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annotate man/display.texi @ 31967:54b09b09e4bd
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author | Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca> |
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date | Fri, 29 Sep 2000 01:00:18 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. | |
4 @node Display, Search, Registers, Top | |
5 @chapter Controlling the Display | |
6 | |
7 Since only part of a large buffer fits in the window, Emacs tries to | |
8 show a part that is likely to be interesting. Display-control commands | |
9 allow you to specify which part of the text you want to see, and how to | |
10 display it. | |
11 | |
12 @menu | |
13 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. | |
14 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. | |
15 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. | |
16 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. | |
17 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
18 * Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed. | |
19 * Display Vars:: Information on variables for customizing display. | |
20 @end menu | |
21 | |
22 @node Scrolling | |
23 @section Scrolling | |
24 | |
25 If a buffer contains text that is too large to fit entirely within a | |
26 window that is displaying the buffer, Emacs shows a contiguous portion of | |
27 the text. The portion shown always contains point. | |
28 | |
29 @cindex scrolling | |
30 @dfn{Scrolling} means moving text up or down in the window so that | |
31 different parts of the text are visible. Scrolling forward means that text | |
32 moves up, and new text appears at the bottom. Scrolling backward moves | |
33 text down and new text appears at the top. | |
34 | |
35 Scrolling happens automatically if you move point past the bottom or top | |
36 of the window. You can also explicitly request scrolling with the commands | |
37 in this section. | |
38 | |
39 @table @kbd | |
40 @item C-l | |
41 Clear screen and redisplay, scrolling the selected window to center | |
42 point vertically within it (@code{recenter}). | |
43 @item C-v | |
44 Scroll forward (a windowful or a specified number of lines) (@code{scroll-up}). | |
45 @item @key{NEXT} | |
46 Likewise, scroll forward. | |
47 @item M-v | |
48 Scroll backward (@code{scroll-down}). | |
49 @item @key{PRIOR} | |
50 Likewise, scroll backward. | |
51 @item @var{arg} C-l | |
52 Scroll so point is on line @var{arg} (@code{recenter}). | |
53 @item C-M-l | |
54 Scroll heuristically to bring useful information onto the screen | |
55 (@code{reposition-window}). | |
56 @end table | |
57 | |
58 @kindex C-l | |
59 @findex recenter | |
60 The most basic scrolling command is @kbd{C-l} (@code{recenter}) with | |
61 no argument. It clears the entire screen and redisplays all windows. | |
62 In addition, it scrolls the selected window so that point is halfway | |
63 down from the top of the window. | |
64 | |
65 @kindex C-v | |
66 @kindex M-v | |
67 @kindex NEXT | |
68 @kindex PRIOR | |
69 @findex scroll-up | |
70 @findex scroll-down | |
71 The scrolling commands @kbd{C-v} and @kbd{M-v} let you move all the text | |
72 in the window up or down a few lines. @kbd{C-v} (@code{scroll-up}) with an | |
73 argument shows you that many more lines at the bottom of the window, moving | |
74 the text and point up together as @kbd{C-l} might. @kbd{C-v} with a | |
75 negative argument shows you more lines at the top of the window. | |
76 @kbd{M-v} (@code{scroll-down}) is like @kbd{C-v}, but moves in the | |
77 opposite direction. The function keys @key{NEXT} and @key{PRIOR} are | |
78 equivalent to @kbd{C-v} and @kbd{M-v}. | |
79 | |
80 The names of scroll commands are based on the direction that the text | |
81 moves in the window. Thus, the command to scroll forward is called | |
82 @code{scroll-up} because it moves the text upward on the screen. | |
83 | |
84 @vindex next-screen-context-lines | |
85 To read the buffer a windowful at a time, use @kbd{C-v} with no argument. | |
86 It takes the last two lines at the bottom of the window and puts them at | |
87 the top, followed by nearly a whole windowful of lines not previously | |
88 visible. If point was in the text scrolled off the top, it moves to the | |
89 new top of the window. @kbd{M-v} with no argument moves backward with | |
90 overlap similarly. The number of lines of overlap across a @kbd{C-v} or | |
91 @kbd{M-v} is controlled by the variable @code{next-screen-context-lines}; by | |
92 default, it is 2. | |
93 | |
94 @vindex scroll-preserve-screen-position | |
95 Some users like the full-screen scroll commands to keep point at the | |
96 same screen line. To enable this behavior, set the variable | |
97 @code{scroll-preserve-screen-position} to a non-@code{nil} value. This | |
