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
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776 |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
777 --> z
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parents:
diff changeset
778 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
779 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
780
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781 Here is an alternative form of box diagram, showing the same relationship:
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parents:
diff changeset
782
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
783 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
784 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
785 x1:
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parents:
diff changeset
786 -------------- -------------- --------------
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parents:
diff changeset
787 | car | cdr | | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
788 | a | o------->| b | o------->| c | nil |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
789 | | | -->| | | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
790 -------------- | -------------- --------------
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parents:
diff changeset
791 |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
792 x2: |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
793 -------------- |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
794 | car | cdr | |
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parents:
diff changeset
795 | z | o----
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parents:
diff changeset
796 | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
797 --------------
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798 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
799 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
800
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
801 @node Setcdr
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parents:
diff changeset
802 @subsection Altering the CDR of a List
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parents:
diff changeset
803
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
804 The lowest-level primitive for modifying a @sc{cdr} is @code{setcdr}:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
805
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
806 @defun setcdr cons object
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parents: 6558
diff changeset
807 This function stores @var{object} as the new @sc{cdr} of @var{cons},
22253
ed6b191416cf *** empty log message ***
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
808 replacing its previous @sc{cdr}. In other words, it changes the
24951
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parents: 22961
diff changeset
809 @sc{cdr} slot of @var{cons} to refer to @var{object}. It returns the
22253
ed6b191416cf *** empty log message ***
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
810 value @var{object}.
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diff changeset
811 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
812
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
813 Here is an example of replacing the @sc{cdr} of a list with a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
814 different list. All but the first element of the list are removed in
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
815 favor of a different sequence of elements. The first element is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
816 unchanged, because it resides in the @sc{car} of the list, and is not
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
817 reached via the @sc{cdr}.
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parents:
diff changeset
818
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
819 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
820 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
821 (setq x '(1 2 3))
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parents:
diff changeset
822 @result{} (1 2 3)
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parents:
diff changeset
823 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
824 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
825 (setcdr x '(4))
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parents:
diff changeset
826 @result{} (4)
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parents:
diff changeset
827 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
828 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
829 x
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parents:
diff changeset
830 @result{} (1 4)
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parents:
diff changeset
831 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
832 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
833
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
834 You can delete elements from the middle of a list by altering the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
835 @sc{cdr}s of the cons cells in the list. For example, here we delete
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
836 the second element, @code{b}, from the list @code{(a b c)}, by changing
22253
ed6b191416cf *** empty log message ***
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
837 the @sc{cdr} of the first cons cell:
6558
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parents:
diff changeset
838
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
839 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
840 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
841 (setq x1 '(a b c))
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parents:
diff changeset
842 @result{} (a b c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
843 (setcdr x1 (cdr (cdr x1)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
844 @result{} (c)
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diff changeset
845 x1
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
846 @result{} (a c)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
849
12282
586e3ea81792 updates for version 19.29 made by melissa; also needed to check out files
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
850 @need 4000
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
851 Here is the result in box notation:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855 --------------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856 | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857 -------------- | -------------- | --------------
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858 | car | cdr | | | car | cdr | -->| car | cdr |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859 | a | o----- | b | o-------->| c | nil |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860 | | | | | | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
861 -------------- -------------- --------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
862 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
863 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
865 @noindent
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866 The second cons cell, which previously held the element @code{b}, still
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867 exists and its @sc{car} is still @code{b}, but it no longer forms part
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
868 of this list.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
869
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
870 It is equally easy to insert a new element by changing @sc{cdr}s:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
871
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
873 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
874 (setq x1 '(a b c))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875 @result{} (a b c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876 (setcdr x1 (cons 'd (cdr x1)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877 @result{} (d b c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878 x1
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
879 @result{} (a d b c)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
881 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
882
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
883 Here is this result in box notation:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
884
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
886 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
887 -------------- ------------- -------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888 | car | cdr | | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889 | a | o | -->| b | o------->| c | nil |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890 | | | | | | | | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891 --------- | -- | ------------- -------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
892 | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
893 ----- --------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
894 | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
895 | --------------- |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896 | | car | cdr | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897 -->| d | o------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
898 | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
899 ---------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
900 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
901 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
902
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
903 @node Rearrangement
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
904 @subsection Functions that Rearrange Lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
905 @cindex rearrangement of lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
906 @cindex modification of lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
907
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
908 Here are some functions that rearrange lists ``destructively'' by
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
909 modifying the @sc{cdr}s of their component cons cells. We call these
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
910 functions ``destructive'' because they chew up the original lists passed
22271
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22253
diff changeset
911 to them as arguments, relinking their cons cells to form a new list that
71f954d59214 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22253
diff changeset
912 is the returned value.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
913
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
914 @ifinfo
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
915 See @code{delq}, in @ref{Sets And Lists}, for another function
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
916 that modifies cons cells.
