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annotate lispref/text.texi @ 61683:589380e2abb7
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author | Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org> |
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date | Wed, 20 Apr 2005 07:37:03 +0000 |
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6558 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, |
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4 @c 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005 |
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5 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6558 | 6 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
7 @setfilename ../info/text | |
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8 @node Text, Non-ASCII Characters, Markers, Top |
6558 | 9 @chapter Text |
10 @cindex text | |
11 | |
12 This chapter describes the functions that deal with the text in a | |
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13 buffer. Most examine, insert, or delete text in the current buffer, |
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14 often operating at point or on text adjacent to point. Many are |
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15 interactive. All the functions that change the text provide for undoing |
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16 the changes (@pxref{Undo}). |
6558 | 17 |
18 Many text-related functions operate on a region of text defined by two | |
19 buffer positions passed in arguments named @var{start} and @var{end}. | |
20 These arguments should be either markers (@pxref{Markers}) or numeric | |
21 character positions (@pxref{Positions}). The order of these arguments | |
22 does not matter; it is all right for @var{start} to be the end of the | |
23 region and @var{end} the beginning. For example, @code{(delete-region 1 | |
24 10)} and @code{(delete-region 10 1)} are equivalent. An | |
25 @code{args-out-of-range} error is signaled if either @var{start} or | |
26 @var{end} is outside the accessible portion of the buffer. In an | |
27 interactive call, point and the mark are used for these arguments. | |
28 | |
29 @cindex buffer contents | |
30 Throughout this chapter, ``text'' refers to the characters in the | |
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31 buffer, together with their properties (when relevant). Keep in mind |
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32 that point is always between two characters, and the cursor appears on |
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33 the character after point. |
6558 | 34 |
35 @menu | |
36 * Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point. | |
37 * Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion. | |
38 * Comparing Text:: Comparing substrings of buffers. | |
39 * Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer. | |
40 * Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text. | |
41 * Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer. | |
42 * User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text. | |
43 * The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for later use. | |
44 * Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer. | |
45 * Maintaining Undo:: How to enable and disable undo information. | |
46 How to control how much information is kept. | |
47 * Filling:: Functions for explicit filling. | |
12098 | 48 * Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands. |
23147 | 49 * Adaptive Fill:: Adaptive Fill mode chooses a fill prefix from context. |
6558 | 50 * Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines. |
51 * Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer. | |
52 * Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them. | |
53 * Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation. | |
54 * Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer. | |
55 * Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters. | |
56 * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears. | |
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57 * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer. |
6558 | 58 * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing the text or |
59 position stored in a register. | |
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60 * Base 64:: Conversion to or from base 64 encoding. |
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61 * MD5 Checksum:: Compute the MD5 ``message digest''/``checksum''. |
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62 * Atomic Changes:: Installing several buffer changes ``atomically''. |
6558 | 63 * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed. |
64 @end menu | |
65 | |
66 @node Near Point | |
67 @section Examining Text Near Point | |
68 | |
69 Many functions are provided to look at the characters around point. | |
70 Several simple functions are described here. See also @code{looking-at} | |
71 in @ref{Regexp Search}. | |
72 | |
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73 In the following four functions, ``beginning'' or ``end'' of buffer |
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74 refers to the beginning or end of the accessible portion. |
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75 |
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76 @defun char-after &optional position |
6558 | 77 This function returns the character in the current buffer at (i.e., |
78 immediately after) position @var{position}. If @var{position} is out of | |
79 range for this purpose, either before the beginning of the buffer, or at | |
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80 or beyond the end, then the value is @code{nil}. The default for |
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81 @var{position} is point. |
6558 | 82 |
83 In the following example, assume that the first character in the | |
84 buffer is @samp{@@}: | |
85 | |
86 @example | |
87 @group | |
88 (char-to-string (char-after 1)) | |
89 @result{} "@@" | |
90 @end group | |
91 @end example | |
92 @end defun | |
93 | |
