annotate lispref/modes.texi @ 27093:4b1a67a46d8c

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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @setfilename ../info/modes
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6 @node Modes, Documentation, Keymaps, Top
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7 @chapter Major and Minor Modes
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8 @cindex mode
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9
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10 A @dfn{mode} is a set of definitions that customize Emacs and can be
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11 turned on and off while you edit. There are two varieties of modes:
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12 @dfn{major modes}, which are mutually exclusive and used for editing
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13 particular kinds of text, and @dfn{minor modes}, which provide features
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14 that users can enable individually.
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15
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16 This chapter describes how to write both major and minor modes, how to
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17 indicate them in the mode line, and how they run hooks supplied by the
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18 user. For related topics such as keymaps and syntax tables, see
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19 @ref{Keymaps}, and @ref{Syntax Tables}.
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20
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21 @menu
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22 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes.
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23 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes.
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24 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line.
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25 * Imenu:: How a mode can provide a menu
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26 of definitions in the buffer.
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27 * Font Lock Mode:: How modes can highlight text according to syntax.
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28 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that provides hooks.
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29 @end menu
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30
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31 @node Major Modes
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32 @section Major Modes
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33 @cindex major mode
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34 @cindex Fundamental mode
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35
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36 Major modes specialize Emacs for editing particular kinds of text.
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37 Each buffer has only one major mode at a time.
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38
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39 The least specialized major mode is called @dfn{Fundamental mode}.
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40 This mode has no mode-specific definitions or variable settings, so each
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41 Emacs command behaves in its default manner, and each option is in its
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42 default state. All other major modes redefine various keys and options.
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43 For example, Lisp Interaction mode provides special key bindings for
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44 @kbd{C-j} (@code{eval-print-last-sexp}), @key{TAB}
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45 (@code{lisp-indent-line}), and other keys.
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46
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47 When you need to write several editing commands to help you perform a
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48 specialized editing task, creating a new major mode is usually a good
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49 idea. In practice, writing a major mode is easy (in contrast to
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50 writing a minor mode, which is often difficult).
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51
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52 If the new mode is similar to an old one, it is often unwise to modify
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53 the old one to serve two purposes, since it may become harder to use and
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54 maintain. Instead, copy and rename an existing major mode definition
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55 and alter the copy---or define a @dfn{derived mode} (@pxref{Derived
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56 Modes}). For example, Rmail Edit mode, which is in
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57 @file{emacs/lisp/mail/rmailedit.el}, is a major mode that is very similar to
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58 Text mode except that it provides two additional commands. Its
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59 definition is distinct from that of Text mode, but uses that of Text mode.
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60
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61 Rmail Edit mode offers an example of changing the major mode
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62 temporarily for a buffer, so it can be edited in a different way (with
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63 ordinary Emacs commands rather than Rmail commands). In such cases, the
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64 temporary major mode usually provides a command to switch back to the
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65 buffer's usual mode (Rmail mode, in this case). You might be tempted to
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66 present the temporary redefinitions inside a recursive edit and restore
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67 the usual ones when the user exits; but this is a bad idea because it
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68 constrains the user's options when it is done in more than one buffer:
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69 recursive edits must be exited most-recently-entered first. Using an
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70 alternative major mode avoids this limitation. @xref{Recursive
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71 Editing}.
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72
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73 The standard GNU Emacs Lisp library directory tree contains the code
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74 for several major modes, in files such as @file{text-mode.el},
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75 @file{texinfo.el}, @file{lisp-mode.el}, @file{c-mode.el}, and
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76 @file{rmail.el}. They are found in various subdirectories of the
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77 @file{lisp} directory. You can study these libraries to see how modes
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78 are written. Text mode is perhaps the simplest major mode aside from
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79 Fundamental mode. Rmail mode is a complicated and specialized mode.
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80
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81 @menu
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82 * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc.
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83 * Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes.
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84 * Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically.
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85 * Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode.
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86 * Derived Modes:: Defining a new major mode based on another major
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87 mode.
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88 @end menu
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89
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90 @node Major Mode Conventions
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91 @subsection Major Mode Conventions
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92
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93 The code for existing major modes follows various coding conventions,
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94 including conventions for local keymap and syntax table initialization,
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95 global names, and hooks. Please follow these conventions when you
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96 define a new major mode:
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97
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98 @itemize @bullet
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99 @item
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100 Define a command whose name ends in @samp{-mode}, with no arguments,
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101 that switches to the new mode in the current buffer. This command
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102 should set up the keymap, syntax table, and buffer-local variables in an
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103 existing buffer, without changing the buffer's contents.
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104
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105 @item
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106 Write a documentation string for this command that describes the
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107 special commands available in this mode. @kbd{C-h m}
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108 (@code{describe-mode}) in your mode will display this string.
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109
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110 The documentation string may include the special documentation
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111 substrings, @samp{\[@var{command}]}, @samp{\@{@var{keymap}@}}, and
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112 @samp{\<@var{keymap}>}, which enable the documentation to adapt
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113 automatically to the user's own key bindings. @xref{Keys in
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114 Documentation}.
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115
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116 @item
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117 The major mode command should start by calling
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118 @code{kill-all-local-variables}. This is what gets rid of the
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119 buffer-local variables of the major mode previously in effect.
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120
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121 @item
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122 The major mode command should set the variable @code{major-mode} to the
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123 major mode command symbol. This is how @code{describe-mode} discovers
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124 which documentation to print.
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125
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126 @item
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127 The major mode command should set the variable @code{mode-name} to the
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128 ``pretty'' name of the mode, as a string. This string appears in the
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129 mode line.
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130
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131 @item
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132 @cindex functions in modes
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133 Since all global names are in the same name space, all the global
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134 variables, constants, and functions that are part of the mode should
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135 have names that start with the major mode name (or with an abbreviation
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136 of it if the name is long). @xref{Coding Conventions}.
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137
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138 @item
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139 @cindex keymaps in modes
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140 The major mode should usually have its own keymap, which is used as the
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141 local keymap in all buffers in that mode. The major mode command should
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142 call @code{use-local-map} to install this local map. @xref{Active
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143 Keymaps}, for more information.
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144
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145 This keymap should be stored permanently in a global variable named
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146 @code{@var{modename}-mode-map}. Normally the library that defines the
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147 mode sets this variable.
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148
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149 @xref{Tips for Defining}, for advice about how to write the code to set
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150 up the mode's keymap variable.
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151
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152 @item
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153 The key sequences bound in a major mode keymap should usually start with
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154 @kbd{C-c}, followed by a control character, a digit, or @kbd{@{},
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155 @kbd{@}}, @kbd{<}, @kbd{>}, @kbd{:} or @kbd{;}. The other punctuation
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156 characters are reserved for minor modes, and ordinary letters are
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157 reserved for users.
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158
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159 It is reasonable for a major mode to rebind a key sequence with a
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160 standard meaning, if it implements a command that does ``the same job''
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161 in a way that fits the major mode better. For example, a major mode for
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162 editing a programming language might redefine @kbd{C-M-a} to ``move to
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163 the beginning of a function'' in a way that works better for that
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164 language.
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165
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166 Major modes such as Dired or Rmail that do not allow self-insertion of
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167 text can reasonably redefine letters and other printing characters as
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168 editing commands. Dired and Rmail both do this.
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169
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170 @item
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171 @cindex syntax tables in modes
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172 The mode may have its own syntax table or may share one with other
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173 related modes. If it has its own syntax table, it should store this in
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174 a variable named @code{@var{modename}-mode-syntax-table}. @xref{Syntax
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175 Tables}.
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176
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177 @item
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178 If the mode handles a language that has a syntax for comments, it should
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179 set the variables that define the comment syntax. @xref{Options for
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180 Comments,, Options Controlling Comments, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
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181
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182 @item
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183 @cindex abbrev tables in modes
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184 The mode may have its own abbrev table or may share one with other
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185 related modes. If it has its own abbrev table, it should store this in
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186 a variable named @code{@var{modename}-mode-abbrev-table}. @xref{Abbrev
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187 Tables}.
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188
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189 @item
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190 The mode should specify how to do highlighting for Font Lock mode, by
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191 setting up a buffer-local value for the variable
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192 @code{font-lock-defaults} (@pxref{Font Lock Mode}).
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193
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194 @item
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195 The mode should specify how Imenu should find the definitions or
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196 sections of a buffer, by setting up a buffer-local value for the
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197 variable @code{imenu-generic-expression} or
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198 @code{imenu-create-index-function} (@pxref{Imenu}).
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199
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200 @item
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201 Use @code{defvar} or @code{defcustom} to set mode-related variables, so
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202 that they are not reinitialized if they already have a value. (Such
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203 reinitialization could discard customizations made by the user.)
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204
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205 @item
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206 @cindex buffer-local variables in modes
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207 To make a buffer-local binding for an Emacs customization variable, use
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208 @code{make-local-variable} in the major mode command, not
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209 @code{make-variable-buffer-local}. The latter function would make the
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210 variable local to every buffer in which it is subsequently set, which
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211 would affect buffers that do not use this mode. It is undesirable for a
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212 mode to have such global effects. @xref{Buffer-Local Variables}.
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213
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214 With rare exceptions, the only reasonable way to use use
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215 @code{make-variable-buffer-local} in a Lisp package is for a variable
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216 which is used only within that package. Using it on a variable used by
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217 other packages would interfere with them.
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218
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219 @item
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220 @cindex mode hook
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221 @cindex major mode hook
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222 Each major mode should have a @dfn{mode hook} named
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223 @code{@var{modename}-mode-hook}. The major mode command should run that
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224 hook, with @code{run-hooks}, as the very last thing it
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225 does. @xref{Hooks}.
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226
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227 @item
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228 The major mode command may also run the hooks of some more basic modes.
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229 For example, @code{indented-text-mode} runs @code{text-mode-hook} as
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230 well as @code{indented-text-mode-hook}. It may run these other hooks
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231 immediately before the mode's own hook (that is, after everything else),
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232 or it may run them earlier.
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233
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234 @item
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235 If something special should be done if the user switches a buffer from
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236 this mode to any other major mode, this mode can set up a buffer-local
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237 value for @code{change-major-mode-hook} (@pxref{Creating Buffer-Local}).
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238
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239 @item
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240 If this mode is appropriate only for specially-prepared text, then the
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241 major mode command symbol should have a property named @code{mode-class}
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242 with value @code{special}, put on as follows:
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243
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244 @cindex @code{mode-class} property
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245 @cindex @code{special}
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246 @example
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247 (put 'funny-mode 'mode-class 'special)
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248 @end example
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249
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250 @noindent
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251 This tells Emacs that new buffers created while the current buffer is in
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252 Funny mode should not inherit Funny mode. Modes such as Dired, Rmail,
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253 and Buffer List use this feature.
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254
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255 @item
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256 If you want to make the new mode the default for files with certain
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257 recognizable names, add an element to @code{auto-mode-alist} to select
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258 the mode for those file names. If you define the mode command to
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259 autoload, you should add this element in the same file that calls
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260 @code{autoload}. Otherwise, it is sufficient to add the element in the
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261 file that contains the mode definition. @xref{Auto Major Mode}.
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262
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263 @item
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264 In the documentation, you should provide a sample @code{autoload} form
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265 and an example of how to add to @code{auto-mode-alist}, that users can
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266 include in their init files (@pxref{Init File}).
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267
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268 @item
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269 @cindex mode loading
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270 The top-level forms in the file defining the mode should be written so
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271 that they may be evaluated more than once without adverse consequences.
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272 Even if you never load the file more than once, someone else will.
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273 @end itemize
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274
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275 @node Example Major Modes
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276 @subsection Major Mode Examples
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277
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278 Text mode is perhaps the simplest mode besides Fundamental mode.
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279 Here are excerpts from @file{text-mode.el} that illustrate many of
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280 the conventions listed above:
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281
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282 @smallexample
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283 @group
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284 ;; @r{Create mode-specific tables.}
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285 (defvar text-mode-syntax-table nil
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286 "Syntax table used while in text mode.")
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287 @end group
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288
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289 @group
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290 (if text-mode-syntax-table
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291 () ; @r{Do not change the table if it is already set up.}
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292 (setq text-mode-syntax-table (make-syntax-table))
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293 (modify-syntax-entry ?\" ". " text-mode-syntax-table)
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294 (modify-syntax-entry ?\\ ". " text-mode-syntax-table)
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295 (modify-syntax-entry ?' "w " text-mode-syntax-table))
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296 @end group
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297
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298 @group
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299 (defvar text-mode-abbrev-table nil
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300 "Abbrev table used while in text mode.")
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301 (define-abbrev-table 'text-mode-abbrev-table ())
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302 @end group
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303
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304 @group
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305 (defvar text-mode-map nil ; @r{Create a mode-specific keymap.}
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306 "Keymap for Text mode.
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307 Many other modes, such as Mail mode, Outline mode and Indented Text mode,
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308 inherit all the commands defined in this map.")
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309
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310 (if text-mode-map
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311 () ; @r{Do not change the keymap if it is already set up.}
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312 (setq text-mode-map (make-sparse-keymap))
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313 (define-key text-mode-map "\e\t" 'ispell-complete-word)
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314 (define-key text-mode-map "\t" 'indent-relative)
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315 (define-key text-mode-map "\es" 'center-line)
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316 (define-key text-mode-map "\eS" 'center-paragraph))
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317 @end group
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318 @end smallexample
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319
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320 Here is the complete major mode function definition for Text mode:
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321
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322 @smallexample
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323 @group
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324 (defun text-mode ()
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325 "Major mode for editing text intended for humans to read...
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326 Special commands: \\@{text-mode-map@}
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327 @end group
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328 @group
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329 Turning on text-mode runs the hook `text-mode-hook'."