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
917 @end ifinfo
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
918 @iftex
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
919 The function @code{delq} in the following section is another example
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
920 of destructive list manipulation.
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
921 @end iftex
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
922
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923 @defun nconc &rest lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
924 @cindex concatenating lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
925 @cindex joining lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
926 This function returns a list containing all the elements of @var{lists}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
927 Unlike @code{append} (@pxref{Building Lists}), the @var{lists} are
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928 @emph{not} copied. Instead, the last @sc{cdr} of each of the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
929 @var{lists} is changed to refer to the following list. The last of the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
930 @var{lists} is not altered. For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
931
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
932 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
933 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934 (setq x '(1 2 3))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935 @result{} (1 2 3)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
937 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
938 (nconc x '(4 5))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
939 @result{} (1 2 3 4 5)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
940 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
941 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
942 x
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
943 @result{} (1 2 3 4 5)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
944 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
945 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
947 Since the last argument of @code{nconc} is not itself modified, it is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
948 reasonable to use a constant list, such as @code{'(4 5)}, as in the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
949 above example. For the same reason, the last argument need not be a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
950 list:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
951
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
952 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
953 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
954 (setq x '(1 2 3))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
955 @result{} (1 2 3)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
956 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
957 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
958 (nconc x 'z)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
959 @result{} (1 2 3 . z)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
960 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
961 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
962 x
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
963 @result{} (1 2 3 . z)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
964 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
965 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
966
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
967 However, the other arguments (all but the last) must be lists.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
968
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
969 A common pitfall is to use a quoted constant list as a non-last
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
970 argument to @code{nconc}. If you do this, your program will change
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
971 each time you run it! Here is what happens:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
972
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
973 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
974 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
975 (defun add-foo (x) ; @r{We want this function to add}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
976 (nconc '(foo) x)) ; @r{@code{foo} to the front of its arg.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
977 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
978
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
979 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
980 (symbol-function 'add-foo)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
981 @result{} (lambda (x) (nconc (quote (foo)) x))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
982 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
983
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
984 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
985 (setq xx (add-foo '(1 2))) ; @r{It seems to work.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
986 @result{} (foo 1 2)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
987 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
988 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
989 (setq xy (add-foo '(3 4))) ; @r{What happened?}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
990 @result{} (foo 1 2 3 4)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
991 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
992 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
993 (eq xx xy)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
994 @result{} t
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
995 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
996
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
997 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
998 (symbol-function 'add-foo)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
999 @result{} (lambda (x) (nconc (quote (foo 1 2 3 4) x)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1000 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1001 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1002 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1003
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1004 @defun nreverse list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1005 @cindex reversing a list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1006 This function reverses the order of the elements of @var{list}.
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1007 Unlike @code{reverse}, @code{nreverse} alters its argument by reversing
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1008 the @sc{cdr}s in the cons cells forming the list. The cons cell that
22253
ed6b191416cf *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1009 used to be the last one in @var{list} becomes the first cons cell of the
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1010 value.
