Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/killing.texi @ 65223:554ac3736464
(compile-auto-highlight, skeleton-further-elements): Add defvars.
author | Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com> |
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date | Tue, 30 Aug 2005 10:27:54 +0000 |
parents | 3723093a21fd |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, |
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3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
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5 |
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6 @node Killing, Yanking, Mark, Top |
25829 | 7 @chapter Killing and Moving Text |
8 | |
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9 @ifnottex |
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10 @raisesections |
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11 @end ifnottex |
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12 |
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13 @dfn{Killing} means erasing text and copying it into the @dfn{kill |
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14 ring}, from which you can bring it back into the buffer by |
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15 @dfn{yanking} it. (Some systems use the terms ``cutting'' and |
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16 ``pasting'' for these operations.) This is the most common way of |
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17 moving or copying text within Emacs. Killing and yanking is very safe |
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18 because Emacs remembers several recent kills, not just the last one. |
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19 It is versatile, because the many commands for killing syntactic units |
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20 can also be used for moving those units. But there are other ways of |
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21 copying text for special purposes. |
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22 |
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23 @iftex |
25829 | 24 @section Deletion and Killing |
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25 @end iftex |
25829 | 26 |
27 @cindex killing text | |
28 @cindex cutting text | |
29 @cindex deletion | |
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30 Most commands which erase text from the buffer save it in the kill |
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31 ring. These commands are known as @dfn{kill} commands. The commands |
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32 that erase text but do not save it in the kill ring are known as |
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33 @dfn{delete} commands. The @kbd{C-x u} (@code{undo}) command |
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34 (@pxref{Undo}) can undo both kill and delete commands; the importance |
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35 of the kill ring is that you can also yank the text in a different |
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36 place or places. Emacs has only one kill ring for all buffers, so you |
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37 can kill text in one buffer and yank it in another buffer. |
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38 |
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39 The delete commands include @kbd{C-d} (@code{delete-char}) and |
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40 @key{DEL} (@code{delete-backward-char}), which delete only one |
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41 character at a time, and those commands that delete only spaces or |
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42 newlines. Commands that can erase significant amounts of nontrivial |
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43 data generally do a kill operation instead. The commands' names and |
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44 individual descriptions use the words @samp{kill} and @samp{delete} to |
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45 say which kind of operation they perform. |
25829 | 46 |
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47 @vindex kill-read-only-ok |
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48 @cindex read-only text, killing |
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49 You cannot kill read-only text, since such text does not allow any |
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50 kind of modification. But some users like to use the kill commands to |
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51 copy read-only text into the kill ring, without actually changing it. |
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52 Therefore, the kill commands work specially in a read-only buffer: |
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53 they move over text, and copy it to the kill ring, without actually |
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54 deleting it from the buffer. Normally, kill commands beep and display |
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55 an error message when this happens. But if you set the variable |
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56 @code{kill-read-only-ok} to a non-@code{nil} value, they just print a |