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330 (interactive)
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331 (kill-all-local-variables)
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332 (use-local-map text-mode-map)
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333 @end group
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334 @group
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335 (setq local-abbrev-table text-mode-abbrev-table)
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336 (set-syntax-table text-mode-syntax-table)
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337 @end group
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338 @group
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339 (make-local-variable 'paragraph-start)
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340 (setq paragraph-start (concat "[ \t]*$\\|" page-delimiter))
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341 (make-local-variable 'paragraph-separate)
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342 (setq paragraph-separate paragraph-start)
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343 (make-local-variable 'indent-line-function)
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344 (setq indent-line-function 'indent-relative-maybe)
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345 @end group
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346 @group
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347 (setq mode-name "Text")
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348 (setq major-mode 'text-mode)
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349 (run-hooks 'text-mode-hook)) ; @r{Finally, this permits the user to}
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350 ; @r{customize the mode with a hook.}
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351 @end group
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352 @end smallexample
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353
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354 @cindex @file{lisp-mode.el}
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355 The three Lisp modes (Lisp mode, Emacs Lisp mode, and Lisp
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356 Interaction mode) have more features than Text mode and the code is
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357 correspondingly more complicated. Here are excerpts from
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358 @file{lisp-mode.el} that illustrate how these modes are written.
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359
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360 @cindex syntax table example
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361 @smallexample
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362 @group
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363 ;; @r{Create mode-specific table variables.}
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364 (defvar lisp-mode-syntax-table nil "")
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365 (defvar emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table nil "")
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366 (defvar lisp-mode-abbrev-table nil "")
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367 @end group
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368
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369 @group
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370 (if (not emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table) ; @r{Do not change the table}
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371 ; @r{if it is already set.}
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372 (let ((i 0))
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373 (setq emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table (make-syntax-table))
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374 @end group
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375
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376 @group
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377 ;; @r{Set syntax of chars up to 0 to class of chars that are}
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378 ;; @r{part of symbol names but not words.}
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379 ;; @r{(The number 0 is @code{48} in the @sc{ascii} character set.)}
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380 (while (< i ?0)
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381 (modify-syntax-entry i "_ " emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table)
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382 (setq i (1+ i)))
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383 @dots{}
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384 @end group
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385 @group
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386 ;; @r{Set the syntax for other characters.}
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387 (modify-syntax-entry ? " " emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table)
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388 (modify-syntax-entry ?\t " " emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table)
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389 @dots{}
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390 @end group
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391 @group
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392 (modify-syntax-entry ?\( "() " emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table)
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393 (modify-syntax-entry ?\) ")( " emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table)
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394 @dots{}))
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395 ;; @r{Create an abbrev table for lisp-mode.}
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396 (define-abbrev-table 'lisp-mode-abbrev-table ())
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397 @end group
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398 @end smallexample
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399
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400 Much code is shared among the three Lisp modes. The following
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401 function sets various variables; it is called by each of the major Lisp
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402 mode functions:
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403
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404 @smallexample
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405 @group
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406 (defun lisp-mode-variables (lisp-syntax)
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407 (cond (lisp-syntax
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408 (set-syntax-table lisp-mode-syntax-table)))
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409 (setq local-abbrev-table lisp-mode-abbrev-table)
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410 @dots{}
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411 @end group
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412 @end smallexample
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413
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414 Functions such as @code{forward-paragraph} use the value of the
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415 @code{paragraph-start} variable. Since Lisp code is different from
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416 ordinary text, the @code{paragraph-start} variable needs to be set
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417 specially to handle Lisp. Also, comments are indented in a special
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418 fashion in Lisp and the Lisp modes need their own mode-specific
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419 @code{comment-indent-function}. The code to set these variables is the
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420 rest of @code{lisp-mode-variables}.
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421
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422 @smallexample
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423 @group
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424 (make-local-variable 'paragraph-start)
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425 (setq paragraph-start (concat page-delimiter "\\|$" ))
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426 (make-local-variable 'paragraph-separate)
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427 (setq paragraph-separate paragraph-start)
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428 @dots{}
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429 @end group
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430 @group
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431 (make-local-variable 'comment-indent-function)
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432 (setq comment-indent-function 'lisp-comment-indent))
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433 @dots{}
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434 @end group
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435 @end smallexample
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436
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437 Each of the different Lisp modes has a slightly different keymap. For
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438 example, Lisp mode binds @kbd{C-c C-z} to @code{run-lisp}, but the other
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439 Lisp modes do not. However, all Lisp modes have some commands in
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440 common. The following code sets up the common commands:
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441
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442 @smallexample
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443 @group
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444 (defvar shared-lisp-mode-map ()
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445 "Keymap for commands shared by all sorts of Lisp modes.")
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446
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447 (if shared-lisp-mode-map
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448 ()
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449 (setq shared-lisp-mode-map (make-sparse-keymap))
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450 (define-key shared-lisp-mode-map "\e\C-q" 'indent-sexp)
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451 (define-key shared-lisp-mode-map "\177"
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452 'backward-delete-char-untabify))
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453 @end group
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454 @end smallexample
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455
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456 @noindent
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457 And here is the code to set up the keymap for Lisp mode:
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458
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459 @smallexample
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460 @group
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461 (defvar lisp-mode-map ()
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462 "Keymap for ordinary Lisp mode...")
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463
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464 (if lisp-mode-map
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465 ()
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466 (setq lisp-mode-map (make-sparse-keymap))
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467 (set-keymap-parent lisp-mode-map shared-lisp-mode-map)
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468 (define-key lisp-mode-map "\e\C-x" 'lisp-eval-defun)
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469 (define-key lisp-mode-map "\C-c\C-z" 'run-lisp))
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470 @end group
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471 @end smallexample
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472
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473 Finally, here is the complete major mode function definition for
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474 Lisp mode.
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475
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476 @smallexample
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477 @group
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478 (defun lisp-mode ()
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479 "Major mode for editing Lisp code for Lisps other than GNU Emacs Lisp.
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480 Commands:
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481 Delete converts tabs to spaces as it moves back.
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482 Blank lines separate paragraphs. Semicolons start comments.
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483 \\@{lisp-mode-map@}
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484 Note that `run-lisp' may be used either to start an inferior Lisp job
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485 or to switch back to an existing one.
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486 @end group
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487
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488 @group
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489 Entry to this mode calls the value of `lisp-mode-hook'
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490 if that value is non-nil."
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491 (interactive)
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492 (kill-all-local-variables)
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493 @end group
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494 @group
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495 (use-local-map lisp-mode-map) ; @r{Select the mode's keymap.}
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496 (setq major-mode 'lisp-mode) ; @r{This is how @code{describe-mode}}
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497 ; @r{finds out what to describe.}
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498 (setq mode-name "Lisp") ; @r{This goes into the mode line.}
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499 (lisp-mode-variables t) ; @r{This defines various variables.}
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500 @end group
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501 @group
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502 (setq imenu-case-fold-search t)
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503 (set-syntax-table lisp-mode-syntax-table)
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504 (run-hooks 'lisp-mode-hook)) ; @r{This permits the user to use a}
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505 ; @r{hook to customize the mode.}
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506 @end group
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507 @end smallexample
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508
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509 @node Auto Major Mode
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510 @subsection How Emacs Chooses a Major Mode
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511
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512 Based on information in the file name or in the file itself, Emacs
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513 automatically selects a major mode for the new buffer when a file is
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514 visited. It also processes local variables specified in the file text.
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515
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516 @deffn Command fundamental-mode
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517 Fundamental mode is a major mode that is not specialized for anything
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518 in particular. Other major modes are defined in effect by comparison
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519 with this one---their definitions say what to change, starting from
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520 Fundamental mode. The @code{fundamental-mode} function does @emph{not}
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521 run any hooks; you're not supposed to customize it. (If you want Emacs
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522 to behave differently in Fundamental mode, change the @emph{global}
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523 state of Emacs.)
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524 @end deffn
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525
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526 @deffn Command normal-mode &optional find-file
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527 This function establishes the proper major mode and buffer-local variable
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528 bindings for the current buffer. First it calls @code{set-auto-mode},
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529 then it runs @code{hack-local-variables} to parse, and bind or
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530 evaluate as appropriate, the file's local variables.
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531
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532 If the @var{find-file} argument to @code{normal-mode} is non-@code{nil},
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533 @code{normal-mode} assumes that the @code{find-file} function is calling
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534 it. In this case, it may process a local variables list at the end of
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535 the file and in the @samp{-*-} line. The variable
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536 @code{enable-local-variables} controls whether to do so. @xref{File
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537 variables, , Local Variables in Files, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for
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538 the syntax of the local variables section of a file.
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539
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540 If you run @code{normal-mode} interactively, the argument
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541 @var{find-file} is normally @code{nil}. In this case,
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542 @code{normal-mode} unconditionally processes any local variables list.
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543
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544 @cindex file mode specification error
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545 @code{normal-mode} uses @code{condition-case} around the call to the
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546 major mode function, so errors are caught and reported as a @samp{File
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547 mode specification error}, followed by the original error message.
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548 @end deffn
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549
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550 @defopt enable-local-variables
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551 This variable controls processing of local variables lists in files
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552 being visited. A value of @code{t} means process the local variables
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553 lists unconditionally; @code{nil} means ignore them; anything else means
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554 ask the user what to do for each file. The default value is @code{t}.
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555 @end defopt
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556
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557 @defvar ignored-local-variables
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558 This variable holds a list of variables that should not be
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559 set by a file's local variables list. Any value specified
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560 for one of these variables is ignored.
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561 @end defvar
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562
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563 In addition to this list, any variable whose name has a non-@code{nil}
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564 @code{risky-local-variable} property is also ignored.
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565
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566 @defopt enable-local-eval
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567 This variable controls processing of @samp{Eval:} in local variables
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568 lists in files being visited. A value of @code{t} means process them
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569 unconditionally; @code{nil} means ignore them; anything else means ask
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570 the user what to do for each file. The default value is @code{maybe}.
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571 @end defopt
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572
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573 @defun set-auto-mode
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574 @cindex visited file mode
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575 This function selects the major mode that is appropriate for the
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576 current buffer. It may base its decision on the value of the @w{@samp{-*-}}
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577 line, on the visited file name (using @code{auto-mode-alist}), on the
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578 @w{@samp{#!}} line (using @code{interpreter-mode-alist}), or on the
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579 file's local variables list. However, this function does not look for
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580 the @samp{mode:} local variable near the end of a file; the
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581 @code{hack-local-variables} function does that. @xref{Choosing Modes, ,
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582 How Major Modes are Chosen, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
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583 @end defun
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584
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585 @defopt default-major-mode
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586 This variable holds the default major mode for new buffers. The
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587 standard value is @code{fundamental-mode}.
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588
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589 If the value of @code{default-major-mode} is @code{nil}, Emacs uses
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590 the (previously) current buffer's major mode for the major mode of a new
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591 buffer. However, if that major mode symbol has a @code{mode-class}
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592 property with value @code{special}, then it is not used for new buffers;
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593 Fundamental mode is used instead. The modes that have this property are
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594 those such as Dired and Rmail that are useful only with text that has
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595 been specially prepared.
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596 @end defopt
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597
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598 @defun set-buffer-major-mode buffer
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599 This function sets the major mode of @var{buffer} to the value of
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600 @code{default-major-mode}. If that variable is @code{nil}, it uses
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601 the current buffer's major mode (if that is suitable).
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602
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603 The low-level primitives for creating buffers do not use this function,
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604 but medium-level commands such as @code{switch-to-buffer} and
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605 @code{find-file-noselect} use it whenever they create buffers.
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606 @end defun
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607
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608 @defvar initial-major-mode
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609 @cindex @samp{*scratch*}
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610 The value of this variable determines the major mode of the initial
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611 @samp{*scratch*} buffer. The value should be a symbol that is a major
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612 mode command. The default value is @code{lisp-interaction-mode}.
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613 @end defvar
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614
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615 @defvar auto-mode-alist
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616 This variable contains an association list of file name patterns
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617 (regular expressions; @pxref{Regular Expressions}) and corresponding
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618 major mode commands. Usually, the file name patterns test for suffixes,
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619 such as @samp{.el} and @samp{.c}, but this need not be the case. An
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diff changeset
620 ordinary element of the alist looks like @code{(@var{regexp} .
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621 @var{mode-function})}.
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622
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623 For example,
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624
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625 @smallexample
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626 @group
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627 (("\\`/tmp/fol/" . text-mode)
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628 ("\\.texinfo\\'" . texinfo-mode)
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629 ("\\.texi\\'" . texinfo-mode)
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630 @end group
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631 @group
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632 ("\\.el\\'" . emacs-lisp-mode)
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633 ("\\.c\\'" . c-mode)
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634 ("\\.h\\'" . c-mode)
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635 @dots{})
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636 @end group
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637 @end smallexample
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parents:
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638
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639 When you visit a file whose expanded file name (@pxref{File Name
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parents:
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640 Expansion}) matches a @var{regexp}, @code{set-auto-mode} calls the
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parents:
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641 corresponding @var{mode-function}. This feature enables Emacs to select
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parents:
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642 the proper major mode for most files.
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643
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644 If an element of @code{auto-mode-alist} has the form @code{(@var{regexp}
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parents:
diff changeset
645 @var{function} t)}, then after calling @var{function}, Emacs searches
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646 @code{auto-mode-alist} again for a match against the portion of the file
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647 name that did not match before. This feature is useful for
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
648 uncompression packages: an entry of the form @code{("\\.gz\\'"
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diff changeset
649 @var{function} t)} can uncompress the file and then put the uncompressed
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diff changeset
650 file in the proper mode according to the name sans @samp{.gz}.
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parents:
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651
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652 Here is an example of how to prepend several pattern pairs to
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653 @code{auto-mode-alist}. (You might use this sort of expression in your
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diff changeset
654 init file.)
