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annotate lispref/syntax.texi @ 76586:57f1bfa7e343
Mark 1998-08-26 change by Kevin Rodgers as tiny.
author | Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com> |
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date | Mon, 19 Mar 2007 18:54:53 +0000 |
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6552 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2001, |
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4 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6552 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/syntax | |
7 @node Syntax Tables, Abbrevs, Searching and Matching, Top | |
8 @chapter Syntax Tables | |
9 @cindex parsing | |
10 @cindex syntax table | |
11 @cindex text parsing | |
12 | |
13 A @dfn{syntax table} specifies the syntactic textual function of each | |
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14 character. This information is used by the @dfn{parsing functions}, the |
6552 | 15 complex movement commands, and others to determine where words, symbols, |
16 and other syntactic constructs begin and end. The current syntax table | |
17 controls the meaning of the word motion functions (@pxref{Word Motion}) | |
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18 and the list motion functions (@pxref{List Motion}), as well as the |
6552 | 19 functions in this chapter. |
20 | |
21 @menu | |
22 * Basics: Syntax Basics. Basic concepts of syntax tables. | |
23 * Desc: Syntax Descriptors. How characters are classified. | |
24 * Syntax Table Functions:: How to create, examine and alter syntax tables. | |
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25 * Syntax Properties:: Overriding syntax with text properties. |
6552 | 26 * Motion and Syntax:: Moving over characters with certain syntaxes. |
27 * Parsing Expressions:: Parsing balanced expressions | |
28 using the syntax table. | |
29 * Standard Syntax Tables:: Syntax tables used by various major modes. | |
30 * Syntax Table Internals:: How syntax table information is stored. | |
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31 * Categories:: Another way of classifying character syntax. |
6552 | 32 @end menu |
33 | |
34 @node Syntax Basics | |
35 @section Syntax Table Concepts | |
36 | |
27193 | 37 @ifnottex |
6552 | 38 A @dfn{syntax table} provides Emacs with the information that |
39 determines the syntactic use of each character in a buffer. This | |
40 information is used by the parsing commands, the complex movement | |
41 commands, and others to determine where words, symbols, and other | |
42 syntactic constructs begin and end. The current syntax table controls | |
43 the meaning of the word motion functions (@pxref{Word Motion}) and the | |
44 list motion functions (@pxref{List Motion}) as well as the functions in | |
45 this chapter. | |
27193 | 46 @end ifnottex |
6552 | 47 |
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48 A syntax table is a char-table (@pxref{Char-Tables}). The element at |
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49 index @var{c} describes the character with code @var{c}. The element's |
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50 value should be a list that encodes the syntax of the character in |
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51 question. |
6552 | 52 |
53 Syntax tables are used only for moving across text, not for the Emacs | |
54 Lisp reader. Emacs Lisp uses built-in syntactic rules when reading Lisp | |
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55 expressions, and these rules cannot be changed. (Some Lisp systems |
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56 provide ways to redefine the read syntax, but we decided to leave this |
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57 feature out of Emacs Lisp for simplicity.) |
6552 | 58 |
59 Each buffer has its own major mode, and each major mode has its own | |
60 idea of the syntactic class of various characters. For example, in Lisp | |
61 mode, the character @samp{;} begins a comment, but in C mode, it | |
62 terminates a statement. To support these variations, Emacs makes the | |
63 choice of syntax table local to each buffer. Typically, each major | |
64 mode has its own syntax table and installs that table in each buffer | |
8469 | 65 that uses that mode. Changing this table alters the syntax in all |
6552 | 66 those buffers as well as in any buffers subsequently put in that mode. |
67 Occasionally several similar modes share one syntax table. | |
68 @xref{Example Major Modes}, for an example of how to set up a syntax | |
69 table. | |
70 | |
71 A syntax table can inherit the data for some characters from the | |
72 standard syntax table, while specifying other characters itself. The | |
73 ``inherit'' syntax class means ``inherit this character's syntax from | |
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74 the standard syntax table.'' Just changing the standard syntax for a |
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75 character affects all syntax tables that inherit from it. |
6552 | 76 |
77 @defun syntax-table-p object | |
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78 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a syntax table. |
6552 | 79 @end defun |
80 | |
81 @node Syntax Descriptors | |
82 @section Syntax Descriptors | |
83 @cindex syntax classes | |
84 | |
85 This section describes the syntax classes and flags that denote the | |
86 syntax of a character, and how they are represented as a @dfn{syntax | |
87 descriptor}, which is a Lisp string that you pass to | |
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88 @code{modify-syntax-entry} to specify the syntax you want. |
6552 | 89 |
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90 The syntax table specifies a syntax class for each character. There |
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91 is no necessary relationship between the class of a character in one |
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92 syntax table and its class in any other table. |
6552 | 93 |
8469 | 94 Each class is designated by a mnemonic character, which serves as the |
6552 | 95 name of the class when you need to specify a class. Usually the |
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96 designator character is one that is often assigned that class; however, |
8469 | 97 its meaning as a designator is unvarying and independent of what syntax |
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98 that character currently has. Thus, @samp{\} as a designator character |
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99 always gives ``escape character'' syntax, regardless of what syntax |
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100 @samp{\} currently has. |
6552 | 101 |
102 @cindex syntax descriptor | |
8469 | 103 A syntax descriptor is a Lisp string that specifies a syntax class, a |
6552 | 104 matching character (used only for the parenthesis classes) and flags. |
105 The first character is the designator for a syntax class. The second | |
106 character is the character to match; if it is unused, put a space there. | |
107 Then come the characters for any desired flags. If no matching | |
108 character or flags are needed, one character is sufficient. | |
109 | |
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110 For example, the syntax descriptor for the character @samp{*} in C |
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111 mode is @samp{@w{. 23}} (i.e., punctuation, matching character slot |
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112 unused, second character of a comment-starter, first character of a |
6552 | 113 comment-ender), and the entry for @samp{/} is @samp{@w{. 14}} (i.e., |
114 punctuation, matching character slot unused, first character of a | |
115 comment-starter, second character of a comment-ender). | |
116 | |
117 @menu | |
118 * Syntax Class Table:: Table of syntax classes. | |
119 * Syntax Flags:: Additional flags each character can have. | |
120 @end menu | |
121 | |
122 @node Syntax Class Table | |
123 @subsection Table of Syntax Classes | |
124 | |
8469 | 125 Here is a table of syntax classes, the characters that stand for them, |
6552 | 126 their meanings, and examples of their use. |
127 | |
128 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{whitespace character} | |
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129 @dfn{Whitespace characters} (designated by @w{@samp{@ }} or @samp{-}) |
6552 | 130 separate symbols and words from each other. Typically, whitespace |
131 characters have no other syntactic significance, and multiple whitespace | |
132 characters are syntactically equivalent to a single one. Space, tab, | |
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133 newline and formfeed are classified as whitespace in almost all major |
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134 modes. |
6552 | 135 @end deffn |
136 | |
137 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{word constituent} | |
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138 @dfn{Word constituents} (designated by @samp{w}) are parts of words in |
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139 human languages, and are typically used in variable and command names |
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140 in programs. All upper- and lower-case letters, and the digits, are |
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141 typically word constituents. |
6552 | 142 @end deffn |
143 | |
144 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{symbol constituent} | |
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145 @dfn{Symbol constituents} (designated by @samp{_}) are the extra |
6552 | 146 characters that are used in variable and command names along with word |
147 constituents. For example, the symbol constituents class is used in | |
148 Lisp mode to indicate that certain characters may be part of symbol | |