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57 message in the echo area to explain why the text has not been erased. |
30865 | 58 |
25829 | 59 @menu |
60 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and | |
61 blank areas. | |
62 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time. | |
63 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and | |
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64 syntactic units such as words and sentences. |
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65 * Graphical Kill:: The kill ring on graphical terminals: |
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66 yanking between applications. |
25829 | 67 @end menu |
68 | |
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69 @need 1500 |
25829 | 70 @node Deletion |
71 @subsection Deletion | |
72 @findex delete-backward-char | |
73 @findex delete-char | |
74 | |
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75 Deletion means erasing text and not saving it in the kill ring. For |
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76 the most part, the Emacs commands that delete text are those that |
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77 erase just one character or only whitespace. |
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78 |
25829 | 79 @table @kbd |
80 @item C-d | |
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81 @itemx @key{Delete} |
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82 Delete next character (@code{delete-char}). If your keyboard has a |
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83 @key{Delete} function key (usually located in the edit keypad), Emacs |
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84 binds it to @code{delete-char} as well. |
25829 | 85 @item @key{DEL} |
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86 @itemx @key{BS} |
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87 Delete previous character (@code{delete-backward-char}). Some keyboards |
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88 refer to this key as a ``backspace key'' and label it with a left arrow. |
25829 | 89 @item M-\ |
90 Delete spaces and tabs around point (@code{delete-horizontal-space}). | |
91 @item M-@key{SPC} | |
92 Delete spaces and tabs around point, leaving one space | |
93 (@code{just-one-space}). | |
94 @item C-x C-o | |
95 Delete blank lines around the current line (@code{delete-blank-lines}). | |
96 @item M-^ | |
97 Join two lines by deleting the intervening newline, along with any | |
98 indentation following it (@code{delete-indentation}). | |
99 @end table | |
100 | |
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101 @kindex DEL |
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102 @kindex C-d |
25829 | 103 The most basic delete commands are @kbd{C-d} (@code{delete-char}) and |
104 @key{DEL} (@code{delete-backward-char}). @kbd{C-d} deletes the | |
105 character after point, the one the cursor is ``on top of.'' This | |
106 doesn't move point. @key{DEL} deletes the character before the cursor, | |
107 and moves point back. You can delete newlines like any other characters | |
108 in the buffer; deleting a newline joins two lines. Actually, @kbd{C-d} | |
109 and @key{DEL} aren't always delete commands; when given arguments, they | |
110 kill instead, since they can erase more than one character this way. | |
111 | |
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112 @kindex BACKSPACE |
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113 @kindex BS |
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114 @kindex DELETE |
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115 Every keyboard has a large key, labeled @key{DEL}, @key{BACKSPACE}, |
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116 @key{BS} or @key{DELETE}, which is a short distance above the |
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117 @key{RET} or @key{ENTER} key and is normally used for erasing what you |
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118 have typed. Regardless of the actual name on the key, in Emacs it is |
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119 equivalent to @key{DEL}---or it should be. |
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120 |
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121 Many keyboards (including standard PC keyboards) have a |
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122 @key{BACKSPACE} key a short ways above @key{RET} or @key{ENTER}, and a |
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123 @key{DELETE} key elsewhere. In that case, the @key{BACKSPACE} key is |
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124 @key{DEL}, and the @key{DELETE} key is equivalent to @kbd{C-d}---or it |
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125 should be. |
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126 |
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127 Why do we say ``or it should be''? When Emacs starts up using a |
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128 window system, it determines automatically which key or keys should be |
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129 equivalent to @key{DEL}. As a result, @key{BACKSPACE} and/or @key{DELETE} |
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130 keys normally do the right things. But in some unusual cases Emacs |