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655
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656 @smallexample
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657 @group
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658 (setq auto-mode-alist
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659 (append
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660 ;; @r{File name (within directory) starts with a dot.}
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diff changeset
661 '(("/\\.[^/]*\\'" . fundamental-mode)
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662 ;; @r{File name has no dot.}
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663 ("[^\\./]*\\'" . fundamental-mode)
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diff changeset
664 ;; @r{File name ends in @samp{.C}.}
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parents: 8016
diff changeset
665 ("\\.C\\'" . c++-mode))
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666 auto-mode-alist))
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667 @end group
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668 @end smallexample
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diff changeset
669 @end defvar
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670
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671 @defvar interpreter-mode-alist
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672 This variable specifies major modes to use for scripts that specify a
24934
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 22274
diff changeset
673 command interpreter in a @samp{#!} line. Its value is a list of
6451
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674 elements of the form @code{(@var{interpreter} . @var{mode})}; for
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parents:
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675 example, @code{("perl" . perl-mode)} is one element present by default.
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parents:
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676 The element says to use mode @var{mode} if the file specifies
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
677 an interpreter which matches @var{interpreter}. The value of
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
678 @var{interpreter} is actually a regular expression.
6451
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diff changeset
679
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diff changeset
680 This variable is applicable only when the @code{auto-mode-alist} does
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diff changeset
681 not indicate which major mode to use.
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682 @end defvar
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parents:
diff changeset
683
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diff changeset
684 @defun hack-local-variables &optional force
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diff changeset
685 This function parses, and binds or evaluates as appropriate, any local
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
686 variables specified by the contents of the current buffer.
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parents:
diff changeset
687
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diff changeset
688 The handling of @code{enable-local-variables} documented for
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parents:
diff changeset
689 @code{normal-mode} actually takes place here. The argument @var{force}
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parents: 6451
diff changeset
690 usually comes from the argument @var{find-file} given to
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parents: 6451
diff changeset
691 @code{normal-mode}.
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diff changeset
692 @end defun
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diff changeset
693
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diff changeset
694 @node Mode Help
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parents:
diff changeset
695 @subsection Getting Help about a Major Mode
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parents:
diff changeset
696 @cindex mode help
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parents:
diff changeset
697 @cindex help for major mode
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parents:
diff changeset
698 @cindex documentation for major mode
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parents:
diff changeset
699
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diff changeset
700 The @code{describe-mode} function is used to provide information
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parents:
diff changeset
701 about major modes. It is normally called with @kbd{C-h m}. The
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diff changeset
702 @code{describe-mode} function uses the value of @code{major-mode},
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parents:
diff changeset
703 which is why every major mode function needs to set the
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parents:
diff changeset
704 @code{major-mode} variable.
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parents:
diff changeset
705
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parents:
diff changeset
706 @deffn Command describe-mode
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parents:
diff changeset
707 This function displays the documentation of the current major mode.
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parents:
diff changeset
708
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parents:
diff changeset
709 The @code{describe-mode} function calls the @code{documentation}
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parents:
diff changeset
710 function using the value of @code{major-mode} as an argument. Thus, it
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parents:
diff changeset
711 displays the documentation string of the major mode function.
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parents:
diff changeset
712 (@xref{Accessing Documentation}.)
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parents:
diff changeset
713 @end deffn
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714
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diff changeset
715 @defvar major-mode
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parents:
diff changeset
716 This variable holds the symbol for the current buffer's major mode.
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parents: 6451
diff changeset
717 This symbol should have a function definition that is the command to
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parents:
diff changeset
718 switch to that major mode. The @code{describe-mode} function uses the
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parents: 6451
diff changeset
719 documentation string of the function as the documentation of the major
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diff changeset
720 mode.
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diff changeset
721 @end defvar
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diff changeset
722
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diff changeset
723 @node Derived Modes
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parents:
diff changeset
724 @subsection Defining Derived Modes
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parents:
diff changeset
725
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diff changeset
726 It's often useful to define a new major mode in terms of an existing
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parents:
diff changeset
727 one. An easy way to do this is to use @code{define-derived-mode}.
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parents:
diff changeset
728
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diff changeset
729 @defmac define-derived-mode variant parent name docstring body@dots{}
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parents:
diff changeset
730 This construct defines @var{variant} as a major mode command, using
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parents: 6451
diff changeset
731 @var{name} as the string form of the mode name.
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parents:
diff changeset
732
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parents: 6451
diff changeset
733 The new command @var{variant} is defined to call the function
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parents: 6451
diff changeset
734 @var{parent}, then override certain aspects of that parent mode:
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735
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diff changeset
736 @itemize @bullet
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parents:
diff changeset
737 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
738 The new mode has its own keymap, named @code{@var{variant}-map}.
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parents:
diff changeset
739 @code{define-derived-mode} initializes this map to inherit from
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parents:
diff changeset
740 @code{@var{parent}-map}, if it is not already set.
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parents:
diff changeset
741
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parents:
diff changeset
742 @item
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diff changeset
743 The new mode has its own syntax table, kept in the variable
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parents:
diff changeset
744 @code{@var{variant}-syntax-table}.
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parents:
diff changeset
745 @code{define-derived-mode} initializes this variable by copying
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parents:
diff changeset
746 @code{@var{parent}-syntax-table}, if it is not already set.
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parents:
diff changeset
747
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parents:
diff changeset
748 @item
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diff changeset
749 The new mode has its own abbrev table, kept in the variable
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diff changeset
750 @code{@var{variant}-abbrev-table}.
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parents:
diff changeset
751 @code{define-derived-mode} initializes this variable by copying
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parents:
diff changeset
752 @code{@var{parent}-abbrev-table}, if it is not already set.
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parents:
diff changeset
753
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diff changeset
754 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
755 The new mode has its own mode hook, @code{@var{variant}-hook},
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parents:
diff changeset
756 which it runs in standard fashion as the very last thing that it does.
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parents:
diff changeset
757 (The new mode also runs the mode hook of @var{parent} as part
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parents:
diff changeset
758 of calling @var{parent}.)
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parents:
diff changeset
759 @end itemize
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parents:
diff changeset
760
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diff changeset
761 In addition, you can specify how to override other aspects of
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diff changeset
762 @var{parent} with @var{body}. The command @var{variant}
6451
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parents:
diff changeset
763 evaluates the forms in @var{body} after setting up all its usual
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parents:
diff changeset
764 overrides, just before running @code{@var{variant}-hook}.
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parents:
diff changeset
765
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parents:
diff changeset
766 The argument @var{docstring} specifies the documentation string for the
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parents:
diff changeset
767 new mode. If you omit @var{docstring}, @code{define-derived-mode}
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parents:
diff changeset
768 generates a documentation string.
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parents:
diff changeset
769
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parents:
diff changeset
770 Here is a hypothetical example:
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parents:
diff changeset
771
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parents:
diff changeset
772 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
773 (define-derived-mode hypertext-mode
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parents:
diff changeset
774 text-mode "Hypertext"
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parents:
diff changeset
775 "Major mode for hypertext.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776 \\@{hypertext-mode-map@}"
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parents:
diff changeset
777 (setq case-fold-search nil))
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parents:
diff changeset
778
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779 (define-key hypertext-mode-map
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parents:
diff changeset
780 [down-mouse-3] 'do-hyper-link)
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parents:
diff changeset
781 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
782 @end defmac
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parents:
diff changeset
783
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parents:
diff changeset
784 @node Minor Modes
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785 @section Minor Modes
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786 @cindex minor mode
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parents:
diff changeset
787
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788 A @dfn{minor mode} provides features that users may enable or disable
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789 independently of the choice of major mode. Minor modes can be enabled
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 individually or in combination. Minor modes would be better named
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
791 ``generally available, optional feature modes,'' except that such a name
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
792 would be unwieldy.
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parents:
diff changeset
793
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794 A minor mode is not usually meant as a variation of a single major mode.
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
795 Usually they are general and can apply to many major modes. For
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796 example, Auto Fill mode works with any major mode that permits text
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parents:
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797 insertion. To be general, a minor mode must be effectively independent
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parents:
diff changeset
798 of the things major modes do.
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parents:
diff changeset
799
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parents:
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800 A minor mode is often much more difficult to implement than a major
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parents:
diff changeset
801 mode. One reason is that you should be able to activate and deactivate
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parents: 6451
diff changeset
802 minor modes in any order. A minor mode should be able to have its
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parents: 6451
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803 desired effect regardless of the major mode and regardless of the other
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parents: 6451
diff changeset
804 minor modes in effect.
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805
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diff changeset
806 Often the biggest problem in implementing a minor mode is finding a
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parents:
diff changeset
807 way to insert the necessary hook into the rest of Emacs. Minor mode
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parents: 12067
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808 keymaps make this easier than it used to be.
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diff changeset
809
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parents:
diff changeset
810 @menu
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parents:
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811 * Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode.
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parents:
diff changeset
812 * Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap.
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ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 26211
diff changeset
813 * Defining Minor Modes:: A convenient facility for defining minor modes.
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814 @end menu
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815
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816 @node Minor Mode Conventions
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parents:
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817 @subsection Conventions for Writing Minor Modes
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818 @cindex minor mode conventions
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parents:
diff changeset
819 @cindex conventions for writing minor modes
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parents:
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820
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821 There are conventions for writing minor modes just as there are for
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parents:
diff changeset
822 major modes. Several of the major mode conventions apply to minor
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parents:
diff changeset
823 modes as well: those regarding the name of the mode initialization
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parents:
diff changeset
824 function, the names of global symbols, and the use of keymaps and
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
825 other tables.
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parents:
diff changeset
826
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parents:
diff changeset
827 In addition, there are several conventions that are specific to
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828 minor modes.
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parents:
diff changeset
829
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parents:
diff changeset
830 @itemize @bullet
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parents:
diff changeset
831 @item
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diff changeset
832 @cindex mode variable
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833 Make a variable whose name ends in @samp{-mode} to control the minor
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
834 mode. We call this the @dfn{mode variable}. The minor mode command
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
835 should set this variable (@code{nil} to disable; anything else to
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parents: 22138
diff changeset
836 enable).
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837
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838 If possible, implement the mode so that setting the variable
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
839 automatically enables or disables the mode. Then the minor mode command
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parents: 22138
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840 does not need to do anything except set the variable.
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841
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diff changeset
842 This variable is used in conjunction with the @code{minor-mode-alist} to
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parents:
diff changeset
843 display the minor mode name in the mode line. It can also enable
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 or disable a minor mode keymap. Individual commands or hooks can also
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
845 check the variable's value.
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parents:
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846
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parents:
diff changeset
847 If you want the minor mode to be enabled separately in each buffer,
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848 make the variable buffer-local.
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parents:
diff changeset
849
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parents:
diff changeset
850 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
851 Define a command whose name is the same as the mode variable.
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parents:
diff changeset
852 Its job is to enable and disable the mode by setting the variable.
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parents:
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853
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parents:
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854 The command should accept one optional argument. If the argument is
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parents:
diff changeset
855 @code{nil}, it should toggle the mode (turn it on if it is off, and off
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parents:
diff changeset
856 if it is on). Otherwise, it should turn the mode on if the argument is
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parents:
diff changeset
857 a positive integer, a symbol other than @code{nil} or @code{-}, or a
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858 list whose @sc{car} is such an integer or symbol; it should turn the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859 mode off otherwise.
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parents:
diff changeset
860
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parents: 12067
diff changeset
861 Here is an example taken from the definition of @code{transient-mark-mode}.
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parents: 12067
diff changeset
862 It shows the use of @code{transient-mark-mode} as a variable that enables or
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parents: 6451
diff changeset
863 disables the mode's behavior, and also shows the proper way to toggle,
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parents: 6451
diff changeset
864 enable or disable the minor mode based on the raw prefix argument value.
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parents:
diff changeset
865
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parents:
diff changeset
866 @smallexample
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parents:
diff changeset
867 @group
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parents: 12067
diff changeset
868 (setq transient-mark-mode
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
869 (if (null arg) (not transient-mark-mode)
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parents:
diff changeset
870 (> (prefix-numeric-value arg) 0)))
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parents:
diff changeset
871 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
872 @end smallexample
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parents:
diff changeset
873
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parents:
diff changeset
874 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
875 Add an element to @code{minor-mode-alist} for each minor mode
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
876 (@pxref{Mode Line Variables}), if you want to indicate the minor mode in
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
877 the mode line. This element should be a list of the following form:
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parents:
diff changeset
878
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parents:
diff changeset
879 @smallexample
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parents:
diff changeset
880 (@var{mode-variable} @var{string})
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parents:
diff changeset
881 @end smallexample
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parents:
diff changeset
882
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parents: 6451
diff changeset
883 Here @var{mode-variable} is the variable that controls enabling of the
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parents:
diff changeset
884 minor mode, and @var{string} is a short string, starting with a space,
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parents:
diff changeset
885 to represent the mode in the mode line. These strings must be short so
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parents:
diff changeset
886 that there is room for several of them at once.
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parents:
diff changeset
887
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parents:
diff changeset
888 When you add an element to @code{minor-mode-alist}, use @code{assq} to
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parents:
diff changeset
889 check for an existing element, to avoid duplication. For example:
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parents:
diff changeset
890
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parents:
diff changeset
891 @smallexample
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parents:
diff changeset
892 @group
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
893 (unless (assq 'leif-mode minor-mode-alist)
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
894 (setq minor-mode-alist
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
895 (cons '(leif-mode " Leif") minor-mode-alist)))
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
896 @end group
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
897 @end smallexample
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
898
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
899 @noindent
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
900 or like this, using @code{add-to-list} (@pxref{Setting Variables}):
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
901
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
902 @smallexample
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diff changeset
903 @group
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
904 (add-to-list 'minor-mode-alist '(leif-mode " Leif"))
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905 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
906 @end smallexample
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parents:
diff changeset
907 @end itemize
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parents:
diff changeset
908
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diff changeset
909 Global minor modes distributed with Emacs should if possible support
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
910 enabling and disabling via Custom (@pxref{Customization}). To do this,
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
911 the first step is to define the mode variable with @code{defcustom}, and
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
912 specify @code{:type boolean}.
