Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/programs.texi @ 58106:54e2af9e210d
(math-read-brackets, math-read-vector, math-read-matrix): Use
declared variable math-expr-data.
author | Jay Belanger <jay.p.belanger@gmail.com> |
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date | Tue, 09 Nov 2004 20:31:40 +0000 |
parents | bc1eb92f6563 |
children | 364d233a8dc3 3219f94257bc |
rev | line source |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,97,99,00,2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
4 @node Programs, Building, Text, Top | |
5 @chapter Editing Programs | |
6 @cindex Lisp editing | |
7 @cindex C editing | |
8 @cindex program editing | |
9 | |
38867 | 10 Emacs provides many features to facilitate editing programs. Some |
11 of these features can | |
25829 | 12 |
13 @itemize @bullet | |
14 @item | |
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15 Find or move over top-level definitions (@pxref{Defuns}). |
25829 | 16 @item |
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17 Apply the usual indentation conventions of the language |
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18 (@pxref{Program Indent}). |
25829 | 19 @item |
20 Insert, kill or align comments (@pxref{Comments}). | |
21 @item | |
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22 Balance parentheses (@pxref{Parentheses}). |
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23 @item |
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24 Highlight program syntax (@pxref{Font Lock}). |
25829 | 25 @end itemize |
26 | |
38867 | 27 This chapter describes these features and many more. |
28 | |
25829 | 29 @menu |
30 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. | |
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31 * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts |
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32 of a program. |
25829 | 33 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. |
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34 * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses. |
25829 | 35 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. |
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36 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. |
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37 * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively. |
25829 | 38 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language. |
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39 * Glasses:: Making identifiersLikeThis more readable. |
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40 * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs. |
26264 | 41 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, |
25829 | 42 Java, and Pike modes. |
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43 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. |
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44 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. |
25829 | 45 @end menu |
46 | |
47 @node Program Modes | |
48 @section Major Modes for Programming Languages | |
49 @cindex modes for programming languages | |
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50 |
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51 Emacs has specialized major modes for various programming languages. |
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52 @xref{Major Modes}. A programming language major mode typically |
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53 specifies the syntax of expressions, the customary rules for |
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54 indentation, how to do syntax highlighting for the language, and how |
38867 | 55 to find the beginning of a function definition. It often customizes |
56 or provides facilities for compiling and debugging programs as well. | |
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57 |
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58 Ideally, Emacs should provide a major mode for each programming |
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59 language that you might want to edit; if it doesn't have a mode for |
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60 your favorite language, you can contribute one. But often the mode |
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61 for one language can serve for other syntactically similar languages. |
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62 The major mode for language @var{l} is called @code{@var{l}-mode}, |
38867 | 63 and you can select it by typing @kbd{M-x @var{l}-mode @key{RET}}. |
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64 @xref{Choosing Modes}. |
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65 |
25829 | 66 @cindex Perl mode |
67 @cindex Icon mode | |
68 @cindex Makefile mode | |
69 @cindex Tcl mode | |
70 @cindex CPerl mode | |
26106 | 71 @cindex DSSSL mode |
72 @cindex Octave mode | |
73 @cindex Metafont mode | |
74 @cindex Modula2 mode | |
75 @cindex Prolog mode | |
76 @cindex Simula mode | |
77 @cindex VHDL mode | |
78 @cindex M4 mode | |
79 @cindex Shell-script mode | |
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80 @cindex Delphi mode |
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81 @cindex PostScript mode |
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82 The existing programming language major modes include Lisp, Scheme (a |
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83 variant of Lisp) and the Scheme-based DSSSL expression language, Ada, |
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84 AWK, C, C++, Delphi (Object Pascal), Fortran (free format and fixed |
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85 format), Icon, IDL (CORBA), IDLWAVE, Java, Metafont (@TeX{}'s |
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86 companion for font creation), Modula2, Objective-C, Octave, Pascal, |
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87 Perl, Pike, PostScript, Prolog, Simula, Tcl, and VHDL. There is |
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88 also a major mode for makefiles, called Makefile mode. An alternative |
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89 mode for Perl is called CPerl mode. Modes are available for the |
38867 | 90 scripting languages of the common GNU and Unix shells, VMS DCL, and |
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91 MS-DOS/MS-Windows @samp{BAT} files. There are also major modes for |
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92 editing various sorts of configuration files. |
25829 | 93 |
94 @kindex DEL @r{(programming modes)} | |
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95 @findex c-electric-backspace |
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96 In most programming languages, indentation should vary from line to |
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97 line to illustrate the structure of the program. So the major modes |
38867 | 98 for programming languages arrange for @key{TAB} to update the |
99 indentation of the current line. They also rebind @key{DEL} to treat | |
100 a tab as if it were the equivalent number of spaces; this lets you | |
101 delete one column of indentation without worrying whether the | |
102 whitespace consists of spaces or tabs. Use @kbd{C-b C-d} to delete a | |
103 tab character before point, in these modes. | |
25829 | 104 |
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105 Separate manuals are available for the modes for Ada (@pxref{Top, , Ada |
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106 Mode, ada-mode, Ada Mode}), C/C++/Objective C/Java/Corba IDL/Pike/AWK |
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107 (@pxref{Top, , CC Mode, ccmode, CC Mode}) and the IDLWAVE modes |
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108 (@pxref{Top, , IDLWAVE, idlwave, IDLWAVE User Manual}). |
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109 |
25829 | 110 @cindex mode hook |
111 @vindex c-mode-hook | |
112 @vindex lisp-mode-hook | |
113 @vindex emacs-lisp-mode-hook | |
114 @vindex lisp-interaction-mode-hook | |
115 @vindex scheme-mode-hook | |
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116 Turning on a major mode runs a normal hook called the @dfn{mode |
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117 hook}, which is the value of a Lisp variable. Each major mode has a |
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118 mode hook, and the hook's name is always made from the mode command's |
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119 name by adding @samp{-hook}. For example, turning on C mode runs the |
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120 hook @code{c-mode-hook}, while turning on Lisp mode runs the hook |
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121 @code{lisp-mode-hook}. The purpose of the mode hook is to give you a |
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122 place to set up customizations for that major mode. @xref{Hooks}. |
25829 | 123 |
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124 @node Defuns |
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125 @section Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns |
25829 | 126 |
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127 In Emacs, a major definition at the top level in the buffer is |
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128 called a @dfn{defun}. The name comes from Lisp, but in Emacs we use |
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129 it for all languages. |
25829 | 130 |
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131 In most programming language modes, Emacs assumes that a defun is |
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132 any pair of parentheses (or braces, if the language uses braces this |
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133 way) that starts at the left margin. For example, in C, the body of a |
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134 function definition is normally a defun, because the open-brace that |
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135 begins it is normally at the left margin. A variable's initializer |
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136 can also count as a defun, if the open-brace that begins the |
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137 initializer is at the left margin. |
25829 | 138 |
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139 However, some language modes provide their own code for recognizing |
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140 defuns in a way that suits the language syntax and conventions better. |
25829 | 141 |
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142 @menu |
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143 * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter |
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144 starts a defun if it is at the left margin. |
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145 * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition. |
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146 * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus. |
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147 * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in. |
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148 @end menu |
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149 |
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150 @node Left Margin Paren |
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151 @subsection Left Margin Convention |
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153 @cindex open-parenthesis in leftmost column |
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154 @cindex ( in leftmost column |
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155 In most major modes, Emacs assumes that any opening delimiter found |
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156 at the left margin is the start of a top-level definition, or defun. |
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157 Therefore, @strong{never put an opening delimiter at the left margin |
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158 unless it should have that significance.} For instance, never put an |
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159 open-parenthesis at the left margin in a Lisp file unless it is the |
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160 start of a top-level list. Never put an open-brace or other opening |
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161 delimiter at the beginning of a line of C code unless it is at top |
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162 level. |
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164 If you don't follow this convention, not only will you have trouble |
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165 when you explicitly use the commands for motion by defuns; other |
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166 features that use them will also give you trouble. This includes |
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167 the indentation commands (@pxref{Program Indent}) and Font Lock |
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168 mode (@pxref{Font Lock}). |
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170 The most likely problem case is when you want an opening delimiter |
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171 at the start of a line inside a string. To avoid trouble, put an |
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172 escape character (@samp{\}, in C and Emacs Lisp, @samp{/} in some |
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173 other Lisp dialects) before the opening delimiter. This will not |
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174 affect the contents of the string, but will prevent that opening |
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175 delimiter from starting a defun. Here's an example: |
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177 @example |
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178 (insert "Foo: |
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179 \(bar) |
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180 ") |
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181 @end example |
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183 To help you catch violations of this convention, Font Lock mode |
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184 highlights confusing opening delimiters (those that ought to be |
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185 quoted) in bold red. |
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186 |
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187 In the earliest days, the original Emacs found defuns by moving |
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188 upward a level of parentheses or braces until there were no more |
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189 levels to go up. This always required scanning all the way back to |
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190 the beginning of the buffer, even for a small function. To speed up |
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191 the operation, we changed Emacs to assume that any opening delimiter |
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192 at the left margin is the start of a defun. This heuristic is nearly |
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193 always right, and avoids the need to scan back to the beginning of the |
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194 buffer. However, it mandates following the convention described |
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195 above. |
25829 | 196 |
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197 @node Moving by Defuns |
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198 @subsection Moving by Defuns |
25829 | 199 @cindex defuns |
200 | |
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201 These commands move point or set up the region based on top-level |
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202 major definitions, also called @dfn{defuns}. |
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203 |
25829 | 204 @table @kbd |
205 @item C-M-a | |
206 Move to beginning of current or preceding defun | |
207 (@code{beginning-of-defun}). | |
208 @item C-M-e | |
209 Move to end of current or following defun (@code{end-of-defun}). | |
210 @item C-M-h | |
211 Put region around whole current or following defun (@code{mark-defun}). | |
212 @end table | |
213 | |
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214 @cindex move to beginning or end of function |
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215 @cindex function, move to beginning or end |
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216 @kindex C-M-a |
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217 @kindex C-M-e |
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218 @kindex C-M-h |
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219 @findex beginning-of-defun |
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220 @findex end-of-defun |
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221 @findex mark-defun |
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222 The commands to move to the beginning and end of the current defun |
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223 are @kbd{C-M-a} (@code{beginning-of-defun}) and @kbd{C-M-e} |
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224 (@code{end-of-defun}). If you repeat one of these commands, or use a |
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225 positive numeric argument, each repetition moves to the next defun in |
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226 the direction of motion. |
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227 |
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228 @kbd{C-M-a} with a negative argument @minus{}@var{n} moves forward |
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229 @var{n} times to the next beginning of a defun. This is not exactly |
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230 the same place that @kbd{C-M-e} with argument @var{n} would move to; |
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231 the end of this defun is not usually exactly the same place as the |
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232 beginning of the following defun. (Whitespace, comments, and perhaps |
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233 declarations can separate them.) Likewise, @kbd{C-M-e} with a |
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234 negative argument moves back to an end of a defun, which is not quite |
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235 the same as @kbd{C-M-a} with a positive argument. |
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236 |
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237 @kindex C-M-h @r{(C mode)} |
25829 | 238 @findex c-mark-function |
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239 To operate on the current defun, use @kbd{C-M-h} (@code{mark-defun}) |
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240 which puts point at the beginning and mark at the end of the current |
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241 defun. This is the easiest way to get ready to kill the defun in |
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242 order to move it to a different place in the file. If you use the |
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243 command while point is between defuns, it uses the following defun. |
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244 |
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245 In C mode, @kbd{C-M-h} runs the function @code{c-mark-function}, |
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246 which is almost the same as @code{mark-defun}; the difference is that |
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247 it backs up over the argument declarations, function name and returned |
38867 | 248 data type so that the entire C function is inside the region. This is |
249 an example of how major modes adjust the standard key bindings so that | |
250 they do their standard jobs in a way better fitting a particular | |
251 language. Other major modes may replace any or all of these key | |
252 bindings for that purpose. | |
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253 |
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254 @node Imenu |
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255 @subsection Imenu |
38867 | 256 @cindex index of buffer definitions |
257 @cindex buffer definitions index | |
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258 @cindex tags |
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259 |
42675 | 260 The Imenu facility offers a way to find the major definitions in |
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261 a file by name. It is also useful in text formatter major modes, |
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262 where it treats each chapter, section, etc., as a definition. |
38867 | 263 (@xref{Tags}, for a more powerful feature that handles multiple files |
