Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/abbrevs.texi @ 49958:4b86a185b11d
(query-replace-read-args): Return just 3 values.
(query-replace, query-replace-regexp)
(query-replace-regexp-eval, map-query-replace-regexp)
(replace-string, replace-regexp): Read the start and end args
separately so that the expressions are recorded in command-history.
author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Mon, 24 Feb 2003 16:45:47 +0000 |
parents | a5636409941f |
children | 2a8850f484eb d7ddb3e565de |
rev | line source |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. | |
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4 @node Abbrevs, Picture, Maintaining, Top |
25829 | 5 @chapter Abbrevs |
6 @cindex abbrevs | |
7 @cindex expansion (of abbrevs) | |
8 | |
9 A defined @dfn{abbrev} is a word which @dfn{expands}, if you insert | |
10 it, into some different text. Abbrevs are defined by the user to expand | |
11 in specific ways. For example, you might define @samp{foo} as an abbrev | |
12 expanding to @samp{find outer otter}. Then you would be able to insert | |
13 @samp{find outer otter } into the buffer by typing @kbd{f o o | |
14 @key{SPC}}. | |
15 | |
16 A second kind of abbreviation facility is called @dfn{dynamic abbrev | |
17 expansion}. You use dynamic abbrev expansion with an explicit command | |
18 to expand the letters in the buffer before point by looking for other | |
19 words in the buffer that start with those letters. @xref{Dynamic | |
20 Abbrevs}. | |
21 | |
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22 ``Hippie'' expansion generalizes abbreviation expansion. @xref{Hippie |
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23 Expand, , Hippie Expansion, autotype, Features for Automatic |
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24 Typing}. |
27208 | 25 |
25829 | 26 @menu |
27 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs. | |
28 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed. | |
29 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion. | |
30 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs. | |
31 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session. | |
32 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. | |
33 * Dabbrev Customization:: What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling. | |
34 @end menu | |
35 | |
36 @node Abbrev Concepts | |
37 @section Abbrev Concepts | |
38 | |
39 An @dfn{abbrev} is a word which has been defined to @dfn{expand} into | |
40 a specified @dfn{expansion}. When you insert a word-separator character | |
41 following the abbrev, that expands the abbrev---replacing the abbrev | |
42 with its expansion. For example, if @samp{foo} is defined as an abbrev | |
43 expanding to @samp{find outer otter}, then you can insert @samp{find | |
44 outer otter.} into the buffer by typing @kbd{f o o .}. | |
45 | |
46 @findex abbrev-mode | |
47 @vindex abbrev-mode | |
48 @cindex Abbrev mode | |
49 @cindex mode, Abbrev | |
50 Abbrevs expand only when Abbrev mode (a minor mode) is enabled. | |
51 Disabling Abbrev mode does not cause abbrev definitions to be forgotten, | |
52 but they do not expand until Abbrev mode is enabled again. The command | |
53 @kbd{M-x abbrev-mode} toggles Abbrev mode; with a numeric argument, it | |
54 turns Abbrev mode on if the argument is positive, off otherwise. | |
55 @xref{Minor Modes}. @code{abbrev-mode} is also a variable; Abbrev mode is | |
56 on when the variable is non-@code{nil}. The variable @code{abbrev-mode} | |
57 automatically becomes local to the current buffer when it is set. | |
58 | |
59 Abbrev definitions can be @dfn{mode-specific}---active only in one major | |
60 mode. Abbrevs can also have @dfn{global} definitions that are active in | |
61 all major modes. The same abbrev can have a global definition and various | |
62 mode-specific definitions for different major modes. A mode-specific | |
63 definition for the current major mode overrides a global definition. | |
64 | |
65 Abbrevs can be defined interactively during the editing session. Lists | |
66 of abbrev definitions can also be saved in files and reloaded in later | |
67 sessions. Some users keep extensive lists of abbrevs that they load in | |
68 every session. | |
69 | |