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
913
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diff changeset
914 If just setting the variable is not sufficient to enable the mode, you
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
915 should also specify a @code{:set} method which enables the mode by
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
916 invoke the mode command. Note in the variable's documentation string that
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
917 setting the variable other than via Custom may not take effect.
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
918
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diff changeset
919 Also mark the definition with an autoload cookie (@pxref{Autoload}),
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
920 and specify a @code{:require} so that customizing the variable will load
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
921 the library that defines the mode. This will copy suitable definitions
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
922 into @file{loaddefs.el} so that users can use @code{customize-option} to
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
923 enable the mode. For example:
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
924
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diff changeset
925 @smallexample
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
926 @group
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diff changeset
927
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
928 ;;;###autoload
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
929 (defcustom msb-mode nil
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
930 "Toggle msb-mode.
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
931 Setting this variable directly does not take effect;
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
932 use either \\[customize] or the function `msb-mode'."
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
933 :set (lambda (symbol value)
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diff changeset
934 (msb-mode (or value 0)))
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diff changeset
935 :initialize 'custom-initialize-default
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diff changeset
936 :version "20.4"
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diff changeset
937 :type 'boolean
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diff changeset
938 :group 'msb
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diff changeset
939 :require 'msb)
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diff changeset
940 @end group
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diff changeset
941 @end smallexample
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942
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943 @node Keymaps and Minor Modes
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parents:
diff changeset
944 @subsection Keymaps and Minor Modes
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parents:
diff changeset
945
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946 Each minor mode can have its own keymap, which is active when the mode
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947 is enabled. To set up a keymap for a minor mode, add an element to the
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diff changeset
948 alist @code{minor-mode-map-alist}. @xref{Active Keymaps}.
6451
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parents:
diff changeset
949
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950 @cindex @code{self-insert-command}, minor modes
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951 One use of minor mode keymaps is to modify the behavior of certain
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952 self-inserting characters so that they do something else as well as
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parents:
diff changeset
953 self-insert. In general, this is the only way to do that, since the
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diff changeset
954 facilities for customizing @code{self-insert-command} are limited to
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parents:
diff changeset
955 special cases (designed for abbrevs and Auto Fill mode). (Do not try
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parents:
diff changeset
956 substituting your own definition of @code{self-insert-command} for the
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parents:
diff changeset
957 standard one. The editor command loop handles this function specially.)
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diff changeset
958
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959 The key sequences bound in a minor mode should consist of @kbd{C-c}
8ed8412c1ce7 Document key binding conventions for major modes and minor modes.
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960 followed by a punctuation character @emph{other than} @kbd{@{},
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961 @kbd{@}}, @kbd{<}, @kbd{>}, @kbd{:}, and @kbd{;}. (Those few punctuation
17278
8ed8412c1ce7 Document key binding conventions for major modes and minor modes.
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962 characters are reserved for major modes.)
8ed8412c1ce7 Document key binding conventions for major modes and minor modes.
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963
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964 @node Defining Minor Modes
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965 @subsection Defining Minor Modes
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966
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967 The macro @code{define-minor-mode} offers a convenient way of
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968 implementing a mode in one self-contained definition. It supports only
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969 buffer-local minor modes, not global ones.
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970
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971 @defmac define-minor-mode mode doc &optional init-value mode-indicator keymap body...
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972 @tindex define-minor-mode
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973 This macro defines a new minor mode whose name is @var{mode} (a symbol).
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974 It defines a command named @var{mode} to toggle the minor
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975 mode, with @var{doc} as its documentation string. It also defines a
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976 variable named @var{mode}, which is set to @code{t} or @code{nil} by
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977 enabling or disabling the mode. The variable is initialized to
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diff changeset
978 @var{init-value}.
21007
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979
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980 The command named @var{mode} finishes by executing the @var{body} forms,
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parents: 26211
diff changeset
981 if any, after it has performed the standard actions such as setting
ef5e7bbe6f19 Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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parents: 26211
diff changeset
982 the variable named @var{mode}.
21007
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983
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diff changeset
984 The string @var{mode-indicator} says what to display in the mode line
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diff changeset
985 when the mode is enabled; if it is @code{nil}, the mode is not displayed
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
986 in the mode line.
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diff changeset
987
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988 The optional argument @var{keymap} specifies the keymap for the minor mode.
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989 It can be a variable name, whose value is the keymap, or it can be an alist
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diff changeset
990 specifying bindings in this form:
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991
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992 @example
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993 (@var{key-sequence} . @var{definition})
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994 @end example
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995 @end defmac
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996
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diff changeset
997 Here is an example of using @code{define-minor-mode}:
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998
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diff changeset
999 @smallexample
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diff changeset
1000 (define-minor-mode hungry-mode
21682
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diff changeset
1001 "Toggle Hungry mode.
21007
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diff changeset
1002 With no argument, this command toggles the mode.
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diff changeset
1003 Non-null prefix argument turns on the mode.
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diff changeset
1004 Null prefix argument turns off the mode.
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diff changeset
1005
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diff changeset
1006 When Hungry mode is enabled, the control delete key
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
1007 gobbles all preceding whitespace except the last.
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
1008 See the command \\[hungry-electric-delete]."
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diff changeset
1009 ;; The initial value.
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1010 nil
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1011 ;; The indicator for the mode line.
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1012 " Hungry"
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diff changeset
1013 ;; The minor mode bindings.
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diff changeset
1014 '(("\C-\^?" . hungry-electric-delete)
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diff changeset
1015 ("\C-\M-\^?"
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diff changeset
1016 . (lambda ()
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diff changeset
1017 (interactive)
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diff changeset
1018 (hungry-electric-delete t)))))
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diff changeset
1019 @end smallexample
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diff changeset
1020
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diff changeset
1021 @noindent
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diff changeset
1022 This defines a minor mode named ``Hungry mode'', a command named
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diff changeset
1023 @code{hungry-mode} to toggle it, a variable named @code{hungry-mode}
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diff changeset
1024 which indicates whether the mode is enabled, and a variable named
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diff changeset
1025 @code{hungry-mode-map} which holds the keymap that is active when the
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
1026 mode is enabled. It initializes the keymap with key bindings for
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diff changeset
1027 @kbd{C-@key{DEL}} and @kbd{C-M-@key{DEL}}.
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diff changeset
1028
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1029
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diff changeset
1030 @findex easy-mmode-define-minor-mode
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parents: 26211
diff changeset
1031 The name @code{easy-mmode-define-minor-mode} is an alias
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parents: 26211
diff changeset
1032 for this macro.
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parents: 26211
diff changeset
1033
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1034 @node Mode Line Format
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parents:
diff changeset
1035 @section Mode Line Format
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parents:
diff changeset
1036 @cindex mode line
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parents:
diff changeset
1037
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1038 Each Emacs window (aside from minibuffer windows) typically has a mode
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1039 line at the bottom, which displays status information about the buffer
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1040 displayed in the window. The mode line contains information about the
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1041 buffer, such as its name, associated file, depth of recursive editing,
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1042 and major and minor modes. A window can also have a @dfn{header
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1043 line}, which is much like the mode line but appears at the top of the
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1044 window (starting in Emacs 21).
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1045
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1046 This section describes how to control the contents of the mode line
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diff changeset
1047 and header line. We include it in this chapter because much of the
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diff changeset
1048 information displayed in the mode line relates to the enabled major and
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parents:
diff changeset
1049 minor modes.
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parents:
diff changeset
1050
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1051 @code{mode-line-format} is a buffer-local variable that holds a
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parents:
diff changeset
1052 template used to display the mode line of the current buffer. All
25751
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diff changeset
1053 windows for the same buffer use the same @code{mode-line-format}, so
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1054 their mode lines appear the same---except for scrolling percentages, and
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1055 line and column numbers, since those depend on point and on how the
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diff changeset
1056 window is scrolled. @code{header-line-format} is used likewise for
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1057 header lines.
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diff changeset
1058
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1059 The mode line and header line of a window are normally updated
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diff changeset
1060 whenever a different buffer is shown in the window, or when the buffer's
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diff changeset
1061 modified-status changes from @code{nil} to @code{t} or vice-versa. If
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1062 you modify any of the variables referenced by @code{mode-line-format}
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1063 (@pxref{Mode Line Variables}), or any other variables and data
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1064 structures that affect how text is displayed (@pxref{Display}), you may
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1065 want to force an update of the mode line so as to display the new
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1066 information or display it in the new way.
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1067
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1068 @c Emacs 19 feature
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diff changeset
1069 @defun force-mode-line-update
25751
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1070 Force redisplay of the current buffer's mode line and header line.
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diff changeset
1071 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1072
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diff changeset
1073 The mode line is usually displayed in inverse video; see
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diff changeset
1074 @code{mode-line-inverse-video} in @ref{Inverse Video}.
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diff changeset
1075
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diff changeset
1076 @menu
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parents:
diff changeset
1077 * Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line.
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parents:
diff changeset
1078 * Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure.
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diff changeset
1079 * %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line.
25751
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1080 * Properties in Mode:: Using text properties in the mode line.
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1081 * Header Lines:: Like a mode line, but at the top.
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1082 @end menu
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1083
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1084 @node Mode Line Data
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1085 @subsection The Data Structure of the Mode Line
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1086 @cindex mode line construct
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1087
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1088 The mode line contents are controlled by a data structure of lists,
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1089 strings, symbols, and numbers kept in buffer-local variables. The data
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1090 structure is called a @dfn{mode line construct}, and it is built in
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1091 recursive fashion out of simpler mode line constructs. The same data
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1092 structure is used for constructing frame titles (@pxref{Frame Titles})
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1093 and header lines (@pxref{Header Lines}).
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1094
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1095 @defvar mode-line-format
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1096 The value of this variable is a mode line construct with overall
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1097 responsibility for the mode line format. The value of this variable
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1098 controls which other variables are used to form the mode line text, and
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1099 where they appear.
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1100
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1101 If you set this variable to @code{nil} in a buffer, that buffer does not
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1102 have a mode line. (This feature was added in Emacs 21.)
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1103 @end defvar
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1104
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1105 A mode line construct may be as simple as a fixed string of text, but
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1106 it usually specifies how to use other variables to construct the text.
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1107 Many of these variables are themselves defined to have mode line
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1108 constructs as their values.
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1109
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1110 The default value of @code{mode-line-format} incorporates the values
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1111 of variables such as @code{mode-name} and @code{minor-mode-alist}.
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1112 Because of this, very few modes need to alter @code{mode-line-format}
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1113 itself. For most purposes, it is sufficient to alter some of the
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1114 variables that @code{mode-line-format} refers to.
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1115
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1116 A mode line construct may be a list, a symbol, or a string. If the
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1117 value is a list, each element may be a list, a symbol, or a string.
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1118
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1119 The mode line can display various faces, if the strings that control
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1120 it have the @code{face} property. @xref{Properties in Mode}. In
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1121 addition, the face @code{mode-line} is used as a default for the whole
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1122 mode line (@pxref{Standard Faces}).
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1123
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1124 @table @code
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1125 @cindex percent symbol in mode line
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1126 @item @var{string}
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1127 A string as a mode line construct is displayed verbatim in the mode line
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1128 except for @dfn{@code{%}-constructs}. Decimal digits after the @samp{%}
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1129 specify the field width for space filling on the right (i.e., the data
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1130 is left justified). @xref{%-Constructs}.
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1131
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1132 @item @var{symbol}
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1133 A symbol as a mode line construct stands for its value. The value of
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1134 @var{symbol} is used as a mode line construct, in place of @var{symbol}.
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1135 However, the symbols @code{t} and @code{nil} are ignored, as is any
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1136 symbol whose value is void.
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1137
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1138 There is one exception: if the value of @var{symbol} is a string, it is
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1139 displayed verbatim: the @code{%}-constructs are not recognized.
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1140
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1141 @item (@var{string} @var{rest}@dots{}) @r{or} (@var{list} @var{rest}@dots{})
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1142 A list whose first element is a string or list means to process all the
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1143 elements recursively and concatenate the results. This is the most
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1144 common form of mode line construct.
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1145
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1146 @item (:eval @var{form})
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1147 A list whose first element is the symbol @code{:eval} says to evaluate
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1148 @var{form}, and use the result as a string to display.
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1149 (This feature is new as of Emacs 21.)
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1150
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1151 @item (@var{symbol} @var{then} @var{else})
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1152 A list whose first element is a symbol that is not a keyword specifies a
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1153 conditional. Its meaning depends on the value of @var{symbol}. If the
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1154 value is non-@code{nil}, the second element, @var{then}, is processed
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1155 recursively as a mode line element. But if the value of @var{symbol} is
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1156 @code{nil}, the third element, @var{else}, is processed recursively.
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1157 You may omit @var{else}; then the mode line element displays nothing if
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1158 the value of @var{symbol} is @code{nil}.
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1159
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1160 @item (@var{width} @var{rest}@dots{})
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1161 A list whose first element is an integer specifies truncation or
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1162 padding of the results of @var{rest}. The remaining elements
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1163 @var{rest} are processed recursively as mode line constructs and
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1164 concatenated together. Then the result is space filled (if
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diff changeset
1165 @var{width} is positive) or truncated (to @minus{}@var{width} columns,
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1166 if @var{width} is negative) on the right.
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1167
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1168 For example, the usual way to show what percentage of a buffer is above
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1169 the top of the window is to use a list like this: @code{(-3 "%p")}.
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1170 @end table
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1171
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1172 If you do alter @code{mode-line-format} itself, the new value should
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1173 use the same variables that appear in the default value (@pxref{Mode
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1174 Line Variables}), rather than duplicating their contents or displaying
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1175 the information in another fashion. This way, customizations made by
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1176 the user or by Lisp programs (such as @code{display-time} and major
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1177 modes) via changes to those variables remain effective.