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131 gets the wrong information from the system. If these keys don't do |
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132 what they ought to do, you need to tell Emacs which key to use for |
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133 @key{DEL}. @xref{DEL Does Not Delete}, for how to do this. |
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134 |
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135 @findex normal-erase-is-backspace-mode |
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136 On most text-only terminals, Emacs cannot tell which keys the |
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137 keyboard really has, so it follows a uniform plan which may or may not |
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138 fit your keyboard. The uniform plan is that the @acronym{ASCII} @key{DEL} |
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139 character deletes, and the @acronym{ASCII} @key{BS} (backspace) character asks |
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140 for help (it is the same as @kbd{C-h}). If this is not right for your |
38745 | 141 keyboard, such as if you find that the key which ought to delete backwards |
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142 enters Help instead, see @ref{DEL Does Not Delete}. |
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143 |
25829 | 144 @kindex M-\ |
145 @findex delete-horizontal-space | |
146 @kindex M-SPC | |
147 @findex just-one-space | |
148 The other delete commands are those which delete only whitespace | |
149 characters: spaces, tabs and newlines. @kbd{M-\} | |
150 (@code{delete-horizontal-space}) deletes all the spaces and tab | |
151 characters before and after point. @kbd{M-@key{SPC}} | |
152 (@code{just-one-space}) does likewise but leaves a single space after | |
153 point, regardless of the number of spaces that existed previously (even | |
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154 if there were none before). With a numeric argument @var{n}, it |
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155 leaves @var{n} spaces after point. |
25829 | 156 |
157 @kbd{C-x C-o} (@code{delete-blank-lines}) deletes all blank lines | |
158 after the current line. If the current line is blank, it deletes all | |
159 blank lines preceding the current line as well (leaving one blank line, | |
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160 the current line). On a solitary blank line, it deletes that line. |
25829 | 161 |
162 @kbd{M-^} (@code{delete-indentation}) joins the current line and the | |
163 previous line, by deleting a newline and all surrounding spaces, usually | |
164 leaving a single space. @xref{Indentation,M-^}. | |
165 | |
166 @node Killing by Lines | |
167 @subsection Killing by Lines | |
168 | |
169 @table @kbd | |
170 @item C-k | |
171 Kill rest of line or one or more lines (@code{kill-line}). | |
172 @end table | |
173 | |
174 @kindex C-k | |
175 @findex kill-line | |
176 The simplest kill command is @kbd{C-k}. If given at the beginning of | |
177 a line, it kills all the text on the line, leaving it blank. When used | |
178 on a blank line, it kills the whole line including its newline. To kill | |
179 an entire non-blank line, go to the beginning and type @kbd{C-k} twice. | |
180 | |
181 More generally, @kbd{C-k} kills from point up to the end of the line, | |
182 unless it is at the end of a line. In that case it kills the newline | |
183 following point, thus merging the next line into the current one. | |
184 Spaces and tabs that you can't see at the end of the line are ignored | |
185 when deciding which case applies, so if point appears to be at the end | |
186 of the line, you can be sure @kbd{C-k} will kill the newline. | |
187 | |
188 When @kbd{C-k} is given a positive argument, it kills that many lines | |
189 and the newlines that follow them (however, text on the current line | |
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190 before point is not killed). With a negative argument @minus{}@var{n}, it |
25829 | 191 kills @var{n} lines preceding the current line (together with the text |
192 on the current line before point). Thus, @kbd{C-u - 2 C-k} at the front | |
193 of a line kills the two previous lines. | |
194 | |
195 @kbd{C-k} with an argument of zero kills the text before point on the | |
196 current line. | |
197 | |
198 @vindex kill-whole-line | |
199 If the variable @code{kill-whole-line} is non-@code{nil}, @kbd{C-k} at | |
200 the very beginning of a line kills the entire line including the | |
201 following newline. This variable is normally @code{nil}. | |
202 | |
203 @node Other Kill Commands | |
204 @subsection Other Kill Commands | |
205 @findex kill-region | |
206 @kindex C-w | |
207 | |
208 @table @kbd | |
209 @item C-w | |
210 Kill region (from point to the mark) (@code{kill-region}). | |
211 @item M-d | |
212 Kill word (@code{kill-word}). @xref{Words}. | |
213 @item M-@key{DEL} | |
214 Kill word backwards (@code{backward-kill-word}). | |
215 @item C-x @key{DEL} | |
216 Kill back to beginning of sentence (@code{backward-kill-sentence}). | |
217 @xref{Sentences}. | |
218 @item M-k | |
219 Kill to end of sentence (@code{kill-sentence}). | |
220 @item C-M-k | |
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221 Kill the following balanced expression (@code{kill-sexp}). @xref{Expressions}. |
