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annotate lispref/customize.texi @ 64759:56bc2b539f17
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author | Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu> |
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date | Sat, 06 Aug 2005 21:49:19 +0000 |
parents | ce506ff1d861 |
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rev | line source |
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21006 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
21006 | 4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @setfilename ../info/customize | |
6 @node Customization, Loading, Macros, Top | |
7 @chapter Writing Customization Definitions | |
8 | |
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9 This chapter describes how to declare user options for customization, |
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10 and also customization groups for classifying them. We use the term |
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11 @dfn{customization item} to include both kinds of customization |
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12 definitions---as well as face definitions (@pxref{Defining Faces}). |
21006 | 13 |
14 @menu | |
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15 * Common Keywords:: Common keyword arguments for all kinds of |
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16 customization declarations. |
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17 * Group Definitions:: Writing customization group definitions. |
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18 * Variable Definitions:: Declaring user options. |
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19 * Customization Types:: Specifying the type of a user option. |
21006 | 20 @end menu |
21 | |
22 @node Common Keywords | |
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23 @section Common Item Keywords |
21006 | 24 |
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25 All kinds of customization declarations (for variables and groups, and |
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26 for faces) accept keyword arguments for specifying various information. |
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27 This section describes some keywords that apply to all kinds. |
21006 | 28 |
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29 All of these keywords, except @code{:tag}, can be used more than once |
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30 in a given item. Each use of the keyword has an independent effect. |
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31 The keyword @code{:tag} is an exception because any given item can only |
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32 display one name. |
21006 | 33 |
34 @table @code | |
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35 @item :tag @var{label} |
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36 Use @var{label}, a string, instead of the item's name, to label the item |
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37 in customization menus and buffers. |
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38 |
21006 | 39 @item :group @var{group} |
40 Put this customization item in group @var{group}. When you use | |
41 @code{:group} in a @code{defgroup}, it makes the new group a subgroup of | |
42 @var{group}. | |
43 | |
44 If you use this keyword more than once, you can put a single item into | |
45 more than one group. Displaying any of those groups will show this | |
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46 item. Please don't overdo this, since the result would be annoying. |
21006 | 47 |
48 @item :link @var{link-data} | |
49 Include an external link after the documentation string for this item. | |
50 This is a sentence containing an active field which references some | |
51 other documentation. | |
52 | |
43477 | 53 There are four alternatives you can use for @var{link-data}: |
21006 | 54 |
55 @table @code | |
56 @item (custom-manual @var{info-node}) | |
57 Link to an Info node; @var{info-node} is a string which specifies the | |
58 node name, as in @code{"(emacs)Top"}. The link appears as | |
59 @samp{[manual]} in the customization buffer. | |
60 | |
61 @item (info-link @var{info-node}) | |
62 Like @code{custom-manual} except that the link appears | |
63 in the customization buffer with the Info node name. | |
64 | |
65 @item (url-link @var{url}) | |
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66 Link to a web page; @var{url} is a string which specifies the @acronym{URL}. |
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67 The link appears in the customization buffer as @var{url}. |
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68 |
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69 @item (emacs-commentary-link @var{library}) |
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70 Link to the commentary section of a library; @var{library} is a string |
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71 which specifies the library name. |
21006 | 72 @end table |
73 | |
74 You can specify the text to use in the customization buffer by adding | |
75 @code{:tag @var{name}} after the first element of the @var{link-data}; | |
76 for example, @code{(info-link :tag "foo" "(emacs)Top")} makes a link to | |
77 the Emacs manual which appears in the buffer as @samp{foo}. | |
78 | |
79 An item can have more than one external link; however, most items have | |
80 none at all. | |
81 | |
82 @item :load @var{file} | |
83 Load file @var{file} (a string) before displaying this customization | |
84 item. Loading is done with @code{load-library}, and only if the file is | |
85 not already loaded. | |
86 | |
87 @item :require @var{feature} | |
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88 Execute @code{(require '@var{feature})} when your saved customizations |
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89 set the value of this item. @var{feature} should be a symbol. |
21006 | 90 |
91 The most common reason to use @code{:require} is when a variable enables | |
92 a feature such as a minor mode, and just setting the variable won't have | |
93 any effect unless the code which implements the mode is loaded. | |
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94 |
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95 @item :version @var{version} |
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96 This option specifies that the item was first introduced in Emacs |
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97 version @var{version}, or that its default value was changed in that |
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98 version. The value @var{version} must be a string. |
21006 | 99 @end table |
100 | |
101 @node Group Definitions | |
102 @section Defining Custom Groups | |
103 | |
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104 Each Emacs Lisp package should have one main customization group which |
21006 | 105 contains all the options, faces and other groups in the package. If the |
106 package has a small number of options and faces, use just one group and | |
107 put everything in it. When there are more than twelve or so options and | |
108 faces, then you should structure them into subgroups, and put the | |
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109 subgroups under the package's main customization group. It is OK to |
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110 put some of the options and faces in the package's main group alongside |
21006 | 111 the subgroups. |
112 | |
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113 The package's main or only group should be a member of one or more of |
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114 the standard customization groups. (To display the full list of them, |
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115 use @kbd{M-x customize}.) Choose one or more of them (but not too |
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116 many), and add your group to each of them using the @code{:group} |
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117 keyword. |
21006 | 118 |
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119 The way to declare new customization groups is with @code{defgroup}. |
21006 | 120 |
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121 @defmac defgroup group members doc [keyword value]... |
21006 | 122 Declare @var{group} as a customization group containing @var{members}. |
123 Do not quote the symbol @var{group}. The argument @var{doc} specifies | |
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124 the documentation string for the group. It should not start with a |
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125 @samp{*} as in @code{defcustom}; that convention is for variables only. |
21006 | 126 |
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127 The argument @var{members} is a list specifying an initial set of |
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128 customization items to be members of the group. However, most often |
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129 @var{members} is @code{nil}, and you specify the group's members by |
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130 using the @code{:group} keyword when defining those members. |
21006 | 131 |
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132 If you want to specify group members through @var{members}, each element |
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133 should have the form @code{(@var{name} @var{widget})}. Here @var{name} |
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134 is a symbol, and @var{widget} is a widget type for editing that symbol. |
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135 Useful widgets are @code{custom-variable} for a variable, |
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136 @code{custom-face} for a face, and @code{custom-group} for a group. |
21006 | 137 |
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138 When you introduce a new group into Emacs, use the @code{:version} |
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139 keyword in the @code{defgroup}; then you need not use it for |
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140 the individual members of the group. |
33150 | 141 |
21006 | 142 In addition to the common keywords (@pxref{Common Keywords}), you can |
33150 | 143 also use this keyword in @code{defgroup}: |
