Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/msdog.texi @ 71383:4a969fe4cb19
2006-06-18 Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu>
some typo fixes
author | Michael Kifer <kifer@cs.stonybrook.edu> |
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date | Sun, 18 Jun 2006 17:12:16 +0000 |
parents | 9fb34710a5dd |
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24095 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, |
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3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
24095 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
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5 @node Microsoft Windows, Manifesto, Mac OS, Top |
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6 @appendix Emacs and Microsoft Windows/MS-DOS |
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7 @cindex Microsoft Windows |
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8 @cindex MS-Windows, Emacs peculiarities |
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9 |
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10 This section describes peculiarities of using Emacs on Microsoft |
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11 Windows. Some of these peculiarities are also relevant to Microsoft's |
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12 older MS-DOS ``operating system'' (also known as ``MS-DOG''). |
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13 However, Emacs features that are relevant @emph{only} to MS-DOS are |
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14 described in a separate |
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15 @iftex |
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16 manual (@pxref{MS-DOS,,, emacs-xtra, Specialized Emacs Features}). |
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17 @end iftex |
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18 @ifnottex |
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19 section (@pxref{MS-DOS}). |
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20 @end ifnottex |
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21 |
24095 | 22 |
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23 The behavior of Emacs on MS-Windows is reasonably similar to what is |
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24 documented in the rest of the manual, including support for long file |
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25 names, multiple frames, scroll bars, mouse menus, and subprocesses. |
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26 However, a few special considerations apply, and they are described |
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27 here. |
24095 | 28 |
29 @menu | |
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30 * Text and Binary:: Text files use CRLF to terminate lines. |
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31 * Windows Files:: File-name conventions on Windows. |
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32 * Windows HOME:: Where Emacs looks for your @file{.emacs}. |
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33 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. |
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34 * Windows Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-Windows. |
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35 * Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does. |
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36 @ifnottex |
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37 * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as @dfn{MS-DOG}). |
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38 @end ifnottex |
24095 | 39 @end menu |
40 | |
41 @node Text and Binary | |
42 @section Text Files and Binary Files | |
43 @cindex text and binary files on MS-DOS/MS-Windows | |
44 | |
45 GNU Emacs uses newline characters to separate text lines. This is the | |
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46 convention used on GNU, Unix, and other Posix-compliant systems. |
24095 | 47 |
48 @cindex end-of-line conversion on MS-DOS/MS-Windows | |
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49 By contrast, MS-DOS and MS-Windows normally use carriage-return linefeed, |
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50 a two-character sequence, to separate text lines. (Linefeed is the same |
24095 | 51 character as newline.) Therefore, convenient editing of typical files |
52 with Emacs requires conversion of these end-of-line (EOL) sequences. | |
53 And that is what Emacs normally does: it converts carriage-return | |
54 linefeed into newline when reading files, and converts newline into | |
55 carriage-return linefeed when writing files. The same mechanism that | |
56 handles conversion of international character codes does this conversion | |
57 also (@pxref{Coding Systems}). | |
58 | |
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59 @cindex cursor location, on MS-DOS |
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60 @cindex point location, on MS-DOS |
24095 | 61 One consequence of this special format-conversion of most files is |
62 that character positions as reported by Emacs (@pxref{Position Info}) do | |
63 not agree with the file size information known to the operating system. | |
64 | |
65 In addition, if Emacs recognizes from a file's contents that it uses | |
66 newline rather than carriage-return linefeed as its line separator, it | |
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67 does not perform EOL conversion when reading or writing that file. |
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68 Thus, you can read and edit files from GNU and Unix systems on MS-DOS |
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69 with no special effort, and they will retain their Unix-style |
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70 end-of-line convention after you edit them. |
24095 | 71 |
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72 The mode line indicates whether end-of-line translation was used for |
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73 the current buffer. If MS-DOS end-of-line translation is in use for the |
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74 buffer, the MS-Windows build of Emacs displays a backslash @samp{\} after |
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75 the coding system mnemonic near the beginning of the mode line |
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76 (@pxref{Mode Line}). If no EOL translation was performed, the string |
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77 @samp{(Unix)} is displayed instead of the backslash, to alert you that the |
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78 file's EOL format is not the usual carriage-return linefeed. |