25829 | 222 @item M-z @var{char} |
223 Kill through the next occurrence of @var{char} (@code{zap-to-char}). | |
224 @end table | |
225 | |
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226 The most general kill command is @kbd{C-w} (@code{kill-region}), |
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227 which kills everything between point and the mark. With this command, |
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228 you can kill any contiguous sequence of characters, if you first set |
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229 the region around them. |
25829 | 230 |
231 @kindex M-z | |
232 @findex zap-to-char | |
233 A convenient way of killing is combined with searching: @kbd{M-z} | |
234 (@code{zap-to-char}) reads a character and kills from point up to (and | |
235 including) the next occurrence of that character in the buffer. A | |
236 numeric argument acts as a repeat count. A negative argument means to | |
237 search backward and kill text before point. | |
238 | |
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239 Other syntactic units can be killed: words, with @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} |
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240 and @kbd{M-d} (@pxref{Words}); balanced expressions, with @kbd{C-M-k} |
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241 (@pxref{Expressions}); and sentences, with @kbd{C-x @key{DEL}} and |
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242 @kbd{M-k} (@pxref{Sentences}).@refill |
25829 | 243 |
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244 @node Graphical Kill |
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245 @subsection Killing on Graphical Terminals |
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246 |
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247 On multi-window terminals, the most recent kill done in Emacs is |
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248 also the primary selection, if it is more recent than any selection |
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249 you made in another program. This means that the paste commands of |
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250 other applications with separate windows copy the text that you killed |
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251 in Emacs. In addition, Emacs yank commands treat other applications' |
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252 selections as part of the kill ring, so you can yank them into Emacs. |
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253 |
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254 @cindex Delete Selection mode |
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255 @cindex mode, Delete Selection |
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256 @findex delete-selection-mode |
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257 Many window systems follow the convention that insertion while text |
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258 is selected deletes the selected text. You can make Emacs behave this |
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259 way by enabling Delete Selection mode, with @kbd{M-x |
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260 delete-selection-mode}, or using Custom. Another effect of this mode |
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261 is that @key{DEL}, @kbd{C-d} and some other keys, when a selection |
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262 exists, will kill the whole selection. It also enables Transient Mark |
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263 mode (@pxref{Transient Mark}). |
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264 |
25829 | 265 @node Yanking, Accumulating Text, Killing, Top |
266 @section Yanking | |
267 @cindex moving text | |
268 @cindex copying text | |
269 @cindex kill ring | |
270 @cindex yanking | |
271 @cindex pasting | |
272 | |
273 @dfn{Yanking} means reinserting text previously killed. This is what | |
274 some systems call ``pasting.'' The usual way to move or copy text is to | |
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275 kill it and then yank it elsewhere one or more times. This is very safe |
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276 because Emacs remembers many recent kills, not just the last one. |
25829 | 277 |
278 @table @kbd | |
279 @item C-y | |
280 Yank last killed text (@code{yank}). | |
281 @item M-y | |
282 Replace text just yanked with an earlier batch of killed text | |
283 (@code{yank-pop}). | |
284 @item M-w | |
285 Save region as last killed text without actually killing it | |
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286 (@code{kill-ring-save}). Some systems call this ``copying''. |
25829 | 287 @item C-M-w |
288 Append next kill to last batch of killed text (@code{append-next-kill}). | |
289 @end table | |
290 | |
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291 On window systems, if there is a current selection in some other |
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292 application, and you selected it more recently than you killed any |
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293 text in Emacs, @kbd{C-y} copies the selection instead of text |
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294 killed within Emacs. |
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295 |