21006 | 144 |
145 @table @code | |
146 @item :prefix @var{prefix} | |
147 If the name of an item in the group starts with @var{prefix}, then the | |
148 tag for that item is constructed (by default) by omitting @var{prefix}. | |
149 | |
150 One group can have any number of prefixes. | |
151 @end table | |
152 @end defmac | |
153 | |
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154 The prefix-discarding feature is currently turned off, which means |
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155 that @code{:prefix} currently has no effect. We did this because we |
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156 found that discarding the specified prefixes often led to confusing |
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157 names for options. This happened because the people who wrote the |
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158 @code{defgroup} definitions for various groups added @code{:prefix} |
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159 keywords whenever they make logical sense---that is, whenever the |
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160 variables in the library have a common prefix. |
21006 | 161 |
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162 In order to obtain good results with @code{:prefix}, it would be |
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163 necessary to check the specific effects of discarding a particular |
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164 prefix, given the specific items in a group and their names and |
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165 documentation. If the resulting text is not clear, then @code{:prefix} |
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166 should not be used in that case. |
21006 | 167 |
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168 It should be possible to recheck all the customization groups, delete |
21006 | 169 the @code{:prefix} specifications which give unclear results, and then |
170 turn this feature back on, if someone would like to do the work. | |
171 | |
172 @node Variable Definitions | |
173 @section Defining Customization Variables | |
174 | |
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175 Use @code{defcustom} to declare user-editable variables. |
21006 | 176 |
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177 @defmac defcustom option default doc [keyword value]@dots{} |
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178 Declare @var{option} as a customizable user option variable. Do not |
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179 quote @var{option}. The argument @var{doc} specifies the documentation |
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180 string for the variable. It should often start with a @samp{*} to mark |
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181 it as a @dfn{user option} (@pxref{Defining Variables}). Do not start |
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182 the documentation string with @samp{*} for options which cannot or |
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183 normally should not be set with @code{set-variable}; examples of the |
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184 former are global minor mode options such as |
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185 @code{global-font-lock-mode} and examples of the latter are hooks. |
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186 |
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187 If @var{option} is void, @code{defcustom} initializes it to |
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188 @var{default}. @var{default} should be an expression to compute the |
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189 value; be careful in writing it, because it can be evaluated on more |
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190 than one occasion. You should normally avoid using backquotes in |
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191 @var{default} because they are not expanded when editing the value, |
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192 causing list values to appear to have the wrong structure. |
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193 |
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194 If you specify the @code{:set} option, to make the variable take other |
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195 special actions when set through the customization buffer, the |
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196 variable's documentation string should tell the user specifically how |
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197 to do the same job in hand-written Lisp code. |
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198 |
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199 When you evaluate a @code{defcustom} form with @kbd{C-M-x} in Emacs Lisp |
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200 mode (@code{eval-defun}), a special feature of @code{eval-defun} |
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201 arranges to set the variable unconditionally, without testing whether |
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202 its value is void. (The same feature applies to @code{defvar}.) |
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203 @xref{Defining Variables}. |
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204 @end defmac |
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206 @code{defcustom} accepts the following additional keywords: |
21006 | 207 |
208 @table @code | |
209 @item :type @var{type} | |
210 Use @var{type} as the data type for this option. It specifies which | |
211 values are legitimate, and how to display the value. | |
212 @xref{Customization Types}, for more information. | |
213 | |
214 @item :options @var{list} | |
215 Specify @var{list} as the list of reasonable values for use in this | |
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216 option. The user is not restricted to using only these values, but they |
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217 are offered as convenient alternatives. |
21006 | 218 |
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219 This is meaningful only for certain types, currently including |
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220 @code{hook}, @code{plist} and @code{alist}. See the definition of the |
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221 individual types for a description of how to use @code{:options}. |
21006 | 222 |
223 @item :set @var{setfunction} | |
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224 Specify @var{setfunction} as the way to change the value of this |
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225 option. The function @var{setfunction} should take two arguments, a |
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226 symbol (the option name) and the new value, and should do whatever is |
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227 necessary to update the value properly for this option (which may not |
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228 mean simply setting the option as a Lisp variable). The default for |
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229 @var{setfunction} is @code{set-default}. |
21006 | 230 |
231 @item :get @var{getfunction} | |
232 Specify @var{getfunction} as the way to extract the value of this | |
233 option. The function @var{getfunction} should take one argument, a | |
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234 symbol, and should return whatever customize should use as the |
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235 ``current value'' for that symbol (which need not be the symbol's Lisp |
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236 value). The default is @code{default-value}. |
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237 |
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238 You have to really understand the workings of Custom to use |
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239 @code{:get} correctly. It is meant for values that are treated in |
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240 Custom as variables but are not actually stored in Lisp variables. It |
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241 is almost surely a mistake to specify @code{getfunction} for a value |
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242 that really is stored in a Lisp variable. |
21006 | 243 |
244 @item :initialize @var{function} | |
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245 @var{function} should be a function used to initialize the variable |
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246 when the @code{defcustom} is evaluated. It should take two arguments, |
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247 the option name (a symbol) and the value. Here are some predefined |
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248 functions meant for use in this way: |
21006 | 249 |
250 @table @code | |
251 @item custom-initialize-set | |
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252 Use the variable's @code{:set} function to initialize the variable, but |
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253 do not reinitialize it if it is already non-void. |
21006 | 254 |
255 @item custom-initialize-default | |
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256 Like @code{custom-initialize-set}, but use the function |
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257 @code{set-default} to set the variable, instead of the variable's |
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258 @code{:set} function. This is the usual choice for a variable whose |
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259 @code{:set} function enables or disables a minor mode; with this choice, |
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260 defining the variable will not call the minor mode function, but |
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261 customizing the variable will do so. |
21006 | 262 |
263 @item custom-initialize-reset | |
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264 Always use the @code{:set} function to initialize the variable. If |
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265 the variable is already non-void, reset it by calling the @code{:set} |