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1178
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1179 @cindex Shell mode @code{mode-line-format}
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1180 Here is an example of a @code{mode-line-format} that might be
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diff changeset
1181 useful for @code{shell-mode}, since it contains the host name and default
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1182 directory.
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1183
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1184 @example
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diff changeset
1185 @group
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1186 (setq mode-line-format
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1187 (list "-"
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1188 'mode-line-mule-info
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1189 'mode-line-modified
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1190 'mode-line-frame-identification
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1191 "%b--"
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1192 @end group
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1193 @group
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1194 ;; @r{Note that this is evaluated while making the list.}
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1195 ;; @r{It makes a mode line construct which is just a string.}
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1196 (getenv "HOST")
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1197 @end group
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1198 ":"
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1199 'default-directory
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diff changeset
1200 " "
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1201 'global-mode-string
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1202 " %[("
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1203 '(:eval (mode-line-mode-name))
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1204 'mode-line-process
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1205 'minor-mode-alist
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diff changeset
1206 "%n"
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diff changeset
1207 ")%]--"
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1208 @group
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1209 '(which-func-mode ("" which-func-format "--"))
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1210 '(line-number-mode "L%l--")
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1211 '(column-number-mode "C%c--")
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1212 '(-3 . "%p")
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diff changeset
1213 "-%-"))
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diff changeset
1214 @end group
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diff changeset
1215 @end example
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diff changeset
1216
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1217 @noindent
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1218 (The variables @code{line-number-mode}, @code{column-number-mode}
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diff changeset
1219 and @code{which-func-mode} enable particular minor modes; as usual,
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diff changeset
1220 these variable names are also the minor mode command names.)
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1221
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diff changeset
1222 @node Mode Line Variables
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diff changeset
1223 @subsection Variables Used in the Mode Line
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diff changeset
1224
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1225 This section describes variables incorporated by the
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diff changeset
1226 standard value of @code{mode-line-format} into the text of the mode
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diff changeset
1227 line. There is nothing inherently special about these variables; any
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diff changeset
1228 other variables could have the same effects on the mode line if
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diff changeset
1229 @code{mode-line-format} were changed to use them.
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diff changeset
1230
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1231 @defvar mode-line-mule-info
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1232 @tindex mode-line-mule-info
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diff changeset
1233 This variable holds the value of the mode-line construct that displays
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1234 information about the language environment, buffer coding system, and
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1235 current input method. @xref{Non-ASCII Characters}.
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1236 @end defvar
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1237
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parents:
diff changeset
1238 @defvar mode-line-modified
7253
6ba87aed7836 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6451
diff changeset
1239 This variable holds the value of the mode-line construct that displays
6451
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parents:
diff changeset
1240 whether the current buffer is modified.
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parents:
diff changeset
1241
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1242 The default value of @code{mode-line-modified} is @code{("%1*%1+")}.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1243 This means that the mode line displays @samp{**} if the buffer is
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1244 modified, @samp{--} if the buffer is not modified, @samp{%%} if the
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1245 buffer is read only, and @samp{%*} if the buffer is read only and
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1246 modified.
6451
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parents:
diff changeset
1247
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1248 Changing this variable does not force an update of the mode line.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1249 @end defvar
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1250
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1251 @defvar mode-line-frame-identification
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1252 @tindex mode-line-frame-identification
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1253 This variable identifies the current frame. The default value is
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1254 @code{" "} if you are using a window system which can show multiple
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1255 frames, or @code{"-%F "} on an ordinary terminal which shows only one
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1256 frame at a time.
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1257 @end defvar
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1258
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parents:
diff changeset
1259 @defvar mode-line-buffer-identification
7253
6ba87aed7836 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6451
diff changeset
1260 This variable identifies the buffer being displayed in the window. Its
22267
dfac7398266b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22252
diff changeset
1261 default value is @code{("%12b")}, which displays the buffer name, padded
dfac7398266b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22252
diff changeset
1262 with spaces to at least 12 columns.
6451
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parents:
diff changeset
1263 @end defvar
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1264
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1265 @defvar global-mode-string
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1266 This variable holds a mode line spec that appears in the mode line by
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1267 default, just after the buffer name. The command @code{display-time}
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1268 sets @code{global-mode-string} to refer to the variable
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1269 @code{display-time-string}, which holds a string containing the time and
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1270 load information.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1271
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1272 The @samp{%M} construct substitutes the value of
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1273 @code{global-mode-string}, but that is obsolete, since the variable is
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1274 included in the mode line from @code{mode-line-format}.
6451
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1275 @end defvar
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1276
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1277 @defvar mode-name
7253
6ba87aed7836 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6451
diff changeset
1278 This buffer-local variable holds the ``pretty'' name of the current
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1279 buffer's major mode. Each major mode should set this variable so that the
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1280 mode name will appear in the mode line.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1281 @end defvar
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1282
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1283 @defvar minor-mode-alist
7253
6ba87aed7836 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6451
diff changeset
1284 This variable holds an association list whose elements specify how the
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1285 mode line should indicate that a minor mode is active. Each element of
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1286 the @code{minor-mode-alist} should be a two-element list:
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1287
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1288 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1289 (@var{minor-mode-variable} @var{mode-line-string})
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1290 @end example
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1291
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1292 More generally, @var{mode-line-string} can be any mode line spec. It
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1293 appears in the mode line when the value of @var{minor-mode-variable} is
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1294 non-@code{nil}, and not otherwise. These strings should begin with
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1295 spaces so that they don't run together. Conventionally, the
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1296 @var{minor-mode-variable} for a specific mode is set to a non-@code{nil}
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1297 value when that minor mode is activated.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1298
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1299 The default value of @code{minor-mode-alist} is:
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1300
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1301 @example
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1302 @group
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1303 minor-mode-alist
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1304 @result{} ((vc-mode vc-mode)
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1305 (abbrev-mode " Abbrev")
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1306 (overwrite-mode overwrite-mode)
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1307 (auto-fill-function " Fill")
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1308 (defining-kbd-macro " Def")
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1309 (isearch-mode isearch-mode))
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1310 @end group
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1311 @end example
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1312
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1313 @code{minor-mode-alist} itself is not buffer-local. Each variable
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1314 mentioned in the alist should be buffer-local if its minor mode can be
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1315 enabled separately in each buffer.
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1316 @end defvar
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1317
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1318 @defvar mode-line-process
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1319 This buffer-local variable contains the mode line information on process
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1320 status in modes used for communicating with subprocesses. It is
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1321 displayed immediately following the major mode name, with no intervening
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1322 space. For example, its value in the @samp{*shell*} buffer is
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1323 @code{(":%s")}, which allows the shell to display its status along
25875
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1324 with the major mode as: @samp{(Shell:run)}. Normally this variable
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1325 is @code{nil}.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1326 @end defvar
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1327
25875
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1328 Some variables are used by @code{minor-mode-alist} to display
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1329 a string for various minor modes when enabled. This is a typical
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1330 example:
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1331
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1332 @defvar vc-mode
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1333 The variable @code{vc-mode}, buffer-local in each buffer, records
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1334 whether the buffer's visited file is maintained with version control,
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1335 and, if so, which kind. Its value is a string that appears in the mode
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1336 line, or @code{nil} for no version control.
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1337 @end defvar
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1338
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1339 The variable @code{default-mode-line-format} is where
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1340 @code{mode-line-format} usually gets its value:
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1341
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1342 @defvar default-mode-line-format
7253
6ba87aed7836 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6451
diff changeset
1343 This variable holds the default @code{mode-line-format} for buffers
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1344 that do not override it. This is the same as @code{(default-value
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1345 'mode-line-format)}.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1346
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1347 The default value of @code{default-mode-line-format} is this list:
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1348
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1349 @example
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1350 @group
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1351 ("-"
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1352 mode-line-mule-info
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1353 mode-line-modified
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1354 mode-line-frame-identification
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1355 mode-line-buffer-identification
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1356 @end group
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1357 " "
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1358 global-mode-string
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1359 @group
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1360 " %[("
25875
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1361 ;; @r{@code{mode-line-mode-name} is a function}
26211
df0efa93750b Patch from rms.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 25975
diff changeset
1362 ;; @r{that copies the mode name and adds text}
25875
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1363 ;; @r{properties to make it mouse-sensitive.}
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24934
diff changeset
1364 (:eval (mode-line-mode-name))
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1365 mode-line-process
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1366 minor-mode-alist
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1367 "%n"
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1368 ")%]--"
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1369 @end group
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1370 @group
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1371 (which-func-mode ("" which-func-format "--"))
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1372 (line-number-mode "L%l--")
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1373 (column-number-mode "C%c--")
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1374 (-3 . "%p")
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1375 "-%-")
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1376 @end group
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1377 @end example
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1378 @end defvar
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1379
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1380 @node %-Constructs
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1381 @subsection @code{%}-Constructs in the Mode Line
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1382
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1383 The following table lists the recognized @code{%}-constructs and what
7253
6ba87aed7836 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6451
diff changeset
1384 they mean. In any construct except @samp{%%}, you can add a decimal
6ba87aed7836 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6451
diff changeset
1385 integer after the @samp{%} to specify how many characters to display.
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1386
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
1387 @table @code
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parents:
diff changeset
1388 @item %b
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parents:
diff changeset
1389 The current buffer name, obtained with the @code{buffer-name} function.
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parents:
diff changeset
1390 @xref{Buffer Names}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1391
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diff changeset
1392 @item %c
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diff changeset
1393 The current column number of point.
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
1394
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diff changeset
1395 @item %f
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parents:
diff changeset
1396 The visited file name, obtained with the @code{buffer-file-name}
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parents:
diff changeset
1397 function. @xref{Buffer File Name}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1398
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1399 @item %F
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1400 The title (only on a window system) or the name of the selected frame.
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
1401 @xref{Window Frame Parameters}.
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1402
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1403 @item %l
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1404 The current line number of point, counting within the accessible portion
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1405 of the buffer.
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1406
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1407 @item %n
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1408 @samp{Narrow} when narrowing is in effect; nothing otherwise (see
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diff changeset
1409 @code{narrow-to-region} in @ref{Narrowing}).
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1410
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1411 @item %p
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1412 The percentage of the buffer text above the @strong{top} of window, or
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1413 @samp{Top}, @samp{Bottom} or @samp{All}. Note that the default
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1414 mode-line specification truncates this to three characters.
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1415
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1416 @item %P
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1417 The percentage of the buffer text that is above the @strong{bottom} of
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diff changeset
1418 the window (which includes the text visible in the window, as well as
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diff changeset
1419 the text above the top), plus @samp{Top} if the top of the buffer is
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parents: 25751
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1420 visible on screen; or @samp{Bottom} or @samp{All}.
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1421
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1422 @item %s
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1423 The status of the subprocess belonging to the current buffer, obtained with
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diff changeset
1424 @code{process-status}. @xref{Process Information}.
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diff changeset
1425
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1426 @item %t
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diff changeset
1427 Whether the visited file is a text file or a binary file. This is a
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
1428 meaningful distinction only on certain operating systems (@pxref{MS-DOS
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diff changeset
1429 File Types}).
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1430
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diff changeset
1431 @item %*
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parents:
diff changeset
1432 @samp{%} if the buffer is read only (see @code{buffer-read-only}); @*
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1433 @samp{*} if the buffer is modified (see @code{buffer-modified-p}); @*
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1434 @samp{-} otherwise. @xref{Buffer Modification}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1435
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diff changeset
1436 @item %+
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parents: 8960
diff changeset
1437 @samp{*} if the buffer is modified (see @code{buffer-modified-p}); @*
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parents: 8960
diff changeset
1438 @samp{%} if the buffer is read only (see @code{buffer-read-only}); @*
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 8960
diff changeset
1439 @samp{-} otherwise. This differs from @samp{%*} only for a modified
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 8960
diff changeset
1440 read-only buffer. @xref{Buffer Modification}.
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parents: 8960
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1441
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parents: 8960
diff changeset
1442 @item %&
7253
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parents: 6451
diff changeset
1443 @samp{*} if the buffer is modified, and @samp{-} otherwise.
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8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
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1444
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parents:
diff changeset
1445 @item %[
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1446 An indication of the depth of recursive editing levels (not counting
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1447 minibuffer levels): one @samp{[} for each editing level.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1448 @xref{Recursive Editing}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1449
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parents:
diff changeset
1450 @item %]
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1451 One @samp{]} for each recursive editing level (not counting minibuffer
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1452 levels).
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1453
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diff changeset
1454 @item %-
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
1455 Dashes sufficient to fill the remainder of the mode line.
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
1456
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parents:
diff changeset
1457 @item %%
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1458 The character @samp{%}---this is how to include a literal @samp{%} in a
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1459 string in which @code{%}-constructs are allowed.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1460 @end table
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parents:
diff changeset
1461
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parents:
diff changeset
1462 The following two @code{%}-constructs are still supported, but they are
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1463 obsolete, since you can get the same results with the variables
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1464 @code{mode-name} and @code{global-mode-string}.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1465
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parents:
diff changeset
1466 @table @code
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1467 @item %m
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1468 The value of @code{mode-name}.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1469
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1470 @item %M
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1471 The value of @code{global-mode-string}. Currently, only
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1472 @code{display-time} modifies the value of @code{global-mode-string}.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1473 @end table
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parents:
diff changeset
1474
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diff changeset
1475 @node Properties in Mode
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1476 @subsection Properties in the Mode Line
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1477
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1478 Starting in Emacs 21, certain text properties are meaningful in the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24934
diff changeset
1479 mode line. The @code{face} property affects the appearance of text; the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24934
diff changeset
1480 @code{help-echo} property associate help strings with the text, and
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24934
diff changeset
1481 @code{local-map} can make the text mouse-sensitive.