24095 | 79 |
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80 @cindex DOS-to-Unix conversion of files |
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81 To visit a file and specify whether it uses DOS-style or Unix-style |
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82 end-of-line, specify a coding system (@pxref{Text Coding}). For |
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83 example, @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c unix @key{RET} C-x C-f foobar.txt} |
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84 visits the file @file{foobar.txt} without converting the EOLs; if some |
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85 line ends with a carriage-return linefeed pair, Emacs will display |
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86 @samp{^M} at the end of that line. Similarly, you can direct Emacs to |
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87 save a buffer in a specified EOL format with the @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f} |
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88 command. For example, to save a buffer with Unix EOL format, type |
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89 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f unix @key{RET} C-x C-s}. If you visit a file |
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90 with DOS EOL conversion, then save it with Unix EOL format, that |
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91 effectively converts the file to Unix EOL style, like @code{dos2unix}. |
24095 | 92 |
93 @cindex untranslated file system | |
94 @findex add-untranslated-filesystem | |
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95 When you use NFS, Samba, or some other similar method to access file |
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96 systems that reside on computers using GNU or Unix systems, Emacs |
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97 should not perform end-of-line translation on any files in these file |
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98 systems---not even when you create a new file. To request this, |
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99 designate these file systems as @dfn{untranslated} file systems by |
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100 calling the function @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}. It takes one |
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101 argument: the file system name, including a drive letter and |
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102 optionally a directory. For example, |
24095 | 103 |
104 @example | |
105 (add-untranslated-filesystem "Z:") | |
106 @end example | |
107 | |
108 @noindent | |
109 designates drive Z as an untranslated file system, and | |
110 | |
111 @example | |
112 (add-untranslated-filesystem "Z:\\foo") | |
113 @end example | |
114 | |
115 @noindent | |
116 designates directory @file{\foo} on drive Z as an untranslated file | |
117 system. | |
118 | |
119 Most often you would use @code{add-untranslated-filesystem} in your | |
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120 @file{.emacs} file, or in @file{site-start.el} so that all the users at |
24095 | 121 your site get the benefit of it. |
122 | |
123 @findex remove-untranslated-filesystem | |
124 To countermand the effect of @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}, use | |
125 the function @code{remove-untranslated-filesystem}. This function takes | |
126 one argument, which should be a string just like the one that was used | |
127 previously with @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}. | |
128 | |
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129 Designating a file system as untranslated does not affect character |
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130 set conversion, only end-of-line conversion. Essentially, it directs |
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131 Emacs to create new files with the Unix-style convention of using |
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132 newline at the end of a line. @xref{Coding Systems}. |
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133 |
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134 @vindex file-name-buffer-file-type-alist |
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135 @cindex binary files, on MS-DOS/MS-Windows |
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136 Some kinds of files should not be converted at all, because their |
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137 contents are not really text. Therefore, Emacs on MS-Windows distinguishes |
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138 certain files as @dfn{binary files}. (This distinction is not part of |
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139 MS-Windows; it is made by Emacs only.) Binary files include executable |
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140 programs, compressed archives, etc. Emacs uses the file name to decide |
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141 whether to treat a file as binary: the variable |
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142 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} defines the file-name patterns |
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143 that indicate binary files. If a file name matches one of the patterns |
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144 for binary files (those whose associations are of the type |
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145 @code{(@var{pattern} . t)}, Emacs reads and writes that file using the |
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146 @code{no-conversion} coding system (@pxref{Coding Systems}) which turns |
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147 off @emph{all} coding-system conversions, not only the EOL conversion. |
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148 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} also includes file-name patterns |
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149 for files which are known to be Windows-style text files with |
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150 carriage-return linefeed EOL format, such as @file{CONFIG.SYS}; Emacs |
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151 always writes those files with Windows-style EOLs. |
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152 |
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153 If a file which belongs to an untranslated file system matches one of |
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154 the file-name patterns in @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist}, the |