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264 together.) |
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265 |
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266 @findex imenu |
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267 If you type @kbd{M-x imenu}, it reads the name of a definition using |
38867 | 268 the minibuffer, then moves point to that definition. You can use |
269 completion to specify the name; the command always displays the whole | |
270 list of valid names. | |
25829 | 271 |
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272 @findex imenu-add-menubar-index |
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273 Alternatively, you can bind the command @code{imenu} to a mouse |
38867 | 274 click. Then it displays mouse menus for you to select a definition |
275 name. You can also add the buffer's index to the menu bar by calling | |
276 @code{imenu-add-menubar-index}. If you want to have this menu bar | |
277 item available for all buffers in a certain major mode, you can do | |
278 this by adding @code{imenu-add-menubar-index} to its mode hook. But | |
279 if you have done that, you will have to wait each time you visit a | |
280 file in that mode, while Emacs finds all the definitions in that | |
281 buffer. | |
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282 |
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283 @vindex imenu-auto-rescan |
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284 When you change the contents of a buffer, if you add or delete |
38867 | 285 definitions, you can update the buffer's index based on the |
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286 new contents by invoking the @samp{*Rescan*} item in the menu. |
39063 | 287 Rescanning happens automatically if you set @code{imenu-auto-rescan} to |
288 a non-@code{nil} value. There is no need to rescan because of small | |
38867 | 289 changes in the text. |
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290 |
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291 @vindex imenu-sort-function |
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292 You can customize the way the menus are sorted by setting the |
38867 | 293 variable @code{imenu-sort-function}. By default, names are ordered as |
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294 they occur in the buffer; if you want alphabetic sorting, use the |
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295 symbol @code{imenu--sort-by-name} as the value. You can also |
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296 define your own comparison function by writing Lisp code. |
25829 | 297 |
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298 Imenu provides the information to guide Which Function mode |
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299 @ifnottex |
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300 (@pxref{Which Function}). |
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301 @end ifnottex |
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302 @iftex |
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303 (see below). |
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304 @end iftex |
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305 The Speedbar can also use it (@pxref{Speedbar}). |
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306 |
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307 @node Which Function |
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308 @subsection Which Function Mode |
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309 @cindex current function name in mode line |
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310 |
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311 Which Function mode is a minor mode that displays the current |
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312 function name in the mode line, updating it as you move around in a |
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313 buffer. |
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314 |
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315 @findex which-function-mode |
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316 @vindex which-func-modes |
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317 To enable (or disable) Which Function mode, use the command @kbd{M-x |
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318 which-function-mode}. This command is global; it applies to all |
38867 | 319 buffers, both existing ones and those yet to be created. However, |
320 it only takes effect in certain major modes, those listed in the value of | |
321 @code{which-func-modes}. If the value is @code{t}, then Which | |
322 Function mode applies to all major modes that know how to support | |
323 it---in other words, all the major modes that support Imenu. | |
25829 | 324 |
325 @node Program Indent | |
326 @section Indentation for Programs | |
327 @cindex indentation for programs | |
328 | |
329 The best way to keep a program properly indented is to use Emacs to | |
330 reindent it as you change it. Emacs has commands to indent properly | |
331 either a single line, a specified number of lines, or all of the lines | |
332 inside a single parenthetical grouping. | |
333 | |
334 @menu | |
335 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line. | |
336 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. | |
337 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. | |
338 * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes. | |
339 * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes. | |
340 @end menu | |
341 | |
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342 @cindex pretty-printer |
25829 | 343 Emacs also provides a Lisp pretty-printer in the library @code{pp}. |
344 This program reformats a Lisp object with indentation chosen to look nice. | |
345 | |
346 @node Basic Indent | |
347 @subsection Basic Program Indentation Commands | |
348 | |
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349 The basic indentation commands indent a single line according to the |
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350 usual conventions of the language you are editing. |
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351 |
25829 | 352 @table @kbd |
353 @item @key{TAB} | |
354 Adjust indentation of current line. | |
355 @item C-j | |
356 Equivalent to @key{RET} followed by @key{TAB} (@code{newline-and-indent}). | |
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357 @item @key{LINEFEED} |
38867 | 358 This key, if the keyboard has it, is another way to enter @kbd{C-j}. |
25829 | 359 @end table |
360 | |
361 @kindex TAB @r{(programming modes)} | |
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362 @findex c-indent-command |
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363 @findex indent-line-function |
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364 @findex indent-for-tab-command |
25829 | 365 The basic indentation command is @key{TAB}, which gives the current line |
366 the correct indentation as determined from the previous lines. The | |
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367 function that @key{TAB} runs depends on the major mode; it is |
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368 @code{indent-for-tab-command} |
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369 in Lisp mode, @code{c-indent-command} in C mode, etc. These functions |
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370 understand the syntax and conventions of different languages, but they all do |
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371 conceptually the same job: @key{TAB} in any programming-language major mode |
25829 | 372 inserts or deletes whitespace at the beginning of the current line, |
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373 independent of where point is in the line. If point was inside the |
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374 whitespace at the beginning of the line, @key{TAB} puts it at the end of |
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375 that whitespace; otherwise, @key{TAB} keeps point fixed with respect to |
25829 | 376 the characters around it. |
377 | |
378 Use @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} to insert a tab at point. | |
379 | |
380 @kindex C-j | |
381 @findex newline-and-indent | |
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382 When entering lines of new code, use @kbd{C-j} |
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383 (@code{newline-and-indent}), which is equivalent to a @key{RET} |
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384 followed by a @key{TAB}. @kbd{C-j} at the end of a line creates a |
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385 blank line and then gives it the appropriate indentation. |
25829 | 386 |
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387 @key{TAB} indents lines that start within a parenthetical grouping |
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388 each under the preceding line (or the text after the parenthesis). |
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389 Therefore, if you manually give one of these lines a nonstandard |
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390 indentation, the lines below will tend to follow it. This behavior is |
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391 convenient in cases where you have overridden the standard result of |
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392 @key{TAB} because you find it unaesthetic for a particular line. |
25829 | 393 |
394 Remember that an open-parenthesis, open-brace or other opening delimiter | |
395 at the left margin is assumed by Emacs (including the indentation routines) | |
396 to be the start of a function. Therefore, you must never have an opening | |
397 delimiter in column zero that is not the beginning of a function, not even | |
398 inside a string. This restriction is vital for making the indentation | |
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399 commands fast; you must simply accept it. @xref{Left Margin Paren}, |
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400 for more information on this. |
25829 | 401 |
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402 Normally, lines are indented with tabs and spaces. If you want Emacs |
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403 to use spaces only, see @ref{Just Spaces}. |
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404 |
25829 | 405 @node Multi-line Indent |
406 @subsection Indenting Several Lines | |
407 | |
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408 When you wish to reindent several lines of code which have been |
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409 altered or moved to a different level in the parenthesis structure, |
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410 you have several commands available. |
25829 | 411 |
412 @table @kbd | |
413 @item C-M-q | |
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414 Reindent all the lines within one parenthetical grouping(@code{indent-sexp}). |
38867 | 415 @item C-M-\ |
416 Reindent all lines in the region (@code{indent-region}). | |
25829 | 417 @item C-u @key{TAB} |
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418 Shift an entire parenthetical grouping rigidly sideways so that its |
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419 first line is properly indented. |
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420 @item M-x indent-code-rigidly |
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421 Shift all the lines in the region rigidly sideways, but do not alter |
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422 lines that start inside comments and strings. |
25829 | 423 @end table |
424 | |
425 @kindex C-M-q | |
426 @findex indent-sexp | |
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427 You can reindent the contents of a single parenthetical grouping by |
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428 positioning point before the beginning of it and typing @kbd{C-M-q} |
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429 (@code{indent-sexp} in Lisp mode, @code{c-indent-exp} in C mode; also |
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430 bound to other suitable commands in other modes). The indentation of |
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431 the line where the grouping starts is not changed; therefore, this |
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432 changes only the relative indentation within the grouping, not its |
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433 overall indentation. To correct that as well, type @key{TAB} first. |
25829 | 434 |
38867 | 435 Another way to specify the range to be reindented is with the |
436 region. The command @kbd{C-M-\} (@code{indent-region}) applies | |
437 @key{TAB} to every line whose first character is between point and | |
438 mark. | |
439 | |
25829 | 440 @kindex C-u TAB |
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441 If you like the relative indentation within a grouping, but not the |
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442 indentation of its first line, you can type @kbd{C-u @key{TAB}} to |
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443 reindent the whole grouping as a rigid unit. (This works in Lisp |
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444 modes and C and related modes.) @key{TAB} with a numeric argument |
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445 reindents the current line as usual, then reindents by the same amount |
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446 all the lines in the parenthetical grouping starting on the current |
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447 line. It is clever, though, and does not alter lines that start |
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448 inside strings. Neither does it alter C preprocessor lines when in C |
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449 mode, but it does reindent any continuation lines that may be attached |
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450 to them. |
25829 | 451 |
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452 @findex indent-code-rigidly |
38867 | 453 You can also perform this operation on the region, using the command |
454 @kbd{M-x indent-code-rigidly}. It rigidly shifts all the lines in the | |
455 region sideways, like @code{indent-rigidly} does (@pxref{Indentation | |
456 Commands}). It doesn't alter the indentation of lines that start | |
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457 inside a string, unless the region also starts inside that string. |
25829 | 458 |
459 @node Lisp Indent | |
460 @subsection Customizing Lisp Indentation | |
461 @cindex customizing Lisp indentation | |
462 | |
463 The indentation pattern for a Lisp expression can depend on the function | |
464 called by the expression. For each Lisp function, you can choose among | |
465 several predefined patterns of indentation, or define an arbitrary one with | |
466 a Lisp program. | |
467 | |
468 The standard pattern of indentation is as follows: the second line of the | |
469 expression is indented under the first argument, if that is on the same | |
470 line as the beginning of the expression; otherwise, the second line is | |
471 indented underneath the function name. Each following line is indented | |
472 under the previous line whose nesting depth is the same. | |
473 | |
474 @vindex lisp-indent-offset | |
475 If the variable @code{lisp-indent-offset} is non-@code{nil}, it overrides | |
476 the usual indentation pattern for the second line of an expression, so that | |
477 such lines are always indented @code{lisp-indent-offset} more columns than | |
478 the containing list. | |
479 | |
480 @vindex lisp-body-indent | |
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481 Certain functions override the standard pattern. Functions whose |
42675 | 482 names start with @code{def} treat the second lines as the start of |
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483 a @dfn{body}, by indenting the second line @code{lisp-body-indent} |
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484 additional columns beyond the open-parenthesis that starts the |
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485 expression. |
25829 | 486 |
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487 @cindex @code{lisp-indent-function} property |
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488 You can override the standard pattern in various ways for individual |
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489 functions, according to the @code{lisp-indent-function} property of |
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490 the function name. Normally you would use this for macro definitions |
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491 and specify it using the @code{declare} construct (@pxref{Defining |
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492 Macros,,, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}). |
25829 | 493 |
494 @node C Indent | |
495 @subsection Commands for C Indentation | |
496 | |
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497 Here are special features for indentation in C mode and related modes: |
25829 | 498 |
499 @table @code | |
500 @item C-c C-q | |
501 @kindex C-c C-q @r{(C mode)} | |
502 @findex c-indent-defun | |
503 Reindent the current top-level function definition or aggregate type | |
504 declaration (@code{c-indent-defun}). | |
505 | |
506 @item C-M-q | |
507 @kindex C-M-q @r{(C mode)} | |
508 @findex c-indent-exp | |
509 Reindent each line in the balanced expression that follows point | |
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510 (@code{c-indent-exp}). A prefix argument inhibits warning messages |
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511 about invalid syntax. |
25829 | 512 |
513 @item @key{TAB} | |
514 @findex c-indent-command | |
515 Reindent the current line, and/or in some cases insert a tab character | |
516 (@code{c-indent-command}). | |
517 | |
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518 @vindex c-tab-always-indent |
25829 | 519 If @code{c-tab-always-indent} is @code{t}, this command always reindents |
520 the current line and does nothing else. This is the default. | |
521 | |
522 If that variable is @code{nil}, this command reindents the current line | |
523 only if point is at the left margin or in the line's indentation; | |
524 otherwise, it inserts a tab (or the equivalent number of spaces, | |
525 if @code{indent-tabs-mode} is @code{nil}). | |
526 | |
527 Any other value (not @code{nil} or @code{t}) means always reindent the | |
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528 line, and also insert a tab if within a comment or a string. |
25829 | 529 @end table |
530 | |
531 To reindent the whole current buffer, type @kbd{C-x h C-M-\}. This | |
532 first selects the whole buffer as the region, then reindents that | |
533 region. | |
534 | |
535 To reindent the current block, use @kbd{C-M-u C-M-q}. This moves | |
536 to the front of the block and then reindents it all. | |
537 | |
538 @node Custom C Indent | |
539 @subsection Customizing C Indentation | |
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540 @cindex style (for indentation) |
25829 | 541 |
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542 C mode and related modes use a flexible mechanism for customizing |
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543 indentation. C mode indents a source line in two steps: first it |
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544 classifies the line syntactically according to its contents and |
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545 context; second, it determines the indentation offset associated by |
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546 your selected @dfn{style} with the syntactic construct and adds this |
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547 onto the indentation of the @dfn{anchor statement}. |
25829 | 548 |
549 @table @kbd | |
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550 @item C-c . @key{RET} @var{style} @key{RET} |
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551 Select a predefined style @var{style} (@code{c-set-style}). |
25829 | 552 @end table |
553 | |
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554 A @dfn{style} is a named collection of customizations that can |
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555 be used in C mode and the related modes. Emacs comes with several |
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556 predefined styles, including @code{gnu}, @code{k&r}, @code{bsd}, |
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557 @code{stroustrup}, @code{linux}, @code{python}, @code{java}, |
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558 @code{whitesmith}, @code{ellemtel}, @code{cc-mode}, and @code{user}. |
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559 Some of these styles are primarily intended for one language, but any |
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560 of them can be used with any of the languages supported by these |
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561 modes. To find out what a style looks like, select it and reindent |