149 names even though they are not part of English words. These characters | |
150 are @samp{$&*+-_<>}. In standard C, the only non-word-constituent | |
151 character that is valid in symbols is underscore (@samp{_}). | |
152 @end deffn | |
153 | |
154 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{punctuation character} | |
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155 @dfn{Punctuation characters} (designated by @samp{.}) are those |
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156 characters that are used as punctuation in English, or are used in some |
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157 way in a programming language to separate symbols from one another. |
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158 Some programming language modes, such as Emacs Lisp mode, have no |
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159 characters in this class since the few characters that are not symbol or |
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160 word constituents all have other uses. Other programming language modes, |
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161 such as C mode, use punctuation syntax for operators. |
6552 | 162 @end deffn |
163 | |
164 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{open parenthesis character} | |
165 @deffnx {Syntax class} @w{close parenthesis character} | |
166 @cindex parenthesis syntax | |
167 Open and close @dfn{parenthesis characters} are characters used in | |
168 dissimilar pairs to surround sentences or expressions. Such a grouping | |
169 is begun with an open parenthesis character and terminated with a close. | |
170 Each open parenthesis character matches a particular close parenthesis | |
171 character, and vice versa. Normally, Emacs indicates momentarily the | |
172 matching open parenthesis when you insert a close parenthesis. | |
173 @xref{Blinking}. | |
174 | |
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175 The class of open parentheses is designated by @samp{(}, and that of |
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176 close parentheses by @samp{)}. |
6552 | 177 |
178 In English text, and in C code, the parenthesis pairs are @samp{()}, | |
179 @samp{[]}, and @samp{@{@}}. In Emacs Lisp, the delimiters for lists and | |
180 vectors (@samp{()} and @samp{[]}) are classified as parenthesis | |
181 characters. | |
182 @end deffn | |
183 | |
184 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{string quote} | |
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185 @dfn{String quote characters} (designated by @samp{"}) are used in |
6552 | 186 many languages, including Lisp and C, to delimit string constants. The |
187 same string quote character appears at the beginning and the end of a | |
188 string. Such quoted strings do not nest. | |
189 | |
190 The parsing facilities of Emacs consider a string as a single token. | |
191 The usual syntactic meanings of the characters in the string are | |
192 suppressed. | |
193 | |
194 The Lisp modes have two string quote characters: double-quote (@samp{"}) | |
195 and vertical bar (@samp{|}). @samp{|} is not used in Emacs Lisp, but it | |
196 is used in Common Lisp. C also has two string quote characters: | |
197 double-quote for strings, and single-quote (@samp{'}) for character | |
198 constants. | |
199 | |
200 English text has no string quote characters because English is not a | |
201 programming language. Although quotation marks are used in English, | |
202 we do not want them to turn off the usual syntactic properties of | |
203 other characters in the quotation. | |
204 @end deffn | |
205 | |
206 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{escape} | |
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207 An @dfn{escape character} (designated by @samp{\}) starts an escape |
6552 | 208 sequence such as is used in C string and character constants. The |
209 character @samp{\} belongs to this class in both C and Lisp. (In C, it | |
210 is used thus only inside strings, but it turns out to cause no trouble | |
211 to treat it this way throughout C code.) | |
212 | |
213 Characters in this class count as part of words if | |
214 @code{words-include-escapes} is non-@code{nil}. @xref{Word Motion}. | |
215 @end deffn | |
216 | |
217 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{character quote} | |
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218 A @dfn{character quote character} (designated by @samp{/}) quotes the |
6552 | 219 following character so that it loses its normal syntactic meaning. This |
220 differs from an escape character in that only the character immediately | |
221 following is ever affected. | |
222 | |
223 Characters in this class count as part of words if | |
224 @code{words-include-escapes} is non-@code{nil}. @xref{Word Motion}. | |
225 | |
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226 This class is used for backslash in @TeX{} mode. |
6552 | 227 @end deffn |
228 | |
229 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{paired delimiter} | |
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230 @dfn{Paired delimiter characters} (designated by @samp{$}) are like |
6552 | 231 string quote characters except that the syntactic properties of the |
232 characters between the delimiters are not suppressed. Only @TeX{} mode | |
8469 | 233 uses a paired delimiter presently---the @samp{$} that both enters and |
234 leaves math mode. | |
6552 | 235 @end deffn |
236 | |
237 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{expression prefix} | |
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238 An @dfn{expression prefix operator} (designated by @samp{'}) is used for |
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239 syntactic operators that are considered as part of an expression if they |
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240 appear next to one. In Lisp modes, these characters include the |
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241 apostrophe, @samp{'} (used for quoting), the comma, @samp{,} (used in |
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242 macros), and @samp{#} (used in the read syntax for certain data types). |
6552 | 243 @end deffn |
244 | |
245 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{comment starter} | |
246 @deffnx {Syntax class} @w{comment ender} | |
247 @cindex comment syntax | |
248 The @dfn{comment starter} and @dfn{comment ender} characters are used in | |
249 various languages to delimit comments. These classes are designated | |
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250 by @samp{<} and @samp{>}, respectively. |
6552 | 251 |
252 English text has no comment characters. In Lisp, the semicolon | |
253 (@samp{;}) starts a comment and a newline or formfeed ends one. | |
254 @end deffn | |
255 | |
256 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{inherit} | |
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257 This syntax class does not specify a particular syntax. It says to look |
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258 in the standard syntax table to find the syntax of this character. The |
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259 designator for this syntax class is @samp{@@}. |
6552 | 260 @end deffn |
261 | |
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262 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{generic comment delimiter} |
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263 A @dfn{generic comment delimiter} (designated by @samp{!}) starts |
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264 or ends a special kind of comment. @emph{Any} generic comment delimiter |
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265 matches @emph{any} generic comment delimiter, but they cannot match |
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266 a comment starter or comment ender; generic comment delimiters can only |
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267 match each other. |
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268 |
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269 This syntax class is primarily meant for use with the |
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270 @code{syntax-table} text property (@pxref{Syntax Properties}). You can |
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271 mark any range of characters as forming a comment, by giving the first |
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272 and last characters of the range @code{syntax-table} properties |
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273 identifying them as generic comment delimiters. |
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274 @end deffn |
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275 |
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276 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{generic string delimiter} |
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277 A @dfn{generic string delimiter} (designated by @samp{|}) starts or ends |
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278 a string. This class differs from the string quote class in that @emph{any} |
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279 generic string delimiter can match any other generic string delimiter; but |
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280 they do not match ordinary string quote characters. |
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281 |
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282 This syntax class is primarily meant for use with the |
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283 @code{syntax-table} text property (@pxref{Syntax Properties}). You can |
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284 mark any range of characters as forming a string constant, by giving the |