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155 EOL conversion is determined by @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist}. |
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156 |
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157 @node Windows Files |
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158 @section File Names on MS-Windows |
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159 @cindex file names on MS-Windows |
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160 |
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161 MS-Windows and MS-DOS normally use a backslash, @samp{\}, to |
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162 separate name units within a file name, instead of the slash used on |
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163 other systems. Emacs on MS-DOS/MS-Windows permits use of either slash or |
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164 backslash, and also knows about drive letters in file names. |
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165 |
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166 @cindex file-name completion, on MS-Windows |
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167 On MS-DOS/MS-Windows, file names are case-insensitive, so Emacs by |
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168 default ignores letter-case in file names during completion. |
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169 |
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170 @node Windows HOME |
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171 @section HOME Directory on MS-Windows |
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172 @cindex @code{HOME} directory on MS-Windows |
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173 |
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174 The MS-Windows equivalent of the @code{HOME} directory is the |
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175 @dfn{user-specific application data directory}. The actual location |
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176 depends on your Windows version and system configuration; typical values |
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177 are @file{C:\Documents and Settings\@var{username}\Application Data} on |
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178 Windows 2K/XP and later, and either @file{C:\WINDOWS\Application Data} |
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179 or @file{C:\WINDOWS\Profiles\@var{username}\Application Data} on the |
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180 older Windows 9X/ME systems. |
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181 |
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182 @cindex init file @file{.emacs} on MS-Windows |
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183 The home directory is where your init file @file{.emacs} is stored. |
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184 When Emacs starts, it first checks whether the environment variable |
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185 @env{HOME} is set. If it is, it looks for the init file in the |
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186 directory pointed by @env{HOME}. If @env{HOME} is not defined, Emacs |
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187 checks for an existing @file{.emacs} file in @file{C:\}, the root |
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188 directory of drive @file{C:}@footnote{ |
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189 The check in @file{C:\} is in preference to the application data |
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190 directory for compatibility with older versions of Emacs, which didn't |
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191 check the application data directory. |
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192 }. If there's no such file in @file{C:\}, Emacs next uses the Windows |
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193 system calls to find out the exact location of your application data |
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194 directory. If that fails as well, Emacs falls back to @file{C:\}. |
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195 |
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196 Whatever the final place is, Emacs sets the value of the @env{HOME} |
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197 environment variable to point to it, and it will use that location for |
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198 other files and directories it normally creates in the user's home |
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199 directory. |
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200 |
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201 You can always find out where Emacs thinks is your home directory's |
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202 location by typing @kbd{C-x d ~/ @key{RET}}. This should present the |
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203 list of files in the home directory, and show its full name on the |
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204 first line. Likewise, to visit your init file, type @kbd{C-x C-f |
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205 ~/.emacs @key{RET}}. |
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206 |
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207 @cindex @file{_emacs} init file, MS-Windows |
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208 Because MS-DOS does not allow file names with leading dots, and |
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209 because older Windows systems made it hard to create files with such |
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210 names, the Windows port of Emacs supports an alternative name |
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211 @file{_emacs} as a fallback, if such a file exists in the home |
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212 directory, whereas @file{.emacs} does not. |
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213 |
24095 | 214 @node Windows Processes |
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215 @section Subprocesses on Windows 9X/ME and Windows NT/2K/XP |
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216 @cindex subprocesses on MS-Windows |
24095 | 217 |
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218 @cindex DOS applications, running from Emacs |
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219 Emacs compiled as a native Windows application (as opposed to the DOS |
24095 | 220 version) includes full support for asynchronous subprocesses. |
221 In the Windows version, synchronous and asynchronous subprocesses work | |
222 fine on both | |