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266 function using the current value (returned by the @code{:get} method). |
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267 This is the default @code{:initialize} function. |
21006 | 268 |
269 @item custom-initialize-changed | |
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270 Use the @code{:set} function to initialize the variable, if it is |
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271 already set or has been customized; otherwise, just use |
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272 @code{set-default}. |
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273 |
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274 @item custom-initialize-safe-set |
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275 @itemx custom-initialize-safe-default |
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276 These functions behave like @code{custom-initialize-set} |
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277 (@code{custom-initialize-default}, respectively), but catch errors. |
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278 If an error occurs during initialization, they set the variable to |
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279 @code{nil} using @code{set-default}, and throw no error. |
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280 |
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281 These two functions are only meant for options defined in pre-loaded |
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282 files, where some variables or functions used to compute the option's |
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283 value may not yet be defined. The option normally gets updated in |
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284 @file{startup.el}, ignoring the previously computed value. Because of |
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285 this typical usage, the value which these two functions compute |
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286 normally only matters when, after startup, one unsets the option's |
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287 value and then reevaluates the defcustom. By that time, the necessary |
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288 variables and functions will be defined, so there will not be an error. |
21006 | 289 @end table |
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290 |
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291 @item :set-after @var{variables} |
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292 When setting variables according to saved customizations, make sure to |
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293 set the variables @var{variables} before this one; in other words, delay |
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294 setting this variable until after those others have been handled. Use |
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295 @code{:set-after} if setting this variable won't work properly unless |
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296 those other variables already have their intended values. |
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297 @end table |
21006 | 298 |
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299 The @code{:require} option is useful for an option that turns on the |
21006 | 300 operation of a certain feature. Assuming that the package is coded to |
301 check the value of the option, you still need to arrange for the package | |
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302 to be loaded. You can do that with @code{:require}. @xref{Common |
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303 Keywords}. Here is an example, from the library @file{saveplace.el}: |
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304 |
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305 @example |
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306 (defcustom save-place nil |
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307 "*Non-nil means automatically save place in each file..." |
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308 :type 'boolean |
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309 :require 'saveplace |
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310 :group 'save-place) |
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311 @end example |
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313 If a customization item has a type such as @code{hook} or @code{alist}, |
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314 which supports @code{:options}, you can add additional options to the |
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315 item, outside the @code{defcustom} declaration, by calling |
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316 @code{custom-add-option}. For example, if you define a function |
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317 @code{my-lisp-mode-initialization} intended to be called from |
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318 @code{emacs-lisp-mode-hook}, you might want to add that to the list of |
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319 options for @code{emacs-lisp-mode-hook}, but not by editing its |
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320 definition. You can do it thus: |
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321 |
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322 @example |
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323 (custom-add-option 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook |
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324 'my-lisp-mode-initialization) |
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325 @end example |
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327 @defun custom-add-option symbol option | |
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328 To the customization @var{symbol}, add @var{option}. |
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330 The precise effect of adding @var{option} depends on the customization |
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331 type of @var{symbol}. |
21006 | 332 @end defun |
333 | |
334 Internally, @code{defcustom} uses the symbol property | |
335 @code{standard-value} to record the expression for the default value, | |
336 and @code{saved-value} to record the value saved by the user with the | |
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337 customization buffer. Both properties are actually lists whose car is |
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338 an expression which evaluates to the value. |
21006 | 339 |
340 @node Customization Types | |
341 @section Customization Types | |
342 | |
343 When you define a user option with @code{defcustom}, you must specify | |
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344 its @dfn{customization type}. That is a Lisp object which describes (1) |
21006 | 345 which values are legitimate and (2) how to display the value in the |
346 customization buffer for editing. | |
347 | |
348 You specify the customization type in @code{defcustom} with the | |
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349 @code{:type} keyword. The argument of @code{:type} is evaluated, but |
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350 only once when the @code{defcustom} is executed, so it isn't useful |
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351 for the value to vary. Normally we use a quoted constant. For |
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352 example: |
21006 | 353 |
354 @example | |
355 (defcustom diff-command "diff" | |
356 "*The command to use to run diff." | |
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357 :type '(string) |
21006 | 358 :group 'diff) |
359 @end example | |
360 | |
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361 In general, a customization type is a list whose first element is a |
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362 symbol, one of the customization type names defined in the following |
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363 sections. After this symbol come a number of arguments, depending on |
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364 the symbol. Between the type symbol and its arguments, you can |
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365 optionally write keyword-value pairs (@pxref{Type Keywords}). |
21006 | 366 |
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367 Some of the type symbols do not use any arguments; those are called |
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368 @dfn{simple types}. For a simple type, if you do not use any |
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369 keyword-value pairs, you can omit the parentheses around the type |
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370 symbol. For example just @code{string} as a customization type is |
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371 equivalent to @code{(string)}. |
21006 | 372 |
373 @menu | |
374 * Simple Types:: | |
375 * Composite Types:: | |
376 * Splicing into Lists:: | |
377 * Type Keywords:: | |
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378 * Defining New Types:: |
21006 | 379 @end menu |
380 | |
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381 All customization types are implemented as widgets; see @ref{Top, , |
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382 Introduction, widget, The Emacs Widget Library}, for details. |
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383 |
21006 | 384 @node Simple Types |
385 @subsection Simple Types | |
386 | |
387 This section describes all the simple customization types. | |
388 | |
389 @table @code | |
390 @item sexp | |
391 The value may be any Lisp object that can be printed and read back. You | |
392 can use @code{sexp} as a fall-back for any option, if you don't want to | |
393 take the time to work out a more specific type to use. | |
394 | |
395 @item integer | |
396 The value must be an integer, and is represented textually | |
397 in the customization buffer. | |
398 | |
399 @item number | |
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400 The value must be a number (floating point or integer), and is |
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401 represented textually in the customization buffer. |
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402 |
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403 @item float |