25829 | 296 @menu |
297 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking. | |
298 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together. | |
299 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago. | |
300 @end menu | |
301 | |
302 @node Kill Ring | |
303 @subsection The Kill Ring | |
304 | |
305 All killed text is recorded in the @dfn{kill ring}, a list of blocks of | |
306 text that have been killed. There is only one kill ring, shared by all | |
307 buffers, so you can kill text in one buffer and yank it in another buffer. | |
308 This is the usual way to move text from one file to another. | |
309 (@xref{Accumulating Text}, for some other ways.) | |
310 | |
311 @kindex C-y | |
312 @findex yank | |
313 The command @kbd{C-y} (@code{yank}) reinserts the text of the most recent | |
314 kill. It leaves the cursor at the end of the text. It sets the mark at | |
315 the beginning of the text. @xref{Mark}. | |
316 | |
317 @kbd{C-u C-y} leaves the cursor in front of the text, and sets the | |
318 mark after it. This happens only if the argument is specified with just | |
319 a @kbd{C-u}, precisely. Any other sort of argument, including @kbd{C-u} | |
320 and digits, specifies an earlier kill to yank (@pxref{Earlier Kills}). | |
321 | |
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322 @cindex yanking and text properties |
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323 @vindex yank-excluded-properties |
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324 The yank commands discard certain text properties from the text that |
47200 | 325 is yanked, those that might lead to annoying results. For instance, |
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326 they discard text properties that respond to the mouse or specify key |
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327 bindings. The variable @code{yank-excluded-properties} specifies the |
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328 properties to discard. Yanking of register contents and rectangles |
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329 also discard these properties. |
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330 |
25829 | 331 @kindex M-w |
332 @findex kill-ring-save | |
333 To copy a block of text, you can use @kbd{M-w} | |
334 (@code{kill-ring-save}), which copies the region into the kill ring | |
335 without removing it from the buffer. This is approximately equivalent | |
336 to @kbd{C-w} followed by @kbd{C-x u}, except that @kbd{M-w} does not | |
337 alter the undo history and does not temporarily change the screen. | |
338 | |
339 @node Appending Kills | |
340 @subsection Appending Kills | |
341 | |
342 @cindex appending kills in the ring | |
343 @cindex television | |
344 Normally, each kill command pushes a new entry onto the kill ring. | |
345 However, two or more kill commands in a row combine their text into a | |
346 single entry, so that a single @kbd{C-y} yanks all the text as a unit, | |
347 just as it was before it was killed. | |
348 | |
349 Thus, if you want to yank text as a unit, you need not kill all of it | |
350 with one command; you can keep killing line after line, or word after | |
351 word, until you have killed it all, and you can still get it all back at | |
352 once. | |
353 | |
354 Commands that kill forward from point add onto the end of the previous | |
355 killed text. Commands that kill backward from point add text onto the | |
356 beginning. This way, any sequence of mixed forward and backward kill | |
357 commands puts all the killed text into one entry without rearrangement. | |
358 Numeric arguments do not break the sequence of appending kills. For | |
359 example, suppose the buffer contains this text: | |
360 | |
361 @example | |
362 This is a line @point{}of sample text. | |
363 @end example | |
364 | |
365 @noindent | |
366 with point shown by @point{}. If you type @kbd{M-d M-@key{DEL} M-d | |
367 M-@key{DEL}}, killing alternately forward and backward, you end up with | |
368 @samp{a line of sample} as one entry in the kill ring, and @samp{This | |
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369 is@ @ text.} in the buffer. (Note the double space between @samp{is} |
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370 and @samp{text}, which you can clean up with @kbd{M-@key{SPC}} or |
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371 @kbd{M-q}.) |
25829 | 372 |
373 Another way to kill the same text is to move back two words with | |
374 @kbd{M-b M-b}, then kill all four words forward with @kbd{C-u M-d}. | |
375 This produces exactly the same results in the buffer and in the kill | |
376 ring. @kbd{M-f M-f C-u M-@key{DEL}} kills the same text, all going | |
377 backward; once again, the result is the same. The text in the kill ring | |
378 entry always has the same order that it had in the buffer before you | |
379 killed it. | |
380 | |
381 @kindex C-M-w | |
382 @findex append-next-kill | |
383 If a kill command is separated from the last kill command by other | |
384 commands (not just numeric arguments), it starts a new entry on the kill | |
385 ring. But you can force it to append by first typing the command | |
386 @kbd{C-M-w} (@code{append-next-kill}) right before it. The @kbd{C-M-w} | |
387 tells the following command, if it is a kill command, to append the text | |
388 it kills to the last killed text, instead of starting a new entry. With | |