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94 @defun char-before &optional position |
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95 This function returns the character in the current buffer immediately |
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96 before position @var{position}. If @var{position} is out of range for |
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97 this purpose, either at or before the beginning of the buffer, or beyond |
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98 the end, then the value is @code{nil}. The default for |
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99 @var{position} is point. |
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100 @end defun |
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101 |
6558 | 102 @defun following-char |
103 This function returns the character following point in the current | |
104 buffer. This is similar to @code{(char-after (point))}. However, if | |
105 point is at the end of the buffer, then @code{following-char} returns 0. | |
106 | |
107 Remember that point is always between characters, and the terminal | |
108 cursor normally appears over the character following point. Therefore, | |
109 the character returned by @code{following-char} is the character the | |
110 cursor is over. | |
111 | |
112 In this example, point is between the @samp{a} and the @samp{c}. | |
113 | |
114 @example | |
115 @group | |
116 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
117 Gentlemen may cry ``Pea@point{}ce! Peace!,'' | |
118 but there is no peace. | |
119 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
120 @end group | |
121 | |
122 @group | |
123 (char-to-string (preceding-char)) | |
124 @result{} "a" | |
125 (char-to-string (following-char)) | |
126 @result{} "c" | |
127 @end group | |
128 @end example | |
129 @end defun | |
130 | |
131 @defun preceding-char | |
132 This function returns the character preceding point in the current | |
133 buffer. See above, under @code{following-char}, for an example. If | |
134 point is at the beginning of the buffer, @code{preceding-char} returns | |
135 0. | |
136 @end defun | |
137 | |
138 @defun bobp | |
139 This function returns @code{t} if point is at the beginning of the | |
140 buffer. If narrowing is in effect, this means the beginning of the | |
141 accessible portion of the text. See also @code{point-min} in | |
142 @ref{Point}. | |
143 @end defun | |
144 | |
145 @defun eobp | |
146 This function returns @code{t} if point is at the end of the buffer. | |
147 If narrowing is in effect, this means the end of accessible portion of | |
148 the text. See also @code{point-max} in @xref{Point}. | |
149 @end defun | |
150 | |
151 @defun bolp | |
152 This function returns @code{t} if point is at the beginning of a line. | |
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153 @xref{Text Lines}. The beginning of the buffer (or of its accessible |
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154 portion) always counts as the beginning of a line. |
6558 | 155 @end defun |
156 | |
157 @defun eolp | |
158 This function returns @code{t} if point is at the end of a line. The | |
159 end of the buffer (or of its accessible portion) is always considered | |
160 the end of a line. | |
161 @end defun | |
162 | |
163 @node Buffer Contents | |
164 @section Examining Buffer Contents | |
165 | |
54041 | 166 This section describes functions that allow a Lisp program to |
6558 | 167 convert any portion of the text in the buffer into a string. |
168 | |
169 @defun buffer-substring start end | |
170 This function returns a string containing a copy of the text of the | |
171 region defined by positions @var{start} and @var{end} in the current | |
172 buffer. If the arguments are not positions in the accessible portion of | |
173 the buffer, @code{buffer-substring} signals an @code{args-out-of-range} | |
174 error. | |
175 | |
176 It is not necessary for @var{start} to be less than @var{end}; the | |
177 arguments can be given in either order. But most often the smaller | |
178 argument is written first. | |
179 | |
12067 | 180 If the text being copied has any text properties, these are copied into |
181 the string along with the characters they belong to. @xref{Text | |
182 Properties}. However, overlays (@pxref{Overlays}) in the buffer and | |
183 their properties are ignored, not copied. | |
184 | |
6558 | 185 @example |
186 @group | |
187 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
188 This is the contents of buffer foo | |
189 | |
190 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
191 @end group | |
192 | |
193 @group | |
194 (buffer-substring 1 10) | |
195 @result{} "This is t" | |
196 @end group | |
197 @group | |
198 (buffer-substring (point-max) 10) | |
199 @result{} "he contents of buffer foo | |
200 " | |
201 @end group | |
202 @end example | |
203 @end defun | |
204 | |
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205 @defun buffer-substring-no-properties start end |
12067 | 206 This is like @code{buffer-substring}, except that it does not copy text |
207 properties, just the characters themselves. @xref{Text Properties}. | |
208 @end defun | |
209 | |
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210 @defun filter-buffer-substring start end &optional delete |
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211 This function passes the buffer text between @var{start} and @var{end} |
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212 through the filter functions specified by the variable |
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213 @code{buffer-substring-filters}, and returns the value from the last |
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214 filter function. If @code{buffer-substring-filters} is @code{nil}, |
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215 the value is the unaltered text from the buffer, what |
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216 @code{buffer-substring} would return. |
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217 |
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218 If @var{delete} is non-@code{nil}, this function deletes the text |