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1011
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1012 For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1013
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1014 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1015 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1016 (setq x '(1 2 3 4))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1017 @result{} (1 2 3 4)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1018 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1019 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1020 x
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1021 @result{} (1 2 3 4)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1022 (nreverse x)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1023 @result{} (4 3 2 1)
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parents:
diff changeset
1024 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1025 @group
22253
ed6b191416cf *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1026 ;; @r{The cons cell that was first is now last.}
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1027 x
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1028 @result{} (1)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1029 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1030 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1031
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1032 To avoid confusion, we usually store the result of @code{nreverse}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1033 back in the same variable which held the original list:
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1034
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1035 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1036 (setq x (nreverse x))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1037 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1038
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1039 Here is the @code{nreverse} of our favorite example, @code{(a b c)},
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1040 presented graphically:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1041
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1042 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1043 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1044 @r{Original list head:} @r{Reversed list:}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1045 ------------- ------------- ------------
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1046 | car | cdr | | car | cdr | | car | cdr |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1047 | a | nil |<-- | b | o |<-- | c | o |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1048 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1049 ------------- | --------- | - | -------- | -
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1050 | | | |
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1051 ------------- ------------
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1052 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1053 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1054 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1055
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1056 @defun sort list predicate
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1057 @cindex stable sort
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1058 @cindex sorting lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1059 This function sorts @var{list} stably, though destructively, and
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1060 returns the sorted list. It compares elements using @var{predicate}. A
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1061 stable sort is one in which elements with equal sort keys maintain their
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1062 relative order before and after the sort. Stability is important when
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1063 successive sorts are used to order elements according to different
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1064 criteria.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1065
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1066 The argument @var{predicate} must be a function that accepts two
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1067 arguments. It is called with two elements of @var{list}. To get an
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1068 increasing order sort, the @var{predicate} should return @code{t} if the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1069 first element is ``less than'' the second, or @code{nil} if not.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1070
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1071 The comparison function @var{predicate} must give reliable results for
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1072 any given pair of arguments, at least within a single call to
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1073 @code{sort}. It must be @dfn{antisymmetric}; that is, if @var{a} is
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1074 less than @var{b}, @var{b} must not be less than @var{a}. It must be
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1075 @dfn{transitive}---that is, if @var{a} is less than @var{b}, and @var{b}
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1076 is less than @var{c}, then @var{a} must be less than @var{c}. If you
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1077 use a comparison function which does not meet these requirements, the
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1078 result of @code{sort} is unpredictable.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1079
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1080 The destructive aspect of @code{sort} is that it rearranges the cons
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1081 cells forming @var{list} by changing @sc{cdr}s. A nondestructive sort
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1082 function would create new cons cells to store the elements in their
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1083 sorted order. If you wish to make a sorted copy without destroying the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1084 original, copy it first with @code{copy-sequence} and then sort.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1085
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1086 Sorting does not change the @sc{car}s of the cons cells in @var{list};
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1087 the cons cell that originally contained the element @code{a} in
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1088 @var{list} still has @code{a} in its @sc{car} after sorting, but it now
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1089 appears in a different position in the list due to the change of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1090 @sc{cdr}s. For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1091
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1092 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1093 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1094 (setq nums '(1 3 2 6 5 4 0))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1095 @result{} (1 3 2 6 5 4 0)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1096 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1097 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1098 (sort nums '<)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1099 @result{} (0 1 2 3 4 5 6)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1100 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1101 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1102 nums
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1103 @result{} (1 2 3 4 5 6)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1104 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1105 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1106
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1107 @noindent
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 13229
diff changeset
1108 @strong{Warning}: Note that the list in @code{nums} no longer contains
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 13229