98 mode is convenient for browsing through a file by scrolling by | |
99 screenfuls; if you come back to the screen where you started, point goes | |
100 back to the line where it started. However, this mode is inconvenient | |
101 when you move to the next screen in order to move point to the text | |
102 there. | |
103 | |
104 Another way to do scrolling is with @kbd{C-l} with a numeric argument. | |
105 @kbd{C-l} does not clear the screen when given an argument; it only scrolls | |
106 the selected window. With a positive argument @var{n}, it repositions text | |
107 to put point @var{n} lines down from the top. An argument of zero puts | |
108 point on the very top line. Point does not move with respect to the text; | |
109 rather, the text and point move rigidly on the screen. @kbd{C-l} with a | |
110 negative argument puts point that many lines from the bottom of the window. | |
111 For example, @kbd{C-u - 1 C-l} puts point on the bottom line, and @kbd{C-u | |
112 - 5 C-l} puts it five lines from the bottom. Just @kbd{C-u} as argument, | |
113 as in @kbd{C-u C-l}, scrolls point to the center of the selected window. | |
114 | |
115 @kindex C-M-l | |
116 @findex reposition-window | |
117 The @kbd{C-M-l} command (@code{reposition-window}) scrolls the current | |
118 window heuristically in a way designed to get useful information onto | |
119 the screen. For example, in a Lisp file, this command tries to get the | |
120 entire current defun onto the screen if possible. | |
121 | |
122 @vindex scroll-conservatively | |
123 Scrolling happens automatically if point has moved out of the visible | |
124 portion of the text when it is time to display. Normally, automatic | |
125 scrolling centers point vertically within the window. However, if you | |
126 set @code{scroll-conservatively} to a small number @var{n}, then if you | |
127 move point just a little off the screen---less than @var{n} lines---then | |
128 Emacs scrolls the text just far enough to bring point back on screen. | |
129 By default, @code{scroll-conservatively} is 0. | |
130 | |
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131 @cindex aggressive scrolling |
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132 @vindex scroll-up-aggressively |
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133 @vindex scroll-down-aggressively |
31188 | 134 If you prefer a more aggressive scrolling, customize the values of the |
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135 variables @code{scroll-up-aggressively} and |
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136 @code{scroll-down-aggressively}. The value of |
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137 @code{scroll-up-aggressively} should be either nil or a fraction @var{f} |
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138 between 0 and 1. If it is a fraction, that specifies where on the |
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139 screen to put point when scrolling upward. More precisely, when a |
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140 window scrolls up because point is above the window start, the new start |
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141 position is chosen to put point @var{f} part of the window height from |
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142 the top. The larger @var{f}, the more aggressive the scrolling. |
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143 |
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144 A value of @code{nil} is equivalent to .5, since its effect is to center |
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145 point. |
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146 |
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147 Likewise, @code{scroll-down-aggressively} is used for scrolling down. |
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148 The value, @var{f}, specifies how far point should be placed from the |
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149 bottom of the window; thus, as with @code{scroll-up-aggressively}, a |
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150 larger value scrolls more aggressively. |
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151 |
25829 | 152 @vindex scroll-margin |
153 The variable @code{scroll-margin} restricts how close point can come | |
154 to the top or bottom of a window. Its value is a number of screen | |
155 lines; if point comes within that many lines of the top or bottom of the | |
156 window, Emacs recenters the window. By default, @code{scroll-margin} is | |
157 0. | |
158 | |
159 @node Horizontal Scrolling | |
160 @section Horizontal Scrolling | |
161 @cindex horizontal scrolling | |
162 | |
163 @dfn{Horizontal scrolling} means shifting all the lines sideways | |
