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1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 2002, 2003, 2004,
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3 @c 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @node Entering Emacs, Exiting, Text Characters, Top
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6 @chapter Entering and Exiting Emacs
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7 @cindex entering Emacs
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8 @cindex starting Emacs
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9
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10 The usual way to invoke Emacs is with the shell command
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11 @command{emacs}. Emacs clears the screen, then displays an initial
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12 help message and copyright notice. Some operating systems discard
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13 your type-ahead when Emacs starts up; they give Emacs no way to
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14 prevent this. On those systems, wait for Emacs to clear the screen
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15 before you start typing.
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16
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17 From a shell window under the X Window System, run Emacs in the
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18 background with @command{emacs&}. This way, Emacs won't tie up the
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19 shell window, so you can use it to run other shell commands while
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20 Emacs is running. You can type Emacs commands as soon as you direct
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21 your keyboard input to an Emacs frame.
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22
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23 @vindex initial-major-mode
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24 When Emacs starts up, it creates a buffer named @samp{*scratch*}.
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25 That's the buffer you start out in. The @samp{*scratch*} buffer uses
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26 Lisp Interaction mode; you can use it to type Lisp expressions and
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27 evaluate them. You can also ignore that capability and just write notes
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28 there. You can specify a different major mode for this buffer by
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29 setting the variable @code{initial-major-mode} in your init file.
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30 @xref{Init File}.
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31
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32 It is possible to specify files to be visited, Lisp files to be
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33 loaded, and functions to be called through Emacs command-line
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34 arguments. @xref{Emacs Invocation}. The feature exists mainly for
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35 compatibility with other editors, and for scripts.
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36
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37 Many editors are designed to edit one file. When done with that
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38 file, you exit the editor. The next time you want to edit a file, you
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39 must start the editor again. Working this way, it is convenient to
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40 use a command-line argument to say which file to edit.
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41
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42 It's not smart to start Emacs afresh for every file you edit. Emacs
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43 can visit more than one file in a single editing session, and upon
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44 exit Emacs loses valuable accumulated context, such as the kill ring,
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45 registers, undo history, and mark ring. These features are useful for
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46 operating on multiple files, or even one. If you kill Emacs after
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47 each file, you don't take advantage of them.
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48
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49 The recommended way to use GNU Emacs is to start it only once, just
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50 after you log in, and do all your editing in the same Emacs session.
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51 Each time you edit a file, you visit it with the existing Emacs, which
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52 eventually has many files in it ready for editing. Usually you do not
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53 kill Emacs until you are about to log out. @xref{Files}, for more
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54 information on visiting more than one file.
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55
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56 To edit a file from another program while Emacs is running, you can
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57 use the @command{emacsclient} helper program to open a file in the
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58 already running Emacs. @xref{Emacs Server}.
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59
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60 @ifnottex
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61 @raisesections
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62 @end ifnottex
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63
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64 @node Exiting, Basic, Entering Emacs, Top
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65 @section Exiting Emacs
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66 @cindex exiting
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67 @cindex killing Emacs
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68 @cindex suspending
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69 @cindex leaving Emacs
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70 @cindex quitting Emacs
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71
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72 There are two commands for exiting Emacs, and three kinds of
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73 exiting: @dfn{iconifying} Emacs, @dfn{suspending} Emacs, and
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74 @dfn{killing} Emacs.
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75
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76 @dfn{Iconifying} means replacing the Emacs frame with a small box or
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77 ``icon'' on the screen. This is the usual way to exit Emacs when
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78 you're using a graphical display---if you bother to ``exit'' at all.
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79 (Just switching to another application is usually sufficient.)
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80
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81 @dfn{Suspending} means stopping Emacs temporarily and returning
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82 control to its parent process (usually a shell), allowing you to
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83 resume editing later in the same Emacs job. This is the usual way to
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84 exit Emacs when running it on a text terminal.
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85
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86 @dfn{Killing} Emacs means destroying the Emacs job. You can run Emacs
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87 again later, but you will get a fresh Emacs; there is no way to resume
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88 the same editing session after it has been killed.