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562 some code, e.g., by typing @key{C-M-q} at the start of a function |
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563 definition. |
25829 | 564 |
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565 @kindex C-c . @r{(C mode)} |
25829 | 566 @findex c-set-style |
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567 To choose a style for the current buffer, use the command @kbd{C-c |
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568 .}. Specify a style name as an argument (case is not significant). |
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569 This command affects the current buffer only, and it affects only |
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570 future invocations of the indentation commands; it does not reindent |
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571 the code in the buffer. To reindent the whole buffer in the new |
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572 style, you can type @kbd{C-x h C-M-\}. |
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573 |
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574 @vindex c-default-style |
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575 You can also set the variable @code{c-default-style} to specify the |
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576 default style for various major modes. Its value should be either the |
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577 style's name (a string) or an alist, in which each element specifies |
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578 one major mode and which indentation style to use for it. For |
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579 example, |
25829 | 580 |
581 @example | |
582 (setq c-default-style | |
583 '((java-mode . "java") (other . "gnu"))) | |
584 @end example | |
585 | |
586 @noindent | |
587 specifies an explicit choice for Java mode, and the default @samp{gnu} | |
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588 style for the other C-like modes. This variable takes effect when you |
38867 | 589 select one of the C-like major modes; thus, if you specify a new |
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590 default style for Java mode, you can make it take effect in an |
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591 existing Java mode buffer by typing @kbd{M-x java-mode} there. |
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592 |
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593 The @code{gnu} style specifies the formatting recommended by the GNU |
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594 Project for C; it is the default, so as to encourage use of our |
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595 recommended style. |
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596 |
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597 @xref{Customizing Indentation,,, ccmode, the CC Mode Manual}, for |
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598 more information on customizing indentation for C and related modes, |
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599 including how to override parts of an existing style and how to define |
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600 your own styles. |
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601 |
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602 @node Parentheses |
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603 @section Commands for Editing with Parentheses |
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604 |
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605 @findex check-parens |
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606 @cindex unbalanced parentheses and quotes |
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607 This section describes the commands and features that take advantage |
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608 of the parenthesis structure in a program, or help you keep it |
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609 balanced. |
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610 |
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611 When talking about these facilities, the term ``parenthesis'' also |
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612 includes braces, brackets, or whatever delimiters are defined to match |
38867 | 613 in pairs. The major mode controls which delimiters are significant, |
614 through the syntax table (@pxref{Syntax}). In Lisp, only parentheses | |
615 count; in C, these commands apply to braces and brackets too. | |
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616 |
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617 You can use @kbd{M-x check-parens} to find any unbalanced |
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618 parentheses and unbalanced string quotes in the buffer. |
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619 |
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620 @menu |
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621 * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. |
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622 * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across |
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623 in the structure of parentheses. |
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624 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. |
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625 @end menu |
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626 |
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627 @node Expressions |
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628 @subsection Expressions with Balanced Parentheses |
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629 |
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630 @cindex sexp |
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631 @cindex expression |
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632 @cindex balanced expression |
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633 These commands deal with balanced expressions, also called |
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634 @dfn{sexps}@footnote{The word ``sexp'' is used to refer to an |
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635 expression in Lisp.}. |
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636 |
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637 @table @kbd |
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638 @item C-M-f |
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639 Move forward over a balanced expression (@code{forward-sexp}). |
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640 @item C-M-b |
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641 Move backward over a balanced expression(@code{backward-sexp}). |
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642 @item C-M-k |
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643 Kill balanced expression forward (@code{kill-sexp}). |
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644 @item C-M-t |
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645 Transpose expressions (@code{transpose-sexps}). |
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646 @item C-M-@@ |
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647 @itemx C-M-@key{SPC} |
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648 Put mark after following expression (@code{mark-sexp}). |
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649 @end table |
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650 |
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651 Each programming language major mode customizes the definition of |
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652 balanced expressions to suit that language. Balanced expressions |
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653 typically include symbols, numbers, and string constants, as well as |
38867 | 654 any pair of matching delimiters and their contents. Some languages |
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655 have obscure forms of expression syntax that nobody has bothered to |
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656 implement in Emacs. |
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657 |
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658 @cindex Control-Meta |
38867 | 659 By convention, the keys for these commands are all Control-Meta |
660 characters. They usually act on expressions just as the corresponding | |
661 Meta characters act on words. For instance, the command @kbd{C-M-b} | |
662 moves backward over a balanced expression, just as @kbd{M-b} moves | |
663 back over a word. | |
38212
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664 |
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665 @kindex C-M-f |
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666 @kindex C-M-b |
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667 @findex forward-sexp |
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668 @findex backward-sexp |
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669 To move forward over a balanced expression, use @kbd{C-M-f} |
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670 (@code{forward-sexp}). If the first significant character after point |
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671 is an opening delimiter (@samp{(} in Lisp; @samp{(}, @samp{[} or |
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672 @samp{@{} in C), @kbd{C-M-f} moves past the matching closing |
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673 delimiter. If the character begins a symbol, string, or number, |
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674 @kbd{C-M-f} moves over that. |
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675 |
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676 The command @kbd{C-M-b} (@code{backward-sexp}) moves backward over a |
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677 balanced expression. The detailed rules are like those above for |
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678 @kbd{C-M-f}, but with directions reversed. If there are prefix |
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679 characters (single-quote, backquote and comma, in Lisp) preceding the |
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680 expression, @kbd{C-M-b} moves back over them as well. The balanced |
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681 expression commands move across comments as if they were whitespace, |
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682 in most modes. |
25829 | 683 |
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684 @kbd{C-M-f} or @kbd{C-M-b} with an argument repeats that operation the |
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685 specified number of times; with a negative argument, it moves in the |
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686 opposite direction. |
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687 |
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688 @cindex killing expressions |
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689 @kindex C-M-k |
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690 @findex kill-sexp |
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691 Killing a whole balanced expression can be done with @kbd{C-M-k} |
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692 (@code{kill-sexp}). @kbd{C-M-k} kills the characters that @kbd{C-M-f} |
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693 would move over. |
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694 |
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695 @cindex transposition of expressions |
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696 @kindex C-M-t |
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697 @findex transpose-sexps |
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698 A somewhat random-sounding command which is nevertheless handy is |
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699 @kbd{C-M-t} (@code{transpose-sexps}), which drags the previous |
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700 balanced expression across the next one. An argument serves as a |
38867 | 701 repeat count, and a negative argument drags the previous balanced |
702 expression backwards across those before it (thus canceling out the | |
703 effect of @kbd{C-M-t} with a positive argument). An argument of zero, | |
704 rather than doing nothing, transposes the balanced expressions ending | |
705 at or after point and the mark. | |
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706 |
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707 @kindex C-M-@@ |
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708 @kindex C-M-@key{SPC} |
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709 @findex mark-sexp |
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710 To set the region around the next balanced expression in the buffer, |
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711 use @kbd{C-M-@@} (@code{mark-sexp}), which sets mark at the same place |
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712 that @kbd{C-M-f} would move to. @kbd{C-M-@@} takes arguments like |
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713 @kbd{C-M-f}. In particular, a negative argument is useful for putting |
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714 the mark at the beginning of the previous balanced expression. |
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715 The alias @kbd{C-M-@key{SPC}} is equivalent to @kbd{C-M-@@}. |
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716 |
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717 In languages that use infix operators, such as C, it is not possible |
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718 to recognize all balanced expressions as such because there can be |
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719 multiple possibilities at a given position. For example, C mode does |
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720 not treat @samp{foo + bar} as a single expression, even though it |
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721 @emph{is} one C expression; instead, it recognizes @samp{foo} as one |
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722 expression and @samp{bar} as another, with the @samp{+} as punctuation |
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723 between them. Both @samp{foo + bar} and @samp{foo} are legitimate |
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724 choices for ``the expression following point'' when point is at the |
38867 | 725 @samp{f}, so the expression commands must perforce choose one or the |
726 other to operate on. Note that @samp{(foo + bar)} is recognized as a | |
727 single expression in C mode, because of the parentheses. | |
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728 |
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729 @node Moving by Parens |
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730 @subsection Moving in the Parenthesis Structure |
25829 | 731 |
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732 @cindex parenthetical groupings |
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733 @cindex parentheses, moving across |
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734 @cindex matching parenthesis and braces, moving to |
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735 @cindex braces, moving across |
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736 @cindex list commands |
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737 The Emacs commands for handling parenthetical groupings see nothing |
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738 except parentheses (or whatever characters must balance in the |
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739 language you are working with), and the escape characters that might |
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740 be used to quote those. They are mainly intended for editing |
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741 programs, but can be useful for editing any text that has parentheses. |
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742 They are sometimes called ``list'' commands because in Lisp these |
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743 groupings are lists. |
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744 |
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745 @table @kbd |
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746 @item C-M-n |
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747 Move forward over a parenthetical group (@code{forward-list}). |
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748 @item C-M-p |
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749 Move backward over a parenthetical group(@code{backward-list}). |
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750 @item C-M-u |
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751 Move up in parenthesis structure (@code{backward-up-list}). |
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752 @item C-M-d |
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753 Move down in parenthesis structure (@code{down-list}). |
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754 @end table |
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755 |
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756 @kindex C-M-n |
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757 @kindex C-M-p |
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758 @findex forward-list |
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759 @findex backward-list |
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760 The ``list'' commands @kbd{C-M-n} (@code{forward-list}) and |
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761 @kbd{C-M-p} (@code{backward-list}) move over one (or @var{n}) |
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762 parenthetical groupings, skipping blithely over any amount of text |
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763 that doesn't include meaningful parentheses (symbols, strings, etc.). |
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764 |
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765 @kindex C-M-u |
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766 @kindex C-M-d |
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767 @findex backward-up-list |
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768 @findex down-list |
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769 @kbd{C-M-n} and @kbd{C-M-p} try to stay at the same level in the |
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770 parenthesis structure. To move @emph{up} one (or @var{n}) levels, use |
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771 @kbd{C-M-u} (@code{backward-up-list}). @kbd{C-M-u} moves backward up |
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772 past one unmatched opening delimiter. A positive argument serves as a |
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773 repeat count; a negative argument reverses the direction of motion, so |
38231
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774 that the command moves forward and up one or more levels. |
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775 |
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776 To move @emph{down} in the parenthesis structure, use @kbd{C-M-d} |
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777 (@code{down-list}). In Lisp mode, where @samp{(} is the only opening |
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778 delimiter, this is nearly the same as searching for a @samp{(}. An |
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779 argument specifies the number of levels to go down. |
25829 | 780 |
781 @node Matching | |
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782 @subsection Automatic Display Of Matching Parentheses |
25829 | 783 @cindex matching parentheses |
784 @cindex parentheses, displaying matches | |
785 | |
786 The Emacs parenthesis-matching feature is designed to show | |
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787 automatically how parentheses (and other matching delimiters) match in |
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788 the text. Whenever you type a self-inserting character that is a |
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789 closing delimiter, the cursor moves momentarily to the location of the |
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790 matching opening delimiter, provided that is on the screen. If it is |
38867 | 791 not on the screen, Emacs displays some of the text near it in the echo |
792 area. Either way, you can tell which grouping you are closing off. | |
25829 | 793 |
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794 If the opening delimiter and closing delimiter are mismatched---such |
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795 as in @samp{[x)}---a warning message is displayed in the echo area. |
25829 | 796 |
797 @vindex blink-matching-paren | |
798 @vindex blink-matching-paren-distance | |
799 @vindex blink-matching-delay | |