164 within a window---so that some of the text near the left margin | |
165 is not displayed at all. | |
166 | |
167 @table @kbd | |
168 @item C-x < | |
169 Scroll text in current window to the left (@code{scroll-left}). | |
170 @item C-x > | |
171 Scroll to the right (@code{scroll-right}). | |
172 @end table | |
173 | |
174 When a window has been scrolled horizontally, text lines are truncated | |
175 rather than continued (@pxref{Continuation Lines}), with a @samp{$} | |
176 appearing in the first column when there is text truncated to the left, | |
177 and in the last column when there is text truncated to the right. | |
178 | |
179 @kindex C-x < | |
180 @kindex C-x > | |
181 @findex scroll-left | |
182 @findex scroll-right | |
183 The command @kbd{C-x <} (@code{scroll-left}) scrolls the selected | |
184 window to the left by @var{n} columns with argument @var{n}. This moves | |
185 part of the beginning of each line off the left edge of the window. | |
186 With no argument, it scrolls by almost the full width of the window (two | |
187 columns less, to be precise). | |
188 | |
189 @kbd{C-x >} (@code{scroll-right}) scrolls similarly to the right. The | |
190 window cannot be scrolled any farther to the right once it is displayed | |
191 normally (with each line starting at the window's left margin); | |
192 attempting to do so has no effect. This means that you don't have to | |
193 calculate the argument precisely for @w{@kbd{C-x >}}; any sufficiently large | |
194 argument will restore the normal display. | |
195 | |
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196 @cindex horizontal scrolling |
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197 @vindex automatic-hscrolling |
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198 Emacs automatically scrolls a window horizontally whenever that is |
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199 necessary to keep point visible and not too far from the left or right |
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200 edge. If you don't want this, customize the variable |
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201 @code{automatic-hscrolling} and set it to nil. |
25829 | 202 |
203 @node Follow Mode | |
204 @section Follow Mode | |
205 @cindex Follow mode | |
206 @cindex mode, Follow | |
207 | |
208 @dfn{Follow mode} is a minor mode that makes two windows showing the | |
209 same buffer scroll as one tall ``virtual window.'' To use Follow mode, | |
210 go to a frame with just one window, split it into two side-by-side | |
211 windows using @kbd{C-x 3}, and then type @kbd{M-x follow-mode}. From | |
212 then on, you can edit the buffer in either of the two windows, or scroll | |
213 either one; the other window follows it. | |
214 | |
215 To turn off Follow mode, type @kbd{M-x follow-mode} a second time. | |
216 | |
217 @node Selective Display | |
218 @section Selective Display | |
219 @findex set-selective-display | |
220 @kindex C-x $ | |
221 | |
222 Emacs has the ability to hide lines indented more than a certain number | |
223 of columns (you specify how many columns). You can use this to get an | |
224 overview of a part of a program. | |
225 | |
226 To hide lines, type @kbd{C-x $} (@code{set-selective-display}) with a | |
227 numeric argument @var{n}. Then lines with at least @var{n} columns of | |
228 indentation disappear from the screen. The only indication of their | |
229 presence is that three dots (@samp{@dots{}}) appear at the end of each | |
230 visible line that is followed by one or more hidden ones. | |
231 | |
232 The commands @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} move across the hidden lines as | |
233 if they were not there. | |
234 | |
235 The hidden lines are still present in the buffer, and most editing | |
236 commands see them as usual, so you may find point in the middle of the | |
237 hidden text. When this happens, the cursor appears at the end of the | |
238 previous line, after the three dots. If point is at the end of the | |
239 visible line, before the newline that ends it, the cursor appears before | |
240 the three dots. | |
241 | |
242 To make all lines visible again, type @kbd{C-x $} with no argument. | |
243 | |
244 @vindex selective-display-ellipses | |
245 If you set the variable @code{selective-display-ellipses} to | |
246 @code{nil}, the three dots do not appear at the end of a line that | |
247 precedes hidden lines. Then there is no visible indication of the | |
248 hidden lines. This variable becomes local automatically when set. | |
249 | |
250 @node Optional Mode Line | |
251 @section Optional Mode Line Features | |
252 | |
253 @cindex Line Number mode | |
254 @cindex mode, Line Number | |
255 @findex line-number-mode | |