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285 first and last characters of the range @code{syntax-table} properties |
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286 identifying them as generic string delimiters. |
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287 @end deffn |
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288 |
6552 | 289 @node Syntax Flags |
290 @subsection Syntax Flags | |
291 @cindex syntax flags | |
292 | |
293 In addition to the classes, entries for characters in a syntax table | |
26288 | 294 can specify flags. There are seven possible flags, represented by the |
295 characters @samp{1}, @samp{2}, @samp{3}, @samp{4}, @samp{b}, @samp{n}, | |
296 and @samp{p}. | |
6552 | 297 |
26288 | 298 All the flags except @samp{n} and @samp{p} are used to describe |
299 multi-character comment delimiters. The digit flags indicate that a | |
300 character can @emph{also} be part of a comment sequence, in addition to | |
301 the syntactic properties associated with its character class. The flags | |
302 are independent of the class and each other for the sake of characters | |
303 such as @samp{*} in C mode, which is a punctuation character, @emph{and} | |
304 the second character of a start-of-comment sequence (@samp{/*}), | |
305 @emph{and} the first character of an end-of-comment sequence | |
306 (@samp{*/}). | |
6552 | 307 |
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308 Here is a table of the possible flags for a character @var{c}, |
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309 and what they mean: |
6552 | 310 |
311 @itemize @bullet | |
312 @item | |
8469 | 313 @samp{1} means @var{c} is the start of a two-character comment-start |
6552 | 314 sequence. |
315 | |
316 @item | |
317 @samp{2} means @var{c} is the second character of such a sequence. | |
318 | |
319 @item | |
8469 | 320 @samp{3} means @var{c} is the start of a two-character comment-end |
6552 | 321 sequence. |
322 | |
323 @item | |
324 @samp{4} means @var{c} is the second character of such a sequence. | |
325 | |
326 @item | |
327 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
328 @samp{b} means that @var{c} as a comment delimiter belongs to the | |
329 alternative ``b'' comment style. | |
330 | |
331 Emacs supports two comment styles simultaneously in any one syntax | |
332 table. This is for the sake of C++. Each style of comment syntax has | |
333 its own comment-start sequence and its own comment-end sequence. Each | |
334 comment must stick to one style or the other; thus, if it starts with | |
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335 the comment-start sequence of style ``b,'' it must also end with the |
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336 comment-end sequence of style ``b.'' |
6552 | 337 |
338 The two comment-start sequences must begin with the same character; only | |
339 the second character may differ. Mark the second character of the | |
8469 | 340 ``b''-style comment-start sequence with the @samp{b} flag. |
6552 | 341 |
342 A comment-end sequence (one or two characters) applies to the ``b'' | |
343 style if its first character has the @samp{b} flag set; otherwise, it | |
344 applies to the ``a'' style. | |
345 | |
346 The appropriate comment syntax settings for C++ are as follows: | |
347 | |
348 @table @asis | |
349 @item @samp{/} | |
350 @samp{124b} | |
351 @item @samp{*} | |
352 @samp{23} | |
353 @item newline | |
354 @samp{>b} | |
355 @end table | |
356 | |
8469 | 357 This defines four comment-delimiting sequences: |
358 | |
359 @table @asis | |
360 @item @samp{/*} | |
361 This is a comment-start sequence for ``a'' style because the | |
362 second character, @samp{*}, does not have the @samp{b} flag. | |
363 | |
364 @item @samp{//} | |
365 This is a comment-start sequence for ``b'' style because the second | |
366 character, @samp{/}, does have the @samp{b} flag. | |
367 | |
368 @item @samp{*/} | |
369 This is a comment-end sequence for ``a'' style because the first | |
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370 character, @samp{*}, does not have the @samp{b} flag. |
8469 | 371 |
372 @item newline | |
373 This is a comment-end sequence for ``b'' style, because the newline | |
374 character has the @samp{b} flag. | |
375 @end table | |
6552 | 376 |
377 @item | |
26288 | 378 @samp{n} on a comment delimiter character specifies |
379 that this kind of comment can be nested. For a two-character | |
380 comment delimiter, @samp{n} on either character makes it | |
381 nestable. | |
382 | |
383 @item | |
6552 | 384 @c Emacs 19 feature |
385 @samp{p} identifies an additional ``prefix character'' for Lisp syntax. | |
386 These characters are treated as whitespace when they appear between | |
387 expressions. When they appear within an expression, they are handled | |
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388 according to their usual syntax classes. |
6552 | 389 |
390 The function @code{backward-prefix-chars} moves back over these | |
391 characters, as well as over characters whose primary syntax class is | |
392 prefix (@samp{'}). @xref{Motion and Syntax}. | |
393 @end itemize | |
394 | |
395 @node Syntax Table Functions | |
396 @section Syntax Table Functions | |
397 | |
398 In this section we describe functions for creating, accessing and | |
399 altering syntax tables. | |
400 | |
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401 @defun make-syntax-table &optional table |
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402 This function creates a new syntax table, with all values initialized |
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403 to @code{nil}. If @var{table} is non-@code{nil}, it becomes the |
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404 parent of the new syntax table, otherwise the standard syntax table is |
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405 the parent. Like all char-tables, a syntax table inherits from its |
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406 parent. Thus the original syntax of all characters in the returned |
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407 syntax table is determined by the parent. @xref{Char-Tables}. |
6552 | 408 |
409 Most major mode syntax tables are created in this way. | |
410 @end defun | |
411 | |
412 @defun copy-syntax-table &optional table | |
413 This function constructs a copy of @var{table} and returns it. If | |
414 @var{table} is not supplied (or is @code{nil}), it returns a copy of the | |
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415 standard syntax table. Otherwise, an error is signaled if @var{table} is |
6552 | 416 not a syntax table. |
417 @end defun | |
418 | |
419 @deffn Command modify-syntax-entry char syntax-descriptor &optional table | |
420 This function sets the syntax entry for @var{char} according to | |
421 @var{syntax-descriptor}. The syntax is changed only for @var{table}, | |
422 which defaults to the current buffer's syntax table, and not in any | |
423 other syntax table. The argument @var{syntax-descriptor} specifies the | |
424 desired syntax; this is a string beginning with a class designator | |
425 character, and optionally containing a matching character and flags as | |
426 well. @xref{Syntax Descriptors}. | |
427 | |
428 This function always returns @code{nil}. The old syntax information in | |
429 the table for this character is discarded. | |
430 | |
431 An error is signaled if the first character of the syntax descriptor is not | |
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432 one of the seventeen syntax class designator characters. An error is also |
6552 | 433 signaled if @var{char} is not a character. |
434 | |
435 @example | |
436 @group | |
437 @exdent @r{Examples:} | |
438 | |
439 ;; @r{Put the space character in class whitespace.} | |
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440 (modify-syntax-entry ?\s " ") |
6552 | 441 @result{} nil |
442 @end group | |
443 | |
444 @group | |
445 ;; @r{Make @samp{$} an open parenthesis character,} | |
446 ;; @r{with @samp{^} as its matching close.} | |
447 (modify-syntax-entry ?$ "(^") | |
448 @result{} nil | |
449 @end group | |
450 | |
451 @group | |
452 ;; @r{Make @samp{^} a close parenthesis character,} | |
453 ;; @r{with @samp{$} as its matching open.} | |
454 (modify-syntax-entry ?^ ")$") | |
455 @result{} nil | |
456 @end group | |
457 | |
458 @group | |
459 ;; @r{Make @samp{/} a punctuation character,} | |
460 ;; @r{the first character of a start-comment sequence,} | |
461 ;; @r{and the second character of an end-comment sequence.} | |
462 ;; @r{This is used in C mode.} | |
8469 | 463 (modify-syntax-entry ?/ ". 14") |
6552 | 464 @result{} nil |
465 @end group | |
466 @end example | |
467 @end deffn | |
468 | |
469 @defun char-syntax character | |
470 This function returns the syntax class of @var{character}, represented | |
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471 by its mnemonic designator character. This returns @emph{only} the |
6552 | 472 class, not any matching parenthesis or flags. |
473 | |
474 An error is signaled if @var{char} is not a character. | |
475 | |
476 The following examples apply to C mode. The first example shows that | |
477 the syntax class of space is whitespace (represented by a space). The | |
478 second example shows that the syntax of @samp{/} is punctuation. This | |
8469 | 479 does not show the fact that it is also part of comment-start and -end |
480 sequences. The third example shows that open parenthesis is in the class | |
6552 | 481 of open parentheses. This does not show the fact that it has a matching |
482 character, @samp{)}. | |
483 | |
484 @example | |
485 @group | |
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486 (string (char-syntax ?\s)) |
6552 | 487 @result{} " " |
488 @end group | |
489 | |
490 @group | |
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491 (string (char-syntax ?/)) |
6552 | 492 @result{} "." |
493 @end group | |
494 | |
495 @group | |