389 @kbd{C-M-w}, you can kill several separated pieces of text and | |
390 accumulate them to be yanked back in one place.@refill | |
391 | |
392 A kill command following @kbd{M-w} does not append to the text that | |
393 @kbd{M-w} copied into the kill ring. | |
394 | |
395 @node Earlier Kills | |
396 @subsection Yanking Earlier Kills | |
397 | |
398 @cindex yanking previous kills | |
399 @kindex M-y | |
400 @findex yank-pop | |
401 To recover killed text that is no longer the most recent kill, use the | |
402 @kbd{M-y} command (@code{yank-pop}). It takes the text previously | |
403 yanked and replaces it with the text from an earlier kill. So, to | |
404 recover the text of the next-to-the-last kill, first use @kbd{C-y} to | |
405 yank the last kill, and then use @kbd{M-y} to replace it with the | |
406 previous kill. @kbd{M-y} is allowed only after a @kbd{C-y} or another | |
407 @kbd{M-y}. | |
408 | |
409 You can understand @kbd{M-y} in terms of a ``last yank'' pointer which | |
410 points at an entry in the kill ring. Each time you kill, the ``last | |
411 yank'' pointer moves to the newly made entry at the front of the ring. | |
412 @kbd{C-y} yanks the entry which the ``last yank'' pointer points to. | |
413 @kbd{M-y} moves the ``last yank'' pointer to a different entry, and the | |
414 text in the buffer changes to match. Enough @kbd{M-y} commands can move | |
415 the pointer to any entry in the ring, so you can get any entry into the | |
416 buffer. Eventually the pointer reaches the end of the ring; the next | |
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417 @kbd{M-y} loops back around to the first entry again. |
25829 | 418 |
419 @kbd{M-y} moves the ``last yank'' pointer around the ring, but it does | |
420 not change the order of the entries in the ring, which always runs from | |
421 the most recent kill at the front to the oldest one still remembered. | |
422 | |
423 @kbd{M-y} can take a numeric argument, which tells it how many entries | |
424 to advance the ``last yank'' pointer by. A negative argument moves the | |
425 pointer toward the front of the ring; from the front of the ring, it | |
426 moves ``around'' to the last entry and continues forward from there. | |
427 | |
428 Once the text you are looking for is brought into the buffer, you can | |
429 stop doing @kbd{M-y} commands and it will stay there. It's just a copy | |
430 of the kill ring entry, so editing it in the buffer does not change | |
431 what's in the ring. As long as no new killing is done, the ``last | |
432 yank'' pointer remains at the same place in the kill ring, so repeating | |
433 @kbd{C-y} will yank another copy of the same previous kill. | |
434 | |
38745 | 435 If you know how many @kbd{M-y} commands it would take to find the |
436 text you want, you can yank that text in one step using @kbd{C-y} with | |
437 a numeric argument. @kbd{C-y} with an argument restores the text from | |
438 the specified kill ring entry, counting back from the most recent as | |
439 1. Thus, @kbd{C-u 2 C-y} gets the next-to-the-last block of killed | |
440 text---it is equivalent to @kbd{C-y M-y}. @kbd{C-y} with a numeric | |
441 argument starts counting from the ``last yank'' pointer, and sets the | |
442 ``last yank'' pointer to the entry that it yanks. | |
25829 | 443 |
444 @vindex kill-ring-max | |
445 The length of the kill ring is controlled by the variable | |
446 @code{kill-ring-max}; no more than that many blocks of killed text are | |
447 saved. | |
448 | |
449 @vindex kill-ring | |
450 The actual contents of the kill ring are stored in a variable named | |
451 @code{kill-ring}; you can view the entire contents of the kill ring with | |
452 the command @kbd{C-h v kill-ring}. | |
453 | |
454 @node Accumulating Text, Rectangles, Yanking, Top | |
455 @section Accumulating Text | |
456 @findex append-to-buffer | |
457 @findex prepend-to-buffer | |
458 @findex copy-to-buffer | |
459 @findex append-to-file | |
460 | |
461 @cindex accumulating scattered text | |
462 Usually we copy or move text by killing it and yanking it, but there | |
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463 are other convenient methods for copying one block of text in many |
25829 | 464 places, or for copying many scattered blocks of text into one place. To |
465 copy one block to many places, store it in a register | |
466 (@pxref{Registers}). Here we describe the commands to accumulate | |
467 scattered pieces of text into a buffer or into a file. | |
468 | |
469 @table @kbd | |
470 @item M-x append-to-buffer | |
38745 | 471 Append region to the contents of a specified buffer. |
25829 | 472 @item M-x prepend-to-buffer |
38745 | 473 Prepend region to the contents of a specified buffer. |
25829 | 474 @item M-x copy-to-buffer |
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475 Copy region into a specified buffer, deleting that buffer's old contents. |
25829 | 476 @item M-x insert-buffer |
38745 | 477 Insert the contents of a specified buffer into current buffer at point. |
25829 | 478 @item M-x append-to-file |
38745 | 479 Append region to the contents of a specified file, at the end. |
25829 | 480 @end table |
481 | |
482 To accumulate text into a buffer, use @kbd{M-x append-to-buffer}. | |
483 This reads a buffer name, then inserts a copy of the region into the | |
484 buffer specified. If you specify a nonexistent buffer, | |
485 @code{append-to-buffer} creates the buffer. The text is inserted | |
