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author | Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk> |
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date | Sun, 07 Nov 2004 23:27:18 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
4 @node Indentation, Text, Major Modes, Top | |
5 @chapter Indentation | |
6 @cindex indentation | |
7 @cindex columns (indentation) | |
8 | |
9 This chapter describes the Emacs commands that add, remove, or | |
10 adjust indentation. | |
11 | |
12 @table @kbd | |
13 @item @key{TAB} | |
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14 Indent the current line ``appropriately'' in a mode-dependent fashion. |
25829 | 15 @item @kbd{C-j} |
16 Perform @key{RET} followed by @key{TAB} (@code{newline-and-indent}). | |
17 @item M-^ | |
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18 Merge the previous and the current line (@code{delete-indentation}). |
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19 This would cancel out the effect of @kbd{C-j}. |
25829 | 20 @item C-M-o |
38490 | 21 Split the current line at point; text on the line after point becomes a |
22 new line indented to the same column where point is located | |
23 (@code{split-line}). | |
25829 | 24 @item M-m |
25 Move (forward or back) to the first nonblank character on the current | |
26 line (@code{back-to-indentation}). | |
27 @item C-M-\ | |
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28 Indent several lines to the same column (@code{indent-region}). |
25829 | 29 @item C-x @key{TAB} |
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30 Shift a block of lines rigidly right or left (@code{indent-rigidly}). |
25829 | 31 @item M-i |
32 Indent from point to the next prespecified tab stop column | |
33 (@code{tab-to-tab-stop}). | |
34 @item M-x indent-relative | |
35 Indent from point to under an indentation point in the previous line. | |
36 @end table | |
37 | |
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38 Emacs supports four general categories of operations that could all |
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39 be called `indentation': |
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40 |
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41 @enumerate |
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42 @item |
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43 Insert a tab character. You can type @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} to do this. |
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44 |
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45 A tab character is displayed as a stretch of whitespace which extends |
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46 to the next display tab stop position, and the default width of a tab |
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47 stop is eight. @xref{Display Custom}, for more details. |
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48 |
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49 @item |
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50 Advance to the next tab stop. You can set tab stops at your choice of |
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51 column positions, then type @kbd{M-i} to advance to the next tab stop. |
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52 The default is to have tab stops every eight columns, which means by |
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53 default @kbd{M-i} inserts a tab character. To set the tab stops, use |
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54 @kbd{M-x edit-tab-stops}. |
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55 |
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56 @item |
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57 Align a line with the previous line. More precisely, the command |
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58 @kbd{M-x indent-relative} indents the current line under the beginning |
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59 of some word in the previous line. In Fundamental mode and in Text |
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60 mode, @key{TAB} runs the command @code{indent-relative}. |
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61 |
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62 @item |
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63 The most sophisticated method is @dfn{syntax-driven indentation}. |
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64 Most programming languages have an indentation convention. For Lisp |
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65 code, lines are indented according to their nesting in parentheses. C |
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66 code uses the same general idea, but many details are different. |
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67 |
25829 | 68 @kindex TAB |
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69 Type @key{TAB} to do syntax-driven indentation, in a mode that |
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70 supports it. It realigns the current line according with the syntax |
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71 of the preceding lines. No matter where in the line you are when you |
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72 type @key{TAB}, it aligns the line as a whole. |
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73 @end enumerate |