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1482
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1483 There are three ways to specify text properties for text in the mode
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24934
diff changeset
1484 line:
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1485
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1486 @enumerate
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1487 @item
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1488 Put a string with the @code{local-map} property directly into the
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1489 mode-line data structure.
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1490
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1491 @item
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1492 Put a @code{local-map} property on a mode-line %-construct
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24934
diff changeset
1493 such as @samp{%12b}; then the expansion of the %-construct
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1494 will have that same text property.
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1495
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1496 @item
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1497 Use a list containing @code{:eval @var{form}} in the mode-line data
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24934
diff changeset
1498 structure, and make @var{form} evaluate to a string that has a
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1499 @code{local-map} property.
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1500 @end enumerate
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1501
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1502 You use the @code{local-map} property to specify a keymap. Like any
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24934
diff changeset
1503 keymap, it can bind character keys and function keys; but that has no
25875
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
1504 effect, since it is impossible to move point into the mode line. This
25751
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1505 keymap can only take real effect for mouse clicks.
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1506
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1507 @node Header Lines
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1508 @subsection Window Header Lines
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1509 @cindex header line (of a window)
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1510 @cindex window header line
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1511
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1512 Starting in Emacs 21, a window can have a @dfn{header line} at the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24934
diff changeset
1513 top, just as it can have a mode line at the bottom. The header line
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24934
diff changeset
1514 feature works just like the mode line feature, except that it's
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24934
diff changeset
1515 controlled by different variables.
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1516
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1517 @tindex header-line-format
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1518 @defvar header-line-format
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1519 This variable, local in every buffer, specifies how to display the
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1520 header line, for windows displaying the buffer. The format of the value
26783
626ae4bb4994 Fix makeinfo complaints.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 26696
diff changeset
1521 is the same as for @code{mode-line-format} (@pxref{Mode Line Data}).
25751
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1522 @end defvar
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1523
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1524 @tindex default-header-line-format
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1525 @defvar default-header-line-format
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1526 This variable holds the default @code{header-line-format} for buffers
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24934
diff changeset
1527 that do not override it. This is the same as @code{(default-value
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24934
diff changeset
1528 'header-line-format)}.
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1529
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1530 It is normally @code{nil}, so that ordinary buffers have no header line.
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1531 @end defvar
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parents: 24934
diff changeset
1532
21007
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
1533 @node Imenu
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
1534 @section Imenu
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
1535
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
1536 @cindex Imenu
21682
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1537 @dfn{Imenu} is a feature that lets users select a definition or
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1538 section in the buffer, from a menu which lists all of them, to go
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1539 directly to that location in the buffer. Imenu works by constructing a
25751
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24934
diff changeset
1540 buffer index which lists the names and buffer positions of the
25875
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Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1541 definitions, or other named portions of the buffer; then the user can
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Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1542 choose one of them and move point to it. This section explains how to
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1543 customize how Imenu finds the definitions or buffer portions for a
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1544 particular major mode.
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1545
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1546 The usual and simplest way is to set the variable
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1547 @code{imenu-generic-expression}:
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1548
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1549 @defvar imenu-generic-expression
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1550 This variable, if non-@code{nil}, specifies regular expressions for
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1551 finding definitions for Imenu. In the simplest case, elements should
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1552 look like this:
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1553
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1554 @example
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1555 (@var{menu-title} @var{regexp} @var{subexp})
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1556 @end example
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1557
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1558 Here, if @var{menu-title} is non-@code{nil}, it says that the matches
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1559 for this element should go in a submenu of the buffer index;
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1560 @var{menu-title} itself specifies the name for the submenu. If
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1561 @var{menu-title} is @code{nil}, the matches for this element go directly
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1562 in the top level of the buffer index.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1563
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1564 The second item in the list, @var{regexp}, is a regular expression
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24934
diff changeset
1565 (@pxref{Regular Expressions}); anything in the buffer that it matches is
25875
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1566 considered a definition, something to mention in the buffer index. The
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1567 third item, @var{subexp}, indicates which subexpression in @var{regexp}
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24934
diff changeset
1568 matches the definition's name.
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1569
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1570 An element can also look like this:
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1571
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
1572 @example
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1573 (@var{menu-title} @var{regexp} @var{index} @var{function} @var{arguments}@dots{})
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1574 @end example
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1575
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1576 Each match for this element creates a special index item which, if
25875
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1577 selected by the user, calls @var{function} with arguments consisting of
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1578 the item name, the buffer position, and @var{arguments}.
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1579
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1580 For Emacs Lisp mode, @var{pattern} could look like this:
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1581
22138
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1582 @c should probably use imenu-syntax-alist and \\sw rather than [-A-Za-z0-9+]
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1583 @example
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1584 @group
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1585 ((nil "^\\s-*(def\\(un\\|subst\\|macro\\|advice\\)\
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1586 \\s-+\\([-A-Za-z0-9+]+\\)" 2)
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1587 @end group
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1588 @group
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1589 ("*Vars*" "^\\s-*(def\\(var\\|const\\)\
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1590 \\s-+\\([-A-Za-z0-9+]+\\)" 2)
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1591 @end group
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1592 @group
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1593 ("*Types*"
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1594 "^\\s-*\
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1595 (def\\(type\\|struct\\|class\\|ine-condition\\)\
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1596 \\s-+\\([-A-Za-z0-9+]+\\)" 2))
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1597 @end group
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1598 @end example
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1599
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1600 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer.
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1601 @end defvar
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1602
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1603 @defvar imenu-case-fold-search
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1604 This variable controls whether matching against
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1605 @var{imenu-generic-expression} is case-sensitive: @code{t}, the default,
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1606 means matching should ignore case.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1607
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1608 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1609 @end defvar
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1610
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1611 @defvar imenu-syntax-alist
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1612 This variable is an alist of syntax table modifiers to use while
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1613 processing @code{imenu-generic-expression}, to override the syntax table
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1614 of the current buffer. Each element should have this form:
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1615
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1616 @example
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1617 (@var{characters} . @var{syntax-description})
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1618 @end example
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1619
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1620 The @sc{car}, @var{characters}, can be either a character or a string.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1621 The element says to give that character or characters the syntax
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1622 specified by @var{syntax-description}, which is passed to
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1623 @code{modify-syntax-entry} (@pxref{Syntax Table Functions}).
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1624
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1625 This feature is typically used to give word syntax to characters which
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1626 normally have symbol syntax, and thus to simplify
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1627 @code{imenu-generic-expression} and speed up matching.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1628 For example, Fortran mode uses it this way:
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1629
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1630 @example
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1631 (setq imenu-syntax-alist '(("_$" . "w")))
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1632 @end example
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1633
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
1634 The @code{imenu-generic-expression} patterns can then use @samp{\\sw+}
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
1635 instead of @samp{\\(\\sw\\|\\s_\\)+}. Note that this technique may be
25751
467b88fab665 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24934
diff changeset
1636 inconvenient when the mode needs to limit the initial character
22267
dfac7398266b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22252
diff changeset
1637 of a name to a smaller set of characters than are allowed in the rest
dfac7398266b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22252
diff changeset
1638 of a name.
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1639
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1640 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer.
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1641 @end defvar
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1642
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1643 Another way to customize Imenu for a major mode is to set the
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1644 variables @code{imenu-prev-index-position-function} and
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1645 @code{imenu-extract-index-name-function}:
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1646
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1647 @defvar imenu-prev-index-position-function
25875
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1648 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, its value should be a funtion that
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1649 finds the next ``definition'' to put in the buffer index, scanning
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1650 backward in the buffer from point. It should return @code{nil} if it
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1651 doesn't find another ``definition'' before point. Otherwise it shuould
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1652 leave point at the place it finds a ``definition,'' and return any
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1653 non-@code{nil} value.
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1654
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1655 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer.
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1656 @end defvar
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1657
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1658 @defvar imenu-extract-index-name-function
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1659 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, its value should be a function to
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1660 return the name for a definition, assuming point is in that definition
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1661 as the @code{imenu-prev-index-position-function} function would leave
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1662 it.
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1663
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1664 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer.
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1665 @end defvar
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1666
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1667 The last way to customize Imenu for a major mode is to set the
25875
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
1668 variable @code{imenu-create-index-function}:
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1669
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1670 @defvar imenu-create-index-function
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1671 This variable specifies the function to use for creating a buffer index.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1672 The function should take no arguments, and return an index for the
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1673 current buffer. It is called within @code{save-excursion}, so where it
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1674 leaves point makes no difference.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1675
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1676 The default value is a function that uses
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1677 @code{imenu-generic-expression} to produce the index alist. If you
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1678 specify a different function, then @code{imenu-generic-expression} is
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1679 not used.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1680
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1681 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer.
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1682 @end defvar
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1683
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1684 @defvar imenu-index-alist
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
1685 This variable holds the index alist for the current buffer.
21682
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
1686 Setting it makes it buffer-local in the current buffer.
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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1687
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1688 Simple elements in the alist look like @code{(@var{index-name}
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diff changeset
1689 . @var{index-position})}. Selecting a simple element has the effect of
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1690 moving to position @var{index-position} in the buffer.
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1691
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1692 Special elements look like @code{(@var{index-name} @var{position}
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1693 @var{function} @var{arguments}@dots{})}. Selecting a special element
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diff changeset
1694 performs
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1695
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1696 @example
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1697 (funcall @var{function} @var{index-name} @var{position} @var{arguments}@dots{})
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1698 @end example
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1699
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1700 A nested sub-alist element looks like @code{(@var{index-name}
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1701 @var{sub-alist})}.
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1702 @end defvar
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1703
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1704 @node Font Lock Mode
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1705 @section Font Lock Mode
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1706 @cindex Font Lock Mode
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1707
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1708 @dfn{Font Lock mode} is a feature that automatically attaches
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1709 @code{face} properties to certain parts of the buffer based on their
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1710 syntactic role. How it parses the buffer depends on the major mode;
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1711 most major modes define syntactic criteria for which faces to use in
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1712 which contexts. This section explains how to customize Font Lock for a
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1713 particular major mode.
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1714
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1715 Font Lock mode finds text to highlight in two ways: through syntactic
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1716 parsing based on the syntax table, and through searching (usually for
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1717 regular expressions). Syntactic fontification happens first; it finds
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1718 comments and string constants, and highlights them using
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1719 @code{font-lock-comment-face} and @code{font-lock-string-face}
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1720 (@pxref{Faces for Font Lock}). Search-based fontification follows.
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1721
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1722 @menu
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1723 * Font Lock Basics::
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1724 * Search-based Fontification::
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1725 * Other Font Lock Variables::
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1726 * Levels of Font Lock::
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1727 * Faces for Font Lock::
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1728 * Syntactic Font Lock::
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1729 @end menu
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1730
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1731 @node Font Lock Basics
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1732 @subsection Font Lock Basics
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1733
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1734 There are several variables that control how Font Lock mode highlights
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1735 text. But major modes should not set any of these variables directly.
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1736 Instead, they should set @code{font-lock-defaults} as a buffer-local
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1737 variable. The value assigned to this variable is used, if and when Font
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1738 Lock mode is enabled, to set all the other variables.
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1739
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1740 @defvar font-lock-defaults
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1741 This variable is set by major modes, as a buffer-local variable, to
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diff changeset
1742 specify how to fontify text in that mode. The value should look like
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1743 this:
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1744
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1745 @example
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1746 (@var{keywords} @var{keywords-only} @var{case-fold}
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1747 @var{syntax-alist} @var{syntax-begin} @var{other-vars}@dots{})
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1748 @end example
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1749
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1750 The first element, @var{keywords}, indirectly specifies the value of
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1751 @code{font-lock-keywords}. It can be a symbol, a variable whose value
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1752 is the list to use for @code{font-lock-keywords}. It can also be a list of
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1753 several such symbols, one for each possible level of fontification. The
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1754 first symbol specifies how to do level 1 fontification, the second
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1755 symbol how to do level 2, and so on.
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1756
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1757 The second element, @var{keywords-only}, specifies the value of the
22138
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1758 variable @code{font-lock-keywords-only}. If this is non-@code{nil},
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1759 syntactic fontification (of strings and comments) is not performed.
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1760
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1761 The third element, @var{case-fold}, specifies the value of
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1762 @code{font-lock-case-fold-search}. If it is non-@code{nil}, Font Lock
21682
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1763 mode ignores case when searching as directed by
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diff changeset
1764 @code{font-lock-keywords}.
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1765
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1766 If the fourth element, @var{syntax-alist}, is non-@code{nil}, it should be
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1767 a list of cons cells of the form @code{(@var{char-or-string}
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diff changeset
1768 . @var{string})}. These are used to set up a syntax table for
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diff changeset
1769 fontification (@pxref{Syntax Table Functions}). The resulting syntax
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diff changeset
1770 table is stored in @code{font-lock-syntax-table}.
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1771
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1772 The fifth element, @var{syntax-begin}, specifies the value of
21682
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diff changeset
1773 @code{font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function} (see below).
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1774
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1775 All the remaining elements (if any) are collectively called
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diff changeset
1776 @var{other-vars}. Each of these elements should have the form
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diff changeset
1777 @code{(@var{variable} . @var{value})}---which means, make @var{variable}
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
1778 buffer-local and then set it to @var{value}. You can use these
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diff changeset
1779 @var{other-vars} to set other variables that affect fontification,
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
1780 aside from those you can control with the first five elements.
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1781 @end defvar
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1782
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1783 @node Search-based Fontification
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diff changeset
1784 @subsection Search-based Fontification
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diff changeset
1785
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1786 The most important variable for customizing Font Lock mode is
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diff changeset
1787 @code{font-lock-keywords}. It specifies the search criteria for
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diff changeset
1788 search-based fontification.
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1789
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diff changeset
1790 @defvar font-lock-keywords
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diff changeset
1791 This variable's value is a list of the keywords to highlight. Be
21682
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diff changeset
1792 careful when composing regular expressions for this list; a poorly
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diff changeset
1793 written pattern can dramatically slow things down!