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219 between @var{start} and @var{end} after copying it, like |
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220 @code{delete-and-extract-region}. |
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221 |
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222 Lisp code should use this function instead of @code{buffer-substring} |
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223 or @code{delete-and-extract-region} when copying into user-accessible |
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224 data structures such as the kill-ring, X clipboard, and registers. |
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225 Major and minor modes can add functions to |
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226 @code{buffer-substring-filters} to alter such text as it is copied out |
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227 of the buffer. |
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228 @end defun |
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229 |
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230 @defvar buffer-substring-filters |
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231 This variable should be a list of functions that accept a single |
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232 argument, a string, and return a string. |
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233 @code{filter-buffer-substring} passes the buffer substring to the |
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234 first function in this list, and the return value of each function is |
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235 passed to the next function. The return value of the last function is |
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236 used as the return value of @code{filter-buffer-substring}. |
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237 |
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238 As a special convention, point is set to the start of the buffer text |
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239 being operated on (i.e., the @var{start} argument for |
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240 @code{filter-buffer-substring}) before these functions are called. |
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241 |
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242 If this variable is @code{nil}, no filtering is performed. |
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243 @end defvar |
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244 |
6558 | 245 @defun buffer-string |
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246 This function returns the contents of the entire accessible portion of |
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247 the current buffer as a string. It is equivalent to |
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248 |
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249 @example |
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250 (buffer-substring (point-min) (point-max)) |
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251 @end example |
6558 | 252 |
253 @example | |
254 @group | |
255 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
256 This is the contents of buffer foo | |
257 | |
258 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
259 | |
260 (buffer-string) | |
261 @result{} "This is the contents of buffer foo | |
262 " | |
263 @end group | |
264 @end example | |
265 @end defun | |
266 | |
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267 @tindex current-word |
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268 @defun current-word &optional strict really-word |
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269 This function returns the symbol (or word) at or near point, as a string. |
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270 The return value includes no text properties. |
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271 |
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272 If the optional argument @var{really-word} is non-@code{nil}, it finds a |
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273 word; otherwise, it finds a symbol (which includes both word |
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274 characters and symbol constituent characters). |
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275 |
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276 If the optional argument @var{strict} is non-@code{nil}, then point |
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277 must be in or next to the symbol or word---if no symbol or word is |
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278 there, the function returns @code{nil}. Otherwise, a nearby symbol or |
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279 word on the same line is acceptable. |
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280 @end defun |
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281 |
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282 @defun thing-at-point thing |
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283 Return the @var{thing} around or next to point, as a string. |
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284 |
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285 The argument @var{thing} is a symbol which specifies a kind of syntactic |
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286 entity. Possibilities include @code{symbol}, @code{list}, @code{sexp}, |
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287 @code{defun}, @code{filename}, @code{url}, @code{word}, @code{sentence}, |
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288 @code{whitespace}, @code{line}, @code{page}, and others. |
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289 |
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290 @example |
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291 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- |
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292 Gentlemen may cry ``Pea@point{}ce! Peace!,'' |