diff changeset
1109 0; this is the same cons cell that it was before, but it is no longer
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 13229
diff changeset
1110 the first one in the list. Don't assume a variable that formerly held
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 13229
diff changeset
1111 the argument now holds the entire sorted list! Instead, save the result
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 13229
diff changeset
1112 of @code{sort} and use that. Most often we store the result back into
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 13229
diff changeset
1113 the variable that held the original list:
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1114
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1115 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1116 (setq nums (sort nums '<))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1117 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1118
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1119 @xref{Sorting}, for more functions that perform sorting.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1120 See @code{documentation} in @ref{Accessing Documentation}, for a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1121 useful example of @code{sort}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1122 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1123
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1124 @node Sets And Lists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1125 @section Using Lists as Sets
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1126 @cindex lists as sets
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1127 @cindex sets
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1128
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1129 A list can represent an unordered mathematical set---simply consider a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1130 value an element of a set if it appears in the list, and ignore the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1131 order of the list. To form the union of two sets, use @code{append} (as
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1132 long as you don't mind having duplicate elements). Other useful
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1133 functions for sets include @code{memq} and @code{delq}, and their
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1134 @code{equal} versions, @code{member} and @code{delete}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1135
13229
909eb45b146d Minor fixes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12282
diff changeset
1136 @cindex CL note---lack @code{union}, @code{intersection}
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1137 @quotation
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1138 @b{Common Lisp note:} Common Lisp has functions @code{union} (which
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1139 avoids duplicate elements) and @code{intersection} for set operations,
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1140 but GNU Emacs Lisp does not have them. You can write them in Lisp if
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1141 you wish.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1142 @end quotation
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1143
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1144 @defun memq object list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1145 @cindex membership in a list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1146 This function tests to see whether @var{object} is a member of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1147 @var{list}. If it is, @code{memq} returns a list starting with the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1148 first occurrence of @var{object}. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1149 The letter @samp{q} in @code{memq} says that it uses @code{eq} to
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1150 compare @var{object} against the elements of the list. For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1151
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1152 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1153 @group
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1154 (memq 'b '(a b c b a))
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1155 @result{} (b c b a)
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1156 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1157 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1158 (memq '(2) '((1) (2))) ; @r{@code{(2)} and @code{(2)} are not @code{eq}.}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1159 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1160 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1161 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1162 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1163
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1164 @defun delq object list
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1165 @cindex deletion of elements
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1166 This function destructively removes all elements @code{eq} to
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1167 @var{object} from @var{list}. The letter @samp{q} in @code{delq} says
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1168 that it uses @code{eq} to compare @var{object} against the elements of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1169 the list, like @code{memq}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1170 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1171
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1172 When @code{delq} deletes elements from the front of the list, it does so
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1173 simply by advancing down the list and returning a sublist that starts
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1174 after those elements:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1175
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1176 @example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1177 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1178 (delq 'a '(a b c)) @equiv{} (cdr '(a b c))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1179 @end group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1180 @end example
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1181
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1182 When an element to be deleted appears in the middle of the list,
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1183 removing it involves changing the @sc{cdr}s (@pxref{Setcdr}).
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1184
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diff changeset
1185 @example
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diff changeset
1186 @group
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1187 (setq sample-list '(a b c (4)))
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diff changeset
1188 @result{} (a b c (4))
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1189 @end group
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1190 @group
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1191 (delq 'a sample-list)
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1192 @result{} (b c (4))
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1193 @end group
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1194 @group
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1195 sample-list
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1196 @result{} (a b c (4))
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1197 @end group
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1198 @group
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1199 (delq 'c sample-list)
11628
ff046980f017 Fix delq example.
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diff changeset
1200 @result{} (a b (4))
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1201 @end group
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1202 @group
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1203 sample-list
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ff046980f017 Fix delq example.