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404 The value must be a floating point number, and is represented |
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405 textually in the customization buffer. |
21006 | 406 |
407 @item string | |
408 The value must be a string, and the customization buffer shows just the | |
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409 contents, with no delimiting @samp{"} characters and no quoting with |
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410 @samp{\}. |
21006 | 411 |
412 @item regexp | |
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413 Like @code{string} except that the string must be a valid regular |
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414 expression. |
21006 | 415 |
416 @item character | |
417 The value must be a character code. A character code is actually an | |
418 integer, but this type shows the value by inserting the character in the | |
419 buffer, rather than by showing the number. | |
420 | |
421 @item file | |
422 The value must be a file name, and you can do completion with | |
423 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
424 | |
425 @item (file :must-match t) | |
426 The value must be a file name for an existing file, and you can do | |
427 completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
428 | |
429 @item directory | |
430 The value must be a directory name, and you can do completion with | |
431 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
432 | |
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433 @item hook |
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434 The value must be a list of functions (or a single function, but that is |
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435 obsolete usage). This customization type is used for hook variables. |
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436 You can use the @code{:options} keyword in a hook variable's |
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437 @code{defcustom} to specify a list of functions recommended for use in |
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438 the hook; see @ref{Variable Definitions}. |
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439 |
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440 @item alist |
24952 | 441 The value must be a list of cons-cells, the @sc{car} of each cell |
442 representing a key, and the @sc{cdr} of the same cell representing an | |
443 associated value. The user can add and delete key/value pairs, and | |
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444 edit both the key and the value of each pair. |
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445 |
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446 You can specify the key and value types like this: |
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447 |
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448 @smallexample |
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449 (alist :key-type @var{key-type} :value-type @var{value-type}) |
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450 @end smallexample |
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451 |
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452 @noindent |
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453 where @var{key-type} and @var{value-type} are customization type |
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454 specifications. The default key type is @code{sexp}, and the default |
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455 value type is @code{sexp}. |
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456 |
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457 The user can add any key matching the specified key type, but you can |
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458 give some keys a preferential treatment by specifying them with the |
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459 @code{:options} (see @ref{Variable Definitions}). The specified keys |
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460 will always be shown in the customize buffer (together with a suitable |
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461 value), with a checkbox to include or exclude or disable the key/value |
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462 pair from the alist. The user will not be able to edit the keys |
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463 specified by the @code{:options} keyword argument. |
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464 |
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465 The argument to the @code{:options} keywords should be a list of option |
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466 specifications. Ordinarily, the options are simply atoms, which are the |
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467 specified keys. For example: |
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468 |
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469 @smallexample |
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470 :options '("foo" "bar" "baz") |
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471 @end smallexample |
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472 |
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473 @noindent |
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474 specifies that there are three ``known'' keys, namely @code{"foo"}, |
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475 @code{"bar"} and @code{"baz"}, which will always be shown first. |
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476 |
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477 You may want to restrict the value type for specific keys, for example, |
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478 the value associated with the @code{"bar"} key can only be an integer. |
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479 You can specify this by using a list instead of an atom in the option |
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480 specification. The first element will specify the key, like before, |
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481 while the second element will specify the value type. |
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482 |
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483 @smallexample |
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484 :options '("foo" ("bar" integer) "baz") |
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485 @end smallexample |
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486 |
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487 Finally, you may want to change how the key is presented. By default, |
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488 the key is simply shown as a @code{const}, since the user cannot change |
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489 the special keys specified with the @code{:options} keyword. However, |
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490 you may want to use a more specialized type for presenting the key, like |
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491 @code{function-item} if you know it is a symbol with a function binding. |
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492 This is done by using a customization type specification instead of a |
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493 symbol for the key. |
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494 |
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495 @smallexample |
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496 :options '("foo" ((function-item some-function) integer) "baz") |
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497 @end smallexample |
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498 |
24952 | 499 Many alists use lists with two elements, instead of cons cells. For |
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500 example, |
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501 |
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502 @smallexample |
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503 (defcustom list-alist '(("foo" 1) ("bar" 2) ("baz" 3)) |
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504 "Each element is a list of the form (KEY VALUE).") |
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505 @end smallexample |
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506 |
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507 @noindent |
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508 instead of |
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509 |
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510 @smallexample |
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511 (defcustom cons-alist '(("foo" . 1) ("bar" . 2) ("baz" . 3)) |
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512 "Each element is a cons-cell (KEY . VALUE).") |
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513 @end smallexample |
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514 |
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515 Because of the way lists are implemented on top of cons cells, you can |
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516 treat @code{list-alist} in the example above as a cons cell alist, where |
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517 the value type is a list with a single element containing the real |
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518 value. |
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519 |
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520 @smallexample |
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521 (defcustom list-alist '(("foo" 1) ("bar" 2) ("baz" 3)) |
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522 "Each element is a list of the form (KEY VALUE)." |
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523 :type '(alist :value-type (group integer))) |
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524 @end smallexample |
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525 |
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526 The @code{group} widget is used here instead of @code{list} only because |
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527 the formatting is better suited for the purpose. |
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528 |