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293 but there is no peace. |
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294 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- |
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295 |
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296 (thing-at-point 'word) |
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297 @result{} "Peace" |
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298 (thing-at-point 'line) |
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299 @result{} "Gentlemen may cry ``Peace! Peace!,''\n" |
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300 (thing-at-point 'whitespace) |
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301 @result{} nil |
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302 @end example |
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303 @end defun |
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304 |
6558 | 305 @node Comparing Text |
306 @section Comparing Text | |
307 @cindex comparing buffer text | |
308 | |
309 This function lets you compare portions of the text in a buffer, without | |
310 copying them into strings first. | |
311 | |
312 @defun compare-buffer-substrings buffer1 start1 end1 buffer2 start2 end2 | |
313 This function lets you compare two substrings of the same buffer or two | |
314 different buffers. The first three arguments specify one substring, | |
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315 giving a buffer (or a buffer name) and two positions within the |
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316 buffer. The last three arguments specify the other substring in the |
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317 same way. You can use @code{nil} for @var{buffer1}, @var{buffer2}, or |
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318 both to stand for the current buffer. |
6558 | 319 |
320 The value is negative if the first substring is less, positive if the | |
321 first is greater, and zero if they are equal. The absolute value of | |
322 the result is one plus the index of the first differing characters | |
323 within the substrings. | |
324 | |
325 This function ignores case when comparing characters | |
12098 | 326 if @code{case-fold-search} is non-@code{nil}. It always ignores |
327 text properties. | |
6558 | 328 |
329 Suppose the current buffer contains the text @samp{foobarbar | |
330 haha!rara!}; then in this example the two substrings are @samp{rbar } | |
331 and @samp{rara!}. The value is 2 because the first substring is greater | |
332 at the second character. | |
333 | |
334 @example | |
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335 (compare-buffer-substrings nil 6 11 nil 16 21) |
6558 | 336 @result{} 2 |
337 @end example | |
338 @end defun | |
339 | |
340 @node Insertion | |
12098 | 341 @section Inserting Text |
6558 | 342 @cindex insertion of text |
343 @cindex text insertion | |
344 | |
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345 @cindex insertion before point |
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346 @cindex before point, insertion |
6558 | 347 @dfn{Insertion} means adding new text to a buffer. The inserted text |
348 goes at point---between the character before point and the character | |
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349 after point. Some insertion functions leave point before the inserted |
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350 text, while other functions leave it after. We call the former |
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351 insertion @dfn{after point} and the latter insertion @dfn{before point}. |
6558 | 352 |
353 Insertion relocates markers that point at positions after the | |
354 insertion point, so that they stay with the surrounding text | |
355 (@pxref{Markers}). When a marker points at the place of insertion, | |
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356 insertion may or may not relocate the marker, depending on the marker's |
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357 insertion type (@pxref{Marker Insertion Types}). Certain special |
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358 functions such as @code{insert-before-markers} relocate all such markers |
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359 to point after the inserted text, regardless of the markers' insertion |
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360 type. |
6558 | 361 |
362 Insertion functions signal an error if the current buffer is | |
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363 read-only or if they insert within read-only text. |
6558 | 364 |
12098 | 365 These functions copy text characters from strings and buffers along |
366 with their properties. The inserted characters have exactly the same | |
367 properties as the characters they were copied from. By contrast, | |
368 characters specified as separate arguments, not part of a string or | |
369 buffer, inherit their text properties from the neighboring text. | |
370 | |
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371 The insertion functions convert text from unibyte to multibyte in |
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372 order to insert in a multibyte buffer, and vice versa---if the text |
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373 comes from a string or from a buffer. However, they do not convert |
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374 unibyte character codes 128 through 255 to multibyte characters, not |
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375 even if the current buffer is a multibyte buffer. @xref{Converting |
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376 Representations}. |
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377 |
6558 | 378 @defun insert &rest args |
379 This function inserts the strings and/or characters @var{args} into the | |
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380 current buffer, at point, moving point forward. In other words, it |
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381 inserts the text before point. An error is signaled unless all |