800 Three variables control parenthesis match display. | |
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801 @code{blink-matching-paren} turns the feature on or off: @code{nil} |
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802 disables it, but the default is @code{t} to enable match display. |
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803 |
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804 @code{blink-matching-delay} says how many seconds to leave the |
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805 cursor on the matching opening delimiter, before bringing it back to |
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806 the real location of point; the default is 1, but on some systems it |
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807 is useful to specify a fraction of a second. |
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808 |
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809 @code{blink-matching-paren-distance} specifies how many characters |
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810 back to search to find the matching opening delimiter. If the match |
38287 | 811 is not found in that distance, scanning stops, and nothing is displayed. |
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812 This is to prevent the scan for the matching delimiter from wasting |
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813 lots of time when there is no match. The default is 25600. |
25829 | 814 |
815 @cindex Show Paren mode | |
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816 @cindex highlighting matching parentheses |
25829 | 817 @findex show-paren-mode |
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818 Show Paren mode provides a more powerful kind of automatic matching. |
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819 Whenever point is after a closing delimiter, that delimiter and its |
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820 matching opening delimiter are both highlighted; otherwise, if point |
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821 is before an opening delimiter, the matching closing delimiter is |
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822 highlighted. (There is no need to highlight the opening delimiter in |
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823 that case, because the cursor appears on top of that character.) Use |
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824 the command @kbd{M-x show-paren-mode} to enable or disable this mode. |
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825 |
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826 By default, @code{show-paren-mode} uses colors to highlight the |
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827 parentheses. However, if your display doesn't support colors, you can |
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828 customize the faces @code{show-paren-match-face} and |
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829 @code{show-paren-mismatch-face} to use other attributes, such as bold or |
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830 underline. @xref{Face Customization}. |
25829 | 831 |
832 @node Comments | |
833 @section Manipulating Comments | |
834 @cindex comments | |
835 | |
836 Because comments are such an important part of programming, Emacs | |
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837 provides special commands for editing and inserting comments. It can |
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838 also do spell checking on comments with Flyspell Prog mode |
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839 (@pxref{Spelling}). |
25829 | 840 |
841 @menu | |
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842 * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and indenting comments. |
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843 * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments. |
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844 * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features. |
25829 | 845 @end menu |
846 | |
847 @node Comment Commands | |
848 @subsection Comment Commands | |
849 @cindex indentation for comments | |
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850 |
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851 The comment commands in this table insert, kill and align comments. |
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852 They are described in this section and following sections. |
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853 |
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854 @table @asis |
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855 @item @kbd{M-;} |
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856 Insert or realign comment on current line; alternatively, comment or |
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857 uncomment the region (@code{comment-dwim}). |
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858 @item @kbd{C-u M-;} |
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859 Kill comment on current line (@code{comment-kill}). |
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860 @item @kbd{C-x ;} |
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861 Set comment column (@code{comment-set-column}). |
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862 @item @kbd{C-M-j} |
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863 @itemx @kbd{M-j} |
25829 | 864 Like @key{RET} followed by inserting and aligning a comment |
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865 (@code{comment-indent-new-line}). |
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866 @item @kbd{M-x comment-region} |
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867 @itemx @kbd{C-c C-c} (in C-like modes) |
25829 | 868 Add or remove comment delimiters on all the lines in the region. |
869 @end table | |
870 | |
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871 @kindex M-; |
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872 @findex comment-dwim |
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873 The command to create or align a comment is @kbd{M-;} |
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874 (@code{comment-dwim}). The word ``dwim'' is an acronym for ``Do What |
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875 I Mean''; it indicates that this command can be used for many |
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876 different jobs relating to comments, depending on the situation where |
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877 you use it. |
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878 |
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879 If there is no comment already on the line, @kbd{M-;} inserts a new |
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880 comment, aligned at a specific column called the @dfn{comment column}. |
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881 The new comment begins with the string Emacs thinks comments should |
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882 start with (the value of @code{comment-start}; see below). Point is |
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883 after that string, so you can insert the text of the comment right |
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884 away. If the major mode has specified a string to terminate comments, |
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885 @kbd{M-;} inserts that too, to keep the syntax valid. |
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886 |
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887 If the text of the line extends past the comment column, then the |
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888 comment start string is indented to a suitable boundary (usually, at |
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889 least one space is inserted). |
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890 |
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891 You can also use @kbd{M-;} to align an existing comment. If a line |
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892 already contains the comment-start string, @kbd{M-;} reindents it to |
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893 the conventional alignment and moves point after it. (Exception: |
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894 comments starting in column 0 are not moved.) Even when an existing |
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895 comment is properly aligned, @kbd{M-;} is still useful for moving |
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896 directly to the start of the text inside the comment. |
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897 |
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898 @findex comment-kill |
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899 @kindex C-u M-; |
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900 @kbd{C-u M-;} kills any comment on the current line, along with the |
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901 whitespace before it. To reinsert the comment on another line, move |
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902 to the end of that line, do @kbd{C-y}, and then do @kbd{M-;} to |
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903 realign it. |
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904 |
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905 Note that @kbd{C-u M-;} is not a distinct key; it is @kbd{M-;} |
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906 (@code{comment-dwim}) with a prefix argument. That command is |
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907 programmed so that when it receives a prefix argument it calls |
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908 @code{comment-kill}. However, @code{comment-kill} is a valid command |
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909 in its own right, and you can bind it directly to a key if you wish. |
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910 |
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911 @kbd{M-;} does two other jobs when used with an active region in |
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912 Transient Mark mode (@pxref{Transient Mark}). Then it either adds or |
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913 removes comment delimiters on each line of the region. (If every line |
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914 is a comment, it removes comment delimiters from each; otherwise, it |
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|
915 adds comment delimiters to each.) If you are not using Transient Mark |
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916 mode, then you should use the commands @code{comment-region} and |
36198 | 917 @code{uncomment-region} to do these jobs (@pxref{Multi-Line Comments}). |
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918 A prefix argument used in these circumstances specifies how many |
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919 comment delimiters to add or how many to delete. |
25829 | 920 |
921 Some major modes have special rules for indenting certain kinds of | |
922 comments in certain contexts. For example, in Lisp code, comments which | |
923 start with two semicolons are indented as if they were lines of code, | |
924 instead of at the comment column. Comments which start with three | |
925 semicolons are supposed to start at the left margin. Emacs understands | |
926 these conventions by indenting a double-semicolon comment using @key{TAB}, | |
927 and by not changing the indentation of a triple-semicolon comment at all. | |
928 | |
929 @example | |
930 ;; This function is just an example | |
931 ;;; Here either two or three semicolons are appropriate. | |
932 (defun foo (x) | |
933 ;;; And now, the first part of the function: | |
934 ;; The following line adds one. | |
935 (1+ x)) ; This line adds one. | |
936 @end example | |
937 | |
938 In C code, a comment preceded on its line by nothing but whitespace | |
939 is indented like a line of code. | |
940 | |
941 @node Multi-Line Comments | |
942 @subsection Multiple Lines of Comments | |
943 | |
944 @kindex C-M-j | |
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945 @kindex M-j |
25829 | 946 @cindex blank lines in programs |
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947 @findex comment-indent-new-line |
25829 | 948 If you are typing a comment and wish to continue it on another line, |
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949 you can use the command @kbd{C-M-j} or @kbd{M-j} |
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950 (@code{comment-indent-new-line}). This terminates the comment you are |
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951 typing, creates a new blank line afterward, and begins a new comment |
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952 indented under the old one. When Auto Fill mode is on, going past the |
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953 fill column while typing a comment causes the comment to be continued |
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954 in just this fashion. If point is not at the end of the line when you |
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955 type the command, the text on the rest of the line becomes part of the |
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956 new comment line. |
25829 | 957 |
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958 @kindex C-c C-c (C mode) |
25829 | 959 @findex comment-region |
960 To turn existing lines into comment lines, use the @kbd{M-x | |
961 comment-region} command. It adds comment delimiters to the lines that start | |
962 in the region, thus commenting them out. With a negative argument, it | |
963 does the opposite---it deletes comment delimiters from the lines in the | |
964 region. | |
965 | |
966 With a positive argument, @code{comment-region} duplicates the last | |
967 character of the comment start sequence it adds; the argument specifies | |
968 how many copies of the character to insert. Thus, in Lisp mode, | |
969 @kbd{C-u 2 M-x comment-region} adds @samp{;;} to each line. Duplicating | |
970 the comment delimiter is a way of calling attention to the comment. It | |
971 can also affect how the comment is indented. In Lisp, for proper | |
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972 indentation, you should use an argument of two or three, if between defuns; |
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973 if within a defun, it must be three. |
25829 | 974 |
975 @node Options for Comments | |
976 @subsection Options Controlling Comments | |
977 | |
978 @vindex comment-column | |
979 @kindex C-x ; | |
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980 @findex comment-set-column |
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981 The @dfn{comment column}, the column at which Emacs tries to place |
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982 comments, is stored in the variable @code{comment-column}. You can |
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983 set it to a number explicitly. Alternatively, the command @kbd{C-x ;} |
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984 (@code{comment-set-column}) sets the comment column to the column |
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985 point is at. @kbd{C-u C-x ;} sets the comment column to match the |
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986 last comment before point in the buffer, and then does a @kbd{M-;} to |
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987 align the current line's comment under the previous one. |
25829 | 988 |
989 The variable @code{comment-column} is per-buffer: setting the variable | |
990 in the normal fashion affects only the current buffer, but there is a | |
991 default value which you can change with @code{setq-default}. | |
992 @xref{Locals}. Many major modes initialize this variable for the | |
993 current buffer. | |
994 | |
995 @vindex comment-start-skip | |
996 The comment commands recognize comments based on the regular | |
997 expression that is the value of the variable @code{comment-start-skip}. | |
998 Make sure this regexp does not match the null string. It may match more | |
999 than the comment starting delimiter in the strictest sense of the word; | |
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1000 for example, in C mode the value of the variable is |
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1001 @c This stops M-q from breaking the line inside that @code. |
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1002 @code{@w{"/\\*+ *\\|//+ *"}}, which matches extra stars and spaces |
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1003 after the @samp{/*} itself, and accepts C++ style comments also. |
25829 | 1004 (Note that @samp{\\} is needed in Lisp syntax to include a @samp{\} in |
1005 the string, which is needed to deny the first star its special meaning | |
1006 in regexp syntax. @xref{Regexps}.) | |
1007 | |
1008 @vindex comment-start | |
1009 @vindex comment-end | |
1010 When a comment command makes a new comment, it inserts the value of | |
1011 @code{comment-start} to begin it. The value of @code{comment-end} is | |
1012 inserted after point, so that it will follow the text that you will insert | |
1013 into the comment. In C mode, @code{comment-start} has the value | |
1014 @w{@code{"/* "}} and @code{comment-end} has the value @w{@code{" */"}}. | |
1015 | |
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1016 @vindex comment-padding |
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1017 The variable @code{comment-padding} specifies how many spaces |
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1018 @code{comment-region} should insert on each line between the comment |
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1019 delimiter and the line's original text. The default is 1, to insert |
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1020 one space. @code{nil} means 0. Alternatively, @code{comment-padding} |
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1021 can hold the actual string to insert. |
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1022 |
25829 | 1023 @vindex comment-multi-line |
1024 The variable @code{comment-multi-line} controls how @kbd{C-M-j} | |
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1025 (@code{indent-new-comment-line}) behaves when used inside a comment. |
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1026 Specifically, when @code{comment-multi-line} is @code{nil} (the |
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1027 default value), the command inserts a comment terminator, begins a new |
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1028 line, and finally inserts a comment starter. Otherwise it does not |
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1029 insert the terminator and starter, so it effectively continues the |
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1030 current comment across multiple lines. In languages that allow |
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1031 multi-line comments, the choice of value for this variable is a matter |
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1032 of taste. |
25829 | 1033 |
41495 | 1034 @vindex comment-indent-function |
25829 | 1035 The variable @code{comment-indent-function} should contain a function |
1036 that will be called to compute the indentation for a newly inserted | |
1037 comment or for aligning an existing comment. It is set differently by | |
1038 various major modes. The function is called with no arguments, but with | |
1039 point at the beginning of the comment, or at the end of a line if a new | |
1040 comment is to be inserted. It should return the column in which the | |
1041 comment ought to start. For example, in Lisp mode, the indent hook | |
1042 function bases its decision on how many semicolons begin an existing | |
1043 comment, and on the code in the preceding lines. | |
1044 | |
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1045 @node Documentation |
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1046 @section Documentation Lookup |
25829 | 1047 |
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1048 Emacs provides several features you can use to look up the |
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1049 documentation of functions, variables and commands that you plan to |
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1050 use in your program. |
25829 | 1051 |
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1052 @menu |
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1053 * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands |
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1054 in Info files. |
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1055 * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands. |
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1056 * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc. |
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1057 @end menu |
25829 | 1058 |
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1059 @node Info Lookup |
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1060 @subsection Info Documentation Lookup |