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496 (string (char-syntax ?\()) |
6552 | 497 @result{} "(" |
498 @end group | |
499 @end example | |
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500 |
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501 We use @code{string} to make it easier to see the character returned by |
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502 @code{char-syntax}. |
6552 | 503 @end defun |
504 | |
505 @defun set-syntax-table table | |
506 This function makes @var{table} the syntax table for the current buffer. | |
507 It returns @var{table}. | |
508 @end defun | |
509 | |
510 @defun syntax-table | |
511 This function returns the current syntax table, which is the table for | |
512 the current buffer. | |
513 @end defun | |
514 | |
66148 | 515 @defmac with-syntax-table @var{table} @var{body}@dots{} |
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516 This macro executes @var{body} using @var{table} as the current syntax |
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517 table. It returns the value of the last form in @var{body}, after |
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518 restoring the old current syntax table. |
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519 |
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520 Since each buffer has its own current syntax table, we should make that |
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521 more precise: @code{with-syntax-table} temporarily alters the current |
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522 syntax table of whichever buffer is current at the time the macro |
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523 execution starts. Other buffers are not affected. |
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524 @end defmac |
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525 |
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526 @node Syntax Properties |
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527 @section Syntax Properties |
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528 @kindex syntax-table @r{(text property)} |
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529 |
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530 When the syntax table is not flexible enough to specify the syntax of |
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531 a language, you can use @code{syntax-table} text properties to |
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532 override the syntax table for specific character occurrences in the |
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533 buffer. @xref{Text Properties}. You can use Font Lock mode to set |
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534 @code{syntax-table} text properties. @xref{Setting Syntax |
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535 Properties}. |
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536 |
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537 The valid values of @code{syntax-table} text property are: |
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538 |
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539 @table @asis |
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540 @item @var{syntax-table} |
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541 If the property value is a syntax table, that table is used instead of |
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542 the current buffer's syntax table to determine the syntax for this |
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543 occurrence of the character. |
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544 |
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545 @item @code{(@var{syntax-code} . @var{matching-char})} |
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546 A cons cell of this format specifies the syntax for this |
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547 occurrence of the character. (@pxref{Syntax Table Internals}) |
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548 |
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549 @item @code{nil} |
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550 If the property is @code{nil}, the character's syntax is determined from |
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551 the current syntax table in the usual way. |
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552 @end table |
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553 |
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554 @defvar parse-sexp-lookup-properties |
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555 If this is non-@code{nil}, the syntax scanning functions pay attention |
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556 to syntax text properties. Otherwise they use only the current syntax |
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557 table. |
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558 @end defvar |
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559 |
6552 | 560 @node Motion and Syntax |
561 @section Motion and Syntax | |
562 | |
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563 This section describes functions for moving across characters that |
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564 have certain syntax classes. |
6552 | 565 |
566 @defun skip-syntax-forward syntaxes &optional limit | |
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567 This function moves point forward across characters having syntax |
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568 classes mentioned in @var{syntaxes} (a string of syntax class |
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569 characters). It stops when it encounters the end of the buffer, or |
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570 position @var{limit} (if specified), or a character it is not supposed |
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571 to skip. |
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572 |
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573 If @var{syntaxes} starts with @samp{^}, then the function skips |
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574 characters whose syntax is @emph{not} in @var{syntaxes}. |
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575 |
6552 | 576 The return value is the distance traveled, which is a nonnegative |
577 integer. | |
578 @end defun | |
579 | |
580 @defun skip-syntax-backward syntaxes &optional limit | |
581 This function moves point backward across characters whose syntax | |
582 classes are mentioned in @var{syntaxes}. It stops when it encounters | |
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583 the beginning of the buffer, or position @var{limit} (if specified), or |
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|
584 a character it is not supposed to skip. |
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|
585 |
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586 If @var{syntaxes} starts with @samp{^}, then the function skips |
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587 characters whose syntax is @emph{not} in @var{syntaxes}. |
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588 |
6552 | 589 The return value indicates the distance traveled. It is an integer that |
590 is zero or less. | |
591 @end defun | |
592 | |
593 @defun backward-prefix-chars | |
594 This function moves point backward over any number of characters with | |
595 expression prefix syntax. This includes both characters in the | |
596 expression prefix syntax class, and characters with the @samp{p} flag. | |
597 @end defun | |
598 | |
599 @node Parsing Expressions | |
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600 @section Parsing Expressions |
6552 | 601 |
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602 This section describes functions for parsing and scanning balanced |
45944
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603 expressions, also known as @dfn{sexps}. Basically, a sexp is either a |
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604 balanced parenthetical grouping, a string, or a symbol name (a |
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605 sequence of characters whose syntax is either word constituent or |
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606 symbol constituent). However, characters whose syntax is expression |
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607 prefix are treated as part of the sexp if they appear next to it. |
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608 |
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609 The syntax table controls the interpretation of characters, so these |
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610 functions can be used for Lisp expressions when in Lisp mode and for C |
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611 expressions when in C mode. @xref{List Motion}, for convenient |
6552 | 612 higher-level functions for moving over balanced expressions. |
613 | |
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614 A character's syntax controls how it changes the state of the |
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615 parser, rather than describing the state itself. For example, a |
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616 string delimiter character toggles the parser state between |
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617 ``in-string'' and ``in-code,'' but the syntax of characters does not |
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618 directly say whether they are inside a string. For example (note that |
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619 15 is the syntax code for generic string delimiters), |
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620 |
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|
621 @example |