70 @node Defining Abbrevs | |
71 @section Defining Abbrevs | |
72 | |
73 @table @kbd | |
74 @item C-x a g | |
75 Define an abbrev, using one or more words before point as its expansion | |
76 (@code{add-global-abbrev}). | |
77 @item C-x a l | |
78 Similar, but define an abbrev specific to the current major mode | |
79 (@code{add-mode-abbrev}). | |
80 @item C-x a i g | |
81 Define a word in the buffer as an abbrev (@code{inverse-add-global-abbrev}). | |
82 @item C-x a i l | |
83 Define a word in the buffer as a mode-specific abbrev | |
84 (@code{inverse-add-mode-abbrev}). | |
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85 @item M-x define-global-abbrev @key{RET} @var{abbrev} @key{RET} @var{exp} @key{RET} |
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86 Define @var{abbrev} as an abbrev expanding into @var{exp}. |
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87 @item M-x define-mode-abbrev @key{RET} @var{abbrev} @key{RET} @var{exp} @key{RET} |
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88 Define @var{abbrev} as a mode-specific abbrev expanding into @var{exp}. |
25829 | 89 @item M-x kill-all-abbrevs |
90 This command discards all abbrev definitions currently in effect, | |
91 leaving a blank slate. | |
92 @end table | |
93 | |
94 @kindex C-x a g | |
95 @findex add-global-abbrev | |
96 The usual way to define an abbrev is to enter the text you want the | |
97 abbrev to expand to, position point after it, and type @kbd{C-x a g} | |
98 (@code{add-global-abbrev}). This reads the abbrev itself using the | |
99 minibuffer, and then defines it as an abbrev for one or more words before | |
100 point. Use a numeric argument to say how many words before point should be | |
101 taken as the expansion. For example, to define the abbrev @samp{foo} as | |
102 mentioned above, insert the text @samp{find outer otter} and then type | |
103 @kbd{C-u 3 C-x a g f o o @key{RET}}. | |
104 | |
105 An argument of zero to @kbd{C-x a g} means to use the contents of the | |
106 region as the expansion of the abbrev being defined. | |
107 | |
108 @kindex C-x a l | |
109 @findex add-mode-abbrev | |
110 The command @kbd{C-x a l} (@code{add-mode-abbrev}) is similar, but | |
111 defines a mode-specific abbrev. Mode-specific abbrevs are active only in a | |
112 particular major mode. @kbd{C-x a l} defines an abbrev for the major mode | |
113 in effect at the time @kbd{C-x a l} is typed. The arguments work the same | |
114 as for @kbd{C-x a g}. | |
115 | |
116 @kindex C-x a i g | |
117 @findex inverse-add-global-abbrev | |
118 @kindex C-x a i l | |
119 @findex inverse-add-mode-abbrev | |
120 If the text already in the buffer is the abbrev, rather than its | |
121 expansion, use command @kbd{C-x a i g} | |
122 (@code{inverse-add-global-abbrev}) instead of @kbd{C-x a g}, or use | |
123 @kbd{C-x a i l} (@code{inverse-add-mode-abbrev}) instead of @kbd{C-x a | |
124 l}. These commands are called ``inverse'' because they invert the | |
125 meaning of the two text strings they use (one from the buffer and one | |
126 read with the minibuffer). | |
127 | |
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128 @findex define-mode-abbrev |
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129 @findex define-global-abbrev |
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130 You can define an abbrev without inserting either the abbrev or its |
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131 expansion in the buffer using the command @code{define-global-abbrev}. |
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132 It reads two arguments--the abbrev, and its expansion. The command |
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133 @code{define-mode-abbrev} does likewise for a mode-specific abbrev. |
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134 |
25829 | 135 To change the definition of an abbrev, just define a new definition. |
136 When the abbrev has a prior definition, the abbrev definition commands | |
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137 ask for confirmation before replacing it. |
25829 | 138 |
139 To remove an abbrev definition, give a negative argument to the abbrev | |
140 definition command: @kbd{C-u - C-x a g} or @kbd{C-u - C-x a l}. The | |
