annotate man/mule.texi @ 30506:552c97239a77

(XUINT, XSET, XUNMARK) [_LP64]: Don't define.
author Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
date Thu, 27 Jul 2000 14:47:51 +0000
parents 5c4951d58989
children 5380bd6b450e
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
rev   line source
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
2 @c Copyright (C) 1997, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
4 @node International, Major Modes, Frames, Top
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
5 @chapter International Character Set Support
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
6 @cindex MULE
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
7 @cindex international scripts
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
8 @cindex multibyte characters
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
9 @cindex encoding of characters
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
10
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
11 @cindex Chinese
26140
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
12 @cindex Cyrillic
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
13 @cindex Devanagari
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
14 @cindex Hindi
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
15 @cindex Marathi
26140
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
16 @cindex Ethiopic
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
17 @cindex Greek
26140
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
18 @cindex Hebrew
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
19 @cindex IPA
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
20 @cindex Japanese
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
21 @cindex Korean
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
22 @cindex Lao
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
23 @cindex Thai
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
24 @cindex Tibetan
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
25 @cindex Vietnamese
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
26 Emacs supports a wide variety of international character sets,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
27 including European variants of the Latin alphabet, as well as Chinese,
26140
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
28 Cyrillic, Devanagari (Hindi and Marathi), Ethiopic, Greek, Hebrew, IPA,
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
29 Japanese, Korean, Lao, Thai, Tibetan, and Vietnamese scripts. These features
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
30 have been merged from the modified version of Emacs known as MULE (for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
31 ``MULti-lingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs'')
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
32
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
33 @menu
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
34 * International Intro:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
35 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
36 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
37 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
38 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
39 * Multibyte Conversion:: How single-byte characters convert to multibyte.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
40 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
41 write files, and so on.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
42 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
43 * Specify Coding:: Various ways to choose which conversion to use.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
44 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
45 that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
46 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset.
27211
0699f691fac1 Don't conflate single-byte with European.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27156
diff changeset
47 * Single-Byte Character Support::
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
48 You can pick one European character set
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
49 to use without multibyte characters.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
50 @end menu
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
51
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
52 @node International Intro
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
53 @section Introduction to International Character Sets
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
54
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
55 The users of these scripts have established many more-or-less standard
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
56 coding systems for storing files. Emacs internally uses a single
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
57 multibyte character encoding, so that it can intermix characters from
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
58 all these scripts in a single buffer or string. This encoding
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
59 represents each non-ASCII character as a sequence of bytes in the range
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
60 0200 through 0377. Emacs translates between the multibyte character
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
61 encoding and various other coding systems when reading and writing
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
62 files, when exchanging data with subprocesses, and (in some cases) in
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
63 the @kbd{C-q} command (@pxref{Multibyte Conversion}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
64
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
65 @kindex C-h h
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
66 @findex view-hello-file
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
67 The command @kbd{C-h h} (@code{view-hello-file}) displays the file
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
68 @file{etc/HELLO}, which shows how to say ``hello'' in many languages.
27156
488f307b4f59 (International Intro): Add a link to to Fontsets.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 26513
diff changeset
69 This illustrates various scripts. If the font you're using doesn't have
488f307b4f59 (International Intro): Add a link to to Fontsets.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 26513
diff changeset
70 characters for all those different languages, you will see some hollow
488f307b4f59 (International Intro): Add a link to to Fontsets.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 26513
diff changeset
71 boxes instead of characters; see @ref{Fontsets}.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
72
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
73 Keyboards, even in the countries where these character sets are used,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
74 generally don't have keys for all the characters in them. So Emacs
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
75 supports various @dfn{input methods}, typically one for each script or
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
76 language, to make it convenient to type them.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
77
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
78 @kindex C-x RET
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
79 The prefix key @kbd{C-x @key{RET}} is used for commands that pertain
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
80 to multibyte characters, coding systems, and input methods.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
81
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
82 @node Enabling Multibyte
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
83 @section Enabling Multibyte Characters
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
84
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
85 You can enable or disable multibyte character support, either for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
86 Emacs as a whole, or for a single buffer. When multibyte characters are
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
87 disabled in a buffer, then each byte in that buffer represents a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
88 character, even codes 0200 through 0377. The old features for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
89 supporting the European character sets, ISO Latin-1 and ISO Latin-2,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
90 work as they did in Emacs 19 and also work for the other ISO 8859
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
91 character sets.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
92
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
93 However, there is no need to turn off multibyte character support to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
94 use ISO Latin; the Emacs multibyte character set includes all the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
95 characters in these character sets, and Emacs can translate
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
96 automatically to and from the ISO codes.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
97
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
98 To edit a particular file in unibyte representation, visit it using
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
99 @code{find-file-literally}. @xref{Visiting}. To convert a buffer in
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
100 multibyte representation into a single-byte representation of the same
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
101 characters, the easiest way is to save the contents in a file, kill the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
102 buffer, and find the file again with @code{find-file-literally}. You
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
103 can also use @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
104 (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}) and specify @samp{raw-text} as
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
105 the coding system with which to find or save a file. @xref{Specify
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
106 Coding}. Finding a file as @samp{raw-text} doesn't disable format
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
107 conversion, uncompression and auto mode selection as
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
108 @code{find-file-literally} does.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
109
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
110 @vindex enable-multibyte-characters
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
111 @vindex default-enable-multibyte-characters
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
112 To turn off multibyte character support by default, start Emacs with
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
113 the @samp{--unibyte} option (@pxref{Initial Options}), or set the
29107
203ba1f77b7b *** empty log message ***
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
parents: 28552
diff changeset
114 environment variable @env{EMACS_UNIBYTE}. You can also customize
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
115 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} or, equivalently, directly set the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
116 variable @code{default-enable-multibyte-characters} in your init file to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
117 have basically the same effect as @samp{--unibyte}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
118
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
119 Multibyte strings are not created during initialization from the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
120 values of environment variables, @file{/etc/passwd} entries etc.@: that
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
121 contain non-ASCII 8-bit characters. However, the initialization file is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
122 normally read as multibyte---like Lisp files in general---even with
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
123 @samp{--unibyte}. To avoid multibyte strings being generated by
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
124 non-ASCII characters in it, put @samp{-*-unibyte: t;-*-} in a comment on
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
125 the first line. Do the same for initialization files for packages like
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
126 Gnus.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
127
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
128 The mode line indicates whether multibyte character support is enabled
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
129 in the current buffer. If it is, there are two or more characters (most
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
130 often two dashes) before the colon near the beginning of the mode line.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
131 When multibyte characters are not enabled, just one dash precedes the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
132 colon.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
133
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
134 @node Language Environments
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
135 @section Language Environments
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
136 @cindex language environments
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
137
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
138 All supported character sets are supported in Emacs buffers whenever
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
139 multibyte characters are enabled; there is no need to select a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
140 particular language in order to display its characters in an Emacs
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
141 buffer. However, it is important to select a @dfn{language environment}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
142 in order to set various defaults. The language environment really
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
143 represents a choice of preferred script (more or less) rather than a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
144 choice of language.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
145
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
146 The language environment controls which coding systems to recognize
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
147 when reading text (@pxref{Recognize Coding}). This applies to files,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
148 incoming mail, netnews, and any other text you read into Emacs. It may
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
149 also specify the default coding system to use when you create a file.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
150 Each language environment also specifies a default input method.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
151
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
152 @findex set-language-environment
26140
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
153 @vindex current-language-environment
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
154 To select a language environment, customize the option
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
155 @code{current-language-environment} or use the command @kbd{M-x
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