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89
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90 @table @kbd
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91 @item C-z
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92 Suspend Emacs (@code{suspend-emacs}) or iconify a frame
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93 (@code{iconify-or-deiconify-frame}).
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94 @item C-x C-c
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95 Kill Emacs (@code{save-buffers-kill-emacs}).
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96 @end table
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97
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98 @kindex C-z
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99 @findex iconify-or-deiconify-frame
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100 On graphical displays, @kbd{C-z} runs the command
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101 @code{iconify-or-deiconify-frame}, which temporarily iconifies (or
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102 ``minimizes'') the selected Emacs frame (@pxref{Frames}). You can
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103 then use the window manager to select some other application. (You
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104 could select another application without iconifying Emacs first, but
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105 getting the Emacs frame out of the way can make it more convenient to
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106 find the other application.)
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107
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108 @findex suspend-emacs
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109 On a text terminal, @kbd{C-z} runs the command @code{suspend-emacs}.
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110 Suspending Emacs takes you back to the shell from which you invoked
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111 Emacs. You can resume Emacs with the shell command @command{%emacs}
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112 in most common shells. On systems that don't support suspending
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113 programs, @kbd{C-z} starts an inferior shell that communicates
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114 directly with the terminal, and Emacs waits until you exit the
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115 subshell. (The way to do that is probably with @kbd{C-d} or
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116 @command{exit}, but it depends on which shell you use.) On these
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117 systems, you can only get back to the shell from which Emacs was run
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118 (to log out, for example) when you kill Emacs.
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119
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120 @vindex cannot-suspend
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121 Suspending can fail if you run Emacs under a shell that doesn't
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122 support suspendion of its subjobs, even if the system itself does
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123 support it. In such a case, you can set the variable
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124 @code{cannot-suspend} to a non-@code{nil} value to force @kbd{C-z} to
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125 start an inferior shell.
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126
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127 @kindex C-x C-c
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128 @findex save-buffers-kill-emacs
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129 To exit and kill Emacs, type @kbd{C-x C-c}
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130 (@code{save-buffers-kill-emacs}). A two-character key is used to make
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131 it harder to type by accident. This command first offers to save any
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132 modified file-visiting buffers. If you do not save them all, it asks
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133 for confirmation with @kbd{yes} before killing Emacs, since any
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134 changes not saved now will be lost forever. Also, if any subprocesses are
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135 still running, @kbd{C-x C-c} asks for confirmation about them, since
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136 killing Emacs will also kill the subprocesses.
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137
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138 @vindex confirm-kill-emacs
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139 If the value of the variable @code{confirm-kill-emacs} is
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140 non-@code{nil}, @kbd{C-x C-c} assumes that its value is a predicate
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141 function, and calls that function. If the result is non-@code{nil}, the
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142 session is killed, otherwise Emacs continues to run. One convenient
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143 function to use as the value of @code{confirm-kill-emacs} is the
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144 function @code{yes-or-no-p}. The default value of
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145 @code{confirm-kill-emacs} is @code{nil}.
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146
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147 You can't resume an Emacs session after killing it. Emacs can,
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148 however, record certain session information when you kill it, such as
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149 which files you visited, so the next time you start Emacs it will try
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150 to visit the same files. @xref{Saving Emacs Sessions}.
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151
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152 The operating system usually listens for certain special characters
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153 whose meaning is to kill or suspend the program you are running.
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154 @b{This operating system feature is turned off while you are in Emacs.}
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155 The meanings of @kbd{C-z} and @kbd{C-x C-c} as keys in Emacs were
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156 inspired by the use of @kbd{C-z} and @kbd{C-c} on several operating
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157 systems as the characters for stopping or killing a program, but that is
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158 their only relationship with the operating system. You can customize
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159 these keys to run any commands of your choice (@pxref{Keymaps}).
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160
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161 @ifnottex
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162 @lowersections
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163 @end ifnottex
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164
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165 @ignore
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166 arch-tag: df798d8b-f253-4113-b585-f528f078a944
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167 @end ignore
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