141 former removes a global definition, while the latter removes a | |
142 mode-specific definition. | |
143 | |
144 @findex kill-all-abbrevs | |
145 @kbd{M-x kill-all-abbrevs} removes all the abbrev definitions there | |
146 are, both global and local. | |
147 | |
148 @node Expanding Abbrevs | |
149 @section Controlling Abbrev Expansion | |
150 | |
151 An abbrev expands whenever it is present in the buffer just before | |
152 point and you type a self-inserting whitespace or punctuation character | |
153 (@key{SPC}, comma, etc.@:). More precisely, any character that is not a | |
154 word constituent expands an abbrev, and any word-constituent character | |
155 can be part of an abbrev. The most common way to use an abbrev is to | |
156 insert it and then insert a punctuation character to expand it. | |
157 | |
158 @vindex abbrev-all-caps | |
159 Abbrev expansion preserves case; thus, @samp{foo} expands into @samp{find | |
160 outer otter}; @samp{Foo} into @samp{Find outer otter}, and @samp{FOO} into | |
161 @samp{FIND OUTER OTTER} or @samp{Find Outer Otter} according to the | |
162 variable @code{abbrev-all-caps} (a non-@code{nil} value chooses the first | |
163 of the two expansions). | |
164 | |
165 These commands are used to control abbrev expansion: | |
166 | |
167 @table @kbd | |
168 @item M-' | |
169 Separate a prefix from a following abbrev to be expanded | |
170 (@code{abbrev-prefix-mark}). | |
171 @item C-x a e | |
172 @findex expand-abbrev | |
173 Expand the abbrev before point (@code{expand-abbrev}). | |
174 This is effective even when Abbrev mode is not enabled. | |
175 @item M-x expand-region-abbrevs | |
176 Expand some or all abbrevs found in the region. | |
177 @end table | |
178 | |
179 @kindex M-' | |
180 @findex abbrev-prefix-mark | |
181 You may wish to expand an abbrev with a prefix attached; for example, | |
182 if @samp{cnst} expands into @samp{construction}, you might want to use | |
183 it to enter @samp{reconstruction}. It does not work to type | |
184 @kbd{recnst}, because that is not necessarily a defined abbrev. What | |
185 you can do is use the command @kbd{M-'} (@code{abbrev-prefix-mark}) in | |
186 between the prefix @samp{re} and the abbrev @samp{cnst}. First, insert | |
187 @samp{re}. Then type @kbd{M-'}; this inserts a hyphen in the buffer to | |
188 indicate that it has done its work. Then insert the abbrev @samp{cnst}; | |
189 the buffer now contains @samp{re-cnst}. Now insert a non-word character | |
190 to expand the abbrev @samp{cnst} into @samp{construction}. This | |
191 expansion step also deletes the hyphen that indicated @kbd{M-'} had been | |
192 used. The result is the desired @samp{reconstruction}. | |
193 | |
194 If you actually want the text of the abbrev in the buffer, rather than | |
195 its expansion, you can accomplish this by inserting the following | |
196 punctuation with @kbd{C-q}. Thus, @kbd{foo C-q ,} leaves @samp{foo,} in | |
197 the buffer. | |
198 | |
199 @findex unexpand-abbrev | |
200 If you expand an abbrev by mistake, you can undo the expansion and | |
201 bring back the abbrev itself by typing @kbd{C-_} to undo (@pxref{Undo}). | |
202 This also undoes the insertion of the non-word character that expanded | |
203 the abbrev. If the result you want is the terminating non-word | |
204 character plus the unexpanded abbrev, you must reinsert the terminating | |
205 character, quoting it with @kbd{C-q}. You can also use the command | |
206 @kbd{M-x unexpand-abbrev} to cancel the last expansion without | |
207 deleting the terminating character. | |
208 | |
209 @findex expand-region-abbrevs | |
210 @kbd{M-x expand-region-abbrevs} searches through the region for defined | |
211 abbrevs, and for each one found offers to replace it with its expansion. | |
212 This command is useful if you have typed in text using abbrevs but forgot | |
213 to turn on Abbrev mode first. It may also be useful together with a | |
214 special set of abbrev definitions for making several global replacements at | |
215 once. This command is effective even if Abbrev mode is not enabled. | |
216 | |
217 Expanding an abbrev runs the hook @code{pre-abbrev-expand-hook} | |
218 (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
219 | |
220 @need 1500 | |
221 @node Editing Abbrevs | |