156 set-language-environment}. It makes no difference which buffer is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
157 current when you use this command, because the effects apply globally to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
158 the Emacs session. The supported language environments include:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
159
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
160 @quotation
26140
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
161 Chinese-BIG5, Chinese-CNS, Chinese-GB, Cyrillic-ALT, Cyrillic-ISO,
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
162 Cyrillic-KOI8, Czech, Devanagari, English, Ethiopic, German, Greek,
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
163 Hebrew, IPA, Japanese, Korean, Lao, Latin-1, Latin-2, Latin-3,
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
164 Latin-4, Latin-5, Latin-8, Latin-9, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Thai,
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
165 Tibetan, Turkish, and Vietnamese.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
166 @end quotation
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
167
26140
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
168 @findex set-locale-environment
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
169 @vindex locale-language-names
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
170 @vindex locale-charset-language-names
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
171 Some operating systems let you specify the language you are using by
26140
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
172 setting the locale environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE},
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
173 and @env{LANG}; the first of these which is nonempty specifies your
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
174 locale. Emacs handles this during startup by invoking the
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
175 @code{set-locale-environment} function, which matches your locale
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
176 against entries in the value of the variable
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
177 @code{locale-language-names} and selects the corresponding language
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
178 environment if a match is found. But if your locale also matches an
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
179 entry in the variable @code{locale-charset-language-names}, this entry
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
180 is preferred if its character set disagrees. For example, suppose the
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
181 locale @samp{en_GB.ISO8859-15} matches @code{"Latin-1"} in
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
182 @code{locale-language-names} and @code{"Latin-9"} in
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
183 @code{locale-charset-language-names}; since these two language
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
184 environments' character sets disagree, Emacs uses @code{"Latin-9"}.
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
185
26513
949ca235ee9e Describe the relationship between set-locale-environment and
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 26140
diff changeset
186 If all goes well, the @code{set-locale-environment} function selects
949ca235ee9e Describe the relationship between set-locale-environment and
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 26140
diff changeset
187 the language environment, since language is part of locale. It also
949ca235ee9e Describe the relationship between set-locale-environment and
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 26140
diff changeset
188 adjusts the display table and terminal coding system, the locale coding
949ca235ee9e Describe the relationship between set-locale-environment and
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 26140
diff changeset
189 system, and the preferred coding system as needed for the locale.
949ca235ee9e Describe the relationship between set-locale-environment and
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 26140
diff changeset
190
949ca235ee9e Describe the relationship between set-locale-environment and
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 26140
diff changeset
191 Since the @code{set-locale-environment} function is automatically
949ca235ee9e Describe the relationship between set-locale-environment and
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 26140
diff changeset
192 invoked during startup, you normally do not need to invoke it yourself.
949ca235ee9e Describe the relationship between set-locale-environment and
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 26140
diff changeset
193 However, if you modify the @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE}, or @env{LANG}
949ca235ee9e Describe the relationship between set-locale-environment and
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 26140
diff changeset
194 environment variables, you may want to invoke the
949ca235ee9e Describe the relationship between set-locale-environment and
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 26140
diff changeset
195 @code{set-locale-environment} function afterwards.
949ca235ee9e Describe the relationship between set-locale-environment and
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 26140
diff changeset
196
26140
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
197 @findex set-locale-environment
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
198 @vindex locale-preferred-coding-systems
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
199 The @code{set-locale-environment} function normally uses the preferred
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
200 coding system established by the language environment to decode system
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
201 messages. But if your locale matches an entry in the variable
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
202 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, Emacs uses the corresponding
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
203 coding system instead. For example, if the locale @samp{ja_JP.PCK}
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
204 matches @code{japanese-shift-jis} in
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
205 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, Emacs uses that encoding even
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
206 though it might normally use @code{japanese-iso-8bit}.
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
207
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
208 The environment chosen from the locale when Emacs starts is
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
209 overidden by any explicit use of the command
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
210 @code{set-language-environment} or customization of
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
211 @code{current-language-environment} in your init file.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
212
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
213 @kindex C-h L
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
214 @findex describe-language-environment
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
215 To display information about the effects of a certain language
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
216 environment @var{lang-env}, use the command @kbd{C-h L @var{lang-env}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
217 @key{RET}} (@code{describe-language-environment}). This tells you which
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
218 languages this language environment is useful for, and lists the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
219 character sets, coding systems, and input methods that go with it. It
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
220 also shows some sample text to illustrate scripts used in this language
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
221 environment. By default, this command describes the chosen language
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
222 environment.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
223
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
224 @vindex set-language-environment-hook
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
225 You can customize any language environment with the normal hook
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
226 @code{set-language-environment-hook}. The command
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
227 @code{set-language-environment} runs that hook after setting up the new
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
228 language environment. The hook functions can test for a specific
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
229 language environment by checking the variable
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
230 @code{current-language-environment}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
231
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
232 @vindex exit-language-environment-hook
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
233 Before it starts to set up the new language environment,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
234 @code{set-language-environment} first runs the hook
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
235 @code{exit-language-environment-hook}. This hook is useful for undoing
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
236 customizations that were made with @code{set-language-environment-hook}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
237 For instance, if you set up a special key binding in a specific language
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
238 environment using @code{set-language-environment-hook}, you should set
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
239 up @code{exit-language-environment-hook} to restore the normal binding
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
240 for that key.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
241
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
242 @node Input Methods
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
243 @section Input Methods
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
244
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
245 @cindex input methods
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
246 An @dfn{input method} is a kind of character conversion designed
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
247 specifically for interactive input. In Emacs, typically each language
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
248 has its own input method; sometimes several languages which use the same
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
249 characters can share one input method. A few languages support several
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
250 input methods.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
251
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
252 The simplest kind of input method works by mapping ASCII letters into
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
253 another alphabet. This is how the Greek and Russian input methods work.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
254
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
255 A more powerful technique is composition: converting sequences of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
256 characters into one letter. Many European input methods use composition
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
257 to produce a single non-ASCII letter from a sequence that consists of a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
258 letter followed by accent characters (or vice versa). For example, some
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
259 methods convert the sequence @kbd{a'} into a single accented letter.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
260 These input methods have no special commands of their own; all they do
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
261 is compose sequences of printing characters.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
262
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
263 The input methods for syllabic scripts typically use mapping followed
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
264 by composition. The input methods for Thai and Korean work this way.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
265 First, letters are mapped into symbols for particular sounds or tone
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
266 marks; then, sequences of these which make up a whole syllable are
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
267 mapped into one syllable sign.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
268
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
269 Chinese and Japanese require more complex methods. In Chinese input
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
270 methods, first you enter the phonetic spelling of a Chinese word (in
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
271 input method @code{chinese-py}, among others), or a sequence of portions
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
272 of the character (input methods @code{chinese-4corner} and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
273 @code{chinese-sw}, and others). Since one phonetic spelling typically
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
274 corresponds to many different Chinese characters, you must select one of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
275 the alternatives using special Emacs commands. Keys such as @kbd{C-f},
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
276 @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-n}, @kbd{C-p}, and digits have special definitions in
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
277 this situation, used for selecting among the alternatives. @key{TAB}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
278 displays a buffer showing all the possibilities.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
279
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
280 In Japanese input methods, first you input a whole word using
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
281 phonetic spelling; then, after the word is in the buffer, Emacs converts
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
282 it into one or more characters using a large dictionary. One phonetic
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
283 spelling corresponds to many differently written Japanese words, so you
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
284 must select one of them; use @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} to cycle through
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
285 the alternatives.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
286
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
287 Sometimes it is useful to cut off input method processing so that the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
288 characters you have just entered will not combine with subsequent
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
289 characters. For example, in input method @code{latin-1-postfix}, the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
290 sequence @kbd{e '} combines to form an @samp{e} with an accent. What if
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
291 you want to enter them as separate characters?