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1061 |
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1062 @findex info-lookup-symbol |
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1063 @findex info-lookup-file |
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1064 @kindex C-h S |
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1065 For C, Lisp, and other languages that have documentation in Info, |
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1066 you can use @kbd{C-h S} (@code{info-lookup-symbol}) to view the Info |
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1067 documentation for a symbol. You specify the symbol with the |
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1068 minibuffer; the default is the symbol appearing in the buffer at |
25829 | 1069 point. |
1070 | |
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1071 The major mode determines where to look for documentation for the |
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1072 symbol---which Info files to look in, and which indices to search. |
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1073 You can also use @kbd{M-x info-lookup-file} to look for documentation |
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1074 for a file name. |
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1075 |
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1076 This feature currently supports the modes AWK, Autoconf, Bison, C, |
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1077 Emacs Lisp, LaTeX, M4, Makefile, Octave, Perl, Scheme, and Texinfo, |
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1078 provided you have installed the relevant Info files, which are |
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1079 typically available with the appropriate GNU package. |
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1080 |
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1081 @node Man Page |
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1082 @subsection Man Page Lookup |
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|
1083 |
38867 | 1084 @cindex manual page |
1085 On Unix, the main form of on-line documentation was the @dfn{manual | |
1086 page} or @dfn{man page}. In the GNU operating system, we hope to | |
1087 replace man pages with better-organized manuals that you can browse | |
1088 with Info (@pxref{Misc Help}). This process is not finished, so it is | |
1089 still useful to read manual pages. | |
25829 | 1090 |
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1091 @findex manual-entry |
38867 | 1092 You can read the man page for an operating system command, library |
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1093 function, or system call, with the @kbd{M-x man} command. It |
38867 | 1094 runs the @code{man} program to format the man page; if the system |
1095 permits, it runs @code{man} asynchronously, so that you can keep on | |
1096 editing while the page is being formatted. (On MS-DOS and MS-Windows | |
1097 3, you cannot edit while Emacs waits for @code{man} to finish.) The | |
1098 result goes in a buffer named @samp{*Man @var{topic}*}. These buffers | |
1099 use a special major mode, Man mode, that facilitates scrolling and | |
1100 jumping to other manual pages. For details, type @kbd{C-h m} while in | |
1101 a man page buffer. | |
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1102 |
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1103 @cindex sections of manual pages |
38867 | 1104 Each man page belongs to one of ten or more @dfn{sections}, each |
1105 named by a digit or by a digit and a letter. Sometimes there are | |
1106 multiple man pages with the same name in different sections. To read | |
1107 a man page from a specific section, type | |
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1108 @samp{@var{topic}(@var{section})} or @samp{@var{section} @var{topic}} |
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1109 when @kbd{M-x manual-entry} prompts for the topic. For example, to |
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1110 read the man page for the C library function @code{chmod} (as opposed |
38867 | 1111 to a command of the same name), type @kbd{M-x manual-entry @key{RET} |
1112 chmod(2) @key{RET}} (@code{chmod} is a system call, so it is in | |
1113 section @samp{2}). | |
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1114 |
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1115 @vindex Man-switches |
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1116 If you do not specify a section, the results depend on how the |
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1117 @code{man} program works on your system. Some of them display only |
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1118 the first man page they find. Others display all man pages that have |
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1119 the specified name, so you can move between them with the @kbd{M-n} |
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1120 and @kbd{M-p} keys@footnote{On some systems, the @code{man} program |
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1121 accepts a @samp{-a} command-line option which tells it to display all |
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1122 the man pages for the specified topic. If you want this behavior, you |
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1123 can add this option to the value of the variable @code{Man-switches}.}. |
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1124 The mode line shows how many manual pages are present in the Man buffer. |
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1125 |
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1126 @vindex Man-fontify-manpage-flag |
38867 | 1127 By default, Emacs highlights the text in man pages. For a long man |
1128 page, highlighting can take substantial time. You can turn off | |
1129 highlighting of man pages by setting the variable | |
1130 @code{Man-fontify-manpage-flag} to @code{nil}. | |
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1131 |
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1132 @findex Man-fontify-manpage |
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1133 If you insert the text of a man page into an Emacs buffer in some |
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1134 other fashion, you can use the command @kbd{M-x Man-fontify-manpage} to |
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1135 perform the same conversions that @kbd{M-x manual-entry} does. |
25829 | 1136 |
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1137 @findex woman |
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1138 @cindex manual pages, on MS-DOS/MS-Windows |
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1139 An alternative way of reading manual pages is the @kbd{M-x woman} |
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1140 command@footnote{The name of the command, @code{woman}, is an acronym |
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1141 for ``w/o (without) man,'' since it doesn't use the @code{man} |
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1142 program.}. Unlike @kbd{M-x man}, it does not run any external |
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1143 programs to format and display the man pages; instead it does the job |
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1144 in Emacs Lisp, so it works on systems such as MS-Windows, where the |
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1145 @code{man} program (and the other programs it uses) are not generally |
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1146 available. |
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1147 |
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1148 @kbd{M-x woman} prompts for a name of a manual page, and provides |
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1149 completion based on the list of manual pages that are installed on |
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1150 your machine; the list of available manual pages is computed |
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1151 automatically the first time you invoke @code{woman}. The word at |
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1152 point in the current buffer is used to suggest the default for the |
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1153 name the manual page. |
25829 | 1154 |
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1155 With a numeric argument, @kbd{M-x woman} recomputes the list of the |
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1156 manual pages used for completion. This is useful if you add or delete |
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1157 manual pages. |
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1158 |
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1159 If you type a name of a manual page and @kbd{M-x woman} finds that |
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1160 several manual pages by the same name exist in different sections, it |
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1161 pops up a window with possible candidates asking you to choose one of |
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1162 them. |
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1163 |
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1164 @vindex woman-manpath |
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1165 By default, @kbd{M-x woman} looks for manual pages in the |
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1166 directories specified in the @code{MANPATH} environment variable. (If |
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1167 @code{MANPATH} is not set, @code{woman} uses a suitable default value, |
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1168 which can be customized.) More precisely, @code{woman} looks for |
38867 | 1169 subdirectories that match the shell wildcard pattern @file{man*} in each one |
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1170 of these directories, and tries to find the manual pages in those |
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1171 subdirectories. When first invoked, @kbd{M-x woman} converts the |
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1172 value of @code{MANPATH} to a list of directory names and stores that |
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1173 list in the @code{woman-manpath} variable. Changing the value of this |
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1174 variable is another way to control the list of directories used. |
25829 | 1175 |
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1176 @vindex woman-path |
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1177 You can also augment the list of directories searched by |
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1178 @code{woman} by setting the value of the @code{woman-path} variable. |
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1179 This variable should hold a list of specific directories which |
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1180 @code{woman} should search, in addition to those in |
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1181 @code{woman-manpath}. Unlike @code{woman-manpath}, the directories in |
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1182 @code{woman-path} are searched for the manual pages, not for |
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1183 @file{man*} subdirectories. |
25829 | 1184 |
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1185 @findex woman-find-file |
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1186 Occasionally, you might need to display manual pages that are not in |
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1187 any of the directories listed by @code{woman-manpath} and |
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1188 @code{woman-path}. The @kbd{M-x woman-find-file} command prompts for a |
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1189 name of a manual page file, with completion, and then formats and |
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1190 displays that file like @kbd{M-x woman} does. |
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1191 |
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1192 @vindex woman-dired-keys |
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1193 The first time you invoke @kbd{M-x woman}, it defines the Dired |
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1194 @kbd{W} key to run the @code{woman-find-file} command on the current |
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1195 line's file. You can disable this by setting the variable |
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1196 @code{woman-dired-keys} to @code{nil}. @xref{Dired}. In addition, |
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1197 the Tar-mode @kbd{w} key is define to invoke @code{woman-find-file} on |
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1198 the current line's archive member. |
25829 | 1199 |
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1200 For more information about setting up and using @kbd{M-x woman}, see |
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1201 @ref{Top, WoMan, Browse UN*X Manual Pages WithOut Man, woman, The WoMan |
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1202 Manual}. |
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1203 |
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1204 @node Lisp Doc |
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1205 @subsection Emacs Lisp Documentation Lookup |
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1206 |
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1207 As you edit Lisp code to be run in Emacs, you can use the commands |
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1208 @kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}) and @kbd{C-h v} |
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1209 (@code{describe-variable}) to view documentation of functions and |
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1210 variables that you want to use. These commands use the minibuffer to |
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1211 read the name of a function or variable to document, and display the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1212 documentation in a window. Their default arguments are based on the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1213 code in the neighborhood of point. For @kbd{C-h f}, the default is |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1214 the function called in the innermost list containing point. @kbd{C-h |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1215 v} uses the symbol name around or adjacent to point as its default. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1216 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1217 @cindex Eldoc mode |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1218 @findex eldoc-mode |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1219 A more automatic but less powerful method is Eldoc mode. This minor |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1220 mode constantly displays in the echo area the argument list for the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1221 function being called at point. (In other words, it finds the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1222 function call that point is contained in, and displays the argument |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1223 list of that function.) Eldoc mode applies in Emacs Lisp and Lisp |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1224 Interaction modes only. Use the command @kbd{M-x eldoc-mode} to |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1225 enable or disable this feature. |
25829 | 1226 |
28329
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Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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|
1227 @node Hideshow |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1228 @section Hideshow minor mode |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1229 |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1230 @findex hs-minor-mode |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1231 Hideshow minor mode provides selective display of portions of a |
38212
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1232 program, known as @dfn{blocks}. You can use @kbd{M-x hs-minor-mode} |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1233 to enable or disable this mode, or add @code{hs-minor-mode} to the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1234 mode hook for certain major modes in order to enable it automatically |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1235 for those modes. |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1236 |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1237 Just what constitutes a block depends on the major mode. In C mode |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1238 or C++ mode, they are delimited by braces, while in Lisp mode and |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1239 similar modes they are delimited by parentheses. Multi-line comments |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1240 also count as blocks. |
28329
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Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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|
1241 |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1242 @findex hs-hide-all |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1243 @findex hs-hide-block |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1244 @findex hs-show-all |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1245 @findex hs-show-block |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1246 @findex hs-show-region |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1247 @findex hs-hide-level |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1248 @findex hs-minor-mode |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1249 @kindex C-c @@ C-h |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1250 @kindex C-c @@ C-s |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1251 @kindex C-c @@ C-M-h |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1252 @kindex C-c @@ C-M-s |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1253 @kindex C-c @@ C-r |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1254 @kindex C-c @@ C-l |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1255 @kindex S-Mouse-2 |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1256 @table @kbd |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1257 @item C-c @@ C-h |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1258 Hide the current block (@code{hs-hide-block}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1259 @item C-c @@ C-s |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1260 Show the current block (@code{hs-show-block}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1261 @item C-c @@ C-c |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1262 Either hide or show the current block (@code{hs-toggle-hiding}) |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1263 @item S-Mouse-2 |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1264 Either hide or show the block you click on (@code{hs-mouse-toggle-hiding}) |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1265 @item C-c @@ C-M-h |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1266 Hide all top-level blocks (@code{hs-hide-all}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
1267 @item C-c @@ C-M-s |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1268 Show everything in the buffer (@code{hs-show-all}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1269 @item C-c @@ C-l |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1270 Hide all blocks @var{n} levels below this block |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1271 (@code{hs-hide-level}). |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1272 @end table |
28329
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|
1273 |
6e740f27f255
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changeset
|
1274 @vindex hs-hide-comments-when-hiding-all |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
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changeset
|
1275 @vindex hs-isearch-open |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
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diff
changeset
|
1276 @vindex hs-special-modes-alist |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1277 These user options exist for customizing Hideshow mode. |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1278 |
28329
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|
1279 @table @code |
6e740f27f255
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|
1280 @item hs-hide-comments-when-hiding-all |
36183
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1281 Non-@code{nil} says that @kbd{hs-hide-all} should hide comments too. |
38231
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|
1282 |
28329
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|