256 The current line number of point appears in the mode line when Line | |
257 Number mode is enabled. Use the command @kbd{M-x line-number-mode} to | |
258 turn this mode on and off; normally it is on. The line number appears | |
259 before the buffer percentage @var{pos}, with the letter @samp{L} to | |
260 indicate what it is. @xref{Minor Modes}, for more information about | |
261 minor modes and about how to use this command. | |
262 | |
263 @vindex line-number-display-limit | |
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264 @cindex line number display, removing the limit |
25829 | 265 If the buffer is very large (larger than the value of |
266 @code{line-number-display-limit}), then the line number doesn't appear. | |
267 Emacs doesn't compute the line number when the buffer is large, because | |
29753 | 268 that would be too slow. Set it to @code{nil} to remove the limit. If |
269 you have narrowed the buffer (@pxref{Narrowing}), the displayed line | |
270 number is relative to the accessible portion of the buffer. | |
25829 | 271 |
272 @cindex Column Number mode | |
273 @cindex mode, Column Number | |
274 @findex column-number-mode | |
275 You can also display the current column number by turning on Column | |
276 Number mode. It displays the current column number preceded by the | |
277 letter @samp{C}. Type @kbd{M-x column-number-mode} to toggle this mode. | |
278 | |
279 @findex display-time | |
280 @cindex time (on mode line) | |
281 Emacs can optionally display the time and system load in all mode | |
30870 | 282 lines. To enable this feature, type @kbd{M-x display-time} or customize |
283 the option @code{display-time-mode}. The information added to the mode | |
284 line usually appears after the buffer name, before the mode names and | |
285 their parentheses. It looks like this: | |
25829 | 286 |
287 @example | |
288 @var{hh}:@var{mm}pm @var{l.ll} | |
289 @end example | |
290 | |
291 @noindent | |
292 @vindex display-time-24hr-format | |
293 Here @var{hh} and @var{mm} are the hour and minute, followed always by | |
294 @samp{am} or @samp{pm}. @var{l.ll} is the average number of running | |
295 processes in the whole system recently. (Some fields may be missing if | |
296 your operating system cannot support them.) If you prefer time display | |
297 in 24-hour format, set the variable @code{display-time-24hr-format} | |
298 to @code{t}. | |
299 | |
300 @cindex mail (on mode line) | |
28800 | 301 @vindex display-time-use-mail-icon |
302 @vindex display-time-mail-face | |
25829 | 303 The word @samp{Mail} appears after the load level if there is mail |
28800 | 304 for you that you have not read yet. On a graphical display you can use |
305 an icon instead of @samp{Mail} by customizing | |
306 @code{display-time-use-mail-icon}; this may save some space on the mode | |
307 line. You can customize @code{display-time-mail-face} to make the mail | |
308 indicator prominent. | |
25829 | 309 |
310 @node Text Display | |
311 @section How Text Is Displayed | |
312 @cindex characters (in text) | |
313 | |
314 ASCII printing characters (octal codes 040 through 0176) in Emacs | |
315 buffers are displayed with their graphics. So are non-ASCII multibyte | |
316 printing characters (octal codes above 0400). | |
317 | |
318 Some ASCII control characters are displayed in special ways. The | |
319 newline character (octal code 012) is displayed by starting a new line. | |
320 The tab character (octal code 011) is displayed by moving to the next | |
321 tab stop column (normally every 8 columns). | |
322 | |
323 Other ASCII control characters are normally displayed as a caret | |
324 (@samp{^}) followed by the non-control version of the character; thus, | |
325 control-A is displayed as @samp{^A}. | |
326 | |
327 Non-ASCII characters 0200 through 0377 are displayed with octal escape | |
328 sequences; thus, character code 0243 (octal) is displayed as | |
329 @samp{\243}. However, if you enable European display, most of these | |
330 characters become non-ASCII printing characters, and are displayed using | |
331 their graphics (assuming your terminal supports them). | |
27219 | 332 @xref{Single-Byte Character Support}. |
25829 | 333 |
334 @node Display Vars | |
335 @section Variables Controlling Display | |
336 | |
337 This section contains information for customization only. Beginning | |
338 users should skip it. | |
339 | |
340 @vindex mode-line-inverse-video | |
341 The variable @code{mode-line-inverse-video} controls whether the mode | |
342 line is displayed in inverse video (assuming the terminal supports it); | |
343 @code{nil} means don't do so. @xref{Mode Line}. If you specify the | |
344 foreground color for the @code{modeline} face, and | |
345 @code{mode-line-inverse-video} is non-@code{nil}, then the default | |
346 background color for that face is the usual foreground color. | |