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
292
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
293 One way is to type the accent twice; that is a special feature for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
294 entering the separate letter and accent. For example, @kbd{e ' '} gives
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
295 you the two characters @samp{e'}. Another way is to type another letter
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
296 after the @kbd{e}---something that won't combine with that---and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
297 immediately delete it. For example, you could type @kbd{e e @key{DEL}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
298 '} to get separate @samp{e} and @samp{'}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
299
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
300 Another method, more general but not quite as easy to type, is to use
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
301 @kbd{C-\ C-\} between two characters to stop them from combining. This
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
302 is the command @kbd{C-\} (@code{toggle-input-method}) used twice.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
303 @ifinfo
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
304 @xref{Select Input Method}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
305 @end ifinfo
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
306
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
307 @kbd{C-\ C-\} is especially useful inside an incremental search,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
308 because it stops waiting for more characters to combine, and starts
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
309 searching for what you have already entered.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
310
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
311 @vindex input-method-verbose-flag
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
312 @vindex input-method-highlight-flag
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
313 The variables @code{input-method-highlight-flag} and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
314 @code{input-method-verbose-flag} control how input methods explain what
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
315 is happening. If @code{input-method-highlight-flag} is non-@code{nil},
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
316 the partial sequence is highlighted in the buffer. If
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
317 @code{input-method-verbose-flag} is non-@code{nil}, the list of possible
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
318 characters to type next is displayed in the echo area (but not when you
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
319 are in the minibuffer).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
320
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
321 @node Select Input Method
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
322 @section Selecting an Input Method
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
323
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
324 @table @kbd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
325 @item C-\
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
326 Enable or disable use of the selected input method.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
327
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
328 @item C-x @key{RET} C-\ @var{method} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
329 Select a new input method for the current buffer.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
330
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
331 @item C-h I @var{method} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
332 @itemx C-h C-\ @var{method} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
333 @findex describe-input-method
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
334 @kindex C-h I
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
335 @kindex C-h C-\
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
336 Describe the input method @var{method} (@code{describe-input-method}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
337 By default, it describes the current input method (if any).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
338 This description should give you the full details of how to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
339 use any particular input method.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
340
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
341 @item M-x list-input-methods
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
342 Display a list of all the supported input methods.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
343 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
344
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
345 @findex set-input-method
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
346 @vindex current-input-method
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
347 @kindex C-x RET C-\
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
348 To choose an input method for the current buffer, use @kbd{C-x
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
349 @key{RET} C-\} (@code{set-input-method}). This command reads the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
350 input method name with the minibuffer; the name normally starts with the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
351 language environment that it is meant to be used with. The variable
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
352 @code{current-input-method} records which input method is selected.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
353
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
354 @findex toggle-input-method
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
355 @kindex C-\
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
356 Input methods use various sequences of ASCII characters to stand for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
357 non-ASCII characters. Sometimes it is useful to turn off the input
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
358 method temporarily. To do this, type @kbd{C-\}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
359 (@code{toggle-input-method}). To reenable the input method, type
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
360 @kbd{C-\} again.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
361
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
362 If you type @kbd{C-\} and you have not yet selected an input method,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
363 it prompts for you to specify one. This has the same effect as using
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
364 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} C-\} to specify an input method.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
365
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
366 @vindex default-input-method
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
367 Selecting a language environment specifies a default input method for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
368 use in various buffers. When you have a default input method, you can
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
369 select it in the current buffer by typing @kbd{C-\}. The variable
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
370 @code{default-input-method} specifies the default input method
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
371 (@code{nil} means there is none).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
372
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
373 @findex quail-set-keyboard-layout
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
374 Some input methods for alphabetic scripts work by (in effect)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
375 remapping the keyboard to emulate various keyboard layouts commonly used
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
376 for those scripts. How to do this remapping properly depends on your
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
377 actual keyboard layout. To specify which layout your keyboard has, use
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
378 the command @kbd{M-x quail-set-keyboard-layout}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
379
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
380 @findex list-input-methods
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
381 To display a list of all the supported input methods, type @kbd{M-x
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
382 list-input-methods}. The list gives information about each input
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
383 method, including the string that stands for it in the mode line.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
384
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
385 @node Multibyte Conversion
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
386 @section Unibyte and Multibyte Non-ASCII characters
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
387
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
388 When multibyte characters are enabled, character codes 0240 (octal)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
389 through 0377 (octal) are not really legitimate in the buffer. The valid
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
390 non-ASCII printing characters have codes that start from 0400.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
391
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
392 If you type a self-inserting character in the invalid range 0240
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
393 through 0377, Emacs assumes you intended to use one of the ISO
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
394 Latin-@var{n} character sets, and converts it to the Emacs code
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
395 representing that Latin-@var{n} character. You select @emph{which} ISO
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
396 Latin character set to use through your choice of language environment
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
397 @iftex
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
398 (see above).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
399 @end iftex
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
400 @ifinfo
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
401 (@pxref{Language Environments}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
402 @end ifinfo
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
403 If you do not specify a choice, the default is Latin-1.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
404
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
405 The same thing happens when you use @kbd{C-q} to enter an octal code
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
406 in this range.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
407
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
408 @node Coding Systems
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
409 @section Coding Systems
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
410 @cindex coding systems
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
411
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
412 Users of various languages have established many more-or-less standard
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
413 coding systems for representing them. Emacs does not use these coding
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
414 systems internally; instead, it converts from various coding systems to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
415 its own system when reading data, and converts the internal coding
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
416 system to other coding systems when writing data. Conversion is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
417 possible in reading or writing files, in sending or receiving from the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
418 terminal, and in exchanging data with subprocesses.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
419
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
420 Emacs assigns a name to each coding system. Most coding systems are
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
421 used for one language, and the name of the coding system starts with the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
422 language name. Some coding systems are used for several languages;
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
423 their names usually start with @samp{iso}. There are also special
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
424 coding systems @code{no-conversion}, @code{raw-text} and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
425 @code{emacs-mule} which do not convert printing characters at all.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
426
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
427 @cindex end-of-line conversion
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
428 In addition to converting various representations of non-ASCII
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
429 characters, a coding system can perform end-of-line conversion. Emacs
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