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382 @var{args} are either strings or characters. The value is @code{nil}. |
6558 | 383 @end defun |
384 | |
385 @defun insert-before-markers &rest args | |
386 This function inserts the strings and/or characters @var{args} into the | |
387 current buffer, at point, moving point forward. An error is signaled | |
388 unless all @var{args} are either strings or characters. The value is | |
389 @code{nil}. | |
390 | |
391 This function is unlike the other insertion functions in that it | |
392 relocates markers initially pointing at the insertion point, to point | |
54041 | 393 after the inserted text. If an overlay begins at the insertion point, |
394 the inserted text falls outside the overlay; if a nonempty overlay | |
395 ends at the insertion point, the inserted text falls inside that | |
396 overlay. | |
6558 | 397 @end defun |
398 | |
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399 @defun insert-char character count &optional inherit |
6558 | 400 This function inserts @var{count} instances of @var{character} into the |
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401 current buffer before point. The argument @var{count} should be a |
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402 number, and @var{character} must be a character. The value is @code{nil}. |
8644 | 403 |
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404 This function does not convert unibyte character codes 128 through 255 |
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405 to multibyte characters, not even if the current buffer is a multibyte |
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406 buffer. @xref{Converting Representations}. |
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407 |
8644 | 408 If @var{inherit} is non-@code{nil}, then the inserted characters inherit |
409 sticky text properties from the two characters before and after the | |
410 insertion point. @xref{Sticky Properties}. | |
6558 | 411 @end defun |
412 | |
413 @defun insert-buffer-substring from-buffer-or-name &optional start end | |
414 This function inserts a portion of buffer @var{from-buffer-or-name} | |
415 (which must already exist) into the current buffer before point. The | |
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416 text inserted is the region between @var{start} and @var{end}. (These |
6558 | 417 arguments default to the beginning and end of the accessible portion of |
418 that buffer.) This function returns @code{nil}. | |
419 | |
420 In this example, the form is executed with buffer @samp{bar} as the | |
421 current buffer. We assume that buffer @samp{bar} is initially empty. | |
422 | |
423 @example | |
424 @group | |
425 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
426 We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all | |
427 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
428 @end group | |
429 | |
430 @group | |
431 (insert-buffer-substring "foo" 1 20) | |
432 @result{} nil | |
433 | |
434 ---------- Buffer: bar ---------- | |
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435 We hold these truth@point{} |
6558 | 436 ---------- Buffer: bar ---------- |
437 @end group | |
438 @end example | |
439 @end defun | |
440 | |
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441 @defun insert-buffer-substring-no-properties from-buffer-or-name &optional start end |
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442 This is like @code{insert-buffer-substring} except that it does not |
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443 copy any text properties. |
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444 @end defun |
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445 |
6558 | 446 @xref{Sticky Properties}, for other insertion functions that inherit |
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447 text properties from the nearby text in addition to inserting it. |
8644 | 448 Whitespace inserted by indentation functions also inherits text |
449 properties. | |
6558 | 450 |
451 @node Commands for Insertion | |
452 @section User-Level Insertion Commands | |
453 | |
454 This section describes higher-level commands for inserting text, | |
455 commands intended primarily for the user but useful also in Lisp | |
456 programs. | |
457 | |
458 @deffn Command insert-buffer from-buffer-or-name | |
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459 This command inserts the entire accessible contents of |
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460 @var{from-buffer-or-name} (which must exist) into the current buffer |
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461 after point. It leaves the mark after the inserted text. The value |
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462 is @code{nil}. |
6558 | 463 @end deffn |
464 | |
465 @deffn Command self-insert-command count | |
466 @cindex character insertion | |
467 @cindex self-insertion | |
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468 This command inserts the last character typed; it does so @var{count} |
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469 times, before point, and returns @code{nil}. Most printing characters |
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470 are bound to this command. In routine use, @code{self-insert-command} |
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471 is the most frequently called function in Emacs, but programs rarely use |
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472 it except to install it on a keymap. |
6558 | 473 |
474 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument. | |
475 | |
12067 | 476 This command calls @code{auto-fill-function} whenever that is |
28843 | 477 non-@code{nil} and the character inserted is in the table |
478 @code{auto-fill-chars} (@pxref{Auto Filling}). | |
6558 | 479 |
480 @c Cross refs reworded to prevent overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92 | |
12067 | 481 This command performs abbrev expansion if Abbrev mode is enabled and |
6558 | 482 the inserted character does not have word-constituent |