486 wherever point is in that buffer. If you have been using the buffer for | |
487 editing, the copied text goes into the middle of the text of the buffer, | |
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488 starting from wherever point happens to be at that moment. |
25829 | 489 |
490 Point in that buffer is left at the end of the copied text, so | |
491 successive uses of @code{append-to-buffer} accumulate the text in the | |
492 specified buffer in the same order as they were copied. Strictly | |
493 speaking, @code{append-to-buffer} does not always append to the text | |
494 already in the buffer---it appends only if point in that buffer is at the end. | |
495 However, if @code{append-to-buffer} is the only command you use to alter | |
496 a buffer, then point is always at the end. | |
497 | |
498 @kbd{M-x prepend-to-buffer} is just like @code{append-to-buffer} | |
499 except that point in the other buffer is left before the copied text, so | |
500 successive prependings add text in reverse order. @kbd{M-x | |
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501 copy-to-buffer} is similar, except that any existing text in the other |
25829 | 502 buffer is deleted, so the buffer is left containing just the text newly |
503 copied into it. | |
504 | |
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505 To retrieve the accumulated text from another buffer, use the |
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506 command @kbd{M-x insert-buffer}; this too takes @var{buffername} as an |
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507 argument. It inserts a copy of the whole text in buffer |
38745 | 508 @var{buffername} into the current buffer at point, and sets the mark |
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509 after the inserted text. Alternatively, you can select the other |
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510 buffer for editing, then copy text from it by killing. |
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511 @xref{Buffers}, for background information on buffers. |
25829 | 512 |
513 Instead of accumulating text within Emacs, in a buffer, you can append | |
514 text directly into a file with @kbd{M-x append-to-file}, which takes | |
515 @var{filename} as an argument. It adds the text of the region to the end | |
516 of the specified file. The file is changed immediately on disk. | |
517 | |
518 You should use @code{append-to-file} only with files that are | |
519 @emph{not} being visited in Emacs. Using it on a file that you are | |
520 editing in Emacs would change the file behind Emacs's back, which | |
521 can lead to losing some of your editing. | |
522 | |
523 @node Rectangles, Registers, Accumulating Text, Top | |
524 @section Rectangles | |
525 @cindex rectangle | |
526 @cindex columns (and rectangles) | |
527 @cindex killing rectangular areas of text | |
528 | |
529 The rectangle commands operate on rectangular areas of the text: all | |
530 the characters between a certain pair of columns, in a certain range of | |
531 lines. Commands are provided to kill rectangles, yank killed rectangles, | |
532 clear them out, fill them with blanks or text, or delete them. Rectangle | |
533 commands are useful with text in multicolumn formats, and for changing | |
534 text into or out of such formats. | |
535 | |
536 When you must specify a rectangle for a command to work on, you do it | |
537 by putting the mark at one corner and point at the opposite corner. The | |
538 rectangle thus specified is called the @dfn{region-rectangle} because | |
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539 you control it in much the same way as the region is controlled. But |
25829 | 540 remember that a given combination of point and mark values can be |
541 interpreted either as a region or as a rectangle, depending on the | |
542 command that uses them. | |
543 | |
544 If point and the mark are in the same column, the rectangle they | |
545 delimit is empty. If they are in the same line, the rectangle is one | |
546 line high. This asymmetry between lines and columns comes about | |
547 because point (and likewise the mark) is between two columns, but within | |
548 a line. | |
549 | |
550 @table @kbd | |
551 @item C-x r k | |
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552 Kill the text of the region-rectangle, saving its contents as the |
25829 | 553 ``last killed rectangle'' (@code{kill-rectangle}). |
554 @item C-x r d | |
555 Delete the text of the region-rectangle (@code{delete-rectangle}). | |
556 @item C-x r y | |
557 Yank the last killed rectangle with its upper left corner at point | |
558 (@code{yank-rectangle}). | |
559 @item C-x r o | |
560 Insert blank space to fill the space of the region-rectangle | |
561 (@code{open-rectangle}). This pushes the previous contents of the | |
562 region-rectangle rightward. | |
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563 @item C-x r c |
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564 Clear the region-rectangle by replacing its contents with spaces |
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565 (@code{clear-rectangle}). |
25829 | 566 @item M-x delete-whitespace-rectangle |
567 Delete whitespace in each of the lines on the specified rectangle, | |
568 starting from the left edge column of the rectangle. | |
27749 | 569 @item C-x r t @var{string} @key{RET} |