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529 Similarly, you can have alists with more values associated with each |
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530 key, using variations of this trick: |
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531 |
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532 @smallexample |
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533 (defcustom person-data '(("brian" 50 t) |
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534 ("dorith" 55 nil) |
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535 ("ken" 52 t)) |
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536 "Alist of basic info about people. |
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537 Each element has the form (NAME AGE MALE-FLAG)." |
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538 :type '(alist :value-type (group integer boolean))) |
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539 |
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540 (defcustom pets '(("brian") |
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541 ("dorith" "dog" "guppy") |
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542 ("ken" "cat")) |
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543 "Alist of people's pets. |
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544 In an element (KEY . VALUE), KEY is the person's name, |
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545 and the VALUE is a list of that person's pets." |
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546 :type '(alist :value-type (repeat string))) |
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547 @end smallexample |
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548 |
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549 @item plist |
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550 The @code{plist} custom type is similar to the @code{alist} (see above), |
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551 except that the information is stored as a property list, i.e. a list of |
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552 this form: |
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553 |
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554 @smallexample |
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555 (@var{key} @var{value} @var{key} @var{value} @var{key} @var{value} @dots{}) |
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556 @end smallexample |
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557 |
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558 The default @code{:key-type} for @code{plist} is @code{symbol}, |
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559 rather than @code{sexp}. |
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560 |
21006 | 561 @item symbol |
562 The value must be a symbol. It appears in the customization buffer as | |
563 the name of the symbol. | |
564 | |
565 @item function | |
566 The value must be either a lambda expression or a function name. When | |
567 it is a function name, you can do completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
568 | |
569 @item variable | |
570 The value must be a variable name, and you can do completion with | |
571 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
572 | |
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573 @item face |
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574 The value must be a symbol which is a face name, and you can do |
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575 completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. |
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576 |
21006 | 577 @item boolean |
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578 The value is boolean---either @code{nil} or @code{t}. Note that by |
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579 using @code{choice} and @code{const} together (see the next section), |
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580 you can specify that the value must be @code{nil} or @code{t}, but also |
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581 specify the text to describe each value in a way that fits the specific |
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582 meaning of the alternative. |
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583 |
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584 @item coding-system |
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585 The value must be a coding-system name, and you can do completion with |
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586 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. |
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587 |
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588 @item color |
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589 The value must be a valid color name, and you can do completion with |
54299 | 590 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. A sample is provided. |
21006 | 591 @end table |
592 | |
593 @node Composite Types | |
594 @subsection Composite Types | |
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595 @cindex arguments (of composite type) |
21006 | 596 |
597 When none of the simple types is appropriate, you can use composite | |
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598 types, which build new types from other types or from specified data. |
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599 The specified types or data are called the @dfn{arguments} of the |
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600 composite type. The composite type normally looks like this: |
21006 | 601 |
602 @example | |
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603 (@var{constructor} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
21006 | 604 @end example |
605 | |
606 @noindent | |
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607 but you can also add keyword-value pairs before the arguments, like |
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608 this: |
21006 | 609 |
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610 @example |
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611 (@var{constructor} @r{@{}@var{keyword} @var{value}@r{@}}@dots{} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
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612 @end example |
21006 | 613 |
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614 Here is a table of constructors and how to use them to write |
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615 composite types: |
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616 |
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617 @table @code |
21006 | 618 @item (cons @var{car-type} @var{cdr-type}) |
619 The value must be a cons cell, its @sc{car} must fit @var{car-type}, and | |
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620 its @sc{cdr} must fit @var{cdr-type}. For example, @code{(cons string |
21006 | 621 symbol)} is a customization type which matches values such as |
622 @code{("foo" . foo)}. | |
623 | |
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624 In the customization buffer, the @sc{car} and the @sc{cdr} are |
21006 | 625 displayed and edited separately, each according to the type |
626 that you specify for it. | |
627 | |
628 @item (list @var{element-types}@dots{}) | |
629 The value must be a list with exactly as many elements as the | |
630 @var{element-types} you have specified; and each element must fit the | |
631 corresponding @var{element-type}. | |
632 | |
633 For example, @code{(list integer string function)} describes a list of | |
634 three elements; the first element must be an integer, the second a | |
635 string, and the third a function. | |
636 | |
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637 In the customization buffer, each element is displayed and edited |
21006 | 638 separately, according to the type specified for it. |
639 | |
640 @item (vector @var{element-types}@dots{}) | |
641 Like @code{list} except that the value must be a vector instead of a | |
642 list. The elements work the same as in @code{list}. | |
643 | |
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644 @item (choice @var{alternative-types}@dots{}) |
21006 | 645 The value must fit at least one of @var{alternative-types}. |
646 For example, @code{(choice integer string)} allows either an | |
647 integer or a string. | |
648 | |
649 In the customization buffer, the user selects one of the alternatives | |
650 using a menu, and can then edit the value in the usual way for that | |
651 alternative. | |
652 | |
653 Normally the strings in this menu are determined automatically from the | |
654 choices; however, you can specify different strings for the menu by | |
655 including the @code{:tag} keyword in the alternatives. For example, if | |
656 an integer stands for a number of spaces, while a string is text to use | |
657 verbatim, you might write the customization type this way, | |
658 | |
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659 @example |
21006 | 660 (choice (integer :tag "Number of spaces") |
661 (string :tag "Literal text")) | |
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662 @end example |
21006 | 663 |
664 @noindent | |
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665 so that the menu offers @samp{Number of spaces} and @samp{Literal text}. |
21006 | 666 |
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667 In any alternative for which @code{nil} is not a valid value, other than |
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668 a @code{const}, you should specify a valid default for that alternative |
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669 using the @code{:value} keyword. @xref{Type Keywords}. |
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670 |
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671 If some values are covered by more than one of the alternatives, |
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672 customize will choose the first alternative that the value fits. This |
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673 means you should always list the most specific types first, and the |
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674 most general last. Here's an example of proper usage: |
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675 |
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676 @example |
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677 (choice (const :tag "Off" nil) |