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223 Windows 9X/ME and Windows NT/2K/XP as long as you run only 32-bit Windows |
24095 | 224 applications. However, when you run a DOS application in a subprocess, |
225 you may encounter problems or be unable to run the application at all; | |
226 and if you run two DOS applications at the same time in two | |
227 subprocesses, you may have to reboot your system. | |
228 | |
229 Since the standard command interpreter (and most command line utilities) | |
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230 on Windows 9X are DOS applications, these problems are significant when |
24095 | 231 using that system. But there's nothing we can do about them; only |
232 Microsoft can fix them. | |
233 | |
234 If you run just one DOS application subprocess, the subprocess should | |
235 work as expected as long as it is ``well-behaved'' and does not perform | |
236 direct screen access or other unusual actions. If you have a CPU | |
237 monitor application, your machine will appear to be 100% busy even when | |
238 the DOS application is idle, but this is only an artifact of the way CPU | |
239 monitors measure processor load. | |
240 | |
241 You must terminate the DOS application before you start any other DOS | |
242 application in a different subprocess. Emacs is unable to interrupt or | |
243 terminate a DOS subprocess. The only way you can terminate such a | |
244 subprocess is by giving it a command that tells its program to exit. | |
245 | |
246 If you attempt to run two DOS applications at the same time in separate | |
247 subprocesses, the second one that is started will be suspended until the | |
248 first one finishes, even if either or both of them are asynchronous. | |
249 | |
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250 @cindex kill DOS application |
24095 | 251 If you can go to the first subprocess, and tell it to exit, the second |
252 subprocess should continue normally. However, if the second subprocess | |
253 is synchronous, Emacs itself will be hung until the first subprocess | |
254 finishes. If it will not finish without user input, then you have no | |
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255 choice but to reboot if you are running on Windows 9X. If you are |
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256 running on Windows NT/2K/XP, you can use a process viewer application to kill |
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257 the appropriate instance of NTVDM instead (this will terminate both DOS |
24095 | 258 subprocesses). |
259 | |
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260 If you have to reboot Windows 9X in this situation, do not use the |
24095 | 261 @code{Shutdown} command on the @code{Start} menu; that usually hangs the |
262 system. Instead, type @kbd{CTL-ALT-@key{DEL}} and then choose | |
263 @code{Shutdown}. That usually works, although it may take a few minutes | |
264 to do its job. | |
265 | |
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266 @node Windows Printing |
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267 @section Printing and MS-Windows |
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268 |
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269 Printing commands, such as @code{lpr-buffer} (@pxref{Printing}) and |
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270 @code{ps-print-buffer} (@pxref{PostScript}) work in MS-DOS and |
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271 MS-Windows by sending the output to one of the printer ports, if a |
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272 Posix-style @code{lpr} program is unavailable. The same Emacs |
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273 variables control printing on all systems, but in some cases they have |
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274 different default values on MS-DOS and MS-Windows. |
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275 |
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276 Emacs on Windows automatically determines your default printer and |
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277 sets the variable @var{printer-name} to that printer's name. But in |
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278 some rare cases this can fail, or you may wish to use a different |
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279 printer from within Emacs. The rest of this section explains how to |
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280 tell Emacs which printer to use. |
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281 |
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282 @vindex printer-name@r{, (MS-DOS/MW-Windows)} |
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283 If you want to use your local printer, then set the Lisp variable |
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284 @code{lpr-command} to @code{""} (its default value on Windows) and |
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285 @code{printer-name} to the name of the printer port---for example, |
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286 @code{"PRN"}, the usual local printer port or @code{"LPT2"}, or |
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287 @code{"COM1"} for a serial printer. You can also set |
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288 @code{printer-name} to a file name, in which case ``printed'' output |
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289 is actually appended to that file. If you set @code{printer-name} to |
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290 @code{"NUL"}, printed output is silently discarded (sent to the system |
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291 null device). |
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292 |
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293 You can also use a printer shared by another machine by setting |
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294 @code{printer-name} to the UNC share name for that printer---for |
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295 example, @code{"//joes_pc/hp4si"}. (It doesn't matter whether you use |
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296 forward slashes or backslashes here.) To find out the names of shared |
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297 printers, run the command @samp{net view} from the command prompt to |
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298 obtain a list of servers, and @samp{net view @var{server-name}} to see |
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299 the names of printers (and directories) shared by that server. |
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300 Alternatively, click the @samp{Network Neighborhood} icon on your |