430 handles three different conventions for how to separate lines in a file:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
431 newline, carriage-return linefeed, and just carriage-return.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
432
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
433 @table @kbd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
434 @item C-h C @var{coding} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
435 Describe coding system @var{coding}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
436
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
437 @item C-h C @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
438 Describe the coding systems currently in use.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
439
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
440 @item M-x list-coding-systems
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
441 Display a list of all the supported coding systems.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
442 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
443
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
444 @kindex C-h C
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
445 @findex describe-coding-system
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
446 The command @kbd{C-h C} (@code{describe-coding-system}) displays
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
447 information about particular coding systems. You can specify a coding
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
448 system name as argument; alternatively, with an empty argument, it
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
449 describes the coding systems currently selected for various purposes,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
450 both in the current buffer and as the defaults, and the priority list
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
451 for recognizing coding systems (@pxref{Recognize Coding}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
452
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
453 @findex list-coding-systems
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
454 To display a list of all the supported coding systems, type @kbd{M-x
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
455 list-coding-systems}. The list gives information about each coding
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
456 system, including the letter that stands for it in the mode line
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
457 (@pxref{Mode Line}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
458
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
459 @cindex end-of-line conversion
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
460 @cindex MS-DOS end-of-line conversion
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
461 @cindex Macintosh end-of-line conversion
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
462 Each of the coding systems that appear in this list---except for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
463 @code{no-conversion}, which means no conversion of any kind---specifies
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
464 how and whether to convert printing characters, but leaves the choice of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
465 end-of-line conversion to be decided based on the contents of each file.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
466 For example, if the file appears to use the sequence carriage-return
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
467 linefeed to separate lines, DOS end-of-line conversion will be used.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
468
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
469 Each of the listed coding systems has three variants which specify
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
470 exactly what to do for end-of-line conversion:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
471
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
472 @table @code
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
473 @item @dots{}-unix
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
474 Don't do any end-of-line conversion; assume the file uses
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
475 newline to separate lines. (This is the convention normally used
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
476 on Unix and GNU systems.)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
477
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
478 @item @dots{}-dos
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
479 Assume the file uses carriage-return linefeed to separate lines, and do
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
480 the appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
481 Microsoft systems.@footnote{It is also specified for MIME `text/*'
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
482 bodies and in other network transport contexts. It is different
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
483 from the SGML reference syntax record-start/record-end format which
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
484 Emacs doesn't support directly.})
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
485
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
486 @item @dots{}-mac
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
487 Assume the file uses carriage-return to separate lines, and do the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
488 appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
489 Macintosh system.)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
490 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
491
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
492 These variant coding systems are omitted from the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
493 @code{list-coding-systems} display for brevity, since they are entirely
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
494 predictable. For example, the coding system @code{iso-latin-1} has
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
495 variants @code{iso-latin-1-unix}, @code{iso-latin-1-dos} and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
496 @code{iso-latin-1-mac}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
497
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
498 The coding system @code{raw-text} is good for a file which is mainly
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
499 ASCII text, but may contain byte values above 127 which are not meant to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
500 encode non-ASCII characters. With @code{raw-text}, Emacs copies those
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
501 byte values unchanged, and sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
502 @code{nil} in the current buffer so that they will be interpreted
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
503 properly. @code{raw-text} handles end-of-line conversion in the usual
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
504 way, based on the data encountered, and has the usual three variants to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
505 specify the kind of end-of-line conversion to use.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
506
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
507 In contrast, the coding system @code{no-conversion} specifies no
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
508 character code conversion at all---none for non-ASCII byte values and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
509 none for end of line. This is useful for reading or writing binary
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
510 files, tar files, and other files that must be examined verbatim. It,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
511 too, sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{nil}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
512
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
513 The easiest way to edit a file with no conversion of any kind is with
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
514 the @kbd{M-x find-file-literally} command. This uses
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
515 @code{no-conversion}, and also suppresses other Emacs features that
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
516 might convert the file contents before you see them. @xref{Visiting}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
517
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
518 The coding system @code{emacs-mule} means that the file contains
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
519 non-ASCII characters stored with the internal Emacs encoding. It
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
520 handles end-of-line conversion based on the data encountered, and has
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
521 the usual three variants to specify the kind of end-of-line conversion.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
522
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
523 @node Recognize Coding
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
524 @section Recognizing Coding Systems
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
525
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
526 Most of the time, Emacs can recognize which coding system to use for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
527 any given file---once you have specified your preferences.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
528
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
529 Some coding systems can be recognized or distinguished by which byte
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
530 sequences appear in the data. However, there are coding systems that
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
531 cannot be distinguished, not even potentially. For example, there is no
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
532 way to distinguish between Latin-1 and Latin-2; they use the same byte
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
533 values with different meanings.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
534
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
535 Emacs handles this situation by means of a priority list of coding
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
536 systems. Whenever Emacs reads a file, if you do not specify the coding
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
537 system to use, Emacs checks the data against each coding system,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
538 starting with the first in priority and working down the list, until it
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
539 finds a coding system that fits the data. Then it converts the file
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
540 contents assuming that they are represented in this coding system.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
541
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
542 The priority list of coding systems depends on the selected language
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
543 environment (@pxref{Language Environments}). For example, if you use
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
544 French, you probably want Emacs to prefer Latin-1 to Latin-2; if you use
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
545 Czech, you probably want Latin-2 to be preferred. This is one of the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
546 reasons to specify a language environment.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
547
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
548 @findex prefer-coding-system
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
549 However, you can alter the priority list in detail with the command
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
550 @kbd{M-x prefer-coding-system}. This command reads the name of a coding
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
551 system from the minibuffer, and adds it to the front of the priority
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
552 list, so that it is preferred to all others. If you use this command
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
553 several times, each use adds one element to the front of the priority
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
554 list.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
555
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
556 If you use a coding system that specifies the end-of-line conversion
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
557 type, such as @code{iso-8859-1-dos}, what that means is that Emacs
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
558 should attempt to recognize @code{iso-8859-1} with priority, and should
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
559 use DOS end-of-line conversion in case it recognizes @code{iso-8859-1}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
560
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
561 @vindex file-coding-system-alist
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
562 Sometimes a file name indicates which coding system to use for the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
563 file. The variable @code{file-coding-system-alist} specifies this
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
564 correspondence. There is a special function
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