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74 |
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75 Normally, all of the above methods insert an optimal mix of tabs and |
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76 spaces to align to the desired column. @xref{Just Spaces}, for how to |
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77 disable use of tabs. However, @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} always inserts a |
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78 tab, even when tabs are disabled for the indentation commands. |
25829 | 79 |
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80 @c In Text mode, @key{TAB} runs the command @code{tab-to-tab-stop}, which |
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81 @c indents to the next tab stop column. You can set the tab stops with |
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82 @c @kbd{M-x edit-tab-stops}. |
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83 |
25829 | 84 @menu |
85 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation. | |
86 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then | |
87 indent to the next tab stop when you want to. | |
88 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces. | |
89 @end menu | |
90 | |
91 @node Indentation Commands, Tab Stops, Indentation, Indentation | |
92 @section Indentation Commands and Techniques | |
93 | |
94 @kindex M-m | |
95 @findex back-to-indentation | |
96 To move over the indentation on a line, do @kbd{M-m} | |
97 (@code{back-to-indentation}). This command, given anywhere on a line, | |
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98 positions point at the first nonblank character on the line, if any, |
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99 or else at the end of the line. |
25829 | 100 |
101 To insert an indented line before the current line, do @kbd{C-a C-o | |
102 @key{TAB}}. To make an indented line after the current line, use | |
103 @kbd{C-e C-j}. | |
104 | |
105 If you just want to insert a tab character in the buffer, you can type | |
106 @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}}. | |
107 | |
108 @kindex C-M-o | |
109 @findex split-line | |
110 @kbd{C-M-o} (@code{split-line}) moves the text from point to the end of | |
111 the line vertically down, so that the current line becomes two lines. | |
112 @kbd{C-M-o} first moves point forward over any spaces and tabs. Then it | |
113 inserts after point a newline and enough indentation to reach the same | |
114 column point is on. Point remains before the inserted newline; in this | |
115 regard, @kbd{C-M-o} resembles @kbd{C-o}. | |
116 | |
117 @kindex M-^ | |
118 @findex delete-indentation | |
119 To join two lines cleanly, use the @kbd{M-^} | |
120 (@code{delete-indentation}) command. It deletes the indentation at the | |
121 front of the current line, and the line boundary as well, replacing them | |
122 with a single space. As a special case (useful for Lisp code) the | |
123 single space is omitted if the characters to be joined are consecutive | |
124 open parentheses or closing parentheses, or if the junction follows | |
125 another newline. To delete just the indentation of a line, go to the | |
126 beginning of the line and use @kbd{M-\} | |
127 (@code{delete-horizontal-space}), which deletes all spaces and tabs | |
128 around the cursor. | |
129 | |
130 If you have a fill prefix, @kbd{M-^} deletes the fill prefix if it | |
131 appears after the newline that is deleted. @xref{Fill Prefix}. | |
132 | |
133 @kindex C-M-\ | |
134 @kindex C-x TAB | |
135 @findex indent-region | |
136 @findex indent-rigidly | |
137 There are also commands for changing the indentation of several lines | |
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138 at once. They apply to all the lines that begin in the region. |
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139 @kbd{C-M-\} (@code{indent-region}) indents each line in the ``usual'' |
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140 way, as if you had typed @key{TAB} at the beginning of the line. A |
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141 numeric argument specifies the column to indent to, and each line is |
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142 shifted left or right so that its first nonblank character appears in |
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143 that column. @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}} (@code{indent-rigidly}) moves all of |
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144 the lines in the region right by its argument (left, for negative |
25829 | 145 arguments). The whole group of lines moves rigidly sideways, which is |
146 how the command gets its name.@refill | |
147 | |
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148 @cindex remove indentation |
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149 If you want to remove all indentation from all of the line in the |
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150 region, invoke @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}} with a large negative argument, |
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151 such as -1000. |
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152 |
25829 | 153 @findex indent-relative |
154 @kbd{M-x indent-relative} indents at point based on the previous line | |
155 (actually, the last nonempty line). It inserts whitespace at point, moving | |