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570 Replace rectangle contents with @var{string} on each line. |
25829 | 571 (@code{string-rectangle}). |
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572 @item M-x string-insert-rectangle @key{RET} @var{string} @key{RET} |
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573 Insert @var{string} on each line of the rectangle. |
25829 | 574 @end table |
575 | |
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576 The rectangle operations fall into two classes: commands for |
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577 deleting and inserting rectangles, and commands for blank rectangles. |
25829 | 578 |
579 @kindex C-x r k | |
580 @kindex C-x r d | |
581 @findex kill-rectangle | |
582 @findex delete-rectangle | |
583 There are two ways to get rid of the text in a rectangle: you can | |
584 discard the text (delete it) or save it as the ``last killed'' | |
585 rectangle. The commands for these two ways are @kbd{C-x r d} | |
586 (@code{delete-rectangle}) and @kbd{C-x r k} (@code{kill-rectangle}). In | |
587 either case, the portion of each line that falls inside the rectangle's | |
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588 boundaries is deleted, causing any following text on the line to |
25829 | 589 move left into the gap. |
590 | |
591 Note that ``killing'' a rectangle is not killing in the usual sense; the | |
592 rectangle is not stored in the kill ring, but in a special place that | |
593 can only record the most recent rectangle killed. This is because yanking | |
594 a rectangle is so different from yanking linear text that different yank | |
595 commands have to be used and yank-popping is hard to make sense of. | |
596 | |
597 @kindex C-x r y | |
598 @findex yank-rectangle | |
599 To yank the last killed rectangle, type @kbd{C-x r y} | |
600 (@code{yank-rectangle}). Yanking a rectangle is the opposite of killing | |
601 one. Point specifies where to put the rectangle's upper left corner. | |
602 The rectangle's first line is inserted there, the rectangle's second | |
38481 | 603 line is inserted at the same horizontal position, but one line |
604 vertically down, and so on. The number of lines affected is determined | |
605 by the height of the saved rectangle. | |
25829 | 606 |
607 You can convert single-column lists into double-column lists using | |
608 rectangle killing and yanking; kill the second half of the list as a | |
609 rectangle and then yank it beside the first line of the list. | |
610 @xref{Two-Column}, for another way to edit multi-column text. | |
611 | |
612 You can also copy rectangles into and out of registers with @kbd{C-x r | |
613 r @var{r}} and @kbd{C-x r i @var{r}}. @xref{RegRect,,Rectangle | |
614 Registers}. | |
615 | |
616 @kindex C-x r o | |
617 @findex open-rectangle | |
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618 @kindex C-x r c |
25829 | 619 @findex clear-rectangle |
620 There are two commands you can use for making blank rectangles: | |
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621 @kbd{C-x r c} (@code{clear-rectangle}) which blanks out existing text, |
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622 and @kbd{C-x r o} (@code{open-rectangle}) which inserts a blank |
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623 rectangle. Clearing a rectangle is equivalent to deleting it and then |
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624 inserting a blank rectangle of the same size. |
25829 | 625 |
626 @findex delete-whitespace-rectangle | |
627 The command @kbd{M-x delete-whitespace-rectangle} deletes horizontal | |
628 whitespace starting from a particular column. This applies to each of | |
629 the lines in the rectangle, and the column is specified by the left | |
630 edge of the rectangle. The right edge of the rectangle does not make | |
631 any difference to this command. | |
632 | |
633 @kindex C-x r t | |
634 @findex string-rectangle | |
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635 The command @kbd{C-x r t} (@code{string-rectangle}) replaces the |
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636 contents of a region-rectangle with a string on each line. The |
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637 string's width need not be the same as the width of the rectangle. If |
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638 the string's width is less, the text after the rectangle shifts left; |
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639 if the string is wider than the rectangle, the text after the |
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640 rectangle shifts right. |
33805 | 641 |
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642 @findex string-insert-rectangle |
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643 The command @kbd{M-x string-insert-rectangle} is similar to |
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644 @code{string-rectangle}, but inserts the string on each line, |
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645 shifting the original text to the right. |
52401 | 646 |
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647 @ifnottex |
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648 @lowersections |
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649 @end ifnottex |
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650 |
52401 | 651 @ignore |
652 arch-tag: d8da8f96-0928-449a-816e-ff2d3497866c | |
653 @end ignore |