1283 @item hs-isearch-open |
6e740f27f255
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diff
changeset
|
1284 Specifies what kind of hidden blocks to open in Isearch mode. |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1285 The value should be one of these four symbols. |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1286 |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1287 @table @code |
38946
9a1045bcf43c
Update values of hs-isearch-open.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1288 @item code |
9a1045bcf43c
Update values of hs-isearch-open.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38871
diff
changeset
|
1289 Open only code blocks. |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1290 @item comment |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1291 Open only comments. |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1292 @item t |
38946
9a1045bcf43c
Update values of hs-isearch-open.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1293 Open both code blocks and comments. |
38231
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parents:
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changeset
|
1294 @item nil |
38946
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1295 Open neither code blocks nor comments. |
38231
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|
1296 @end table |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
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diff
changeset
|
1297 |
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|
1298 @item hs-special-modes-alist |
38867 | 1299 A list of elements, each specifying how to initialize Hideshow |
38231
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changeset
|
1300 variables for one major mode. See the variable's documentation string |
a94c26975e95
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changeset
|
1301 for more information. |
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|
1302 @end table |
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|
1303 |
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|
1304 @node Symbol Completion |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1305 @section Completion for Symbol Names |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1306 @cindex completion (symbol names) |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1307 |
38867 | 1308 In Emacs, completion is something you normally do in the minibuffer. |
1309 But one kind of completion is available in all buffers: completion for | |
1310 symbol names. | |
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|
1311 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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changeset
|
1312 @kindex M-TAB |
38867 | 1313 The character @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} runs a command to complete the |
1314 partial symbol before point against the set of meaningful symbol | |
1315 names. This command inserts at point any additional characters that | |
1316 it can determine from the partial name. | |
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|
1317 |
38867 | 1318 If the partial name in the buffer has multiple possible completions |
1319 that differ in the very next character, so that it is impossible to | |
1320 complete even one more character, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} displays a list of | |
1321 all possible completions in another window. | |
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|
1322 |
6b14cc47a4f2
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changeset
|
1323 @cindex tags-based completion |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1324 @cindex Info index completion |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1325 @findex complete-symbol |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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changeset
|
1326 In most programming language major modes, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} runs the |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1327 command @code{complete-symbol}, which provides two kinds of completion. |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1328 Normally it does completion based on a tags table (@pxref{Tags}); with a |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1329 numeric argument (regardless of the value), it does completion based on |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1330 the names listed in the Info file indexes for your language. Thus, to |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1331 complete the name of a symbol defined in your own program, use |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1332 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} with no argument; to complete the name of a standard |
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|
1333 library function, use @kbd{C-u M-@key{TAB}}. Of course, Info-based |
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|
1334 completion works only if there is an Info file for the standard library |
6b14cc47a4f2
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1335 functions of your language, and only if it is installed at your site. |
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|
1336 |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1337 @cindex Lisp symbol completion |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1338 @cindex completion (Lisp symbols) |
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|
1339 @findex lisp-complete-symbol |
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1340 In Emacs-Lisp mode, the name space for completion normally consists of |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1341 nontrivial symbols present in Emacs---those that have function |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1342 definitions, values or properties. However, if there is an |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1343 open-parenthesis immediately before the beginning of the partial symbol, |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1344 only symbols with function definitions are considered as completions. |
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|
1345 The command which implements this is @code{lisp-complete-symbol}. |
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|
1346 |
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|
1347 In Text mode and related modes, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} completes words |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1348 based on the spell-checker's dictionary. @xref{Spelling}. |
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|
1349 |
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1350 @node Glasses |
6c6b0162bae2
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1351 @section Glasses minor mode |
6c6b0162bae2
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|
1352 @cindex Glasses mode |
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1353 @cindex identifiers, making long ones readable |
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1354 @cindex StudlyCaps, making them readable |
30810
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1355 @findex glasses-mode |
6c6b0162bae2
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|
1356 |
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1357 Glasses minor mode makes @samp{unreadableIdentifiersLikeThis} |
38867 | 1358 readable by altering the way they display. It knows two different |
1359 ways to do this: by displaying underscores between a lower-case letter | |
1360 and the following capital letter, and by emboldening the capital | |
1361 letters. It does not alter the buffer text, only the way they | |
1362 display, so you can use it even on read-only buffers. You can use the | |
1363 command @kbd{M-x glasses-mode} to enable or disable the mode in the | |
1364 current buffer; you can also add @code{glasses-mode} to the mode hook | |
1365 of the programming language major modes in which you normally want | |
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1366 to use Glasses mode. |
30810
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|
1367 |
38212
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1368 @node Misc for Programs |
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1369 @section Other Features Useful for Editing Programs |
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1370 |
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1371 A number of Emacs commands that aren't designed specifically for |
38867 | 1372 editing programs are useful for that nonetheless. |
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1373 |
38212
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1374 The Emacs commands that operate on words, sentences and paragraphs |
6b14cc47a4f2
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1375 are useful for editing code. Most symbols names contain words |
6b14cc47a4f2
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1376 (@pxref{Words}); sentences can be found in strings and comments |
38867 | 1377 (@pxref{Sentences}). Paragraphs in the strict sense can be found in |
38212
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1378 program code (in long comments), but the paragraph commands are useful |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1379 in other places too, because programming language major modes define |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1380 paragraphs to begin and end at blank lines (@pxref{Paragraphs}). |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1381 Judicious use of blank lines to make the program clearer will also |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1382 provide useful chunks of text for the paragraph commands to work on. |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1383 Auto Fill mode, if enabled in a programming language major mode, |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1384 indents the new lines which it creates. |
25829 | 1385 |
38212
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|
1386 The selective display feature is useful for looking at the overall |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1387 structure of a function (@pxref{Selective Display}). This feature |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1388 hides the lines that are indented more than a specified amount. |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1389 Programming modes often support Outline minor mode (@pxref{Outline |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1390 Mode}). The Foldout package provides folding-editor features |
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|
1391 (@pxref{Foldout}). |
25829 | 1392 |
38212
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|
1393 The ``automatic typing'' features may be useful for writing programs. |
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|
1394 @xref{Top,,Autotyping, autotype, Autotyping}. |
25829 | 1395 |
1396 @node C Modes | |
1397 @section C and Related Modes | |
1398 @cindex C mode | |
1399 @cindex Java mode | |
1400 @cindex Pike mode | |
1401 @cindex IDL mode | |
1402 @cindex CORBA IDL mode | |
1403 @cindex Objective C mode | |
1404 @cindex C++ mode | |
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1405 @cindex AWK mode |
25829 | 1406 @cindex mode, Java |
1407 @cindex mode, C | |
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1408 @cindex mode, C++ |
25829 | 1409 @cindex mode, Objective C |
1410 @cindex mode, CORBA IDL | |
1411 @cindex mode, Pike | |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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1412 @cindex mode, AWK |
25829 | 1413 |
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1414 This section gives a brief description of the special features |
56086
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1415 available in C, C++, Objective-C, Java, CORBA IDL, Pike and AWK modes. |
53386
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(C Modes): Fix the xref.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@is.elta.co.il>
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1416 (These are called ``C mode and related modes.'') @xref{Top, , CC Mode, |
8bacf8f6aa0c
(C Modes): Fix the xref.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@is.elta.co.il>
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|
1417 ccmode, CC Mode}, for a more extensive description of these modes |
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|
1418 and their special features. |
28329
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1419 |
25829 | 1420 @menu |
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1421 * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc. |
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1422 * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent. |
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1423 * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command. |
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1424 * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, |
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1425 and other neat features. |
25829 | 1426 @end menu |
1427 | |
1428 @node Motion in C | |
1429 @subsection C Mode Motion Commands | |
1430 | |
1431 This section describes commands for moving point, in C mode and | |
1432 related modes. | |
1433 | |
1434 @table @code | |
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1435 @item M-x c-beginning-of-defun |
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1436 @itemx M-x c-end-of-defun |
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1437 @findex c-beginning-of-defun |
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1438 @findex c-end-of-defun |
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1439 Move point to the beginning or end of the current function or |
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1440 top-level definition. These are found by searching for the least |
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1441 enclosing braces. (By contrast, @code{beginning-of-defun} and |
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1442 @code{end-of-defun} search for braces in column zero.) If you are |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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1443 editing code where the opening brace of a function isn't placed in |
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1444 column zero, you may wish to bind @code{C-M-a} and @code{C-M-e} to |
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1445 these commands. @xref{Moving by Defuns}. |
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1446 |
25829 | 1447 @item C-c C-u |
1448 @kindex C-c C-u @r{(C mode)} | |
1449 @findex c-up-conditional | |
1450 Move point back to the containing preprocessor conditional, leaving the | |
1451 mark behind. A prefix argument acts as a repeat count. With a negative | |
1452 argument, move point forward to the end of the containing | |
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1453 preprocessor conditional. |
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1454 |
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1455 @samp{#elif} is equivalent to @samp{#else} followed by @samp{#if}, so |
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1456 the function will stop at a @samp{#elif} when going backward, but not |
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1457 when going forward. |
25829 | 1458 |
1459 @item C-c C-p | |
1460 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(C mode)} | |
1461 @findex c-backward-conditional | |
1462 Move point back over a preprocessor conditional, leaving the mark | |
1463 behind. A prefix argument acts as a repeat count. With a negative | |
1464 argument, move forward. | |
1465 | |
1466 @item C-c C-n | |
1467 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(C mode)} | |
1468 @findex c-forward-conditional | |
1469 Move point forward across a preprocessor conditional, leaving the mark | |
1470 behind. A prefix argument acts as a repeat count. With a negative | |
1471 argument, move backward. | |
1472 | |
1473 @item M-a | |
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1474 @kindex M-a (C mode) |
25829 | 1475 @findex c-beginning-of-statement |
1476 Move point to the beginning of the innermost C statement | |
1477 (@code{c-beginning-of-statement}). If point is already at the beginning | |
1478 of a statement, move to the beginning of the preceding statement. With | |
1479 prefix argument @var{n}, move back @var{n} @minus{} 1 statements. | |
1480 | |
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1481 In comments or in strings which span more than one line, this command |
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1482 moves by sentences instead of statements. |
25829 | 1483 |
1484 @item M-e | |
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|
1485 @kindex M-e (C mode) |
25829 | 1486 @findex c-end-of-statement |
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|
1487 Move point to the end of the innermost C statement or sentence; like |
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1488 @kbd{M-a} except that it moves in the other direction |
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1489 (@code{c-end-of-statement}). |
25829 | 1490 |
1491 @item M-x c-backward-into-nomenclature | |
1492 @findex c-backward-into-nomenclature | |
1493 Move point backward to beginning of a C++ nomenclature section or word. | |
1494 With prefix argument @var{n}, move @var{n} times. If @var{n} is | |
1495 negative, move forward. C++ nomenclature means a symbol name in the | |
1496 style of NamingSymbolsWithMixedCaseAndNoUnderlines; each capital letter | |
1497 begins a section or word. | |
1498 | |
1499 In the GNU project, we recommend using underscores to separate words | |
1500 within an identifier in C or C++, rather than using case distinctions. | |
1501 | |
1502 @item M-x c-forward-into-nomenclature | |
1503 @findex c-forward-into-nomenclature | |
1504 Move point forward to end of a C++ nomenclature section or word. | |
1505 With prefix argument @var{n}, move @var{n} times. | |
1506 @end table | |
1507 | |
1508 @node Electric C | |
1509 @subsection Electric C Characters | |
1510 | |
1511 In C mode and related modes, certain printing characters are | |
1512 ``electric''---in addition to inserting themselves, they also reindent | |
1513 the current line and may insert newlines. This feature is controlled by | |
1514 the variable @code{c-auto-newline}. The ``electric'' characters are | |
1515 @kbd{@{}, @kbd{@}}, @kbd{:}, @kbd{#}, @kbd{;}, @kbd{,}, @kbd{<}, | |
1516 @kbd{>}, @kbd{/}, @kbd{*}, @kbd{(}, and @kbd{)}. | |
1517 | |
1518 Electric characters insert newlines only when the @dfn{auto-newline} | |
1519 feature is enabled (indicated by @samp{/a} in the mode line after the | |
1520 mode name). This feature is controlled by the variable | |
1521 @code{c-auto-newline}. You can turn this feature on or off with the | |
1522 command @kbd{C-c C-a}: | |
1523 | |
1524 @table @kbd | |
1525 @item C-c C-a | |
1526 @kindex C-c C-a @r{(C mode)} | |
1527 @findex c-toggle-auto-state | |
1528 Toggle the auto-newline feature (@code{c-toggle-auto-state}). With a | |
1529 prefix argument, this command turns the auto-newline feature on if the | |
1530 argument is positive, and off if it is negative. | |
1531 @end table | |
1532 | |
1533 The colon character is electric because that is appropriate for a | |
1534 single colon. But when you want to insert a double colon in C++, the | |
1535 electric behavior of colon is inconvenient. You can insert a double | |
1536 colon with no reindentation or newlines by typing @kbd{C-c :}: | |
1537 | |
1538 @table @kbd | |
1539 @item C-c : | |
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1540 @ifinfo |
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1541 @c This uses ``colon'' instead of a literal `:' because Info cannot |
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1542 @c cope with a `:' in a menu |
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1543 @kindex C-c @key{colon} @r{(C mode)} |
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1544 @end ifinfo |
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1545 @ifnotinfo |
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1546 @kindex C-c : @r{(C mode)} |
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1547 @end ifnotinfo |
25829 | 1548 @findex c-scope-operator |
1549 Insert a double colon scope operator at point, without reindenting the | |
1550 line or adding any newlines (@code{c-scope-operator}). | |
1551 @end table | |
1552 | |
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1553 @vindex c-electric-pound-behavior |
25829 | 1554 The electric @kbd{#} key reindents the line if it appears to be the |
1555 beginning of a preprocessor directive. This happens when the value of | |
1556 @code{c-electric-pound-behavior} is @code{(alignleft)}. You can turn | |
1557 this feature off by setting @code{c-electric-pound-behavior} to | |
1558 @code{nil}. | |
1559 | |
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1560 @vindex c-hanging-braces-alist |
25829 | 1561 The variable @code{c-hanging-braces-alist} controls the insertion of |
1562 newlines before and after inserted braces. It is an association list | |