21007
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1794 @end defvar
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1795
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diff changeset
1796 Each element of @code{font-lock-keywords} specifies how to find
21682
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diff changeset
1797 certain cases of text, and how to highlight those cases. Font Lock mode
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diff changeset
1798 processes the elements of @code{font-lock-keywords} one by one, and for
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diff changeset
1799 each element, it finds and handles all matches. Ordinarily, once
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diff changeset
1800 part of the text has been fontified already, this cannot be overridden
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1801 by a subsequent match in the same text; but you can specify different
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1802 behavior using the @var{override} element of a @var{highlighter}.
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diff changeset
1803
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diff changeset
1804 Each element of @code{font-lock-keywords} should have one of these
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1805 forms:
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1806
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diff changeset
1807 @table @code
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diff changeset
1808 @item @var{regexp}
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1809 Highlight all matches for @var{regexp} using
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diff changeset
1810 @code{font-lock-keyword-face}. For example,
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diff changeset
1811
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diff changeset
1812 @example
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diff changeset
1813 ;; @r{Highlight discrete occurrences of @samp{foo}}
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diff changeset
1814 ;; @r{using @code{font-lock-keyword-face}.}
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diff changeset
1815 "\\<foo\\>"
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diff changeset
1816 @end example
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diff changeset
1817
21682
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diff changeset
1818 The function @code{regexp-opt} (@pxref{Syntax of Regexps}) is useful for
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
1819 calculating optimal regular expressions to match a number of different
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
1820 keywords.
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1821
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diff changeset
1822 @item @var{function}
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diff changeset
1823 Find text by calling @var{function}, and highlight the matches
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
1824 it finds using @code{font-lock-keyword-face}.
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diff changeset
1825
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diff changeset
1826 When @var{function} is called, it receives one argument, the limit of
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
1827 the search. It should return non-@code{nil} if it succeeds, and set the
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
1828 match data to describe the match that was found.
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diff changeset
1829
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diff changeset
1830 @item (@var{matcher} . @var{match})
24934
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diff changeset
1831 In this kind of element, @var{matcher} is either a regular
21007
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1832 expression or a function, as described above. The @sc{cdr},
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1833 @var{match}, specifies which subexpression of @var{matcher} should be
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1834 highlighted (instead of the entire text that @var{matcher} matched).
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1835
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1836 @example
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1837 ;; @r{Highlight the @samp{bar} in each occurrence of @samp{fubar},}
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1838 ;; @r{using @code{font-lock-keyword-face}.}
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1839 ("fu\\(bar\\)" . 1)
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1840 @end example
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1841
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1842 If you use @code{regexp-opt} to produce the regular expression
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1843 @var{matcher}, then you can use @code{regexp-opt-depth} (@pxref{Syntax
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1844 of Regexps}) to calculate the value for @var{match}.
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1845
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1846 @item (@var{matcher} . @var{facename})
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1847 In this kind of element, @var{facename} is an expression whose value
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1848 specifies the face name to use for highlighting.
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1849
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1850 @example
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1851 ;; @r{Highlight occurrences of @samp{fubar},}
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1852 ;; @r{using the face which is the value of @code{fubar-face}.}
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1853 ("fubar" . fubar-face)
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1854 @end example
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1855
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1856 @item (@var{matcher} . @var{highlighter})
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1857 In this kind of element, @var{highlighter} is a list
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1858 which specifies how to highlight matches found by @var{matcher}.
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1859 It has the form
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1860
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1861 @example
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1862 (@var{subexp} @var{facename} @var{override} @var{laxmatch})
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1863 @end example
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1864
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1865 The @sc{car}, @var{subexp}, is an integer specifying which subexpression
21682
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1866 of the match to fontify (0 means the entire matching text). The second
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1867 subelement, @var{facename}, specifies the face, as described above.
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1868
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1869 The last two values in @var{highlighter}, @var{override} and
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1870 @var{laxmatch}, are flags. If @var{override} is @code{t}, this element
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1871 can override existing fontification made by previous elements of
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1872 @code{font-lock-keywords}. If it is @code{keep}, then each character is
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1873 fontified if it has not been fontified already by some other element.
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1874 If it is @code{prepend}, the face @var{facename} is added to the
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1875 beginning of the @code{face} property. If it is @code{append}, the face
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1876 @var{facename} is added to the end of the @code{face} property.
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1877
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1878 If @var{laxmatch} is non-@code{nil}, it means there should be no error
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1879 if there is no subexpression numbered @var{subexp} in @var{matcher}.
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1880 Obviously, fontification of the subexpression numbered @var{subexp} will
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parents: 25950
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1881 not occur. However, fontification of other subexpressions (and other
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parents: 25950
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1882 regexps) will continue. If @var{laxmatch} is @code{nil}, and the
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parents: 25950
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1883 specified subexpression is missing, then an error is signalled which
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parents: 25950
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1884 terminates search-based fontification.
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1885
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1886 Here are some examples of elements of this kind, and what they do:
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1887
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1888 @smallexample
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1889 ;; @r{Highlight occurrences of either @samp{foo} or @samp{bar},}
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1890 ;; @r{using @code{foo-bar-face}, even if they have already been highlighted.}
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1891 ;; @r{@code{foo-bar-face} should be a variable whose value is a face.}
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1892 ("foo\\|bar" 0 foo-bar-face t)
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1893
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1894 ;; @r{Highlight the first subexpression within each occurrence}
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1895 ;; @r{that the function @code{fubar-match} finds,}
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1896 ;; @r{using the face which is the value of @code{fubar-face}.}
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1897 (fubar-match 1 fubar-face)
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1898 @end smallexample
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1899
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1900 @item (@var{matcher} @var{highlighters}@dots{})
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1901 This sort of element specifies several @var{highlighter} lists for a
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1902 single @var{matcher}. In order for this to be useful, each
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1903 @var{highlighter} should have a different value of @var{subexp}; that is,
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1904 each one should apply to a different subexpression of @var{matcher}.
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1905
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1906 @ignore
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1907 @item (@var{matcher} . @var{anchored})
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1908 In this kind of element, @var{anchored} acts much like a
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1909 @var{highlighter}, but it is more complex and can specify multiple
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1910 successive searches.
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1911
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1912 For highlighting single items, typically only @var{highlighter} is
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1913 required. However, if an item or (typically) items are to be
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1914 highlighted following the instance of another item (the anchor) then
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1915 @var{anchored} may be required.
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1916
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1917 It has this format:
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1918
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1919 @example
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1920 (@var{submatcher} @var{pre-match-form} @var{post-match-form} @var{highlighters}@dots{})
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1921 @end example
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1922
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1923 @c I can't parse this text -- rms
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1924 where @var{submatcher} is much like @var{matcher}, with one
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1925 exception---see below. @var{pre-match-form} and @var{post-match-form}
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diff changeset
1926 are evaluated before the first, and after the last, instance
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1927 @var{anchored}'s @var{submatcher} is used. Therefore they can be used
22138
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1928 to initialize before, and cleanup after, @var{submatcher} is used.
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1929 Typically, @var{pre-match-form} is used to move to some position
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1930 relative to the original @var{submatcher}, before starting with
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1931 @var{anchored}'s @var{submatcher}. @var{post-match-form} might be used
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1932 to move, before resuming with @var{anchored}'s parent's @var{matcher}.
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1933
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1934 For example, an element of the form highlights (if not already highlighted):
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1935
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1936 @example
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1937 ("\\<anchor\\>" (0 anchor-face) ("\\<item\\>" nil nil (0 item-face)))
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1938 @end example
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1939
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1940 Discrete occurrences of @samp{anchor} in the value of
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1941 @code{anchor-face}, and subsequent discrete occurrences of @samp{item}
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1942 (on the same line) in the value of @code{item-face}. (Here
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1943 @var{pre-match-form} and @var{post-match-form} are @code{nil}.
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1944 Therefore @samp{item} is initially searched for starting from the end of
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1945 the match of @samp{anchor}, and searching for subsequent instance of
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diff changeset
1946 @samp{anchor} resumes from where searching for @samp{item} concluded.)
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diff changeset
1947
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1948 The above-mentioned exception is as follows. The limit of the
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1949 @var{submatcher} search defaults to the end of the line after
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1950 @var{pre-match-form} is evaluated. However, if @var{pre-match-form}
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diff changeset
1951 returns a position greater than the position after @var{pre-match-form}
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diff changeset
1952 is evaluated, that position is used as the limit of the search. It is
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diff changeset
1953 generally a bad idea to return a position greater than the end of the
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diff changeset
1954 line; in other words, the @var{submatcher} search should not span lines.
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diff changeset
1955
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diff changeset
1956 @item (@var{matcher} @var{highlighters-or-anchoreds} ...)
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diff changeset
1957 @end ignore
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1958
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diff changeset
1959 @item (eval . @var{form})
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diff changeset
1960 Here @var{form} is an expression to be evaluated the first time
21007
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diff changeset
1961 this value of @code{font-lock-keywords} is used in a buffer.
21682
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diff changeset
1962 Its value should have one of the forms described in this table.
21007
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1963 @end table
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1964
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diff changeset
1965 @strong{Warning:} Do not design an element of @code{font-lock-keywords}
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diff changeset
1966 to match text which spans lines; this does not work reliably. While
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
1967 @code{font-lock-fontify-buffer} handles multi-line patterns correctly,
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
1968 updating when you edit the buffer does not, since it considers text one
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diff changeset
1969 line at a time.
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diff changeset
1970
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diff changeset
1971 @node Other Font Lock Variables
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1972 @subsection Other Font Lock Variables
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1973
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1974 This section describes additional variables that a major mode
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1975 can set by means of @code{font-lock-defaults}.
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1976
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1977 @defvar font-lock-keywords-only
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1978 Non-@code{nil} means Font Lock should not fontify comments or strings
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1979 syntactically; it should only fontify based on
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1980 @code{font-lock-keywords}.
21007
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1981 @end defvar
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1982
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1983 @ignore
22138
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1984 Other variables include those for buffer-specialized fontification functions,
21007
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1985 `font-lock-fontify-buffer-function', `font-lock-unfontify-buffer-function',
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1986 `font-lock-fontify-region-function', `font-lock-unfontify-region-function',
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diff changeset
1987 `font-lock-inhibit-thing-lock' and `font-lock-maximum-size'.
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1988 @end ignore
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1989
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1990 @defvar font-lock-keywords-case-fold-search
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1991 Non-@code{nil} means that regular expression matching for the sake of
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1992 @code{font-lock-keywords} should be case-insensitive.
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1993 @end defvar
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1994
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1995 @defvar font-lock-syntax-table
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1996 This variable specifies the syntax table to use for fontification of
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1997 comments and strings.
21007
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1998 @end defvar
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1999
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2000 @defvar font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function
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2001 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it should be a function to move
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2002 point back to a position that is syntactically at ``top level'' and
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2003 outside of strings or comments. Font Lock uses this when necessary
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2004 to get the right results for syntactic fontification.
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2005
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2006 This function is called with no arguments. It should leave point at the
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2007 beginning of any enclosing syntactic block. Typical values are
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2008 @code{beginning-of-line} (i.e., the start of the line is known to be
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2009 outside a syntactic block), or @code{beginning-of-defun} for programming
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2010 modes or @code{backward-paragraph} for textual modes (i.e., the
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diff changeset
2011 mode-dependent function is known to move outside a syntactic block).
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2012
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2013 If the value is @code{nil}, the beginning of the buffer is used as a
21682
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diff changeset
2014 position outside of a syntactic block. This cannot be wrong, but it can
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2015 be slow.
21007
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diff changeset
2016 @end defvar
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2017
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2018 @defvar font-lock-mark-block-function
21682
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2019 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it should be a function that is
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2020 called with no arguments, to choose an enclosing range of text for
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diff changeset
2021 refontification for the command @kbd{M-g M-g}
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2022 (@code{font-lock-fontify-block}).
21007
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2023
21682
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2024 The function should report its choice by placing the region around it.
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diff changeset
2025 A good choice is a range of text large enough to give proper results,
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diff changeset
2026 but not too large so that refontification becomes slow. Typical values
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diff changeset
2027 are @code{mark-defun} for programming modes or @code{mark-paragraph} for
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diff changeset
2028 textual modes.
21007
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diff changeset
2029 @end defvar
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2030
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diff changeset
2031 @node Levels of Font Lock
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diff changeset
2032 @subsection Levels of Font Lock
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diff changeset
2033
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diff changeset
2034 Many major modes offer three different levels of fontification. You
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diff changeset
2035 can define multiple levels by using a list of symbols for @var{keywords}
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diff changeset
2036 in @code{font-lock-defaults}. Each symbol specifies one level of
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diff changeset
2037 fontification; it is up to the user to choose one of these levels. The
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diff changeset
2038 chosen level's symbol value is used to initialize
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2039 @code{font-lock-keywords}.
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diff changeset
2040
21682
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diff changeset
2041 Here are the conventions for how to define the levels of
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diff changeset
2042 fontification:
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diff changeset
2043
21007
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diff changeset
2044 @itemize @bullet
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diff changeset
2045 @item
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2046 Level 1: highlight function declarations, file directives (such as include or
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
2047 import directives), strings and comments. The idea is speed, so only
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diff changeset
2048 the most important and top-level components are fontified.
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diff changeset
2049
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diff changeset
2050 @item
21682
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diff changeset
2051 Level 2: in addition to level 1, highlight all language keywords,
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diff changeset
2052 including type names that act like keywords, as well as named constant
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diff changeset
2053 values. The idea is that all keywords (either syntactic or semantic)
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diff changeset
2054 should be fontified appropriately.
21007
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diff changeset
2055
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diff changeset
2056 @item
21682
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diff changeset
2057 Level 3: in addition to level 2, highlight the symbols being defined in
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diff changeset
2058 function and variable declarations, and all builtin function names,
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diff changeset
2059 wherever they appear.