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678 symbol (sexp :tag "Other")) |
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679 @end example |
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680 |
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681 @noindent |
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682 This way, the special value @code{nil} is not treated like other |
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683 symbols, and symbols are not treated like other Lisp expressions. |
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684 |
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685 @item (radio @var{element-types}@dots{}) |
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686 This is similar to @code{choice}, except that the choices are displayed |
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687 using `radio buttons' rather than a menu. This has the advantage of |
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688 displaying documentation for the choices when applicable and so is often |
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689 a good choice for a choice between constant functions |
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690 (@code{function-item} customization types). |
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691 |
21006 | 692 @item (const @var{value}) |
693 The value must be @var{value}---nothing else is allowed. | |
694 | |
695 The main use of @code{const} is inside of @code{choice}. For example, | |
696 @code{(choice integer (const nil))} allows either an integer or | |
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697 @code{nil}. |
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698 |
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699 @code{:tag} is often used with @code{const}, inside of @code{choice}. |
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700 For example, |
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701 |
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702 @example |
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703 (choice (const :tag "Yes" t) |
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704 (const :tag "No" nil) |
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705 (const :tag "Ask" foo)) |
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706 @end example |
21006 | 707 |
22433
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708 @noindent |
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709 describes a variable for which @code{t} means yes, @code{nil} means no, |
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710 and @code{foo} means ``ask.'' |
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711 |
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712 @item (other @var{value}) |
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713 This alternative can match any Lisp value, but if the user chooses this |
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714 alternative, that selects the value @var{value}. |
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715 |
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716 The main use of @code{other} is as the last element of @code{choice}. |
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717 For example, |
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718 |
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719 @example |
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720 (choice (const :tag "Yes" t) |
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721 (const :tag "No" nil) |
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722 (other :tag "Ask" foo)) |
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723 @end example |
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724 |
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725 @noindent |
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726 describes a variable for which @code{t} means yes, @code{nil} means no, |
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727 and anything else means ``ask.'' If the user chooses @samp{Ask} from |
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728 the menu of alternatives, that specifies the value @code{foo}; but any |
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729 other value (not @code{t}, @code{nil} or @code{foo}) displays as |
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730 @samp{Ask}, just like @code{foo}. |
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731 |
21006 | 732 @item (function-item @var{function}) |
733 Like @code{const}, but used for values which are functions. This | |
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734 displays the documentation string as well as the function name. |
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735 The documentation string is either the one you specify with |
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736 @code{:doc}, or @var{function}'s own documentation string. |
21006 | 737 |
738 @item (variable-item @var{variable}) | |
739 Like @code{const}, but used for values which are variable names. This | |
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740 displays the documentation string as well as the variable name. The |
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741 documentation string is either the one you specify with @code{:doc}, or |
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742 @var{variable}'s own documentation string. |
21006 | 743 |
23902 | 744 @item (set @var{types}@dots{}) |
745 The value must be a list, and each element of the list must match one of | |
746 the @var{types} specified. | |
747 | |
748 This appears in the customization buffer as a checklist, so that each of | |
749 @var{types} may have either one corresponding element or none. It is | |
750 not possible to specify two different elements that match the same one | |
751 of @var{types}. For example, @code{(set integer symbol)} allows one | |
752 integer and/or one symbol in the list; it does not allow multiple | |
753 integers or multiple symbols. As a result, it is rare to use | |
754 nonspecific types such as @code{integer} in a @code{set}. | |
755 | |
756 Most often, the @var{types} in a @code{set} are @code{const} types, as | |
757 shown here: | |
758 | |
759 @example | |
760 (set (const :bold) (const :italic)) | |
761 @end example | |
762 | |
763 Sometimes they describe possible elements in an alist: | |
764 | |
765 @example | |
766 (set (cons :tag "Height" (const height) integer) | |
767 (cons :tag "Width" (const width) integer)) | |
768 @end example | |
769 | |
770 @noindent | |
771 That lets the user specify a height value optionally | |
772 and a width value optionally. | |
21006 | 773 |
774 @item (repeat @var{element-type}) | |
775 The value must be a list and each element of the list must fit the type | |
776 @var{element-type}. This appears in the customization buffer as a | |
777 list of elements, with @samp{[INS]} and @samp{[DEL]} buttons for adding | |
778 more elements or removing elements. | |
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779 |
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780 @item (restricted-sexp :match-alternatives @var{criteria}) |
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781 This is the most general composite type construct. The value may be |
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782 any Lisp object that satisfies one of @var{criteria}. @var{criteria} |
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783 should be a list, and each element should be one of these |
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784 possibilities: |
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785 |
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786 @itemize @bullet |
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787 @item |
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788 A predicate---that is, a function of one argument that has no side |
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789 effects, and returns either @code{nil} or non-@code{nil} according to |
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790 the argument. Using a predicate in the list says that objects for which |
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791 the predicate returns non-@code{nil} are acceptable. |
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792 |
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793 @item |
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794 A quoted constant---that is, @code{'@var{object}}. This sort of element |
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795 in the list says that @var{object} itself is an acceptable value. |
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796 @end itemize |
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797 |
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798 For example, |
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799 |
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800 @example |
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801 (restricted-sexp :match-alternatives |
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802 (integerp 't 'nil)) |
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803 @end example |
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804 |
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805 @noindent |
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806 allows integers, @code{t} and @code{nil} as legitimate values. |
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807 |
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808 The customization buffer shows all legitimate values using their read |
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809 syntax, and the user edits them textually. |
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810 @end table |
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811 |
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812 Here is a table of the keywords you can use in keyword-value pairs |
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813 in a composite type: |
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814 |
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815 @table @code |
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816 @item :tag @var{tag} |