1563 with elements of the following form: @code{(@var{syntactic-symbol} | |
1564 . @var{nl-list})}. Most of the syntactic symbols that appear in | |
1565 @code{c-offsets-alist} are meaningful here as well. | |
1566 | |
1567 The list @var{nl-list} may contain either of the symbols | |
1568 @code{before} or @code{after}, or both; or it may be @code{nil}. When a | |
1569 brace is inserted, the syntactic context it defines is looked up in | |
1570 @code{c-hanging-braces-alist}; if it is found, the @var{nl-list} is used | |
1571 to determine where newlines are inserted: either before the brace, | |
1572 after, or both. If not found, the default is to insert a newline both | |
1573 before and after braces. | |
1574 | |
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1575 @vindex c-hanging-colons-alist |
25829 | 1576 The variable @code{c-hanging-colons-alist} controls the insertion of |
1577 newlines before and after inserted colons. It is an association list | |
1578 with elements of the following form: @code{(@var{syntactic-symbol} | |
1579 . @var{nl-list})}. The list @var{nl-list} may contain either of the | |
1580 symbols @code{before} or @code{after}, or both; or it may be @code{nil}. | |
1581 | |
1582 When a colon is inserted, the syntactic symbol it defines is looked | |
1583 up in this list, and if found, the @var{nl-list} is used to determine | |
1584 where newlines are inserted: either before the brace, after, or both. | |
1585 If the syntactic symbol is not found in this list, no newlines are | |
1586 inserted. | |
1587 | |
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1588 @vindex c-cleanup-list |
25829 | 1589 Electric characters can also delete newlines automatically when the |
1590 auto-newline feature is enabled. This feature makes auto-newline more | |
1591 acceptable, by deleting the newlines in the most common cases where you | |
1592 do not want them. Emacs can recognize several cases in which deleting a | |
1593 newline might be desirable; by setting the variable | |
1594 @code{c-cleanup-list}, you can specify @emph{which} of these cases that | |
1595 should happen. The variable's value is a list of symbols, each | |
1596 describing one case for possible deletion of a newline. Here are the | |
1597 meaningful symbols, and their meanings: | |
1598 | |
1599 @table @code | |
1600 @item brace-catch-brace | |
1601 Clean up @samp{@} catch (@var{condition}) @{} constructs by placing the | |
1602 entire construct on a single line. The clean-up occurs when you type | |
1603 the @samp{@{}, if there is nothing between the braces aside from | |
1604 @code{catch} and @var{condition}. | |
1605 | |
1606 @item brace-else-brace | |
1607 Clean up @samp{@} else @{} constructs by placing the entire construct on | |
1608 a single line. The clean-up occurs when you type the @samp{@{} after | |
1609 the @code{else}, but only if there is nothing but white space between | |
1610 the braces and the @code{else}. | |
1611 | |
1612 @item brace-elseif-brace | |
1613 Clean up @samp{@} else if (@dots{}) @{} constructs by placing the entire | |
1614 construct on a single line. The clean-up occurs when you type the | |
1615 @samp{@{}, if there is nothing but white space between the @samp{@}} and | |
1616 @samp{@{} aside from the keywords and the @code{if}-condition. | |
1617 | |
1618 @item empty-defun-braces | |
1619 Clean up empty defun braces by placing the braces on the same | |
1620 line. Clean-up occurs when you type the closing brace. | |
1621 | |
1622 @item defun-close-semi | |
1623 Clean up the semicolon after a @code{struct} or similar type | |
1624 declaration, by placing the semicolon on the same line as the closing | |
1625 brace. Clean-up occurs when you type the semicolon. | |
1626 | |
1627 @item list-close-comma | |
1628 Clean up commas following braces in array and aggregate | |
1629 initializers. Clean-up occurs when you type the comma. | |
1630 | |
1631 @item scope-operator | |
1632 Clean up double colons which may designate a C++ scope operator, by | |
1633 placing the colons together. Clean-up occurs when you type the second | |
1634 colon, but only when the two colons are separated by nothing but | |
1635 whitespace. | |
1636 @end table | |
1637 | |
1638 @node Hungry Delete | |
1639 @subsection Hungry Delete Feature in C | |
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1640 @cindex hungry deletion (C Mode) |
25829 | 1641 |
1642 When the @dfn{hungry-delete} feature is enabled (indicated by | |
1643 @samp{/h} or @samp{/ah} in the mode line after the mode name), a single | |
1644 @key{DEL} command deletes all preceding whitespace, not just one space. | |
1645 To turn this feature on or off, use @kbd{C-c C-d}: | |
1646 | |
1647 @table @kbd | |
1648 @item C-c C-d | |
1649 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(C mode)} | |
1650 @findex c-toggle-hungry-state | |
1651 Toggle the hungry-delete feature (@code{c-toggle-hungry-state}). With a | |
1652 prefix argument, this command turns the hungry-delete feature on if the | |
1653 argument is positive, and off if it is negative. | |
1654 | |
1655 @item C-c C-t | |
1656 @kindex C-c C-t @r{(C mode)} | |
1657 @findex c-toggle-auto-hungry-state | |
1658 Toggle the auto-newline and hungry-delete features, both at once | |
1659 (@code{c-toggle-auto-hungry-state}). | |
1660 @end table | |
1661 | |
1662 @vindex c-hungry-delete-key | |
1663 The variable @code{c-hungry-delete-key} controls whether the | |
1664 hungry-delete feature is enabled. | |
1665 | |
1666 @node Other C Commands | |
1667 @subsection Other Commands for C Mode | |
1668 | |
1669 @table @kbd | |
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1670 @item M-x c-context-line-break |
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1671 @findex c-context-line-break |
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1672 This command inserts a line break and indents the new line in a manner |
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1673 appropriate to the context. In normal code, it does the work of |
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1674 @kbd{C-j} (@code{newline-and-indent}), in a C preprocessor line it |
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1675 additionally inserts a @samp{\} at the line break, and within comments |
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1676 it's like @kbd{M-j} (@code{c-indent-new-comment-line}). |
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1677 |
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1678 @code{c-context-line-break} isn't bound to a key by default, but it |
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1679 needs a binding to be useful. The following code will bind it to |
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1680 @kbd{C-j}. |
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1681 @example |
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1682 (define-key c-mode-base-map "\C-j" 'c-context-line-break) |
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1683 @end example |
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1684 |
25829 | 1685 @item C-M-h |
1686 Put mark at the end of a function definition, and put point at the | |
1687 beginning (@code{c-mark-function}). | |
1688 | |
1689 @item M-q | |
1690 @kindex M-q @r{(C mode)} | |
1691 @findex c-fill-paragraph | |
1692 Fill a paragraph, handling C and C++ comments (@code{c-fill-paragraph}). | |
1693 If any part of the current line is a comment or within a comment, this | |
1694 command fills the comment or the paragraph of it that point is in, | |
1695 preserving the comment indentation and comment delimiters. | |
1696 | |
1697 @item C-c C-e | |
1698 @cindex macro expansion in C | |
1699 @cindex expansion of C macros | |
1700 @findex c-macro-expand | |
1701 @kindex C-c C-e @r{(C mode)} | |
1702 Run the C preprocessor on the text in the region, and show the result, | |
1703 which includes the expansion of all the macro calls | |
1704 (@code{c-macro-expand}). The buffer text before the region is also | |
1705 included in preprocessing, for the sake of macros defined there, but the | |
1706 output from this part isn't shown. | |
1707 | |
1708 When you are debugging C code that uses macros, sometimes it is hard to | |
1709 figure out precisely how the macros expand. With this command, you | |
1710 don't have to figure it out; you can see the expansions. | |
1711 | |
1712 @item C-c C-\ | |
1713 @findex c-backslash-region | |
1714 @kindex C-c C-\ @r{(C mode)} | |
1715 Insert or align @samp{\} characters at the ends of the lines of the | |
1716 region (@code{c-backslash-region}). This is useful after writing or | |
1717 editing a C macro definition. | |
1718 | |
1719 If a line already ends in @samp{\}, this command adjusts the amount of | |
1720 whitespace before it. Otherwise, it inserts a new @samp{\}. However, | |
1721 the last line in the region is treated specially; no @samp{\} is | |
1722 inserted on that line, and any @samp{\} there is deleted. | |
1723 | |
1724 @item M-x cpp-highlight-buffer | |
1725 @cindex preprocessor highlighting | |
1726 @findex cpp-highlight-buffer | |
1727 Highlight parts of the text according to its preprocessor conditionals. | |
1728 This command displays another buffer named @samp{*CPP Edit*}, which | |
1729 serves as a graphic menu for selecting how to display particular kinds | |
1730 of conditionals and their contents. After changing various settings, | |
1731 click on @samp{[A]pply these settings} (or go to that buffer and type | |
1732 @kbd{a}) to rehighlight the C mode buffer accordingly. | |
1733 | |
1734 @item C-c C-s | |
1735 @findex c-show-syntactic-information | |
1736 @kindex C-c C-s @r{(C mode)} | |
1737 Display the syntactic information about the current source line | |
1738 (@code{c-show-syntactic-information}). This is the information that | |
1739 directs how the line is indented. | |
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1740 |
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1741 @item M-x cwarn-mode |
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1742 @itemx M-x global-cwarn-mode |
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1743 @findex cwarn-mode |
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1744 @findex global-cwarn-mode |
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1745 @vindex global-cwarn-mode |
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1746 @cindex CWarn mode |
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1747 @cindex suspicious constructions in C, C++ |
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1748 CWarn minor mode highlights certain suspicious C and C++ constructions: |
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1749 |
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1750 @itemize @bullet{} |
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1751 @item |
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1752 Assignments inside expressions. |
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1753 @item |
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1754 Semicolon following immediately after @samp{if}, @samp{for}, and @samp{while} |
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1755 (except after a @samp{do @dots{} while} statement); |
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1756 @item |
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1757 C++ functions with reference parameters. |
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1758 @end itemize |
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1759 |
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1760 @noindent |
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1761 You can enable the mode for one buffer with the command @kbd{M-x |
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1762 cwarn-mode}, or for all suitable buffers with the command @kbd{M-x |
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1763 global-cwarn-mode} or by customizing the variable |
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1764 @code{global-cwarn-mode}. You must also enable Font Lock mode to make |
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1765 it work. |
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1766 |
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1767 @item M-x hide-ifdef-mode |
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1768 @findex hide-ifdef-mode |
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1769 @cindex Hide-ifdef mode |
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1770 Hide-ifdef minor mode hides selected code within @samp{#if} and |
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1771 @samp{#ifdef} preprocessor blocks. See the documentation string of |
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1772 @code{hide-ifdef-mode} for more information. |
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1773 |
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1774 @item M-x ff-find-related-file |
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1775 @cindex related files |
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1776 @findex ff-find-related-file |
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1777 @vindex ff-related-file-alist |
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1778 Find a file ``related'' in a special way to the file visited by the |
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1779 current buffer. Typically this will be the header file corresponding |
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1780 to a C/C++ source file, or vice versa. The variable |
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1781 @code{ff-related-file-alist} specifies how to compute related file |
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1782 names. |
25829 | 1783 @end table |
1784 | |
1785 @node Fortran | |
1786 @section Fortran Mode | |
1787 @cindex Fortran mode | |
1788 @cindex mode, Fortran | |
1789 | |
1790 Fortran mode provides special motion commands for Fortran statements and | |
1791 subprograms, and indentation commands that understand Fortran conventions | |
1792 of nesting, line numbers and continuation statements. Fortran mode has | |
1793 its own Auto Fill mode that breaks long lines into proper Fortran | |
1794 continuation lines. | |
1795 | |
1796 Special commands for comments are provided because Fortran comments | |
1797 are unlike those of other languages. Built-in abbrevs optionally save | |
1798 typing when you insert Fortran keywords. | |
1799 | |
1800 Use @kbd{M-x fortran-mode} to switch to this major mode. This command | |
1801 runs the hook @code{fortran-mode-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
1802 | |
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1803 @cindex Fortran77 and Fortran90 |
26106 | 1804 @findex f90-mode |
1805 @findex fortran-mode | |
48700 | 1806 Fortran mode is meant for editing Fortran77 ``fixed format'' source |
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1807 code. For editing the modern Fortran90 ``free format'' source code, |
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1808 use F90 mode (@code{f90-mode}). Emacs normally uses Fortran mode for |
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1809 files with extension @samp{.f}, @samp{.F} or @samp{.for}, and F90 mode |
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1810 for the extension @samp{.f90}. GNU Fortran supports both kinds of |
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1811 format. |
26106 | 1812 |
25829 | 1813 @menu |
1814 * Motion: Fortran Motion. Moving point by statements or subprograms. | |
1815 * Indent: Fortran Indent. Indentation commands for Fortran. | |
1816 * Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments. | |
1817 * Autofill: Fortran Autofill. Auto fill minor mode for Fortran. | |
1818 * Columns: Fortran Columns. Measuring columns for valid Fortran. | |
1819 * Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev. Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. | |
1820 @end menu | |
1821 | |
1822 @node Fortran Motion | |
1823 @subsection Motion Commands | |
1824 | |
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1825 In addition to the normal commands for moving by and operating on |
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1826 ``defuns'' (Fortran subprograms---functions and subroutines), Fortran |
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1827 mode provides special commands to move by statements. |
25829 | 1828 |
1829 @table @kbd | |
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1830 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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1831 @findex fortran-next-statement |
25829 | 1832 @item C-c C-n |
1833 Move to beginning of current or next statement | |
1834 (@code{fortran-next-statement}). | |
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1835 |
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1836 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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1837 @findex fortran-previous-statement |
25829 | 1838 @item C-c C-p |
1839 Move to beginning of current or previous statement | |
1840 (@code{fortran-previous-statement}). | |
1841 @end table | |
1842 | |
1843 @node Fortran Indent | |
1844 @subsection Fortran Indentation | |
1845 | |
1846 Special commands and features are needed for indenting Fortran code in | |
1847 order to make sure various syntactic entities (line numbers, comment line | |
1848 indicators and continuation line flags) appear in the columns that are | |
1849 required for standard Fortran. | |
1850 | |
1851 @menu | |
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1852 * Commands: ForIndent Commands. Commands for indenting and filling Fortran. |
25829 | 1853 * Contline: ForIndent Cont. How continuation lines indent. |
1854 * Numbers: ForIndent Num. How line numbers auto-indent. | |
1855 * Conv: ForIndent Conv. Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble. | |
1856 * Vars: ForIndent Vars. Variables controlling Fortran indent style. | |
1857 @end menu | |
1858 | |
1859 @node ForIndent Commands | |
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1860 @subsubsection Fortran Indentation and Filling Commands |
25829 | 1861 |
1862 @table @kbd | |
1863 @item C-M-j | |
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1864 Break the current line and set up a continuation line |
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1865 (@code{fortran-split-line}). |
25829 | 1866 @item M-^ |
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1867 Join this line to the previous line (@code{fortran-join-line}). |
25829 | 1868 @item C-M-q |
1869 Indent all the lines of the subprogram point is in | |
1870 (@code{fortran-indent-subprogram}). | |
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1871 @item M-q |
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1872 Fill a comment block or statement. |
25829 | 1873 @end table |
1874 | |
1875 @kindex C-M-q @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
1876 @findex fortran-indent-subprogram | |
1877 The key @kbd{C-M-q} runs @code{fortran-indent-subprogram}, a command | |
1878 to reindent all the lines of the Fortran subprogram (function or | |
1879 subroutine) containing point. | |
1880 | |
1881 @kindex C-M-j @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
1882 @findex fortran-split-line | |
1883 The key @kbd{C-M-j} runs @code{fortran-split-line}, which splits | |
1884 a line in the appropriate fashion for Fortran. In a non-comment line, | |
1885 the second half becomes a continuation line and is indented | |
1886 accordingly. In a comment line, both halves become separate comment | |
1887 lines. | |
1888 | |
1889 @kindex M-^ @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
26106 | 1890 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(Fortran mode)} |
1891 @findex fortran-join-line | |
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1892 @kbd{M-^} or @kbd{C-c C-d} runs the command @code{fortran-join-line}, |
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1893 which joins a continuation line back to the previous line, roughly as |
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1894 the inverse of @code{fortran-split-line}. The point must be on a |
26106 | 1895 continuation line when this command is invoked. |
1896 | |
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1897 @kindex M-q @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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1898 @kbd{M-q} in Fortran mode fills the comment block or statement that |
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1899 point is in. This removes any excess statement continuations. |
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1900 |
25829 | 1901 @node ForIndent Cont |
1902 @subsubsection Continuation Lines | |
1903 @cindex Fortran continuation lines | |
1904 | |
1905 @vindex fortran-continuation-string | |
1906 Most modern Fortran compilers allow two ways of writing continuation | |
1907 lines. If the first non-space character on a line is in column 5, then | |
1908 that line is a continuation of the previous line. We call this | |
1909 @dfn{fixed format}. (In GNU Emacs we always count columns from 0.) The | |
1910 variable @code{fortran-continuation-string} specifies what character to | |
1911 put on column 5. A line that starts with a tab character followed by | |