565 @code{modify-coding-system-alist} for adding elements to this list. For
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
566 example, to read and write all @samp{.txt} files using the coding system
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
567 @code{china-iso-8bit}, you can execute this Lisp expression:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
568
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
569 @smallexample
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
570 (modify-coding-system-alist 'file "\\.txt\\'" 'china-iso-8bit)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
571 @end smallexample
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
572
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
573 @noindent
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
574 The first argument should be @code{file}, the second argument should be
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
575 a regular expression that determines which files this applies to, and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
576 the third argument says which coding system to use for these files.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
577
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
578 @vindex inhibit-eol-conversion
30375
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
579 @cindex DOS-style end-of-line display
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
580 Emacs recognizes which kind of end-of-line conversion to use based on
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
581 the contents of the file: if it sees only carriage-returns, or only
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
582 carriage-return linefeed sequences, then it chooses the end-of-line
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
583 conversion accordingly. You can inhibit the automatic use of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
584 end-of-line conversion by setting the variable @code{inhibit-eol-conversion}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
585 to non-@code{nil}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
586
30375
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
587 @vindex inhibit-iso-escape-detection
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
588 @cindex escape sequences in files
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
589 By default, the automatic detection of coding system is sensitive to
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
590 escape sequences. If Emacs sees a sequence of characters that begin
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
591 with an @key{ESC} character, and the sequence is valid as an ISO-2022
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
592 code, the code is determined as one of ISO-2022 encoding, and the file
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
593 is decoded by the corresponding coding system
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
594 (e.g. @code{iso-2022-7bit}).
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
595
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
596 However, there may be cases that you want to read escape sequences in
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
597 a file as is. In such a case, you can set th variable
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
598 @code{inhibit-iso-escape-detection} to non-@code{nil}. Then the code
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
599 detection will ignore any escape sequences, and so no file is detected
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
600 as being encoded in some of ISO-2022 encoding. The result is that all
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
601 escape sequences become visible in a buffer.
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
602
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
603 The default value of @code{inhibit-iso-escape-detection} is
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
604 @code{nil}, and it is strongly recommended not to change it. That's
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
605 because many Emacs Lisp source files that contain non-ASCII characters
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
606 are encoded in the coding system @code{iso-2022-7bit} in the Emacs
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
607 distribution, and they won't be decoded correctly when you visit those
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
608 files if you suppress the escape sequence detection.
5c4951d58989 (Recognize Coding): Document the variable inhibit-iso-escape-detection.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 29826
diff changeset
609
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
610 @vindex coding
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
611 You can specify the coding system for a particular file using the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
612 @samp{-*-@dots{}-*-} construct at the beginning of a file, or a local
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
613 variables list at the end (@pxref{File Variables}). You do this by
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
614 defining a value for the ``variable'' named @code{coding}. Emacs does
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
615 not really have a variable @code{coding}; instead of setting a variable,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
616 it uses the specified coding system for the file. For example,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
617 @samp{-*-mode: C; coding: latin-1;-*-} specifies use of the Latin-1
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
618 coding system, as well as C mode. If you specify the coding explicitly
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
619 in the file, that overrides @code{file-coding-system-alist}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
620
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
621 @vindex auto-coding-alist
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
622 The variable @code{auto-coding-alist} is the strongest way to specify
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
623 the coding system for certain patterns of file names; this variable even
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
624 overrides @samp{-*-coding:-*-} tags in the file itself. Emacs uses this
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
625 feature for tar and archive files, to prevent Emacs from being confused
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
626 by a @samp{-*-coding:-*-} tag in a member of the archive and thinking it
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
627 applies to the archive file as a whole.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
628
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
629 @vindex buffer-file-coding-system
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
630 Once Emacs has chosen a coding system for a buffer, it stores that
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
631 coding system in @code{buffer-file-coding-system} and uses that coding
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
632 system, by default, for operations that write from this buffer into a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
633 file. This includes the commands @code{save-buffer} and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
634 @code{write-region}. If you want to write files from this buffer using
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
635 a different coding system, you can specify a different coding system for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
636 the buffer using @code{set-buffer-file-coding-system} (@pxref{Specify
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
637 Coding}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
638
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
639 @vindex sendmail-coding-system
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
640 When you send a message with Mail mode (@pxref{Sending Mail}), Emacs has
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
641 four different ways to determine the coding system to use for encoding
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
642 the message text. It tries the buffer's own value of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
643 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, if that is non-@code{nil}. Otherwise,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
644 it uses the value of @code{sendmail-coding-system}, if that is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
645 non-@code{nil}. The third way is to use the default coding system for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
646 new files, which is controlled by your choice of language environment,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
647 if that is non-@code{nil}. If all of these three values are @code{nil},
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
648 Emacs encodes outgoing mail using the Latin-1 coding system.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
649
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
650 @vindex rmail-decode-mime-charset
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
651 When you get new mail in Rmail, each message is translated
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
652 automatically from the coding system it is written in---as if it were a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
653 separate file. This uses the priority list of coding systems that you
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
654 have specified. If a MIME message specifies a character set, Rmail
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
655 obeys that specification, unless @code{rmail-decode-mime-charset} is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
656 @code{nil}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
657
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
658 @vindex rmail-file-coding-system
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
659 For reading and saving Rmail files themselves, Emacs uses the coding
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
660 system specified by the variable @code{rmail-file-coding-system}. The
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
661 default value is @code{nil}, which means that Rmail files are not
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
662 translated (they are read and written in the Emacs internal character
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
663 code).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
664
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
665 @node Specify Coding
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
666 @section Specifying a Coding System
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
667
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
668 In cases where Emacs does not automatically choose the right coding
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
669 system, you can use these commands to specify one:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
670
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
671 @table @kbd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
672 @item C-x @key{RET} f @var{coding} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
673 Use coding system @var{coding} for the visited file
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
674 in the current buffer.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
675
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
676 @item C-x @key{RET} c @var{coding} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
677 Specify coding system @var{coding} for the immediately following
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
678 command.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
679
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
680 @item C-x @key{RET} k @var{coding} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
681 Use coding system @var{coding} for keyboard input.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
682
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
683 @item C-x @key{RET} t @var{coding} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
684 Use coding system @var{coding} for terminal output.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
685
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
686 @item C-x @key{RET} p @var{input-coding} @key{RET} @var{output-coding} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
687 Use coding systems @var{input-coding} and @var{output-coding} for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
688 subprocess input and output in the current buffer.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
689
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
690 @item C-x @key{RET} x @var{coding} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
691 Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring selections to and from
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
692 other programs through the window system.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
693
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
694 @item C-x @key{RET} X @var{coding} @key{RET}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
695 Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring @emph{one}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