347 @xref{Faces}. | |
348 | |
349 @vindex inverse-video | |
350 If the variable @code{inverse-video} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs attempts | |
351 to invert all the lines of the display from what they normally are. | |
352 | |
353 @vindex visible-bell | |
354 If the variable @code{visible-bell} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs attempts | |
355 to make the whole screen blink when it would normally make an audible bell | |
356 sound. This variable has no effect if your terminal does not have a way | |
357 to make the screen blink.@refill | |
358 | |
359 @vindex no-redraw-on-reenter | |
360 When you reenter Emacs after suspending, Emacs normally clears the | |
361 screen and redraws the entire display. On some terminals with more than | |
362 one page of memory, it is possible to arrange the termcap entry so that | |
363 the @samp{ti} and @samp{te} strings (output to the terminal when Emacs | |
364 is entered and exited, respectively) switch between pages of memory so | |
365 as to use one page for Emacs and another page for other output. Then | |
366 you might want to set the variable @code{no-redraw-on-reenter} | |
367 non-@code{nil}; this tells Emacs to assume, when resumed, that the | |
368 screen page it is using still contains what Emacs last wrote there. | |
369 | |
370 @vindex echo-keystrokes | |
371 The variable @code{echo-keystrokes} controls the echoing of multi-character | |
372 keys; its value is the number of seconds of pause required to cause echoing | |
373 to start, or zero meaning don't echo at all. @xref{Echo Area}. | |
374 | |
375 @vindex ctl-arrow | |
376 If the variable @code{ctl-arrow} is @code{nil}, control characters in | |
377 the buffer are displayed with octal escape sequences, except for newline | |
378 and tab. Altering the value of @code{ctl-arrow} makes it local to the | |
379 current buffer; until that time, the default value is in effect. The | |
380 default is initially @code{t}. @xref{Display Tables,, Display Tables, | |
381 elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
382 | |
383 @vindex tab-width | |
384 Normally, a tab character in the buffer is displayed as whitespace which | |
385 extends to the next display tab stop position, and display tab stops come | |
386 at intervals equal to eight spaces. The number of spaces per tab is | |
387 controlled by the variable @code{tab-width}, which is made local by | |
388 changing it, just like @code{ctl-arrow}. Note that how the tab character | |
389 in the buffer is displayed has nothing to do with the definition of | |
390 @key{TAB} as a command. The variable @code{tab-width} must have an | |
391 integer value between 1 and 1000, inclusive. | |
392 | |
393 @c @vindex truncate-lines @c No index entry here, because we have one | |
394 @c in the continuation section. | |
395 If the variable @code{truncate-lines} is non-@code{nil}, then each | |
396 line of text gets just one screen line for display; if the text line is | |
397 too long, display shows only the part that fits. If | |
398 @code{truncate-lines} is @code{nil}, then long text lines display as | |
399 more than one screen line, enough to show the whole text of the line. | |
400 @xref{Continuation Lines}. Altering the value of @code{truncate-lines} | |
401 makes it local to the current buffer; until that time, the default value | |
402 is in effect. The default is initially @code{nil}. | |
403 | |
404 @c @vindex truncate-partial-width-windows @c Idx entry is in Split Windows. | |
405 If the variable @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} is | |
406 non-@code{nil}, it forces truncation rather than continuation in any | |
407 window less than the full width of the screen or frame, regardless of | |
408 the value of @code{truncate-lines}. For information about side-by-side | |
409 windows, see @ref{Split Window}. See also @ref{Display,, Display, | |
410 elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
411 | |
412 @vindex baud-rate | |
413 The variable @code{baud-rate} holds the output speed of the | |
414 terminal, as far as Emacs knows. Setting this variable does not change | |
415 the speed of actual data transmission, but the value is used for | |
416 calculations such as padding. It also affects decisions about whether | |
417 to scroll part of the screen or redraw it instead---even when using a | |
418 window system. (We designed it this way, despite the fact that a window | |
419 system has no true ``output speed,'' to give you a way to tune these | |
420 decisions.) | |
421 | |
422 You can customize the way any particular character code is displayed | |
423 by means of a display table. @xref{Display Tables,, Display Tables, | |
424 elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. |