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622 (put-text-property 1 9 'syntax-table '(15 . nil)) |
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623 @end example |
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624 |
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625 @noindent |
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626 does not tell Emacs that the first eight chars of the current buffer |
45944
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|
627 are a string, but rather that they are all string delimiters. As a |
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|
628 result, Emacs treats them as four consecutive empty string constants. |
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|
629 |
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|
630 @menu |
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631 * Motion via Parsing:: Motion functions that work by parsing. |
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632 * Position Parse:: Determining the syntactic state of a position. |
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633 * Parser State:: How Emacs represents a syntactic state. |
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634 * Low-Level Parsing:: Parsing across a specified region. |
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635 * Control Parsing:: Parameters that affect parsing. |
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636 @end menu |
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|
637 |
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638 @node Motion via Parsing |
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639 @subsection Motion Commands Based on Parsing |
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640 |
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641 This section describes simple point-motion functions that operate |
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|
642 based on parsing expressions. |
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|
643 |
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|
644 @defun scan-lists from count depth |
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|
645 This function scans forward @var{count} balanced parenthetical groupings |
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|
646 from position @var{from}. It returns the position where the scan stops. |
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|
647 If @var{count} is negative, the scan moves backwards. |
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|
648 |
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|
649 If @var{depth} is nonzero, parenthesis depth counting begins from that |
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|
650 value. The only candidates for stopping are places where the depth in |
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|
651 parentheses becomes zero; @code{scan-lists} counts @var{count} such |
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|
652 places and then stops. Thus, a positive value for @var{depth} means go |
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|
653 out @var{depth} levels of parenthesis. |
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|
654 |
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|
655 Scanning ignores comments if @code{parse-sexp-ignore-comments} is |
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|
656 non-@code{nil}. |
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|
657 |
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|
658 If the scan reaches the beginning or end of the buffer (or its |
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|
659 accessible portion), and the depth is not zero, an error is signaled. |
8b868922f091
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|
660 If the depth is zero but the count is not used up, @code{nil} is |
8b868922f091
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|
661 returned. |
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|
662 @end defun |
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|
663 |
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|
664 @defun scan-sexps from count |
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|
665 This function scans forward @var{count} sexps from position @var{from}. |
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|
666 It returns the position where the scan stops. If @var{count} is |
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|
667 negative, the scan moves backwards. |
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|
668 |
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|
669 Scanning ignores comments if @code{parse-sexp-ignore-comments} is |
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|
670 non-@code{nil}. |
6552 | 671 |
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|
672 If the scan reaches the beginning or end of (the accessible part of) the |
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|
673 buffer while in the middle of a parenthetical grouping, an error is |
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|
674 signaled. If it reaches the beginning or end between groupings but |
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|
675 before count is used up, @code{nil} is returned. |
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|
676 @end defun |
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|
677 |
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|
678 @defun forward-comment count |
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|
679 This function moves point forward across @var{count} complete comments |
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|
680 (that is, including the starting delimiter and the terminating |
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|
681 delimiter if any), plus any whitespace encountered on the way. It |
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|
682 moves backward if @var{count} is negative. If it encounters anything |
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|
683 other than a comment or whitespace, it stops, leaving point at the |
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|
684 place where it stopped. This includes (for instance) finding the end |
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|
685 of a comment when moving forward and expecting the beginning of one. |
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686 The function also stops immediately after moving over the specified |
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687 number of complete comments. If @var{count} comments are found as |
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688 expected, with nothing except whitespace between them, it returns |
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|
689 @code{t}; otherwise it returns @code{nil}. |
6552 | 690 |
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|
691 This function cannot tell whether the ``comments'' it traverses are |
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|
692 embedded within a string. If they look like comments, it treats them |
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|
693 as comments. |
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|
694 @end defun |
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|
695 |
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71957
diff
changeset
|
696 To move forward over all comments and whitespace following point, use |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
697 @code{(forward-comment (buffer-size))}. @code{(buffer-size)} is a good |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
698 argument to use, because the number of comments in the buffer cannot |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
699 exceed that many. |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
700 |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
701 @node Position Parse |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
702 @subsection Finding the Parse State for a Position |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
703 |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
704 For syntactic analysis, such as in indentation, often the useful |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
705 thing is to compute the syntactic state corresponding to a given buffer |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
706 position. This function does that conveniently. |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
707 |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
708 @defun syntax-ppss &optional pos |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
709 This function returns the parser state (see next section) that the |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
710 parser would reach at position @var{pos} starting from the beginning |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
711 of the buffer. This is equivalent to @code{(parse-partial-sexp |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
712 (point-min) @var{pos})}, except that @code{syntax-ppss} uses a cache |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
713 to speed up the computation. Due to this optimization, the 2nd value |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
714 (previous complete subexpression) and 6th value (minimum parenthesis |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
715 depth) of the returned parser state are not meaningful. |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
716 @end defun |
6552 | 717 |
74695
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
718 @code{syntax-ppss} automatically hooks itself to |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
719 @code{before-change-functions} to keep its cache consistent. But |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
720 updating can fail if @code{syntax-ppss} is called while |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