696 selection---the next one---to or from the window system.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
697 @end table
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
698
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
699 @kindex C-x RET f
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
700 @findex set-buffer-file-coding-system
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
701 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f} (@code{set-buffer-file-coding-system})
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
702 specifies the file coding system for the current buffer---in other
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703 words, which coding system to use when saving or rereading the visited
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
704 file. You specify which coding system using the minibuffer. Since this
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
705 command applies to a file you have already visited, it affects only the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
706 way the file is saved.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
707
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
708 @kindex C-x RET c
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
709 @findex universal-coding-system-argument
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
710 Another way to specify the coding system for a file is when you visit
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
711 the file. First use the command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
712 (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}); this command uses the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
713 minibuffer to read a coding system name. After you exit the minibuffer,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
714 the specified coding system is used for @emph{the immediately following
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
715 command}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
716
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
717 So if the immediately following command is @kbd{C-x C-f}, for example,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
718 it reads the file using that coding system (and records the coding
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
719 system for when the file is saved). Or if the immediately following
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
720 command is @kbd{C-x C-w}, it writes the file using that coding system.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
721 Other file commands affected by a specified coding system include
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722 @kbd{C-x C-i} and @kbd{C-x C-v}, as well as the other-window variants of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723 @kbd{C-x C-f}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
724
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
725 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} also affects commands that start subprocesses,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
726 including @kbd{M-x shell} (@pxref{Shell}).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
728 However, if the immediately following command does not use the coding
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729 system, then @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} ultimately has no effect.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731 An easy way to visit a file with no conversion is with the @kbd{M-x
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
732 find-file-literally} command. @xref{Visiting}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734 @vindex default-buffer-file-coding-system
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735 The variable @code{default-buffer-file-coding-system} specifies the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736 choice of coding system to use when you create a new file. It applies
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 when you find a new file, and when you create a buffer and then save it
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738 in a file. Selecting a language environment typically sets this
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 variable to a good choice of default coding system for that language
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740 environment.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742 @kindex C-x RET t
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743 @findex set-terminal-coding-system
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} t} (@code{set-terminal-coding-system})
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745 specifies the coding system for terminal output. If you specify a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746 character code for terminal output, all characters output to the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747 terminal are translated into that coding system.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749 This feature is useful for certain character-only terminals built to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
750 support specific languages or character sets---for example, European
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751 terminals that support one of the ISO Latin character sets. You need to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752 specify the terminal coding system when using multibyte text, so that
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 Emacs knows which characters the terminal can actually handle.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755 By default, output to the terminal is not translated at all, unless
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756 Emacs can deduce the proper coding system from your terminal type.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758 @kindex C-x RET k
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
759 @findex set-keyboard-coding-system
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} k} (@code{set-keyboard-coding-system})
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761 specifies the coding system for keyboard input. Character-code
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
762 translation of keyboard input is useful for terminals with keys that
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
763 send non-ASCII graphic characters---for example, some terminals designed
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
764 for ISO Latin-1 or subsets of it.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
765
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766 By default, keyboard input is not translated at all.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
768 There is a similarity between using a coding system translation for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
769 keyboard input, and using an input method: both define sequences of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
770 keyboard input that translate into single characters. However, input
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
771 methods are designed to be convenient for interactive use by humans, and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772 the sequences that are translated are typically sequences of ASCII
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
773 printing characters. Coding systems typically translate sequences of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774 non-graphic characters.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776 @kindex C-x RET x
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
777 @kindex C-x RET X
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
778 @findex set-selection-coding-system
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779 @findex set-next-selection-coding-system
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
780 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} x} (@code{set-selection-coding-system})
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781 specifies the coding system for sending selected text to the window
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
782 system, and for receiving the text of selections made in other
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
783 applications. This command applies to all subsequent selections, until
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784 you override it by using the command again. The command @kbd{C-x
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785 @key{RET} X} (@code{set-next-selection-coding-system}) specifies the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786 coding system for the next selection made in Emacs or read by Emacs.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788 @kindex C-x RET p
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789 @findex set-buffer-process-coding-system
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} p} (@code{set-buffer-process-coding-system})
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791 specifies the coding system for input and output to a subprocess. This
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 command applies to the current buffer; normally, each subprocess has its
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793 own buffer, and thus you can use this command to specify translation to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794 and from a particular subprocess by giving the command in the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795 corresponding buffer.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
796
29826
05c0499d035a (set-buffer-process-coding-system): Documentation fixed.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 29107
diff changeset
797 The default for translation of process input and output depends on the
05c0499d035a (set-buffer-process-coding-system): Documentation fixed.
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents: 29107
diff changeset
798 current language environment.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
799
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800 @vindex file-name-coding-system
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801 The variable @code{file-name-coding-system} specifies a coding system
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
802 to use for encoding file names. If you set the variable to a coding
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
803 system name (as a Lisp symbol or a string), Emacs encodes file names
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
804 using that coding system for all file operations. This makes it
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
805 possible to use non-ASCII characters in file names---or, at least, those
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
806 non-ASCII characters which the specified coding system can encode.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808 If @code{file-name-coding-system} is @code{nil}, Emacs uses a default
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
809 coding system determined by the selected language environment. In the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810 default language environment, any non-ASCII characters in file names are
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811 not encoded specially; they appear in the file system using the internal
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
812 Emacs representation.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
813
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
814 @strong{Warning:} if you change @code{file-name-coding-system} (or the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
815 language environment) in the middle of an Emacs session, problems can
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816 result if you have already visited files whose names were encoded using
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
817 the earlier coding system and cannot be encoded (or are encoded
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818 differently) under the new coding system. If you try to save one of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
819 these buffers under the visited file name, saving may use the wrong file
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
820 name, or it may get an error. If such a problem happens, use @kbd{C-x
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
821 C-w} to specify a new file name for that buffer.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
822
26140
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
823 @vindex locale-coding-system
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
824 The variable @code{locale-coding-system} specifies a coding system to
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
825 use when encoding and decoding system strings such as system error
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
826 messages and @code{format-time-string} formats and time stamps. This
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
827 coding system should be compatible with the underlying system's coding
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
828 system, which is normally specified by the first environment variable in
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
829 the list @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE}, @env{LANG} whose value is
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
830 nonempty.