483 syntax. (@xref{Abbrevs}, and @ref{Syntax Class Table}.) | |
484 | |
12067 | 485 This is also responsible for calling @code{blink-paren-function} when |
486 the inserted character has close parenthesis syntax (@pxref{Blinking}). | |
25875 | 487 |
488 Do not try substituting your own definition of | |
489 @code{self-insert-command} for the standard one. The editor command | |
490 loop handles this function specially. | |
6558 | 491 @end deffn |
492 | |
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493 @deffn Command newline &optional number-of-newlines |
6558 | 494 This command inserts newlines into the current buffer before point. |
495 If @var{number-of-newlines} is supplied, that many newline characters | |
496 are inserted. | |
497 | |
498 @cindex newline and Auto Fill mode | |
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499 This function calls @code{auto-fill-function} if the current column |
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500 number is greater than the value of @code{fill-column} and |
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501 @var{number-of-newlines} is @code{nil}. Typically what |
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502 @code{auto-fill-function} does is insert a newline; thus, the overall |
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503 result in this case is to insert two newlines at different places: one |
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504 at point, and another earlier in the line. @code{newline} does not |
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505 auto-fill if @var{number-of-newlines} is non-@code{nil}. |
6558 | 506 |
12098 | 507 This command indents to the left margin if that is not zero. |
508 @xref{Margins}. | |
509 | |
6558 | 510 The value returned is @code{nil}. In an interactive call, @var{count} |
511 is the numeric prefix argument. | |
512 @end deffn | |
513 | |
514 @deffn Command split-line | |
515 This command splits the current line, moving the portion of the line | |
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516 after point down vertically so that it is on the next line directly |
6558 | 517 below where it was before. Whitespace is inserted as needed at the |
518 beginning of the lower line, using the @code{indent-to} function. | |
519 @code{split-line} returns the position of point. | |
520 | |
521 Programs hardly ever use this function. | |
522 @end deffn | |
523 | |
524 @defvar overwrite-mode | |
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525 This variable controls whether overwrite mode is in effect. The value |
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526 should be @code{overwrite-mode-textual}, @code{overwrite-mode-binary}, |
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527 or @code{nil}. @code{overwrite-mode-textual} specifies textual |
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528 overwrite mode (treats newlines and tabs specially), and |
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529 @code{overwrite-mode-binary} specifies binary overwrite mode (treats |
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530 newlines and tabs like any other characters). |
6558 | 531 @end defvar |
532 | |
533 @node Deletion | |
12098 | 534 @section Deleting Text |
6558 | 535 |
536 @cindex deletion vs killing | |
537 Deletion means removing part of the text in a buffer, without saving | |
538 it in the kill ring (@pxref{The Kill Ring}). Deleted text can't be | |
539 yanked, but can be reinserted using the undo mechanism (@pxref{Undo}). | |
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540 Some deletion functions do save text in the kill ring in some special |
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541 cases. |
6558 | 542 |
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543 All of the deletion functions operate on the current buffer. |
6558 | 544 |
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545 @deffn Command erase-buffer |
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546 This function deletes the entire text of the current buffer |
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547 (@emph{not} just the accessible portion), leaving it |
6558 | 548 empty. If the buffer is read-only, it signals a @code{buffer-read-only} |
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549 error; if some of the text in it is read-only, it signals a |
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550 @code{text-read-only} error. Otherwise, it deletes the text without |
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551 asking for any confirmation. It returns @code{nil}. |
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552 |
6558 | 553 Normally, deleting a large amount of text from a buffer inhibits further |
554 auto-saving of that buffer ``because it has shrunk''. However, | |
555 @code{erase-buffer} does not do this, the idea being that the future | |
556 text is not really related to the former text, and its size should not | |
557 be compared with that of the former text. | |
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558 @end deffn |
6558 | 559 |
560 @deffn Command delete-region start end | |
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561 This command deletes the text between positions @var{start} and |
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562 @var{end} in the current buffer, and returns @code{nil}. If point was |
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563 inside the deleted region, its value afterward is @var{start}. |
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564 Otherwise, point relocates with the surrounding text, as markers do. |
6558 | 565 @end deffn |
566 | |
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567 @defun delete-and-extract-region start end |
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568 @tindex delete-and-extract-region |
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569 This function deletes the text between positions @var{start} and |
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570 @var{end} in the current buffer, and returns a string containing the |