222 @section Examining and Editing Abbrevs | |
223 | |
224 @table @kbd | |
225 @item M-x list-abbrevs | |
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226 Display a list of all abbrev definitions. With a numeric argument, list |
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227 only local abbrevs. |
25829 | 228 @item M-x edit-abbrevs |
229 Edit a list of abbrevs; you can add, alter or remove definitions. | |
230 @end table | |
231 | |
232 @findex list-abbrevs | |
233 The output from @kbd{M-x list-abbrevs} looks like this: | |
234 | |
235 @example | |
236 (lisp-mode-abbrev-table) | |
237 "dk" 0 "define-key" | |
238 (global-abbrev-table) | |
239 "dfn" 0 "definition" | |
240 @end example | |
241 | |
242 @noindent | |
243 (Some blank lines of no semantic significance, and some other abbrev | |
244 tables, have been omitted.) | |
245 | |
246 A line containing a name in parentheses is the header for abbrevs in a | |
247 particular abbrev table; @code{global-abbrev-table} contains all the global | |
248 abbrevs, and the other abbrev tables that are named after major modes | |
249 contain the mode-specific abbrevs. | |
250 | |
251 Within each abbrev table, each nonblank line defines one abbrev. The | |
252 word at the beginning of the line is the abbrev. The number that | |
253 follows is the number of times the abbrev has been expanded. Emacs | |
254 keeps track of this to help you see which abbrevs you actually use, so | |
255 that you can eliminate those that you don't use often. The string at | |
256 the end of the line is the expansion. | |
257 | |
258 @findex edit-abbrevs | |
259 @kindex C-c C-c @r{(Edit Abbrevs)} | |
260 @kbd{M-x edit-abbrevs} allows you to add, change or kill abbrev | |
261 definitions by editing a list of them in an Emacs buffer. The list has | |
262 the same format described above. The buffer of abbrevs is called | |
263 @samp{*Abbrevs*}, and is in Edit-Abbrevs mode. Type @kbd{C-c C-c} in | |
264 this buffer to install the abbrev definitions as specified in the | |
265 buffer---and delete any abbrev definitions not listed. | |
266 | |
267 The command @code{edit-abbrevs} is actually the same as | |
268 @code{list-abbrevs} except that it selects the buffer @samp{*Abbrevs*} | |
269 whereas @code{list-abbrevs} merely displays it in another window. | |
270 | |
271 @node Saving Abbrevs | |
272 @section Saving Abbrevs | |
273 | |
274 These commands allow you to keep abbrev definitions between editing | |
275 sessions. | |
276 | |
277 @table @kbd | |
278 @item M-x write-abbrev-file @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
279 Write a file @var{file} describing all defined abbrevs. | |
280 @item M-x read-abbrev-file @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
281 Read the file @var{file} and define abbrevs as specified therein. | |
282 @item M-x quietly-read-abbrev-file @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET} | |
283 Similar but do not display a message about what is going on. | |
284 @item M-x define-abbrevs | |
285 Define abbrevs from definitions in current buffer. | |
286 @item M-x insert-abbrevs | |
287 Insert all abbrevs and their expansions into current buffer. | |
288 @end table | |
289 | |
290 @findex write-abbrev-file | |
291 @kbd{M-x write-abbrev-file} reads a file name using the minibuffer and | |
292 then writes a description of all current abbrev definitions into that | |
293 file. This is used to save abbrev definitions for use in a later | |
294 session. The text stored in the file is a series of Lisp expressions | |
295 that, when executed, define the same abbrevs that you currently have. | |
296 | |
297 @findex read-abbrev-file | |
298 @findex quietly-read-abbrev-file | |
299 @vindex abbrev-file-name | |
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300 @kbd{M-x read-abbrev-file} reads a file name using the minibuffer |
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301 and then reads the file, defining abbrevs according to the contents of |
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302 the file. The function @code{quietly-read-abbrev-file} is similar |
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303 except that it does not display a message in the echo area; you cannot |