068f7ad41d40 Describe new functions and variables for locales.
Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com>
parents: 25829
diff changeset
831
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
832 @node Fontsets
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
833 @section Fontsets
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
834 @cindex fontsets
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
836 A font for X Windows typically defines shapes for one alphabet or
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
837 script. Therefore, displaying the entire range of scripts that Emacs
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
838 supports requires a collection of many fonts. In Emacs, such a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
839 collection is called a @dfn{fontset}. A fontset is defined by a list of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
840 fonts, each assigned to handle a range of character codes.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
841
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
842 Each fontset has a name, like a font. The available X fonts are
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843 defined by the X server; fontsets, however, are defined within Emacs
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 itself. Once you have defined a fontset, you can use it within Emacs by
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
845 specifying its name, anywhere that you could use a single font. Of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
846 course, Emacs fontsets can use only the fonts that the X server
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847 supports; if certain characters appear on the screen as hollow boxes,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848 this means that the fontset in use for them has no font for those
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
849 characters.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851 Emacs creates two fontsets automatically: the @dfn{standard fontset}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852 and the @dfn{startup fontset}. The standard fontset is most likely to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853 have fonts for a wide variety of non-ASCII characters; however, this is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854 not the default for Emacs to use. (By default, Emacs tries to find a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855 font which has bold and italic variants.) You can specify use of the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856 standard fontset with the @samp{-fn} option, or with the @samp{Font} X
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857 resource (@pxref{Font X}). For example,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859 @example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860 emacs -fn fontset-standard
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
861 @end example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
862
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
863 A fontset does not necessarily specify a font for every character
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864 code. If a fontset specifies no font for a certain character, or if it
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
865 specifies a font that does not exist on your system, then it cannot
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866 display that character properly. It will display that character as an
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867 empty box instead.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
868
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
869 @vindex highlight-wrong-size-font
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
870 The fontset height and width are determined by the ASCII characters
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
871 (that is, by the font used for ASCII characters in that fontset). If
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872 another font in the fontset has a different height, or a different
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
873 width, then characters assigned to that font are clipped to the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
874 fontset's size. If @code{highlight-wrong-size-font} is non-@code{nil},
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875 a box is displayed around these wrong-size characters as well.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877 @node Defining Fontsets
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878 @section Defining fontsets
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
879
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880 @vindex standard-fontset-spec
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
881 @cindex standard fontset
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
882 Emacs creates a standard fontset automatically according to the value
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
883 of @code{standard-fontset-spec}. This fontset's name is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
884
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885 @example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
886 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-standard
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
887 @end example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889 @noindent
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890 or just @samp{fontset-standard} for short.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
892 Bold, italic, and bold-italic variants of the standard fontset are
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
893 created automatically. Their names have @samp{bold} instead of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
894 @samp{medium}, or @samp{i} instead of @samp{r}, or both.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
895
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896 @cindex startup fontset
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897 If you specify a default ASCII font with the @samp{Font} resource or
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
898 the @samp{-fn} argument, Emacs generates a fontset from it
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
899 automatically. This is the @dfn{startup fontset} and its name is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
900 @code{fontset-startup}. It does this by replacing the @var{foundry},
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
901 @var{family}, @var{add_style}, and @var{average_width} fields of the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
902 font name with @samp{*}, replacing @var{charset_registry} field with
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
903 @samp{fontset}, and replacing @var{charset_encoding} field with
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
904 @samp{startup}, then using the resulting string to specify a fontset.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
905
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
906 For instance, if you start Emacs this way,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
907
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
908 @example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
909 emacs -fn "*courier-medium-r-normal--14-140-*-iso8859-1"
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
910 @end example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
911
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
912 @noindent
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
913 Emacs generates the following fontset and uses it for the initial X
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
914 window frame:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
915
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
916 @example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
917 -*-*-medium-r-normal-*-14-140-*-*-*-*-fontset-startup
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
918 @end example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
919
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
920 With the X resource @samp{Emacs.Font}, you can specify a fontset name
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
921 just like an actual font name. But be careful not to specify a fontset
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
922 name in a wildcard resource like @samp{Emacs*Font}---that wildcard
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923 specification applies to various other purposes, such as menus, and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
924 menus cannot handle fontsets.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
925
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
926 You can specify additional fontsets using X resources named
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
927 @samp{Fontset-@var{n}}, where @var{n} is an integer starting from 0.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928 The resource value should have this form:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
929
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
930 @smallexample
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
931 @var{fontpattern}, @r{[}@var{charsetname}:@var{fontname}@r{]@dots{}}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
932 @end smallexample
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
933
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934 @noindent
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935 @var{fontpattern} should have the form of a standard X font name, except
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936 for the last two fields. They should have the form
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
937 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
938
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
939 The fontset has two names, one long and one short. The long name is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
940 @var{fontpattern}. The short name is @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. You
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
941 can refer to the fontset by either name.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
942
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
943 The construct @samp{@var{charset}:@var{font}} specifies which font to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
944 use (in this fontset) for one particular character set. Here,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
945 @var{charset} is the name of a character set, and @var{font} is the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946 font to use for that character set. You can use this construct any
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
947 number of times in defining one fontset.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
948
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
949 For the other character sets, Emacs chooses a font based on
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
950 @var{fontpattern}. It replaces @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} with values
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
951 that describe the character set. For the ASCII character font,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
952 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} is replaced with @samp{ISO8859-1}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
953
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
954 In addition, when several consecutive fields are wildcards, Emacs
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
955 collapses them into a single wildcard. This is to prevent use of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
956 auto-scaled fonts. Fonts made by scaling larger fonts are not usable
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
957 for editing, and scaling a smaller font is not useful because it is
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
958 better to use the smaller font in its own size, which Emacs does.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
959
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
960 Thus if @var{fontpattern} is this,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
961
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
962 @example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
963 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
964 @end example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
965
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
966 @noindent
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
967 the font specification for ASCII characters would be this:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
968
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
969 @example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
970 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-ISO8859-1
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
971 @end example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
972
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
973 @noindent
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
974 and the font specification for Chinese GB2312 characters would be this:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
975
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
976 @example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
977 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-*
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
978 @end example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
979
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
980 You may not have any Chinese font matching the above font
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
981 specification. Most X distributions include only Chinese fonts that
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
982 have @samp{song ti} or @samp{fangsong ti} in @var{family} field. In
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
983 such a case, @samp{Fontset-@var{n}} can be specified as below:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
984
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
985 @smallexample
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
986 Emacs.Fontset-0: -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24,\
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
987 chinese-gb2312:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-*
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
988 @end smallexample
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
989
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
990 @noindent
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
991 Then, the font specifications for all but Chinese GB2312 characters have
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
992 @samp{fixed} in the @var{family} field, and the font specification for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
993 Chinese GB2312 characters has a wild card @samp{*} in the @var{family}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
994 field.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
995
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
996 @findex create-fontset-from-fontset-spec
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
997 The function that processes the fontset resource value to create the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
998 fontset is called @code{create-fontset-from-fontset-spec}. You can also
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
999 call this function explicitly to create a fontset.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1000
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1001 @xref{Font X}, for more information about font naming in X.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1002
27211
0699f691fac1 Don't conflate single-byte with European.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27156
diff changeset
1003 @node Single-Byte Character Support
0699f691fac1 Don't conflate single-byte with European.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27156
diff changeset
1004 @section Single-byte Character Set Support
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1005
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1006 @cindex European character sets
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1007 @cindex accented characters
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1008 @cindex ISO Latin character sets
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1009 @cindex Unibyte operation
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1010 @vindex enable-multibyte-characters
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1011 The ISO 8859 Latin-@var{n} character sets define character codes in
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1012 the range 160 to 255 to handle the accented letters and punctuation
27211
0699f691fac1 Don't conflate single-byte with European.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27156
diff changeset
1013 needed by various European languages (and some non-European ones).