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817 Use @var{tag} as the name of this alternative, for user communication |
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818 purposes. This is useful for a type that appears inside of a |
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819 @code{choice}. |
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820 |
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821 @item :match-alternatives @var{criteria} |
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822 Use @var{criteria} to match possible values. This is used only in |
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823 @code{restricted-sexp}. |
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824 |
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825 @item :args @var{argument-list} |
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826 Use the elements of @var{argument-list} as the arguments of the type |
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827 construct. For instance, @code{(const :args (foo))} is equivalent to |
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828 @code{(const foo)}. You rarely need to write @code{:args} explicitly, |
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829 because normally the arguments are recognized automatically as |
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830 whatever follows the last keyword-value pair. |
21006 | 831 @end table |
832 | |
833 @node Splicing into Lists | |
834 @subsection Splicing into Lists | |
835 | |
836 The @code{:inline} feature lets you splice a variable number of | |
837 elements into the middle of a list or vector. You use it in a | |
838 @code{set}, @code{choice} or @code{repeat} type which appears among the | |
839 element-types of a @code{list} or @code{vector}. | |
840 | |
841 Normally, each of the element-types in a @code{list} or @code{vector} | |
842 describes one and only one element of the list or vector. Thus, if an | |
843 element-type is a @code{repeat}, that specifies a list of unspecified | |
844 length which appears as one element. | |
845 | |
846 But when the element-type uses @code{:inline}, the value it matches is | |
847 merged directly into the containing sequence. For example, if it | |
848 matches a list with three elements, those become three elements of the | |
849 overall sequence. This is analogous to using @samp{,@@} in the backquote | |
850 construct. | |
851 | |
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852 For example, to specify a list whose first element must be @code{baz} |
21006 | 853 and whose remaining arguments should be zero or more of @code{foo} and |
854 @code{bar}, use this customization type: | |
855 | |
856 @example | |
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857 (list (const baz) (set :inline t (const foo) (const bar))) |
21006 | 858 @end example |
859 | |
860 @noindent | |
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861 This matches values such as @code{(baz)}, @code{(baz foo)}, @code{(baz bar)} |
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862 and @code{(baz foo bar)}. |
21006 | 863 |
864 When the element-type is a @code{choice}, you use @code{:inline} not | |
865 in the @code{choice} itself, but in (some of) the alternatives of the | |
866 @code{choice}. For example, to match a list which must start with a | |
867 file name, followed either by the symbol @code{t} or two strings, use | |
868 this customization type: | |
869 | |
870 @example | |
871 (list file | |
872 (choice (const t) | |
873 (list :inline t string string))) | |
874 @end example | |
875 | |
876 @noindent | |
877 If the user chooses the first alternative in the choice, then the | |
878 overall list has two elements and the second element is @code{t}. If | |
879 the user chooses the second alternative, then the overall list has three | |
880 elements and the second and third must be strings. | |
881 | |
882 @node Type Keywords | |
883 @subsection Type Keywords | |
884 | |
885 You can specify keyword-argument pairs in a customization type after the | |
886 type name symbol. Here are the keywords you can use, and their | |
887 meanings: | |
888 | |
889 @table @code | |
890 @item :value @var{default} | |
891 This is used for a type that appears as an alternative inside of | |
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892 @code{choice}; it specifies the default value to use, at first, if and |
21006 | 893 when the user selects this alternative with the menu in the |
894 customization buffer. | |
895 | |
896 Of course, if the actual value of the option fits this alternative, it | |
897 will appear showing the actual value, not @var{default}. | |
898 | |
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899 If @code{nil} is not a valid value for the alternative, then it is |
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900 essential to specify a valid default with @code{:value}. |
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901 |
21006 | 902 @item :format @var{format-string} |
903 This string will be inserted in the buffer to represent the value | |
904 corresponding to the type. The following @samp{%} escapes are available | |
905 for use in @var{format-string}: | |
906 | |
907 @table @samp | |
908 @item %[@var{button}%] | |
909 Display the text @var{button} marked as a button. The @code{:action} | |
910 attribute specifies what the button will do if the user invokes it; | |
911 its value is a function which takes two arguments---the widget which | |
912 the button appears in, and the event. | |
913 | |
914 There is no way to specify two different buttons with different | |
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915 actions. |
21006 | 916 |
917 @item %@{@var{sample}%@} | |
918 Show @var{sample} in a special face specified by @code{:sample-face}. | |
919 | |
920 @item %v | |
921 Substitute the item's value. How the value is represented depends on | |
922 the kind of item, and (for variables) on the customization type. | |
923 | |
924 @item %d | |
925 Substitute the item's documentation string. | |
926 | |
927 @item %h | |
928 Like @samp{%d}, but if the documentation string is more than one line, | |
929 add an active field to control whether to show all of it or just the | |
930 first line. | |
931 | |
932 @item %t | |
933 Substitute the tag here. You specify the tag with the @code{:tag} | |
934 keyword. | |
935 | |
936 @item %% | |
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937 Display a literal @samp{%}. |
21006 | 938 @end table |
939 | |
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940 @item :action @var{action} |
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941 Perform @var{action} if the user clicks on a button. |
21006 | 942 |
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943 @item :button-face @var{face} |
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944 Use the face @var{face} (a face name or a list of face names) for button |
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945 text displayed with @samp{%[@dots{}%]}. |
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946 |
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947 @item :button-prefix @var{prefix} |
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948 @itemx :button-suffix @var{suffix} |
21006 | 949 These specify the text to display before and after a button. |
950 Each can be: | |
951 | |
952 @table @asis | |
953 @item @code{nil} | |
954 No text is inserted. | |
955 | |
956 @item a string | |
957 The string is inserted literally. | |
958 | |
959 @item a symbol | |
960 The symbol's value is used. | |
961 @end table | |
962 | |
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963 @item :tag @var{tag} |
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964 Use @var{tag} (a string) as the tag for the value (or part of the value) |
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965 that corresponds to this type. |
21006 | 966 |
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967 @item :doc @var{doc} |
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968 Use @var{doc} as the documentation string for this value (or part of the |
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969 value) that corresponds to this type. In order for this to work, you |
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970 must specify a value for @code{:format}, and use @samp{%d} or @samp{%h} |
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971 in that value. |
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972 |
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973 The usual reason to specify a documentation string for a type is to |
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974 provide more information about the meanings of alternatives inside a |
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975 @code{:choice} type or the parts of some other composite type. |
21006 | 976 |
977 @item :help-echo @var{motion-doc} | |
978 When you move to this item with @code{widget-forward} or | |
30500 | 979 @code{widget-backward}, it will display the string @var{motion-doc} in |
980 the echo area. In addition, @var{motion-doc} is used as the mouse | |
981 @code{help-echo} string and may actually be a function or form evaluated | |
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982 to yield a help string. If it is a function, it is called with one |
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983 argument, the widget. |
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984 @xref{Text help-echo}. |
21006 | 985 |
986 @item :match @var{function} | |
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987 Specify how to decide whether a value matches the type. The |
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988 corresponding value, @var{function}, should be a function that accepts |
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989 two arguments, a widget and a value; it should return non-@code{nil} if |
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990 the value is acceptable. |
21006 | 991 |
992 @ignore | |
993 @item :indent @var{columns} | |
994 Indent this item by @var{columns} columns. The indentation is used for | |
995 @samp{%n}, and automatically for group names, for checklists and radio | |
996 buttons, and for editable lists. It affects the whole of the | |
997 item except for the first line. | |
998 | |
999 @item :offset @var{columns} | |
1000 An integer indicating how many extra spaces to indent the subitems of | |
1001 this item. By default, subitems are indented the same as their parent. | |