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diff changeset
1204 @result{} (a b (4))
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1205 @end group
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1206 @end example
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1207
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1208 Note that @code{(delq 'c sample-list)} modifies @code{sample-list} to
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1209 splice out the third element, but @code{(delq 'a sample-list)} does not
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1210 splice anything---it just returns a shorter list. Don't assume that a
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1211 variable which formerly held the argument @var{list} now has fewer
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1212 elements, or that it still holds the original list! Instead, save the
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1213 result of @code{delq} and use that. Most often we store the result back
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1214 into the variable that held the original list:
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1215
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1216 @example
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1217 (setq flowers (delq 'rose flowers))
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1218 @end example
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1219
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1220 In the following example, the @code{(4)} that @code{delq} attempts to match
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1221 and the @code{(4)} in the @code{sample-list} are not @code{eq}:
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1222
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1223 @example
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1224 @group
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1225 (delq '(4) sample-list)
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1226 @result{} (a c (4))
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1227 @end group
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1228 @end example
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1229
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1230 The following two functions are like @code{memq} and @code{delq} but use
21682
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1231 @code{equal} rather than @code{eq} to compare elements. @xref{Equality
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diff changeset
1232 Predicates}.
6558
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1233
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1234 @defun member object list
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diff changeset
1235 The function @code{member} tests to see whether @var{object} is a member
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diff changeset
1236 of @var{list}, comparing members with @var{object} using @code{equal}.
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diff changeset
1237 If @var{object} is a member, @code{member} returns a list starting with
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diff changeset
1238 its first occurrence in @var{list}. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}.
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1239
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diff changeset
1240 Compare this with @code{memq}:
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1241
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diff changeset
1242 @example
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diff changeset
1243 @group
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1244 (member '(2) '((1) (2))) ; @r{@code{(2)} and @code{(2)} are @code{equal}.}
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1245 @result{} ((2))
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1246 @end group
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diff changeset
1247 @group
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diff changeset
1248 (memq '(2) '((1) (2))) ; @r{@code{(2)} and @code{(2)} are not @code{eq}.}
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1249 @result{} nil
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diff changeset
1250 @end group
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diff changeset
1251 @group
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diff changeset
1252 ;; @r{Two strings with the same contents are @code{equal}.}
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diff changeset
1253 (member "foo" '("foo" "bar"))
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diff changeset
1254 @result{} ("foo" "bar")
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1255 @end group
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diff changeset
1256 @end example
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diff changeset
1257 @end defun
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1258
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1259 @defun delete object list
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1260 This function destructively removes all elements @code{equal} to
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1261 @var{object} from @var{list}. It is to @code{delq} as @code{member} is
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1262 to @code{memq}: it uses @code{equal} to compare elements with
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diff changeset
1263 @var{object}, like @code{member}; when it finds an element that matches,
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diff changeset
1264 it removes the element just as @code{delq} would. For example:
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diff changeset
1265
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diff changeset
1266 @example
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diff changeset
1267 @group
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diff changeset
1268 (delete '(2) '((2) (1) (2)))
13229
909eb45b146d Minor fixes.
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parents: 12282
diff changeset
1269 @result{} ((1))
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1270 @end group
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diff changeset
1271 @end example
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diff changeset
1272 @end defun
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diff changeset
1273
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diff changeset
1274 @quotation
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diff changeset
1275 @b{Common Lisp note:} The functions @code{member} and @code{delete} in
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diff changeset
1276 GNU Emacs Lisp are derived from Maclisp, not Common Lisp. The Common
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diff changeset
1277 Lisp versions do not use @code{equal} to compare elements.
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diff changeset
1278 @end quotation
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diff changeset
1279
12098
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1280 See also the function @code{add-to-list}, in @ref{Setting Variables},
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diff changeset
1281 for another way to add an element to a list stored in a variable.
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parents: 12067
diff changeset
1282
6558
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1283 @node Association Lists
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diff changeset
1284 @section Association Lists
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diff changeset
1285 @cindex association list
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diff changeset
1286 @cindex alist
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diff changeset
1287
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diff changeset
1288 An @dfn{association list}, or @dfn{alist} for short, records a mapping
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diff changeset
1289 from keys to values. It is a list of cons cells called
22253
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
1290 @dfn{associations}: the @sc{car} of each cons cell is the @dfn{key}, and the
6558
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diff changeset
1291 @sc{cdr} is the @dfn{associated value}.@footnote{This usage of ``key''
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
1292 is not related to the term ``key sequence''; it means a value used to
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diff changeset
1293 look up an item in a table. In this case, the table is the alist, and
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diff changeset
1294 the alist associations are the items.}
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diff changeset
1295
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diff changeset
1296 Here is an example of an alist. The key @code{pine} is associated with
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diff changeset
1297 the value @code{cones}; the key @code{oak} is associated with
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diff changeset
1298 @code{acorns}; and the key @code{maple} is associated with @code{seeds}.