0699f691fac1 Don't conflate single-byte with European.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27156
diff changeset
1014 If you disable multibyte
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1015 characters, Emacs can still handle @emph{one} of these character codes
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1016 at a time. To specify @emph{which} of these codes to use, invoke
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1017 @kbd{M-x set-language-environment} and specify a suitable language
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1018 environment such as @samp{Latin-@var{n}}.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1019
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1020 For more information about unibyte operation, see @ref{Enabling
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1021 Multibyte}. Note particularly that you probably want to ensure that
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1022 your initialization files are read as unibyte if they contain non-ASCII
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1023 characters.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1024
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1025 @vindex unibyte-display-via-language-environment
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1026 Emacs can also display those characters, provided the terminal or font
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1027 in use supports them. This works automatically. Alternatively, if you
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1028 are using a window system, Emacs can also display single-byte characters
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1029 through fontsets, in effect by displaying the equivalent multibyte
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1030 characters according to the current language environment. To request
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1031 this, set the variable @code{unibyte-display-via-language-environment}
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1032 to a non-@code{nil} value.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1033
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1034 @cindex @code{iso-ascii} library
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1035 If your terminal does not support display of the Latin-1 character
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1036 set, Emacs can display these characters as ASCII sequences which at
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1037 least give you a clear idea of what the characters are. To do this,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1038 load the library @code{iso-ascii}. Similar libraries for other
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1039 Latin-@var{n} character sets could be implemented, but we don't have
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1040 them yet.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1041
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1042 @findex standard-display-8bit
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1043 @cindex 8-bit display
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1044 Normally non-ISO-8859 characters (between characters 128 and 159
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1045 inclusive) are displayed as octal escapes. You can change this for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1046 non-standard `extended' versions of ISO-8859 character sets by using the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1047 function @code{standard-display-8bit} in the @code{disp-table} library.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1048
28552
ccadb68eaefd iso-acc
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27211
diff changeset
1049 There are several ways you can input single-byte non-ASCII
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1050 characters:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1051
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1052 @itemize @bullet
27211
0699f691fac1 Don't conflate single-byte with European.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27156
diff changeset
1053 @cindex 8-bit input
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1054 @item
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1055 If your keyboard can generate character codes 128 and up, representing
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1056 non-ASCII characters, execute the following expression to enable Emacs to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1057 understand them:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1058
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1059 @example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1060 (set-input-mode (car (current-input-mode))
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1061 (nth 1 (current-input-mode))
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1062 0)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1063 @end example
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1064
27211
0699f691fac1 Don't conflate single-byte with European.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27156
diff changeset
1065 It is not necessary to do this under a window system which can
0699f691fac1 Don't conflate single-byte with European.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27156
diff changeset
1066 distinguish 8-bit characters and Meta keys. If you do this on a normal
0699f691fac1 Don't conflate single-byte with European.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27156
diff changeset
1067 terminal, you will probably need to use @kbd{ESC} to type Meta
0699f691fac1 Don't conflate single-byte with European.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27156
diff changeset
1068 characters.@footnote{In some cases, such as the Linux console and
0699f691fac1 Don't conflate single-byte with European.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27156
diff changeset
1069 @code{xterm}, you can arrange for Meta to be converted to @kbd{ESC} and
0699f691fac1 Don't conflate single-byte with European.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27156
diff changeset
1070 still be able type 8-bit characters present directly on the keyboard or
0699f691fac1 Don't conflate single-byte with European.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27156
diff changeset
1071 using @kbd{Compose} or @kbd{AltGr} keys.} @xref{User Input}.
0699f691fac1 Don't conflate single-byte with European.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27156
diff changeset
1072
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1073 @item
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1074 You can use an input method for the selected language environment.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1075 @xref{Input Methods}. When you use an input method in a unibyte buffer,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1076 the non-ASCII character you specify with it is converted to unibyte.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1077
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1078 @kindex C-x 8
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1079 @cindex @code{iso-transl} library
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1080 @item
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1081 For Latin-1 only, you can use the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1082 key @kbd{C-x 8} as a ``compose character'' prefix for entry of
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1083 non-ASCII Latin-1 printing characters. @kbd{C-x 8} is good for
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1084 insertion (in the minibuffer as well as other buffers), for searching,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1085 and in any other context where a key sequence is allowed.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1086
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1087 @kbd{C-x 8} works by loading the @code{iso-transl} library. Once that
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1088 library is loaded, the @key{ALT} modifier key, if you have one, serves
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1089 the same purpose as @kbd{C-x 8}; use @key{ALT} together with an accent
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1090 character to modify the following letter. In addition, if you have keys
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1091 for the Latin-1 ``dead accent characters'', they too are defined to
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1092 compose with the following character, once @code{iso-transl} is loaded.
28552
ccadb68eaefd iso-acc
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27211
diff changeset
1093 Use @kbd{C-x 8 C-h} to list the available translations as mnemonic
ccadb68eaefd iso-acc
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27211
diff changeset
1094 command names.
ccadb68eaefd iso-acc
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27211
diff changeset
1095
ccadb68eaefd iso-acc
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27211
diff changeset
1096 @cindex @code{iso-acc} library
ccadb68eaefd iso-acc
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27211
diff changeset
1097 @item
ccadb68eaefd iso-acc
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27211
diff changeset
1098 Also for Latin-1 only, @kbd{M-x iso-aacents-mode} installs a minor mode
ccadb68eaefd iso-acc
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27211
diff changeset
1099 which provides a facility like the @code{latin-1-prefix} input method
ccadb68eaefd iso-acc
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 27211
diff changeset
1100 but independent of the Leim package.
25829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1101 @end itemize