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156 point, until it is underneath the next indentation point in the previous line. |
25829 | 157 An indentation point is the end of a sequence of whitespace or the end of |
158 the line. If point is farther right than any indentation point in the | |
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159 previous line, @code{indent-relative} runs @code{tab-to-tab-stop} |
25829 | 160 @ifinfo |
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161 (@pxref{Tab Stops}), |
25829 | 162 @end ifinfo |
163 @iftex | |
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164 (see next section), |
25829 | 165 @end iftex |
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166 unless it is called with a numeric argument, in which case it does |
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167 nothing. |
25829 | 168 |
169 @xref{Format Indentation}, for another way of specifying the | |
170 indentation for part of your text. | |
171 | |
172 @node Tab Stops, Just Spaces, Indentation Commands, Indentation | |
173 @section Tab Stops | |
174 | |
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175 @cindex tab stops |
25829 | 176 @cindex using tab stops in making tables |
177 @cindex tables, indentation for | |
178 @kindex M-i | |
179 @findex tab-to-tab-stop | |
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180 For typing in tables, you can use @kbd{M-i} (@code{tab-to-tab-stop}). |
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181 This command inserts indentation before point, enough to reach the |
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182 next tab stop column. |
25829 | 183 |
184 @findex edit-tab-stops | |
185 @findex edit-tab-stops-note-changes | |
186 @kindex C-c C-c @r{(Edit Tab Stops)} | |
187 @vindex tab-stop-list | |
188 You can specify the tab stops used by @kbd{M-i}. They are stored in a | |
189 variable called @code{tab-stop-list}, as a list of column-numbers in | |
190 increasing order. | |
191 | |
192 The convenient way to set the tab stops is with @kbd{M-x | |
193 edit-tab-stops}, which creates and selects a buffer containing a | |
194 description of the tab stop settings. You can edit this buffer to | |
195 specify different tab stops, and then type @kbd{C-c C-c} to make those | |
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196 new tab stops take effect. The buffer uses Overwrite mode |
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197 (@pxref{Minor Modes}). @code{edit-tab-stops} records which buffer was |
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198 current when you invoked it, and stores the tab stops back in that |
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199 buffer; normally all buffers share the same tab stops and changing |
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200 them in one buffer affects all, but if you happen to make |
25829 | 201 @code{tab-stop-list} local in one buffer then @code{edit-tab-stops} in |
202 that buffer will edit the local settings. | |
203 | |
204 Here is what the text representing the tab stops looks like for ordinary | |
205 tab stops every eight columns. | |
206 | |
207 @example | |
208 : : : : : : | |
209 0 1 2 3 4 | |
210 0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678 | |
211 To install changes, type C-c C-c | |
212 @end example | |
213 | |
214 The first line contains a colon at each tab stop. The remaining lines | |
215 are present just to help you see where the colons are and know what to do. | |
216 | |
217 Note that the tab stops that control @code{tab-to-tab-stop} have nothing | |
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218 to do with displaying tab characters in the buffer. @xref{Display Custom}, |
25829 | 219 for more information on that. |
220 | |
221 @node Just Spaces,, Tab Stops, Indentation | |
222 @section Tabs vs. Spaces | |
223 | |
224 @vindex indent-tabs-mode | |
37420 | 225 Emacs normally uses both tabs and spaces to indent lines. If you |
226 prefer, all indentation can be made from spaces only. To request | |
227 this, set @code{indent-tabs-mode} to @code{nil}. This is a per-buffer | |
228 variable, so altering the variable affects only the current buffer, | |
229 but there is a default value which you can change as well. | |
230 @xref{Locals}. | |
25829 | 231 |
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232 A tab is not always displayed in the same way. By default, tabs are |
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233 eight columns wide, but some people like to customize their tools to |
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234 use a different tab width. So by using spaces only, you can make sure |
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235 that your file looks the same regardless of the tab width setting. |
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236 |
25829 | 237 @findex tabify |
238 @findex untabify | |
239 There are also commands to convert tabs to spaces or vice versa, always | |
240 preserving the columns of all nonblank text. @kbd{M-x tabify} scans the | |
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241 region for sequences of spaces, and converts sequences of at least two |
25829 | 242 spaces to tabs if that can be done without changing indentation. @kbd{M-x |
243 untabify} changes all tabs in the region to appropriate numbers of spaces. | |
52401 | 244 |
245 @ignore | |
246 arch-tag: acc07de7-ae11-4ee8-a159-cb59c473f0fb | |
247 @end ignore |