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diff changeset
1299
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diff changeset
1300 @example
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diff changeset
1301 @group
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diff changeset
1302 '((pine . cones)
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diff changeset
1303 (oak . acorns)
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diff changeset
1304 (maple . seeds))
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diff changeset
1305 @end group
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diff changeset
1306 @end example
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diff changeset
1307
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diff changeset
1308 The associated values in an alist may be any Lisp objects; so may the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
1309 keys. For example, in the following alist, the symbol @code{a} is
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diff changeset
1310 associated with the number @code{1}, and the string @code{"b"} is
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diff changeset
1311 associated with the @emph{list} @code{(2 3)}, which is the @sc{cdr} of
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diff changeset
1312 the alist element:
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diff changeset
1313
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diff changeset
1314 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1315 ((a . 1) ("b" 2 3))
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diff changeset
1316 @end example
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diff changeset
1317
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diff changeset
1318 Sometimes it is better to design an alist to store the associated
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diff changeset
1319 value in the @sc{car} of the @sc{cdr} of the element. Here is an
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diff changeset
1320 example:
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diff changeset
1321
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diff changeset
1322 @example
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diff changeset
1323 '((rose red) (lily white) (buttercup yellow))
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diff changeset
1324 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1325
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diff changeset
1326 @noindent
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diff changeset
1327 Here we regard @code{red} as the value associated with @code{rose}. One
21007
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parents: 13229
diff changeset
1328 advantage of this kind of alist is that you can store other related
6558
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diff changeset
1329 information---even a list of other items---in the @sc{cdr} of the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1330 @sc{cdr}. One disadvantage is that you cannot use @code{rassq} (see
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1331 below) to find the element containing a given value. When neither of
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diff changeset
1332 these considerations is important, the choice is a matter of taste, as
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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diff changeset
1333 long as you are consistent about it for any given alist.
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parents:
diff changeset
1334
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diff changeset
1335 Note that the same alist shown above could be regarded as having the
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parents:
diff changeset
1336 associated value in the @sc{cdr} of the element; the value associated
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parents:
diff changeset
1337 with @code{rose} would be the list @code{(red)}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1338
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diff changeset
1339 Association lists are often used to record information that you might
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diff changeset
1340 otherwise keep on a stack, since new associations may be added easily to
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1341 the front of the list. When searching an association list for an
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parents:
diff changeset
1342 association with a given key, the first one found is returned, if there
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diff changeset
1343 is more than one.