21007
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diff changeset
2060 @end itemize
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diff changeset
2061
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diff changeset
2062 @node Faces for Font Lock
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diff changeset
2063 @subsection Faces for Font Lock
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
2064
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2065 You can make Font Lock mode use any face, but several faces are
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2066 defined specifically for Font Lock mode. Each of these symbols is both
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2067 a face name, and a variable whose default value is the symbol itself.
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2068 Thus, the default value of @code{font-lock-comment-face} is
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2069 @code{font-lock-comment-face}. This means you can write
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2070 @code{font-lock-comment-face} in a context such as
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2071 @code{font-lock-keywords} where a face-name-valued expression is used.
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2072
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2073 @table @code
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2074 @item font-lock-comment-face
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diff changeset
2075 @vindex font-lock-comment-face
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2076 Used (typically) for comments.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2077
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diff changeset
2078 @item font-lock-string-face
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2079 @vindex font-lock-string-face
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
2080 Used (typically) for string constants.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2081
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2082 @item font-lock-keyword-face
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2083 @vindex font-lock-keyword-face
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2084 Used (typically) for keywords---names that have special syntactic
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2085 significance, like @code{for} and @code{if} in C.
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2086
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2087 @item font-lock-builtin-face
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2088 @vindex font-lock-builtin-face
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2089 Used (typically) for built-in function names.
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2090
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2091 @item font-lock-function-name-face
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2092 @vindex font-lock-function-name-face
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2093 Used (typically) for the name of a function being defined or declared,
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2094 in a function definition or declaration.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2095
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2096 @item font-lock-variable-name-face
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2097 @vindex font-lock-variable-name-face
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2098 Used (typically) for the name of a variable being defined or declared,
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2099 in a variable definition or declaration.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2100
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2101 @item font-lock-type-face
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2102 @vindex font-lock-type-face
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2103 Used (typically) for names of user-defined data types,
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2104 where they are defined and where they are used.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2105
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2106 @item font-lock-constant-face
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2107 @vindex font-lock-constant-face
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2108 Used (typically) for constant names.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2109
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2110 @item font-lock-warning-face
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2111 @vindex font-lock-warning-face
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2112 Used (typically) for constructs that are peculiar, or that greatly
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2113 change the meaning of other text. For example, this is used for
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2114 @samp{;;;###autoload} cookies in Emacs Lisp, and for @code{#error}
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2115 directives in C.
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2116 @end table
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2117
21682
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diff changeset
2118 @node Syntactic Font Lock
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2119 @subsection Syntactic Font Lock
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2120
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2121 Font Lock mode can be used to update @code{syntax-table} properties
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2122 automatically. This is useful in languages for which a single syntax
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2123 table by itself is not sufficient.
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2124
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2125 @defvar font-lock-syntactic-keywords
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2126 This variable enables and controls syntactic Font Lock. Its value
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2127 should be a list of elements of this form:
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2128
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2129 @example
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2130 (@var{matcher} @var{subexp} @var{syntax} @var{override} @var{laxmatch})
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2131 @end example
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2132
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2133 The parts of this element have the same meanings as in the corresponding
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2134 sort of element of @code{font-lock-keywords},
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2135
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2136 @example
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2137 (@var{matcher} @var{subexp} @var{facename} @var{override} @var{laxmatch})
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2138 @end example
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2139
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2140 However, instead of specifying the value @var{facename} to use for the
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2141 @code{face} property, it specifies the value @var{syntax} to use for the
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2142 @code{syntax-table} property. Here, @var{syntax} can be a variable
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2143 whose value is a syntax table, a syntax entry of the form
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2144 @code{(@var{syntax-code} . @var{matching-char})}, or an expression whose
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2145 value is one of those two types.
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2146 @end defvar
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2147
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2148 @node Hooks
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parents:
diff changeset
2149 @section Hooks
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2150 @cindex hooks
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parents:
diff changeset
2151
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parents:
diff changeset
2152 A @dfn{hook} is a variable where you can store a function or functions
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parents:
diff changeset
2153 to be called on a particular occasion by an existing program. Emacs
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
2154 provides hooks for the sake of customization. Most often, hooks are set
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parents: 25751
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2155 up in the init file (@pxref{Init File}), but Lisp programs can set them also.
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parents:
diff changeset
2156 @xref{Standard Hooks}, for a list of standard hook variables.
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parents:
diff changeset
2157
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2158 @cindex normal hook
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diff changeset
2159 Most of the hooks in Emacs are @dfn{normal hooks}. These variables
16056
bfe1d6597f08 Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12888
diff changeset
2160 contain lists of functions to be called with no arguments. When the
bfe1d6597f08 Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12888
diff changeset
2161 hook name ends in @samp{-hook}, that tells you it is normal. We try to
bfe1d6597f08 Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12888
diff changeset
2162 make all hooks normal, as much as possible, so that you can use them in
bfe1d6597f08 Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12888
diff changeset
2163 a uniform way.
bfe1d6597f08 Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12888
diff changeset
2164
bfe1d6597f08 Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12888
diff changeset
2165 Every major mode function is supposed to run a normal hook called the
bfe1d6597f08 Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12888
diff changeset
2166 @dfn{mode hook} as the last step of initialization. This makes it easy
bfe1d6597f08 Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12888
diff changeset
2167 for a user to customize the behavior of the mode, by overriding the
21682
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2168 buffer-local variable assignments already made by the mode. But hooks
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2169 are used in other contexts too. For example, the hook
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2170 @code{suspend-hook} runs just before Emacs suspends itself
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2171 (@pxref{Suspending Emacs}).
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parents:
diff changeset
2172
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parents:
diff changeset
2173 The recommended way to add a hook function to a normal hook is by
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2174 calling @code{add-hook} (see below). The hook functions may be any of
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2175 the valid kinds of functions that @code{funcall} accepts (@pxref{What Is
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2176 a Function}). Most normal hook variables are initially void;
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2177 @code{add-hook} knows how to deal with this.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2178
21007
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parents: 17278
diff changeset
2179 @cindex abnormal hook
16056
bfe1d6597f08 Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12888
diff changeset
2180 If the hook variable's name does not end with @samp{-hook}, that
25875
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Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
2181 indicates it is probably an @dfn{abnormal hook}. Then you should look at its
16056
bfe1d6597f08 Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12888
diff changeset
2182 documentation to see how to use the hook properly.
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parents:
diff changeset
2183
16056
bfe1d6597f08 Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12888
diff changeset
2184 If the variable's name ends in @samp{-functions} or @samp{-hooks},
bfe1d6597f08 Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12888
diff changeset
2185 then the value is a list of functions, but it is abnormal in that either
bfe1d6597f08 Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12888
diff changeset
2186 these functions are called with arguments or their values are used in
bfe1d6597f08 Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12888
diff changeset
2187 some way. You can use @code{add-hook} to add a function to the list,
bfe1d6597f08 Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12888
diff changeset
2188 but you must take care in writing the function. (A few of these
bfe1d6597f08 Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12888
diff changeset
2189 variables are actually normal hooks which were named before we
bfe1d6597f08 Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12888
diff changeset
2190 established the convention of using @samp{-hook} for them.)
bfe1d6597f08 Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12888
diff changeset
2191
bfe1d6597f08 Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12888
diff changeset
2192 If the variable's name ends in @samp{-function}, then its value
bfe1d6597f08 Explain better about abnormal hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12888
diff changeset
2193 is just a single function, not a list of functions.
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8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
2194
21682
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parents: 21007
diff changeset
2195 Here's an example that uses a mode hook to turn on Auto Fill mode when
90da2489c498 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
diff changeset
2196 in Lisp Interaction mode:
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parents:
diff changeset
2197
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2198 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2199 (add-hook 'lisp-interaction-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2200 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2201
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parents:
diff changeset
2202 At the appropriate time, Emacs uses the @code{run-hooks} function to
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2203 run particular hooks. This function calls the hook functions that have
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2204 been added with @code{add-hook}.
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parents:
diff changeset
2205
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
2206 @defun run-hooks &rest hookvars
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8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
2207 This function takes one or more hook variable names as arguments, and
25875
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Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
2208 runs each hook in turn. Each argument should be a symbol that is a hook
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
2209 variable. These arguments are processed in the order specified.
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parents:
diff changeset
2210
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
2211 If a hook variable has a non-@code{nil} value, that value may be a
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2212 function or a list of functions. If the value is a function (either a
21007
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
2213 lambda expression or a symbol with a function definition), it is called.
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
2214 If it is a list, the elements are called, in order. The hook functions
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
2215 are called with no arguments. Nowadays, storing a single function in
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
2216 the hook variable is semi-obsolete; you should always use a list of
66d807bdc5b4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 17278
diff changeset
2217 functions.
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parents:
diff changeset
2218
12098
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parents: 12067
diff changeset
2219 For example, here's how @code{emacs-lisp-mode} runs its mode hook:
6451
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2220
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2221 @example
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2222 (run-hooks 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook)
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2223 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2224 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2225
22138
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
2226 @defun run-hook-with-args hook &rest args
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2227 This function is the way to run an abnormal hook which passes arguments
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2228 to the hook functions. It calls each of the hook functions, passing
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2229 each of them the arguments @var{args}.
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
2230 @end defun
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
2231
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
2232 @defun run-hook-with-args-until-failure hook &rest args
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2233 This function is the way to run an abnormal hook which passes arguments
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2234 to the hook functions, and stops as soon as any hook function fails. It
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2235 calls each of the hook functions, passing each of them the arguments
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2236 @var{args}, until some hook function returns @code{nil}. Then it stops,
25875
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parents: 25751
diff changeset
2237 and returns @code{nil} if some hook function returned @code{nil}.
6a17c48b52ef *** empty log message ***
Phillip Rulon <pjr@gnu.org>
parents: 25751
diff changeset
2238 Otherwise it returns a non-@code{nil} value.
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2239 @end defun
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
2240
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2241 @defun run-hook-with-args-until-success hook &rest args
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2242 This function is the way to run an abnormal hook which passes arguments
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2243 to the hook functions, and stops as soon as any hook function succeeds.
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2244 It calls each of the hook functions, passing each of them the arguments
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21682
diff changeset
2245 @var{args}, until some hook function returns non-@code{nil}. Then it
22252
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2246 stops, and returns whatever was returned by the last hook function
40089afa2b1d *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 22138
diff changeset
2247 that was called.
22138
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
2248 @end defun
d4ac295a98b3 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21682
diff changeset
2249
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parents: 8960
diff changeset
2250 @defun add-hook hook function &optional append local
6451
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parents:
diff changeset
2251 This function is the handy way to add function @var{function} to hook
7253
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parents: 6451
diff changeset
2252 variable @var{hook}. The argument @var{function} may be any valid Lisp
6ba87aed7836 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6451
diff changeset
2253 function with the proper number of arguments. For example,
6451
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parents:
diff changeset
2254
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parents:
diff changeset
2255 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2256 (add-hook 'text-mode-hook 'my-text-hook-function)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2257 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
2258
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
2259 @noindent
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2260 adds @code{my-text-hook-function} to the hook called @code{text-mode-hook}.
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
2261
7253
6ba87aed7836 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6451
diff changeset
2262 You can use @code{add-hook} for abnormal hooks as well as for normal
6ba87aed7836 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6451
diff changeset
2263 hooks.
6ba87aed7836 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6451
diff changeset
2264
6451
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
2265 It is best to design your hook functions so that the order in which they
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2266 are executed does not matter. Any dependence on the order is ``asking
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2267 for trouble.'' However, the order is predictable: normally,
8240c0b1d695 Initial revision
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parents:
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2268 @var{function} goes at the front of the hook list, so it will be
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parents: 21007
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2269 executed first (barring another @code{add-hook} call). If the optional
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2270 argument @var{append} is non-@code{nil}, the new hook function goes at
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2271 the end of the hook list and will be executed last.
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2272
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2273 If @var{local} is non-@code{nil}, that says to make the new hook
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parents: 21007
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2274 function buffer-local in the current buffer. Before you can do this, you must
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 8960
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2275 make the hook itself buffer-local by calling @code{make-local-hook}
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parents: 8960
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2276 (@strong{not} @code{make-local-variable}). If the hook itself is not
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 8960
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2277 buffer-local, then the value of @var{local} makes no difference---the
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 8960
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2278 hook function is always global.
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2279 @end defun
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parents: 8505
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2280
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2281 @defun remove-hook hook function &optional local
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 8960
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2282 This function removes @var{function} from the hook variable @var{hook}.
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 8960
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2283
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parents: 8960
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2284 If @var{local} is non-@code{nil}, that says to remove @var{function}
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2285 from the buffer-local hook list instead of from the global hook list.
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parents: 21007
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2286 If the hook variable itself is not buffer-local, then the value of
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2287 @var{local} makes no difference.
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2288 @end defun
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2289
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parents: 8960
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2290 @defun make-local-hook hook
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2291 This function makes the hook variable @code{hook} buffer-local in the
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parents: 21007
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2292 current buffer. When a hook variable is buffer-local, it can have
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parents: 21007
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2293 buffer-local and global hook functions, and @code{run-hooks} runs all of
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parents: 21007
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2294 them.
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parents: 8505
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2295
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2296 This function works by adding @code{t} as an element of the buffer-local
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parents: 25751
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2297 value. That serves as a flag to use the hook functions listed in the default
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2298 value of the hook variable, as well as those listed in the buffer-local value.
21682
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
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2299 Since @code{run-hooks} understands this flag, @code{make-local-hook}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21007
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2300 works with all normal hooks. It works for only some non-normal
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parents: 21007
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2301 hooks---those whose callers have been updated to understand this meaning
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parents: 21007
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2302 of @code{t}.
12234
2de6f5e4858d Explain how make-local-hook works.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
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2303
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2304 Do not use @code{make-local-variable} directly for hook variables; it is
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 8960
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2305 not sufficient.
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2306 @end defun