1912 any digit except @samp{0} is also a continuation line. We call this | |
1913 style of continuation @dfn{tab format}. | |
1914 | |
1915 @vindex indent-tabs-mode @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
1916 Fortran mode can make either style of continuation line, but you | |
1917 must specify which one you prefer. The value of the variable | |
1918 @code{indent-tabs-mode} controls the choice: @code{nil} for fixed | |
1919 format, and non-@code{nil} for tab format. You can tell which style | |
1920 is presently in effect by the presence or absence of the string | |
1921 @samp{Tab} in the mode line. | |
1922 | |
1923 If the text on a line starts with the conventional Fortran | |
1924 continuation marker @samp{$}, or if it begins with any non-whitespace | |
1925 character in column 5, Fortran mode treats it as a continuation line. | |
1926 When you indent a continuation line with @key{TAB}, it converts the line | |
1927 to the current continuation style. When you split a Fortran statement | |
1928 with @kbd{C-M-j}, the continuation marker on the newline is created | |
1929 according to the continuation style. | |
1930 | |
1931 The setting of continuation style affects several other aspects of | |
1932 editing in Fortran mode. In fixed format mode, the minimum column | |
1933 number for the body of a statement is 6. Lines inside of Fortran | |
1934 blocks that are indented to larger column numbers always use only the | |
1935 space character for whitespace. In tab format mode, the minimum | |
1936 column number for the statement body is 8, and the whitespace before | |
1937 column 8 must always consist of one tab character. | |
1938 | |
1939 @vindex fortran-tab-mode-default | |
1940 @vindex fortran-analyze-depth | |
1941 When you enter Fortran mode for an existing file, it tries to deduce the | |
1942 proper continuation style automatically from the file contents. The first | |
1943 line that begins with either a tab character or six spaces determines the | |
1944 choice. The variable @code{fortran-analyze-depth} specifies how many lines | |
1945 to consider (at the beginning of the file); if none of those lines | |
1946 indicates a style, then the variable @code{fortran-tab-mode-default} | |
1947 specifies the style. If it is @code{nil}, that specifies fixed format, and | |
1948 non-@code{nil} specifies tab format. | |
1949 | |
1950 @node ForIndent Num | |
1951 @subsubsection Line Numbers | |
1952 | |
1953 If a number is the first non-whitespace in the line, Fortran | |
1954 indentation assumes it is a line number and moves it to columns 0 | |
1955 through 4. (Columns always count from 0 in GNU Emacs.) | |
1956 | |
1957 @vindex fortran-line-number-indent | |
1958 Line numbers of four digits or less are normally indented one space. | |
1959 The variable @code{fortran-line-number-indent} controls this; it | |
1960 specifies the maximum indentation a line number can have. Line numbers | |
1961 are indented to right-justify them to end in column 4 unless that would | |
1962 require more than this maximum indentation. The default value of the | |
1963 variable is 1. | |
1964 | |
1965 @vindex fortran-electric-line-number | |
1966 Simply inserting a line number is enough to indent it according to | |
1967 these rules. As each digit is inserted, the indentation is recomputed. | |
1968 To turn off this feature, set the variable | |
1969 @code{fortran-electric-line-number} to @code{nil}. Then inserting line | |
1970 numbers is like inserting anything else. | |
1971 | |
1972 @node ForIndent Conv | |
1973 @subsubsection Syntactic Conventions | |
1974 | |
1975 Fortran mode assumes that you follow certain conventions that simplify | |
1976 the task of understanding a Fortran program well enough to indent it | |
1977 properly: | |
1978 | |
1979 @itemize @bullet | |
1980 @item | |
1981 Two nested @samp{do} loops never share a @samp{continue} statement. | |
1982 | |
1983 @item | |
1984 Fortran keywords such as @samp{if}, @samp{else}, @samp{then}, @samp{do} | |
1985 and others are written without embedded whitespace or line breaks. | |
1986 | |
1987 Fortran compilers generally ignore whitespace outside of string | |
1988 constants, but Fortran mode does not recognize these keywords if they | |
1989 are not contiguous. Constructs such as @samp{else if} or @samp{end do} | |
1990 are acceptable, but the second word should be on the same line as the | |
1991 first and not on a continuation line. | |
1992 @end itemize | |
1993 | |
1994 @noindent | |
1995 If you fail to follow these conventions, the indentation commands may | |
1996 indent some lines unaesthetically. However, a correct Fortran program | |
1997 retains its meaning when reindented even if the conventions are not | |
1998 followed. | |
1999 | |
2000 @node ForIndent Vars | |
2001 @subsubsection Variables for Fortran Indentation | |
2002 | |
2003 @vindex fortran-do-indent | |
2004 @vindex fortran-if-indent | |
2005 @vindex fortran-structure-indent | |
2006 @vindex fortran-continuation-indent | |
2007 @vindex fortran-check-all-num@dots{} | |
2008 @vindex fortran-minimum-statement-indent@dots{} | |
2009 Several additional variables control how Fortran indentation works: | |
2010 | |
2011 @table @code | |
2012 @item fortran-do-indent | |
2013 Extra indentation within each level of @samp{do} statement (default 3). | |
2014 | |
2015 @item fortran-if-indent | |
2016 Extra indentation within each level of @samp{if} statement (default 3). | |
2017 This value is also used for extra indentation within each level of the | |
2018 Fortran 90 @samp{where} statement. | |
2019 | |
2020 @item fortran-structure-indent | |
2021 Extra indentation within each level of @samp{structure}, @samp{union}, or | |
2022 @samp{map} statements (default 3). | |
2023 | |
2024 @item fortran-continuation-indent | |
2025 Extra indentation for bodies of continuation lines (default 5). | |
2026 | |
2027 @item fortran-check-all-num-for-matching-do | |
2028 If this is @code{nil}, indentation assumes that each @samp{do} statement | |
2029 ends on a @samp{continue} statement. Therefore, when computing | |
2030 indentation for a statement other than @samp{continue}, it can save time | |
2031 by not checking for a @samp{do} statement ending there. If this is | |
2032 non-@code{nil}, indenting any numbered statement must check for a | |
2033 @samp{do} that ends there. The default is @code{nil}. | |
2034 | |
2035 @item fortran-blink-matching-if | |
2036 If this is @code{t}, indenting an @samp{endif} statement moves the | |
2037 cursor momentarily to the matching @samp{if} statement to show where it | |
2038 is. The default is @code{nil}. | |
2039 | |
2040 @item fortran-minimum-statement-indent-fixed | |
2041 Minimum indentation for fortran statements when using fixed format | |
2042 continuation line style. Statement bodies are never indented less than | |
2043 this much. The default is 6. | |
2044 | |
2045 @item fortran-minimum-statement-indent-tab | |
2046 Minimum indentation for fortran statements for tab format continuation line | |
2047 style. Statement bodies are never indented less than this much. The | |
2048 default is 8. | |
2049 @end table | |
2050 | |
2051 @node Fortran Comments | |
2052 @subsection Fortran Comments | |
2053 | |
2054 The usual Emacs comment commands assume that a comment can follow a line | |
2055 of code. In Fortran, the standard comment syntax requires an entire line | |
2056 to be just a comment. Therefore, Fortran mode replaces the standard Emacs | |
2057 comment commands and defines some new variables. | |
2058 | |
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2059 Fortran mode can also handle the Fortran90 comment syntax where comments |
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2060 start with @samp{!} and can follow other text. Because only some Fortran77 |
25829 | 2061 compilers accept this syntax, Fortran mode will not insert such comments |
2062 unless you have said in advance to do so. To do this, set the variable | |
2063 @code{comment-start} to @samp{"!"} (@pxref{Variables}). | |
2064 | |
2065 @table @kbd | |
2066 @item M-; | |
2067 Align comment or insert new comment (@code{fortran-comment-indent}). | |
2068 | |
2069 @item C-x ; | |
2070 Applies to nonstandard @samp{!} comments only. | |
2071 | |
2072 @item C-c ; | |
2073 Turn all lines of the region into comments, or (with argument) turn them back | |
2074 into real code (@code{fortran-comment-region}). | |
2075 @end table | |
2076 | |
2077 @kbd{M-;} in Fortran mode is redefined as the command | |
2078 @code{fortran-comment-indent}. Like the usual @kbd{M-;} command, this | |
2079 recognizes any kind of existing comment and aligns its text appropriately; | |
2080 if there is no existing comment, a comment is inserted and aligned. But | |
2081 inserting and aligning comments are not the same in Fortran mode as in | |
2082 other modes. | |
2083 | |
2084 When a new comment must be inserted, if the current line is blank, a | |
2085 full-line comment is inserted. On a non-blank line, a nonstandard @samp{!} | |
2086 comment is inserted if you have said you want to use them. Otherwise a | |
2087 full-line comment is inserted on a new line before the current line. | |
2088 | |
2089 Nonstandard @samp{!} comments are aligned like comments in other | |
2090 languages, but full-line comments are different. In a standard full-line | |
2091 comment, the comment delimiter itself must always appear in column zero. | |
2092 What can be aligned is the text within the comment. You can choose from | |
2093 three styles of alignment by setting the variable | |
2094 @code{fortran-comment-indent-style} to one of these values: | |
2095 | |
2096 @vindex fortran-comment-indent-style | |
2097 @vindex fortran-comment-line-extra-indent | |
2098 @table @code | |
2099 @item fixed | |
2100 Align the text at a fixed column, which is the sum of | |
2101 @code{fortran-comment-line-extra-indent} and the minimum statement | |
2102 indentation. This is the default. | |
2103 | |
2104 The minimum statement indentation is | |
2105 @code{fortran-minimum-statement-indent-fixed} for fixed format | |
2106 continuation line style and @code{fortran-minimum-statement-indent-tab} | |
2107 for tab format style. | |
2108 | |
2109 @item relative | |
2110 Align the text as if it were a line of code, but with an additional | |
2111 @code{fortran-comment-line-extra-indent} columns of indentation. | |
2112 | |
2113 @item nil | |
2114 Don't move text in full-line comments automatically at all. | |
2115 @end table | |
2116 | |
2117 @vindex fortran-comment-indent-char | |
2118 In addition, you can specify the character to be used to indent within | |
2119 full-line comments by setting the variable | |
2120 @code{fortran-comment-indent-char} to the single-character string you want | |
2121 to use. | |
2122 | |
45997 | 2123 @vindex fortran-directive-re |
2124 Compiler directive lines, or preprocessor lines, have much the same | |
2125 appearance as comment lines. It is important, though, that such lines | |
2126 never be indented at all, no matter what the value of | |
2127 @code{fortran-comment-indent-style}. The variable | |
2128 @code{fortran-directive-re} is a regular expression that specifies which | |
2129 lines are directives. Matching lines are never indented, and receive | |
2130 distinctive font-locking. | |
2131 | |
25829 | 2132 @vindex comment-line-start |
2133 @vindex comment-line-start-skip | |
2134 Fortran mode introduces two variables @code{comment-line-start} and | |
2135 @code{comment-line-start-skip}, which play for full-line comments the same | |
2136 roles played by @code{comment-start} and @code{comment-start-skip} for | |
2137 ordinary text-following comments. Normally these are set properly by | |
2138 Fortran mode, so you do not need to change them. | |
2139 | |
2140 The normal Emacs comment command @kbd{C-x ;} has not been redefined. If | |
2141 you use @samp{!} comments, this command can be used with them. Otherwise | |
2142 it is useless in Fortran mode. | |
2143 | |
2144 @kindex C-c ; @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
2145 @findex fortran-comment-region | |
2146 @vindex fortran-comment-region | |
2147 The command @kbd{C-c ;} (@code{fortran-comment-region}) turns all the | |
2148 lines of the region into comments by inserting the string @samp{C$$$} at | |
2149 the front of each one. With a numeric argument, it turns the region | |
2150 back into live code by deleting @samp{C$$$} from the front of each line | |
2151 in it. The string used for these comments can be controlled by setting | |
2152 the variable @code{fortran-comment-region}. Note that here we have an | |
2153 example of a command and a variable with the same name; these two uses | |
2154 of the name never conflict because in Lisp and in Emacs it is always | |
2155 clear from the context which one is meant. | |
2156 | |
2157 @node Fortran Autofill | |
2158 @subsection Fortran Auto Fill Mode | |
2159 | |
2160 Fortran Auto Fill mode is a minor mode which automatically splits | |
2161 Fortran statements as you insert them when they become too wide. | |
2162 Splitting a statement involves making continuation lines using | |
2163 @code{fortran-continuation-string} (@pxref{ForIndent Cont}). This | |
2164 splitting happens when you type @key{SPC}, @key{RET}, or @key{TAB}, and | |
2165 also in the Fortran indentation commands. | |
2166 | |
2167 @findex fortran-auto-fill-mode | |
2168 @kbd{M-x fortran-auto-fill-mode} turns Fortran Auto Fill mode on if it | |
2169 was off, or off if it was on. This command works the same as @kbd{M-x | |
2170 auto-fill-mode} does for normal Auto Fill mode (@pxref{Filling}). A | |
2171 positive numeric argument turns Fortran Auto Fill mode on, and a | |
2172 negative argument turns it off. You can see when Fortran Auto Fill mode | |
2173 is in effect by the presence of the word @samp{Fill} in the mode line, | |
2174 inside the parentheses. Fortran Auto Fill mode is a minor mode, turned | |
2175 on or off for each buffer individually. @xref{Minor Modes}. | |
2176 | |
2177 @vindex fortran-break-before-delimiters | |
2178 Fortran Auto Fill mode breaks lines at spaces or delimiters when the | |
2179 lines get longer than the desired width (the value of @code{fill-column}). | |
2180 The delimiters that Fortran Auto Fill mode may break at are @samp{,}, | |
2181 @samp{'}, @samp{+}, @samp{-}, @samp{/}, @samp{*}, @samp{=}, and @samp{)}. | |
2182 The line break comes after the delimiter if the variable | |
2183 @code{fortran-break-before-delimiters} is @code{nil}. Otherwise (and by | |
2184 default), the break comes before the delimiter. | |
2185 | |
2186 By default, Fortran Auto Fill mode is not enabled. If you want this | |
2187 feature turned on permanently, add a hook function to | |
2188 @code{fortran-mode-hook} to execute @code{(fortran-auto-fill-mode 1)}. | |
2189 @xref{Hooks}. | |
2190 | |
2191 @node Fortran Columns | |
2192 @subsection Checking Columns in Fortran | |
2193 | |
2194 @table @kbd | |
2195 @item C-c C-r | |
2196 Display a ``column ruler'' momentarily above the current line | |
2197 (@code{fortran-column-ruler}). | |
2198 @item C-c C-w | |
2199 Split the current window horizontally temporarily so that it is 72 | |
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2200 columns wide (@code{fortran-window-create-momentarily}). This may |
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2201 help you avoid making lines longer than the 72-character limit that |
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2202 some Fortran compilers impose. |
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2203 @item C-u C-c C-w |
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2204 Split the current window horizontally so that it is 72 columns wide |
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2205 (@code{fortran-window-create}). You can then continue editing. |
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2206 @item M-x fortran-strip-sequence-nos |
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2207 Delete all text in column 72 and beyond. |
25829 | 2208 @end table |
2209 | |
2210 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(Fortran mode)} | |
2211 @findex fortran-column-ruler | |
2212 The command @kbd{C-c C-r} (@code{fortran-column-ruler}) shows a column | |
2213 ruler momentarily above the current line. The comment ruler is two lines | |
2214 of text that show you the locations of columns with special significance in | |
2215 Fortran programs. Square brackets show the limits of the columns for line | |
2216 numbers, and curly brackets show the limits of the columns for the | |
2217 statement body. Column numbers appear above them. | |
2218 | |
2219 Note that the column numbers count from zero, as always in GNU Emacs. | |
2220 As a result, the numbers may be one less than those you are familiar | |
2221 with; but the positions they indicate in the line are standard for | |
2222 Fortran. | |
2223 | |
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2224 @vindex fortran-column-ruler-fixed |
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2225 @vindex fortran-column-ruler-tabs |
26264 | 2226 The text used to display the column ruler depends on the value of |
25829 | 2227 the variable @code{indent-tabs-mode}. If @code{indent-tabs-mode} is |
2228 @code{nil}, then the value of the variable | |
2229 @code{fortran-column-ruler-fixed} is used as the column ruler. | |
2230 Otherwise, the variable @code{fortran-column-ruler-tab} is displayed. | |
2231 By changing these variables, you can change the column ruler display. | |
2232 | |
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2233 @kindex C-c C-w @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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2234 @findex fortran-window-create-momentarily |
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2235 @kbd{C-c C-w} (@code{fortran-window-create-momentarily}) temporarily |
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2236 splits the current window horizontally, making a window 72 columns |
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2237 wide, so you can see which lines that is too long. Type a space to |
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2238 restore the normal width. |
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2239 |
26106 | 2240 @kindex C-u C-c C-w @r{(Fortran mode)} |
25829 | 2241 @findex fortran-window-create |
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2242 You can also split the window horizontally and continue editing with |
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2243 the split in place. To do this, use @kbd{C-u C-c C-w} (@code{M-x |
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2244 fortran-window-create}). By editing in this window you can |
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2245 immediately see when you make a line too wide to be correct Fortran. |
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2246 |
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2247 @findex fortran-strip-sequence-nos |
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2248 The command @kbd{M-x fortran-strip-sequence-nos} deletes all text in |
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2249 column 72 and beyond, on all lines in the current buffer. This is the |
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2250 easiest way to get rid of old sequence numbers. |
26106 | 2251 |
25829 | 2252 @node Fortran Abbrev |
2253 @subsection Fortran Keyword Abbrevs | |
2254 | |
2255 Fortran mode provides many built-in abbrevs for common keywords and | |
2256 declarations. These are the same sort of abbrev that you can define | |
2257 yourself. To use them, you must turn on Abbrev mode. @xref{Abbrevs}. | |
2258 | |
2259 The built-in abbrevs are unusual in one way: they all start with a | |
2260 semicolon. You cannot normally use semicolon in an abbrev, but Fortran | |
2261 mode makes this possible by changing the syntax of semicolon to ``word | |
2262 constituent.'' | |
2263 | |
2264 For example, one built-in Fortran abbrev is @samp{;c} for | |
2265 @samp{continue}. If you insert @samp{;c} and then insert a punctuation | |
2266 character such as a space or a newline, the @samp{;c} expands automatically | |
2267 to @samp{continue}, provided Abbrev mode is enabled.@refill | |
2268 | |
2269 Type @samp{;?} or @samp{;C-h} to display a list of all the built-in | |
2270 Fortran abbrevs and what they stand for. | |
2271 | |
2272 @node Asm Mode | |
2273 @section Asm Mode | |
2274 | |
2275 @cindex Asm mode | |
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2276 @cindex assembler mode |
25829 | 2277 Asm mode is a major mode for editing files of assembler code. It |
2278 defines these commands: | |
2279 | |
2280 @table @kbd | |
2281 @item @key{TAB} | |
2282 @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. | |
2283 @item C-j | |
2284 Insert a newline and then indent using @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. | |
2285 @item : | |
2286 Insert a colon and then remove the indentation from before the label | |
2287 preceding colon. Then do @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. | |
2288 @item ; | |
2289 Insert or align a comment. | |
2290 @end table | |
2291 | |
2292 The variable @code{asm-comment-char} specifies which character | |
2293 starts comments in assembler syntax. | |
52401 | 2294 |
2295 @ignore | |
2296 arch-tag: c7ee7409-40a4-45c7-bfb7-ae7f2c74d0c0 | |
2297 @end ignore |