1002 | |
1003 @item :extra-offset | |
1004 An integer indicating how many extra spaces to add to this item's | |
1005 indentation, compared to its parent. | |
1006 | |
1007 @item :notify | |
1008 A function called each time the item or a subitem is changed. The | |
1009 function is called with two or three arguments. The first argument is | |
1010 the item itself, the second argument is the item that was changed, and | |
1011 the third argument is the event leading to the change, if any. | |
1012 | |
1013 @item :menu-tag | |
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1014 A tag used in the menu when the widget is used as an option in a |
21006 | 1015 @code{menu-choice} widget. |
1016 | |
1017 @item :menu-tag-get | |
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1018 A function used for finding the tag when the widget is used as an option |
21006 | 1019 in a @code{menu-choice} widget. By default, the tag used will be either the |
1020 @code{:menu-tag} or @code{:tag} property if present, or the @code{princ} | |
1021 representation of the @code{:value} property if not. | |
1022 | |
1023 @item :validate | |
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1024 A function which takes a widget as an argument, and return @code{nil} |
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1025 if the widget's current value is valid for the widget. Otherwise, it |
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1026 should return the widget containing the invalid data, and set that |
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1027 widget's @code{:error} property to a string explaining the error. |
21006 | 1028 |
1029 You can use the function @code{widget-children-validate} for this job; | |
1030 it tests that all children of @var{widget} are valid. | |
1031 | |
1032 @item :tab-order | |
1033 Specify the order in which widgets are traversed with | |
1034 @code{widget-forward} or @code{widget-backward}. This is only partially | |
1035 implemented. | |
1036 | |
1037 @enumerate a | |
1038 @item | |
1039 Widgets with tabbing order @code{-1} are ignored. | |
1040 | |
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1041 @item |
21006 | 1042 (Unimplemented) When on a widget with tabbing order @var{n}, go to the |
1043 next widget in the buffer with tabbing order @var{n+1} or @code{nil}, | |
1044 whichever comes first. | |
1045 | |
1046 @item | |
1047 When on a widget with no tabbing order specified, go to the next widget | |
1048 in the buffer with a positive tabbing order, or @code{nil} | |
1049 @end enumerate | |
1050 | |
1051 @item :parent | |
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1052 The parent of a nested widget (e.g., a @code{menu-choice} item or an |
21006 | 1053 element of a @code{editable-list} widget). |
1054 | |
1055 @item :sibling-args | |
1056 This keyword is only used for members of a @code{radio-button-choice} or | |
1057 @code{checklist}. The value should be a list of extra keyword | |
1058 arguments, which will be used when creating the @code{radio-button} or | |
1059 @code{checkbox} associated with this item. | |
1060 @end ignore | |
1061 @end table | |
52401 | 1062 |
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1063 @node Defining New Types |
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1064 @subsection Defining New Types |
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1065 |
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1066 In the previous sections we have described how to construct elaborate |
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1067 type specifications for @code{defcustom}. In some cases you may want |
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1068 to give such a type specification a name. The obvious case is when |
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1069 you are using the same type for many user options: rather than repeat |
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1070 the specification for each option, you can give the type specification |
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1071 a name, and use that name each @code{defcustom}. The other case is |
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1072 when a user option's value is a recursive data structure. To make it |
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1073 possible for a datatype to refer to itself, it needs to have a name. |
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1074 |
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1075 Since custom types are implemented as widgets, the way to define a new |
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1076 customize type is to define a new widget. We are not going to describe |
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1077 the widget interface here in details, see @ref{Top, , Introduction, |
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1078 widget, The Emacs Widget Library}, for that. Instead we are going to |
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1079 demonstrate the minimal functionality needed for defining new customize |
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1080 types by a simple example. |
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1081 |
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1082 @example |
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1083 (define-widget 'binary-tree-of-string 'lazy |
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1084 "A binary tree made of cons-cells and strings." |
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1085 :offset 4 |
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1086 :tag "Node" |
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1087 :type '(choice (string :tag "Leaf" :value "") |
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1088 (cons :tag "Interior" |
54299 | 1089 :value ("" . "") |
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1090 binary-tree-of-string |
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1091 binary-tree-of-string))) |
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1092 |
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1093 (defcustom foo-bar "" |
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1094 "Sample variable holding a binary tree of strings." |
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1095 :type 'binary-tree-of-string) |
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1096 @end example |
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1097 |
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1098 The function to define a new widget is called @code{define-widget}. The |
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1099 first argument is the symbol we want to make a new widget type. The |
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1100 second argument is a symbol representing an existing widget, the new |
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1101 widget is going to be defined in terms of difference from the existing |
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1102 widget. For the purpose of defining new customization types, the |
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1103 @code{lazy} widget is perfect, because it accepts a @code{:type} keyword |
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1104 argument with the same syntax as the keyword argument to |
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1105 @code{defcustom} with the same name. The third argument is a |
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1106 documentation string for the new widget. You will be able to see that |
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1107 string with the @kbd{M-x widget-browse @key{RET} binary-tree-of-string |
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1108 @key{RET}} command. |
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1109 |
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1110 After these mandatory arguments follow the keyword arguments. The most |
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1111 important is @code{:type}, which describes the data type we want to match |
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1112 with this widget. Here a @code{binary-tree-of-string} is described as |
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1113 being either a string, or a cons-cell whose car and cdr are themselves |
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1114 both @code{binary-tree-of-string}. Note the reference to the widget |
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1115 type we are currently in the process of defining. The @code{:tag} |
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1116 attribute is a string to name the widget in the user interface, and the |
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1117 @code{:offset} argument is there to ensure that child nodes are |
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1118 indented four spaces relative to the parent node, making the tree |
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1119 structure apparent in the customization buffer. |
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1120 |
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1121 The @code{defcustom} shows how the new widget can be used as an ordinary |
54299 | 1122 customization type. |
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1123 |
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1124 The reason for the name @code{lazy} is that the other composite |
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1125 widgets convert their inferior widgets to internal form when the |
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1126 widget is instantiated in a buffer. This conversion is recursive, so |
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1127 the inferior widgets will convert @emph{their} inferior widgets. If |
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1128 the data structure is itself recursive, this conversion is an infinite |
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1129 recursion. The @code{lazy} widget prevents the recursion: it convert |
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1130 its @code{:type} argument only when needed. |
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1131 |
52401 | 1132 @ignore |
1133 arch-tag: d1b8fad3-f48c-4ce4-a402-f73b5ef19bd2 | |
1134 @end ignore |