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304 invoke it interactively, and it is used primarily in the @file{.emacs} |
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305 file. If either of these functions is called with @code{nil} as the |
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306 argument, it uses the file name specified in the variable |
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307 @code{abbrev-file-name}, which is by default @code{"~/.abbrev_defs"}. |
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308 That file is your standard abbrev definition file, and Emacs loads |
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309 abbrevs from it automatically when it starts up. |
25829 | 310 |
311 @vindex save-abbrevs | |
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312 Emacs will offer to save abbrevs automatically if you have changed |
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313 any of them, whenever it offers to save all files (for @kbd{C-x s} or |
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314 @kbd{C-x C-c}). It saves them in the file specified by |
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315 @code{abbrev-file-name}. This feature can be inhibited by setting the |
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316 variable @code{save-abbrevs} to @code{nil}. |
25829 | 317 |
318 @findex insert-abbrevs | |
319 @findex define-abbrevs | |
320 The commands @kbd{M-x insert-abbrevs} and @kbd{M-x define-abbrevs} are | |
321 similar to the previous commands but work on text in an Emacs buffer. | |
322 @kbd{M-x insert-abbrevs} inserts text into the current buffer before point, | |
323 describing all current abbrev definitions; @kbd{M-x define-abbrevs} parses | |
324 the entire current buffer and defines abbrevs accordingly.@refill | |
325 | |
326 @node Dynamic Abbrevs | |
327 @section Dynamic Abbrev Expansion | |
328 | |
329 The abbrev facility described above operates automatically as you insert | |
330 text, but all abbrevs must be defined explicitly. By contrast, | |
331 @dfn{dynamic abbrevs} allow the meanings of abbrevs to be determined | |
332 automatically from the contents of the buffer, but dynamic abbrev expansion | |
333 happens only when you request it explicitly. | |
334 | |
335 @kindex M-/ | |
336 @kindex C-M-/ | |
337 @findex dabbrev-expand | |
338 @findex dabbrev-completion | |
339 @table @kbd | |
340 @item M-/ | |
341 Expand the word in the buffer before point as a @dfn{dynamic abbrev}, | |
342 by searching in the buffer for words starting with that abbreviation | |
343 (@code{dabbrev-expand}). | |
344 | |
345 @item C-M-/ | |
346 Complete the word before point as a dynamic abbrev | |
347 (@code{dabbrev-completion}). | |
348 @end table | |
349 | |
350 @vindex dabbrev-limit | |
351 For example, if the buffer contains @samp{does this follow } and you | |
352 type @kbd{f o M-/}, the effect is to insert @samp{follow} because that | |
353 is the last word in the buffer that starts with @samp{fo}. A numeric | |
354 argument to @kbd{M-/} says to take the second, third, etc.@: distinct | |
355 expansion found looking backward from point. Repeating @kbd{M-/} | |
356 searches for an alternative expansion by looking farther back. After | |
357 scanning all the text before point, it searches the text after point. | |
358 The variable @code{dabbrev-limit}, if non-@code{nil}, specifies how far | |
359 in the buffer to search for an expansion. | |
360 | |
361 @vindex dabbrev-check-all-buffers | |
362 After scanning the current buffer, @kbd{M-/} normally searches other | |
363 buffers, unless you have set @code{dabbrev-check-all-buffers} to | |
364 @code{nil}. | |
365 | |
35922 | 366 @vindex dabbrev-ignored-buffer-regexps |
35923 | 367 For finer control over which buffers to scan, customize the variable |
368 @code{dabbrev-ignored-buffer-regexps}. Its value is a list of regular | |
369 expressions. If a buffer's name matches any of these regular | |
370 expressions, dynamic abbrev expansion skips that buffer. | |
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371 |
25829 | 372 A negative argument to @kbd{M-/}, as in @kbd{C-u - M-/}, says to |
373 search first for expansions after point, and second for expansions | |