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301 desktop, and look for machines which share their printers via the |
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302 network. |
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303 |
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304 @cindex @samp{net use}, and printing on MS-Windows |
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305 @cindex networked printers (MS-Windows) |
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306 If the printer doesn't appear in the output of @samp{net view}, or |
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307 if setting @code{printer-name} to the UNC share name doesn't produce a |
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308 hardcopy on that printer, you can use the @samp{net use} command to |
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309 connect a local print port such as @code{"LPT2"} to the networked |
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310 printer. For example, typing @kbd{net use LPT2: \\joes_pc\hp4si}@footnote{ |
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311 Note that the @samp{net use} command requires the UNC share name to be |
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312 typed with the Windows-style backslashes, while the value of |
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313 @code{printer-name} can be set with either forward- or backslashes.} |
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314 causes Windows to @dfn{capture} the @code{LPT2} port and redirect the |
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315 printed material to the printer connected to the machine @code{joes_pc}. |
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316 After this command, setting @code{printer-name} to @code{"LPT2"} |
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317 should produce the hardcopy on the networked printer. |
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318 |
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319 With some varieties of Windows network software, you can instruct |
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320 Windows to capture a specific printer port such as @code{"LPT2"}, and |
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321 redirect it to a networked printer via the @w{@code{Control |
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322 Panel->Printers}} applet instead of @samp{net use}. |
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323 |
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324 If you set @code{printer-name} to a file name, it's best to use an |
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325 absolute file name. Emacs changes the working directory according to |
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326 the default directory of the current buffer, so if the file name in |
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327 @code{printer-name} is relative, you will end up with several such |
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328 files, each one in the directory of the buffer from which the printing |
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329 was done. |
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330 |
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331 If the value of @code{printer-name} is correct, but printing does |
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332 not produce the hardcopy on your printer, it is possible that your |
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333 printer does not support printing plain text (some cheap printers omit |
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334 this functionality). In that case, as a workaround, try the |
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335 PostScript print commands, described below, to the same printer |
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336 |
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337 @findex print-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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338 @findex print-region @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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339 @vindex lpr-headers-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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340 The commands @code{print-buffer} and @code{print-region} call the |
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341 @code{pr} program, or use special switches to the @code{lpr} program, to |
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342 produce headers on each printed page. MS-DOS and MS-Windows don't |
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343 normally have these programs, so by default, the variable |
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344 @code{lpr-headers-switches} is set so that the requests to print page |
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345 headers are silently ignored. Thus, @code{print-buffer} and |
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346 @code{print-region} produce the same output as @code{lpr-buffer} and |
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347 @code{lpr-region}, respectively. If you do have a suitable @code{pr} |
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348 program (for example, from GNU Coreutils), set |
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349 @code{lpr-headers-switches} to @code{nil}; Emacs will then call |
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350 @code{pr} to produce the page headers, and print the resulting output as |
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351 specified by @code{printer-name}. |
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352 |
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353 @vindex print-region-function @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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354 @cindex lpr usage under MS-DOS |
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355 @vindex lpr-command @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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356 @vindex lpr-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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357 Finally, if you do have an @code{lpr} work-alike, you can set the |
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358 variable @code{lpr-command} to @code{"lpr"}. Then Emacs will use |
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359 @code{lpr} for printing, as on other systems. (If the name of the |
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360 program isn't @code{lpr}, set @code{lpr-command} to specify where to |
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361 find it.) The variable @code{lpr-switches} has its standard meaning |