721 @code{before-change-functions} is temporarily let-bound, or if the |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
722 buffer is modified without obeying the hook, such as when using |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
723 @code{inhibit-modification-hooks}. For this reason, it is sometimes |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
724 necessary to flush the cache manually. |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
725 |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
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71957
diff
changeset
|
726 @defun syntax-ppss-flush-cache beg |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
727 This function flushes the cache used by @code{syntax-ppss}, starting at |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
728 position @var{beg}. |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
729 @end defun |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
730 |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
731 Major modes can make @code{syntax-ppss} run faster by specifying |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
732 where it needs to start parsing. |
6552 | 733 |
74695
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
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71957
diff
changeset
|
734 @defvar syntax-begin-function |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
735 If this is non-@code{nil}, it should be a function that moves to an |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
736 earlier buffer position where the parser state is equivalent to |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
737 @code{nil}---in other words, a position outside of any comment, |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
738 string, or parenthesis. @code{syntax-ppss} uses it to further |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
739 optimize its computations, when the cache gives no help. |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
740 @end defvar |
6552 | 741 |
74695
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
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71957
diff
changeset
|
742 @node Parser State |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
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71957
diff
changeset
|
743 @subsection Parser State |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
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71957
diff
changeset
|
744 @cindex parser state |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
745 |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
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parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
746 A @dfn{parser state} is a list of ten elements describing the final |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
747 state of parsing text syntactically as part of an expression. The |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
748 parsing functions in the following sections return a parser state as |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
749 the value, and in some cases accept one as an argument also, so that |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
750 you can resume parsing after it stops. Here are the meanings of the |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
751 elements of the parser state: |
6552 | 752 |
753 @enumerate 0 | |
49600
23a1cea22d13
Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
45944
diff
changeset
|
754 @item |
70236
ed8e2704c862
(Parsing Expressions): Minor cleanup.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
70224
diff
changeset
|
755 The depth in parentheses, counting from 0. @strong{Warning:} this can |
ed8e2704c862
(Parsing Expressions): Minor cleanup.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
70224
diff
changeset
|
756 be negative if there are more close parens than open parens between |
ed8e2704c862
(Parsing Expressions): Minor cleanup.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
70224
diff
changeset
|
757 the start of the defun and point. |
6552 | 758 |
49600
23a1cea22d13
Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
45944
diff
changeset
|
759 @item |
6552 | 760 @cindex innermost containing parentheses |
8469 | 761 The character position of the start of the innermost parenthetical |
762 grouping containing the stopping point; @code{nil} if none. | |
6552 | 763 |
49600
23a1cea22d13
Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
45944
diff
changeset
|
764 @item |
6552 | 765 @cindex previous complete subexpression |
766 The character position of the start of the last complete subexpression | |
767 terminated; @code{nil} if none. | |
768 | |
49600
23a1cea22d13
Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
45944
diff
changeset
|
769 @item |
6552 | 770 @cindex inside string |
771 Non-@code{nil} if inside a string. More precisely, this is the | |
21007
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12098
diff
changeset
|
772 character that will terminate the string, or @code{t} if a generic |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12098
diff
changeset
|
773 string delimiter character should terminate it. |
6552 | 774 |
49600
23a1cea22d13
Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
45944
diff
changeset
|
775 @item |
6552 | 776 @cindex inside comment |
26288 | 777 @code{t} if inside a comment (of either style), |
778 or the comment nesting level if inside a kind of comment | |
779 that can be nested. | |
6552 | 780 |
49600
23a1cea22d13
Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
45944
diff
changeset
|
781 @item |
6552 | 782 @cindex quote character |
783 @code{t} if point is just after a quote character. | |
784 | |
49600
23a1cea22d13
Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
parents:
45944
diff
changeset
|
785 @item |
6552 | 786 The minimum parenthesis depth encountered during this scan. |
787 | |
788 @item | |
54114
f309c4cf39a2
(Syntax Table Functions): Clarify and correct descriptions of
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
54040
diff
changeset
|
789 What kind of comment is active: @code{nil} for a comment of style |
f309c4cf39a2
(Syntax Table Functions): Clarify and correct descriptions of
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
54040
diff
changeset
|
790 ``a'' or when not inside a comment, @code{t} for a comment of style |
71957
61cb5aae3bc3
Put period and comma inside quotes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71694
diff
changeset
|
791 ``b,'' and @code{syntax-table} for a comment that should be ended by a |
54114
f309c4cf39a2
(Syntax Table Functions): Clarify and correct descriptions of
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
54040
diff
changeset
|
792 generic comment delimiter character. |
21007
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12098
diff
changeset
|
793 |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12098
diff
changeset
|
794 @item |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12098
diff
changeset
|
795 The string or comment start position. While inside a comment, this is |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12098
diff
changeset
|
796 the position where the comment began; while inside a string, this is the |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12098
diff
changeset
|
797 position where the string began. When outside of strings and comments, |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
12098
diff
changeset
|
798 this element is @code{nil}. |
60272
881cc84dd099
(Syntax Class Table): Clarify.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
58422
diff
changeset
|
799 |
881cc84dd099
(Syntax Class Table): Clarify.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
58422
diff
changeset
|
800 @item |
881cc84dd099
(Syntax Class Table): Clarify.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
58422
diff
changeset
|
801 Internal data for continuing the parsing. The meaning of this |
881cc84dd099
(Syntax Class Table): Clarify.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
58422
diff
changeset
|
802 data is subject to change; it is used if you pass this list |
881cc84dd099
(Syntax Class Table): Clarify.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
58422
diff
changeset
|
803 as the @var{state} argument to another call. |
6552 | 804 @end enumerate |
805 | |
74695
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
806 Elements 1, 2, and 6 are ignored in a state which you pass as an |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
807 argument to continue parsing, and elements 8 and 9 are used only in |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
808 trivial cases. Those elements serve primarily to convey information |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
809 to the Lisp program which does the parsing. |
54114
f309c4cf39a2
(Syntax Table Functions): Clarify and correct descriptions of
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
54040
diff
changeset
|
810 |
74695
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
811 One additional piece of useful information is available from a |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
812 parser state using this function: |
6552 | 813 |
74695
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
814 @defun syntax-ppss-toplevel-pos state |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
815 This function extracts, from parser state @var{state}, the last |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
816 position scanned in the parse which was at top level in grammatical |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
817 structure. ``At top level'' means outside of any parentheses, |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
818 comments, or strings. |
63291
e7539bdc68d1
(Parsing Expressions): Document syntax-ppss.