374 before point. If you repeat the @kbd{M-/} to look for another | |
375 expansion, do not specify an argument. This tries all the expansions | |
376 after point and then the expansions before point. | |
377 | |
378 After you have expanded a dynamic abbrev, you can copy additional | |
379 words that follow the expansion in its original context. Simply type | |
380 @kbd{@key{SPC} M-/} for each word you want to copy. The spacing and | |
381 punctuation between words is copied along with the words. | |
382 | |
383 The command @kbd{C-M-/} (@code{dabbrev-completion}) performs | |
384 completion of a dynamic abbreviation. Instead of trying the possible | |
385 expansions one by one, it finds all of them, then inserts the text that | |
386 they have in common. If they have nothing in common, @kbd{C-M-/} | |
387 displays a list of completions, from which you can select a choice in | |
388 the usual manner. @xref{Completion}. | |
389 | |
390 Dynamic abbrev expansion is completely independent of Abbrev mode; the | |
391 expansion of a word with @kbd{M-/} is completely independent of whether | |
392 it has a definition as an ordinary abbrev. | |
393 | |
394 @node Dabbrev Customization | |
395 @section Customizing Dynamic Abbreviation | |
396 | |
397 Normally, dynamic abbrev expansion ignores case when searching for | |
398 expansions. That is, the expansion need not agree in case with the word | |
399 you are expanding. | |
400 | |
401 @vindex dabbrev-case-fold-search | |
402 This feature is controlled by the variable | |
403 @code{dabbrev-case-fold-search}. If it is @code{t}, case is ignored in | |
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404 this search; if it is @code{nil}, the word and the expansion must match |
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405 in case. If the value of @code{dabbrev-case-fold-search} is |
25829 | 406 @code{case-fold-search}, which is true by default, then the variable |
407 @code{case-fold-search} controls whether to ignore case while searching | |
408 for expansions. | |
409 | |
410 @vindex dabbrev-case-replace | |
411 Normally, dynamic abbrev expansion preserves the case pattern @emph{of | |
412 the abbrev you have typed}, by converting the expansion to that case | |
413 pattern. | |
414 | |
415 @vindex dabbrev-case-fold-search | |
416 The variable @code{dabbrev-case-replace} controls whether to preserve | |
417 the case pattern of the abbrev. If it is @code{t}, the abbrev's case | |
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418 pattern is preserved in most cases; if it is @code{nil}, the expansion is |
25829 | 419 always copied verbatim. If the value of @code{dabbrev-case-replace} is |
420 @code{case-replace}, which is true by default, then the variable | |
421 @code{case-replace} controls whether to copy the expansion verbatim. | |
422 | |
423 However, if the expansion contains a complex mixed case pattern, and | |
424 the abbrev matches this pattern as far as it goes, then the expansion is | |
425 always copied verbatim, regardless of those variables. Thus, for | |
426 example, if the buffer contains @code{variableWithSillyCasePattern}, and | |
427 you type @kbd{v a M-/}, it copies the expansion verbatim including its | |
428 case pattern. | |
429 | |
430 @vindex dabbrev-abbrev-char-regexp | |
431 The variable @code{dabbrev-abbrev-char-regexp}, if non-@code{nil}, | |
432 controls which characters are considered part of a word, for dynamic expansion | |
433 purposes. The regular expression must match just one character, never | |
434 two or more. The same regular expression also determines which | |
435 characters are part of an expansion. The value @code{nil} has a special | |
436 meaning: abbreviations are made of word characters, but expansions are | |
437 made of word and symbol characters. | |
438 | |
439 @vindex dabbrev-abbrev-skip-leading-regexp | |
440 In shell scripts and makefiles, a variable name is sometimes prefixed | |
441 with @samp{$} and sometimes not. Major modes for this kind of text can | |
442 customize dynamic abbreviation to handle optional prefixes by setting | |
443 the variable @code{dabbrev-abbrev-skip-leading-regexp}. Its value | |
444 should be a regular expression that matches the optional prefix that | |
445 dynamic abbreviation should ignore. |