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362 when @code{lpr-command} is not @code{""}. If the variable |
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363 @code{printer-name} has a string value, it is used as the value for the |
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364 @code{-P} option to @code{lpr}, as on Unix. |
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365 |
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366 @findex ps-print-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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367 @findex ps-spool-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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368 @vindex ps-printer-name @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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369 @vindex ps-lpr-command @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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370 @vindex ps-lpr-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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371 A parallel set of variables, @code{ps-lpr-command}, |
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372 @code{ps-lpr-switches}, and @code{ps-printer-name} (@pxref{PostScript |
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373 Variables}), defines how PostScript files should be printed. These |
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374 variables are used in the same way as the corresponding variables |
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375 described above for non-PostScript printing. Thus, the value of |
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376 @code{ps-printer-name} is used as the name of the device (or file) to |
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377 which PostScript output is sent, just as @code{printer-name} is used |
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378 for non-PostScript printing. (There are two distinct sets of |
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379 variables in case you have two printers attached to two different |
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380 ports, and only one of them is a PostScript printer.) |
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381 |
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382 The default value of the variable @code{ps-lpr-command} is @code{""}, |
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383 which causes PostScript output to be sent to the printer port specified |
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384 by @code{ps-printer-name}, but @code{ps-lpr-command} can also be set to |
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385 the name of a program which will accept PostScript files. Thus, if you |
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386 have a non-PostScript printer, you can set this variable to the name of |
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387 a PostScript interpreter program (such as Ghostscript). Any switches |
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388 that need to be passed to the interpreter program are specified using |
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389 @code{ps-lpr-switches}. (If the value of @code{ps-printer-name} is a |
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390 string, it will be added to the list of switches as the value for the |
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391 @code{-P} option. This is probably only useful if you are using |
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392 @code{lpr}, so when using an interpreter typically you would set |
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393 @code{ps-printer-name} to something other than a string so it is |
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394 ignored.) |
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395 |
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396 For example, to use Ghostscript for printing on the system's default |
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397 printer, put this in your @file{.emacs} file: |
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398 |
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399 @example |
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400 (setq ps-printer-name t) |
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401 (setq ps-lpr-command "D:/gs6.01/bin/gswin32c.exe") |
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402 (setq ps-lpr-switches '("-q" "-dNOPAUSE" "-dBATCH" |
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403 "-sDEVICE=mswinpr2" |
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404 "-sPAPERSIZE=a4")) |
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405 @end example |
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406 |
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407 @noindent |
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408 (This assumes that Ghostscript is installed in the |
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409 @file{D:/gs6.01} directory.) |
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410 |
24095 | 411 @node Windows System Menu |
412 @section Using the System Menu on Windows | |
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413 @cindex @code{Alt} key invokes menu (Windows) |
24095 | 414 |
415 Emacs compiled as a native Windows application normally turns off the | |
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416 Windows feature that tapping the @key{ALT} key invokes the Windows |
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417 menu. The reason is that the @key{ALT} serves as @key{META} in Emacs. |
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418 When using Emacs, users often press the @key{META} key temporarily and |
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419 then change their minds; if this has the effect of bringing up the |
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420 Windows menu, it alters the meaning of subsequent commands. Many |
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421 users find this frustrating. |
24095 | 422 |
423 @vindex w32-pass-alt-to-system | |
57368 | 424 You can re-enable Windows' default handling of tapping the @key{ALT} key |
24095 | 425 by setting @code{w32-pass-alt-to-system} to a non-@code{nil} value. |
426 | |
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427 @ifnottex |
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428 @include msdog-xtra.texi |
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429 @end ifnottex |
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430 |
52401 | 431 @ignore |
432 arch-tag: f39d2590-5dcc-4318-88d9-0eb73ca10fa2 | |
433 @end ignore |