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diff changeset
1344
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diff changeset
1345 In Emacs Lisp, it is @emph{not} an error if an element of an
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1346 association list is not a cons cell. The alist search functions simply
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1347 ignore such elements. Many other versions of Lisp signal errors in such
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1348 cases.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1349
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1350 Note that property lists are similar to association lists in several
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1351 respects. A property list behaves like an association list in which
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1352 each key can occur only once. @xref{Property Lists}, for a comparison
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1353 of property lists and association lists.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1354
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1355 @defun assoc key alist
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1356 This function returns the first association for @var{key} in
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1357 @var{alist}. It compares @var{key} against the alist elements using
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1358 @code{equal} (@pxref{Equality Predicates}). It returns @code{nil} if no
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1359 association in @var{alist} has a @sc{car} @code{equal} to @var{key}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1360 For example:
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parents:
diff changeset
1361
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1362 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1363 (setq trees '((pine . cones) (oak . acorns) (maple . seeds)))
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1364 @result{} ((pine . cones) (oak . acorns) (maple . seeds))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1365 (assoc 'oak trees)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1366 @result{} (oak . acorns)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1367 (cdr (assoc 'oak trees))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1368 @result{} acorns
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1369 (assoc 'birch trees)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1370 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1371 @end smallexample
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parents:
diff changeset
1372
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1373 Here is another example, in which the keys and values are not symbols:
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1374
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1375 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1376 (setq needles-per-cluster
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1377 '((2 "Austrian Pine" "Red Pine")
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1378 (3 "Pitch Pine")
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1379 (5 "White Pine")))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1380
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1381 (cdr (assoc 3 needles-per-cluster))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1382 @result{} ("Pitch Pine")
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1383 (cdr (assoc 2 needles-per-cluster))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1384 @result{} ("Austrian Pine" "Red Pine")
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1385 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1386 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1387
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1388 The functions @code{assoc-ignore-representation} and
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1389 @code{assoc-ignore-case} are much like @code{assoc} except using
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1390 @code{compare-strings} to do the comparison. @xref{Text Comparison}.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1391
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1392 @defun rassoc value alist
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1393 This function returns the first association with value @var{value} in
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1394 @var{alist}. It returns @code{nil} if no association in @var{alist} has
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1395 a @sc{cdr} @code{equal} to @var{value}.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1396
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1397 @code{rassoc} is like @code{assoc} except that it compares the @sc{cdr} of
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1398 each @var{alist} association instead of the @sc{car}. You can think of
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1399 this as ``reverse @code{assoc}'', finding the key for a given value.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1400 @end defun
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11628
diff changeset
1401
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1402 @defun assq key alist
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1403 This function is like @code{assoc} in that it returns the first
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1404 association for @var{key} in @var{alist}, but it makes the comparison
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1405 using @code{eq} instead of @code{equal}. @code{assq} returns @code{nil}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1406 if no association in @var{alist} has a @sc{car} @code{eq} to @var{key}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1407 This function is used more often than @code{assoc}, since @code{eq} is
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1408 faster than @code{equal} and most alists use symbols as keys.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1409 @xref{Equality Predicates}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1410
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1411 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1412 (setq trees '((pine . cones) (oak . acorns) (maple . seeds)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1413 @result{} ((pine . cones) (oak . acorns) (maple . seeds))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1414 (assq 'pine trees)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1415 @result{} (pine . cones)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1416 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1417
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1418 On the other hand, @code{assq} is not usually useful in alists where the
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1419 keys may not be symbols:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1420
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1421 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1422 (setq leaves
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1423 '(("simple leaves" . oak)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1424 ("compound leaves" . horsechestnut)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1425
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1426 (assq "simple leaves" leaves)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1427 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1428 (assoc "simple leaves" leaves)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1429 @result{} ("simple leaves" . oak)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1430 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1431 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1432
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1433 @defun rassq value alist
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1434 This function returns the first association with value @var{value} in
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1435 @var{alist}. It returns @code{nil} if no association in @var{alist} has
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1436 a @sc{cdr} @code{eq} to @var{value}.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1437
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1438 @code{rassq} is like @code{assq} except that it compares the @sc{cdr} of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1439 each @var{alist} association instead of the @sc{car}. You can think of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1440 this as ``reverse @code{assq}'', finding the key for a given value.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1441
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1442 For example:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1443
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1444 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1445 (setq trees '((pine . cones) (oak . acorns) (maple . seeds)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1446
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1447 (rassq 'acorns trees)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1448 @result{} (oak . acorns)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1449 (rassq 'spores trees)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1450 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1451 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1452
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1453 Note that @code{rassq} cannot search for a value stored in the @sc{car}
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1454 of the @sc{cdr} of an element:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1455
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1456 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1457 (setq colors '((rose red) (lily white) (buttercup yellow)))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1458
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1459 (rassq 'white colors)
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1460 @result{} nil
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1461 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1462
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1463 In this case, the @sc{cdr} of the association @code{(lily white)} is not
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1464 the symbol @code{white}, but rather the list @code{(white)}. This
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1465 becomes clearer if the association is written in dotted pair notation:
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1466
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1467 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1468 (lily white) @equiv{} (lily . (white))
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1469 @end smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1470 @end defun
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1471
22961
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1472 @tindex assoc-default
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1473 @defun assoc-default key alist test default
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1474 This function searches @var{alist} for a match for @var{key}. For each
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1475 element of @var{alist}, it compares the element (if it is an atom) or
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1476 the element's @sc{car} (if it is a cons) against @var{key}, by calling
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1477 @var{test} with two arguments: the element or its @sc{car}, and
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1478 @var{key}. The arguments are passed in that order so that you can get
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1479 useful results using @code{string-match} with an alist that contains
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1480 regular expressions (@pxref{Regexp Search}). If @var{test} is omitted
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1481 or @code{nil}, @code{equal} is used for comparison.