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
61907
diff
changeset
|
819 |
74695
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
820 The value is @code{nil} if @var{state} represents a parse which has |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
821 arrived at a top level position. |
63378
32d8df63f9df
(Parsing Expressions): Document aux functions and vars of
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
63295
diff
changeset
|
822 @end defun |
32d8df63f9df
(Parsing Expressions): Document aux functions and vars of
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
63295
diff
changeset
|
823 |
74695
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
824 We have provided this access function rather than document how the |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
825 data is represented in the state, because we plan to change the |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
826 representation in the future. |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
827 |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
828 @node Low-Level Parsing |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
829 @subsection Low-Level Parsing |
63378
32d8df63f9df
(Parsing Expressions): Document aux functions and vars of
Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca>
parents:
63295
diff
changeset
|
830 |
74695
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
831 The most basic way to use the expression parser is to tell it |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
832 to start at a given position with a certain state, and parse up to |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
833 a specified end position. |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
834 |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
835 @defun parse-partial-sexp start limit &optional target-depth stop-before state stop-comment |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
836 This function parses a sexp in the current buffer starting at |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
837 @var{start}, not scanning past @var{limit}. It stops at position |
8b868922f091
(Parsing Expressions): Split up node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
71957
diff
changeset
|
838 @var{limit} or when certain criteria described below are met, and sets |
8b868922f091
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839 point to the location where parsing stops. It returns a parser state |
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840 describing the status of the parse at the point where it stops. |
6552 | 841 |
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842 @cindex parenthesis depth |
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843 If the third argument @var{target-depth} is non-@code{nil}, parsing |
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844 stops if the depth in parentheses becomes equal to @var{target-depth}. |
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845 The depth starts at 0, or at whatever is given in @var{state}. |
6552 | 846 |
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847 If the fourth argument @var{stop-before} is non-@code{nil}, parsing |
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848 stops when it comes to any character that starts a sexp. If |
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849 @var{stop-comment} is non-@code{nil}, parsing stops when it comes to the |
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850 start of a comment. If @var{stop-comment} is the symbol |
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851 @code{syntax-table}, parsing stops after the start of a comment or a |
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852 string, or the end of a comment or a string, whichever comes first. |
6552 | 853 |
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854 If @var{state} is @code{nil}, @var{start} is assumed to be at the top |
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855 level of parenthesis structure, such as the beginning of a function |
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856 definition. Alternatively, you might wish to resume parsing in the |
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857 middle of the structure. To do this, you must provide a @var{state} |
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858 argument that describes the initial status of parsing. The value |
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859 returned by a previous call to @code{parse-partial-sexp} will do |
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860 nicely. |
6552 | 861 @end defun |
862 | |
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863 @node Control Parsing |
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864 @subsection Parameters to Control Parsing |
6552 | 865 |
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866 @defvar multibyte-syntax-as-symbol |
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867 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{scan-sexps} treats all |
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868 non-@acronym{ASCII} characters as symbol constituents regardless |
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869 of what the syntax table says about them. (However, text properties |
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870 can still override the syntax.) |
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871 @end defvar |
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872 |
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873 @defopt parse-sexp-ignore-comments |
6552 | 874 @cindex skipping comments |
875 If the value is non-@code{nil}, then comments are treated as | |
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876 whitespace by the functions in this section and by @code{forward-sexp}, |
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877 @code{scan-lists} and @code{scan-sexps}. |
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878 @end defopt |
6552 | 879 |
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880 @vindex parse-sexp-lookup-properties |
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881 The behavior of @code{parse-partial-sexp} is also affected by |
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882 @code{parse-sexp-lookup-properties} (@pxref{Syntax Properties}). |
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883 |
6552 | 884 You can use @code{forward-comment} to move forward or backward over |
885 one comment or several comments. | |
886 | |
887 @node Standard Syntax Tables | |
888 @section Some Standard Syntax Tables | |
889 | |
12098 | 890 Most of the major modes in Emacs have their own syntax tables. Here |
891 are several of them: | |
6552 | 892 |
893 @defun standard-syntax-table | |
894 This function returns the standard syntax table, which is the syntax | |
895 table used in Fundamental mode. | |
896 @end defun | |
897 | |
898 @defvar text-mode-syntax-table | |
899 The value of this variable is the syntax table used in Text mode. | |
900 @end defvar | |
901 | |
902 @defvar c-mode-syntax-table | |
903 The value of this variable is the syntax table for C-mode buffers. | |
904 @end defvar | |
905 | |
906 @defvar emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table | |
907 The value of this variable is the syntax table used in Emacs Lisp mode | |
908 by editing commands. (It has no effect on the Lisp @code{read} | |
909 function.) | |
910 @end defvar | |
911 | |
912 @node Syntax Table Internals | |
913 @section Syntax Table Internals | |
914 @cindex syntax table internals | |
915 | |
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916 Lisp programs don't usually work with the elements directly; the |
6552 | 917 Lisp-level syntax table functions usually work with syntax descriptors |
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918 (@pxref{Syntax Descriptors}). Nonetheless, here we document the |
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919 internal format. This format is used mostly when manipulating |
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920 syntax properties. |
6552 | 921 |
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922 Each element of a syntax table is a cons cell of the form |
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923 @code{(@var{syntax-code} . @var{matching-char})}. The @sc{car}, |
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924 @var{syntax-code}, is an integer that encodes the syntax class, and any |
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925 flags. The @sc{cdr}, @var{matching-char}, is non-@code{nil} if |
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926 a character to match was specified. |
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927 |
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928 This table gives the value of @var{syntax-code} which corresponds |
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929 to each syntactic type. |
6552 | 930 |
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931 @multitable @columnfractions .05 .3 .3 .31 |
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932 @item |
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933 @tab |
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934 @i{Integer} @i{Class} |
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935 @tab |
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936 @i{Integer} @i{Class} |
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937 @tab |
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938 @i{Integer} @i{Class} |
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939 @item |
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940 @tab |
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941 0 @ @ whitespace |
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942 @tab |
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943 5 @ @ close parenthesis |
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944 @tab |
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945 10 @ @ character quote |
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946 @item |
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947 @tab |
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948 1 @ @ punctuation |
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949 @tab |
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950 6 @ @ expression prefix |
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951 @tab |
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952 11 @ @ comment-start |
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953 @item |
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954 @tab |
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955 2 @ @ word |
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956 @tab |
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957 7 @ @ string quote |
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958 @tab |
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959 12 @ @ comment-end |
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960 @item |
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961 @tab |
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962 3 @ @ symbol |
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963 @tab |
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964 8 @ @ paired delimiter |
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965 @tab |
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966 13 @ @ inherit |
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967 @item |
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968 @tab |
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969 4 @ @ open parenthesis |
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970 @tab |
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971 9 @ @ escape |
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972 @tab |
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973 14 @ @ generic comment |
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974 @item |
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975 @tab |
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976 15 @ generic string |
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977 @end multitable |
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978 |
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979 For example, the usual syntax value for @samp{(} is @code{(4 . 41)}. |
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980 (41 is the character code for @samp{)}.) |
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981 |
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982 The flags are encoded in higher order bits, starting 16 bits from the |
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983 least significant bit. This table gives the power of two which |
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984 corresponds to each syntax flag. |
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985 |
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986 @multitable @columnfractions .05 .3 .3 .3 |
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987 @item |
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988 @tab |
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989 @i{Prefix} @i{Flag} |
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990 @tab |
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991 @i{Prefix} @i{Flag} |
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992 @tab |
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993 @i{Prefix} @i{Flag} |
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994 @item |
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995 @tab |
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996 @samp{1} @ @ @code{(lsh 1 16)} |
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997 @tab |
26288 | 998 @samp{4} @ @ @code{(lsh 1 19)} |
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999 @tab |
26288 | 1000 @samp{b} @ @ @code{(lsh 1 21)} |
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1001 @item |
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1002 @tab |
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1003 @samp{2} @ @ @code{(lsh 1 17)} |
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1004 @tab |
26288 | 1005 @samp{p} @ @ @code{(lsh 1 20)} |
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1006 @tab |
26288 | 1007 @samp{n} @ @ @code{(lsh 1 22)} |
1008 @item | |
1009 @tab | |
1010 @samp{3} @ @ @code{(lsh 1 18)} | |
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1011 @end multitable |
6552 | 1012 |
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1013 @defun string-to-syntax @var{desc} |
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1014 This function returns the internal form @code{(@var{syntax-code} . |
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1015 @var{matching-char})} corresponding to the syntax descriptor @var{desc}. |
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1016 @end defun |
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1017 |
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1018 @defun syntax-after pos |