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1482
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1483 If an alist element matches @var{key} by this criterion,
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1484 then @code{assoc-default} returns a value based on this element.
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1485 If the element is a cons, then the value is the element's @sc{cdr}.
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1486 Otherwise, the return value is @var{default}.
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1487
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1488 If no alist element matches @var{key}, @code{assoc-default} returns
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1489 @code{nil}.
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1490 @end defun
8159553e2468 Describe assoc-default.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
1491
6558
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1492 @defun copy-alist alist
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1493 @cindex copying alists
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1494 This function returns a two-level deep copy of @var{alist}: it creates a
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1495 new copy of each association, so that you can alter the associations of
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1496 the new alist without changing the old one.
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1497
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1498 @smallexample
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1499 @group
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1500 (setq needles-per-cluster
fa8ff07eaafc Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1501 '((2 . ("Austrian Pine" "Red Pine"))
7118
08d61ef58d13 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6558
diff changeset
1502 (3 . ("Pitch Pine"))
7734
2d4db32cccd5 entered into RCS
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7337
diff changeset
1503 @end group
7118
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1504 (5 . ("White Pine"))))
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1505 @result{}
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1506 ((2 "Austrian Pine" "Red Pine")
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1507 (3 "Pitch Pine")
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1508 (5 "White Pine"))
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1509
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1510 (setq copy (copy-alist needles-per-cluster))
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1511 @result{}
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1512 ((2 "Austrian Pine" "Red Pine")
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1513 (3 "Pitch Pine")
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1514 (5 "White Pine"))
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1515
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1516 (eq needles-per-cluster copy)
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1517 @result{} nil
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1518 (equal needles-per-cluster copy)
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1519 @result{} t
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1520 (eq (car needles-per-cluster) (car copy))
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1521 @result{} nil
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1522 (cdr (car (cdr needles-per-cluster)))
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1523 @result{} ("Pitch Pine")
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1524 @group
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1525 (eq (cdr (car (cdr needles-per-cluster)))
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1526 (cdr (car (cdr copy))))
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1527 @result{} t
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1528 @end group
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1529 @end smallexample
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1530
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1531 This example shows how @code{copy-alist} makes it possible to change
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1532 the associations of one copy without affecting the other:
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1533
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1534 @smallexample
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1535 @group
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1536 (setcdr (assq 3 copy) '("Martian Vacuum Pine"))
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1537 (cdr (assq 3 needles-per-cluster))
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1538 @result{} ("Pitch Pine")
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1539 @end group
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1540 @end smallexample
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1541 @end defun
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1542
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1543 @defun assoc-delete-all key alist
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1544 @tindex assoc-delete-all
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1545 This function deletes from @var{alist} all the elements whose @sc{car}
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1546 is @var{key}. It returns the modified alist.
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1547
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1548 @example
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1549 (assoc-delete-all 'foo
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1550 '((foo 1) (bar 2) (foo 3) (lose 4)))
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1551 @result{} ((bar 2) (lose 4))
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1552 @end example
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1553 @end defun