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1019 This function returns the syntax code of the character in the buffer |
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1020 after position @var{pos}, taking account of syntax properties as well |
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1021 as the syntax table. If @var{pos} is outside the buffer's accessible |
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1022 portion (@pxref{Narrowing, accessible portion}), this function returns |
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1023 @code{nil}. |
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1024 @end defun |
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1025 |
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1026 @defun syntax-class syntax |
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1027 This function returns the syntax class of the syntax code |
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1028 @var{syntax}. (It masks off the high 16 bits that hold the flags |
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1029 encoded in the syntax descriptor.) If @var{syntax} is @code{nil}, it |
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1030 returns @code{nil}; this is so evaluating the expression |
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1031 |
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1032 @example |
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1033 (syntax-class (syntax-after pos)) |
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1034 @end example |
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1035 |
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1036 @noindent |
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1037 where @code{pos} is outside the buffer's accessible portion, will |
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1038 yield @code{nil} without throwing errors or producing wrong syntax |
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1039 class codes. |
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1040 @end defun |
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1041 |
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1042 @node Categories |
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1043 @section Categories |
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1044 @cindex categories of characters |
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1045 @cindex character categories |
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1046 |
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1047 @dfn{Categories} provide an alternate way of classifying characters |
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1048 syntactically. You can define several categories as needed, then |
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1049 independently assign each character to one or more categories. Unlike |
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1050 syntax classes, categories are not mutually exclusive; it is normal for |
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1051 one character to belong to several categories. |
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1052 |
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1053 @cindex category table |
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1054 Each buffer has a @dfn{category table} which records which categories |
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1055 are defined and also which characters belong to each category. Each |
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1056 category table defines its own categories, but normally these are |
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1057 initialized by copying from the standard categories table, so that the |
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1058 standard categories are available in all modes. |
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1059 |
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1060 Each category has a name, which is an @acronym{ASCII} printing character in |
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1061 the range @w{@samp{ }} to @samp{~}. You specify the name of a category |
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1062 when you define it with @code{define-category}. |
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1063 |
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1064 The category table is actually a char-table (@pxref{Char-Tables}). |
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1065 The element of the category table at index @var{c} is a @dfn{category |
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1066 set}---a bool-vector---that indicates which categories character @var{c} |
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1067 belongs to. In this category set, if the element at index @var{cat} is |
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1068 @code{t}, that means category @var{cat} is a member of the set, and that |
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1069 character @var{c} belongs to category @var{cat}. |
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1070 |
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1071 For the next three functions, the optional argument @var{table} |
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1072 defaults to the current buffer's category table. |
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1073 |
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1074 @defun define-category char docstring &optional table |
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1075 This function defines a new category, with name @var{char} and |
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1076 documentation @var{docstring}, for the category table @var{table}. |
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1077 @end defun |
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1078 |
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1079 @defun category-docstring category &optional table |
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1080 This function returns the documentation string of category @var{category} |
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1081 in category table @var{table}. |
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1082 |
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1083 @example |
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1084 (category-docstring ?a) |
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1085 @result{} "ASCII" |
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1086 (category-docstring ?l) |
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1087 @result{} "Latin" |
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1088 @end example |
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1089 @end defun |
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1090 |
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1091 @defun get-unused-category &optional table |
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1092 This function returns a category name (a character) which is not |
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1093 currently defined in @var{table}. If all possible categories are in use |
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1094 in @var{table}, it returns @code{nil}. |
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1095 @end defun |
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1096 |
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1097 @defun category-table |
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1098 This function returns the current buffer's category table. |
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1099 @end defun |
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1100 |
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1101 @defun category-table-p object |
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1102 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a category table, |
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1103 otherwise @code{nil}. |
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1104 @end defun |
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1105 |
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1106 @defun standard-category-table |
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1107 This function returns the standard category table. |
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1108 @end defun |
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1109 |
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1110 @defun copy-category-table &optional table |
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1111 This function constructs a copy of @var{table} and returns it. If |
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1112 @var{table} is not supplied (or is @code{nil}), it returns a copy of the |
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1113 standard category table. Otherwise, an error is signaled if @var{table} |
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1114 is not a category table. |
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1115 @end defun |
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1116 |
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1117 @defun set-category-table table |
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1118 This function makes @var{table} the category table for the current |
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1119 buffer. It returns @var{table}. |
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1120 @end defun |
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1121 |
26722 | 1122 @defun make-category-table |
1123 This creates and returns an empty category table. In an empty category | |
1124 table, no categories have been allocated, and no characters belong to | |
1125 any categories. | |
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1126 @end defun |
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1127 |
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1128 @defun make-category-set categories |
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1129 This function returns a new category set---a bool-vector---whose initial |
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1130 contents are the categories listed in the string @var{categories}. The |
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1131 elements of @var{categories} should be category names; the new category |
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1132 set has @code{t} for each of those categories, and @code{nil} for all |
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1133 other categories. |
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1134 |
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1135 @example |
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1136 (make-category-set "al") |
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1137 @result{} #&128"\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\2\20\0\0" |
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1138 @end example |
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1139 @end defun |
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1140 |
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1141 @defun char-category-set char |
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1142 This function returns the category set for character @var{char} in the |
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1143 current buffer's category table. This is the bool-vector which |
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1144 records which categories the character @var{char} belongs to. The |
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1145 function @code{char-category-set} does not allocate storage, because |
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1146 it returns the same bool-vector that exists in the category table. |
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1147 |
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1148 @example |
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1149 (char-category-set ?a) |
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1150 @result{} #&128"\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\2\20\0\0" |
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1151 @end example |
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1152 @end defun |
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1153 |
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1154 @defun category-set-mnemonics category-set |
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1155 This function converts the category set @var{category-set} into a string |
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1156 containing the characters that designate the categories that are members |
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1157 of the set. |
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1158 |
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1159 @example |
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1160 (category-set-mnemonics (char-category-set ?a)) |
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1161 @result{} "al" |
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1162 @end example |
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1163 @end defun |
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1164 |
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1165 @defun modify-category-entry character category &optional table reset |
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1166 This function modifies the category set of @var{character} in category |
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1167 table @var{table} (which defaults to the current buffer's category |
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1168 table). |
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1169 |
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1170 Normally, it modifies the category set by adding @var{category} to it. |
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1171 But if @var{reset} is non-@code{nil}, then it deletes @var{category} |
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1172 instead. |
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1173 @end defun |
35795 | 1174 |
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1175 @deffn Command describe-categories &optional buffer-or-name |
35795 | 1176 This function describes the category specifications in the current |
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1177 category table. It inserts the descriptions in a buffer, and then |
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1178 displays that buffer. If @var{buffer-or-name} is non-@code{nil}, it |
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1179 describes the category table of that buffer instead. |
35795 | 1180 @end deffn |
52401 | 1181 |
1182 @ignore | |
1183 arch-tag: 4d914e96-0283-445c-9233-75d33662908c | |
1184 @end ignore |