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571 text just deleted. |
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572 |
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573 If point was inside the deleted region, its value afterward is |
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574 @var{start}. Otherwise, point relocates with the surrounding text, as |
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575 markers do. |
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576 @end defun |
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577 |
6558 | 578 @deffn Command delete-char count &optional killp |
579 This command deletes @var{count} characters directly after point, or | |
580 before point if @var{count} is negative. If @var{killp} is | |
581 non-@code{nil}, then it saves the deleted characters in the kill ring. | |
582 | |
583 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument, and | |
584 @var{killp} is the unprocessed prefix argument. Therefore, if a prefix | |
585 argument is supplied, the text is saved in the kill ring. If no prefix | |
586 argument is supplied, then one character is deleted, but not saved in | |
587 the kill ring. | |
588 | |
589 The value returned is always @code{nil}. | |
590 @end deffn | |
591 | |
592 @deffn Command delete-backward-char count &optional killp | |
593 @cindex delete previous char | |
594 This command deletes @var{count} characters directly before point, or | |
595 after point if @var{count} is negative. If @var{killp} is | |
596 non-@code{nil}, then it saves the deleted characters in the kill ring. | |
597 | |
598 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument, and | |
599 @var{killp} is the unprocessed prefix argument. Therefore, if a prefix | |
600 argument is supplied, the text is saved in the kill ring. If no prefix | |
601 argument is supplied, then one character is deleted, but not saved in | |
602 the kill ring. | |
603 | |
604 The value returned is always @code{nil}. | |
605 @end deffn | |
606 | |
607 @deffn Command backward-delete-char-untabify count &optional killp | |
608 @cindex tab deletion | |
609 This command deletes @var{count} characters backward, changing tabs | |
610 into spaces. When the next character to be deleted is a tab, it is | |
611 first replaced with the proper number of spaces to preserve alignment | |
612 and then one of those spaces is deleted instead of the tab. If | |
613 @var{killp} is non-@code{nil}, then the command saves the deleted | |
614 characters in the kill ring. | |
615 | |
616 Conversion of tabs to spaces happens only if @var{count} is positive. | |
617 If it is negative, exactly @minus{}@var{count} characters after point | |
618 are deleted. | |
619 | |
620 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument, and | |
621 @var{killp} is the unprocessed prefix argument. Therefore, if a prefix | |
622 argument is supplied, the text is saved in the kill ring. If no prefix | |
623 argument is supplied, then one character is deleted, but not saved in | |
624 the kill ring. | |
625 | |
626 The value returned is always @code{nil}. | |
627 @end deffn | |
628 | |
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629 @defopt backward-delete-char-untabify-method |
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630 This option specifies how @code{backward-delete-char-untabify} should |
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631 deal with whitespace. Possible values include @code{untabify}, the |
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632 default, meaning convert a tab to many spaces and delete one; |
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633 @code{hungry}, meaning delete all tabs and spaces before point with |
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634 one command; @code{all} meaning delete all tabs, spaces and newlines |
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635 before point, and @code{nil}, meaning do nothing special for |
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636 whitespace characters. |
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637 @end defopt |
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638 |
6558 | 639 @node User-Level Deletion |
640 @section User-Level Deletion Commands | |
641 | |
642 This section describes higher-level commands for deleting text, | |
643 commands intended primarily for the user but useful also in Lisp | |
644 programs. | |
645 | |
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646 @deffn Command delete-horizontal-space &optional backward-only |
6558 | 647 @cindex deleting whitespace |
648 This function deletes all spaces and tabs around point. It returns | |
649 @code{nil}. | |
650 | |
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651 If @var{backward-only} is non-@code{nil}, the function deletes |
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652 spaces and tabs before point, but not after point. |
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653 |
6558 | 654 In the following examples, we call @code{delete-horizontal-space} four |
655 times, once on each line, with point between the second and third | |
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656 characters on the line each time. |
6558 | 657 |
658 @example | |
659 @group | |
660 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
661 I @point{}thought | |
662 I @point{} thought | |
663 We@point{} thought | |
664 Yo@point{}u thought | |
665 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
666 @end group | |
667 | |
668 @group | |
669 (delete-horizontal-space) ; @r{Four times.} | |
670 @result{} nil | |
671 | |
672 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
673 Ithought | |
674 Ithought | |
675 Wethought | |
676 You thought | |
677 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
678 @end group | |
679 @end example | |
680 @end deffn | |
681 | |
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682 @deffn Command delete-indentation &optional join-following-p |
6558 | 683 This function joins the line point is on to the previous line, deleting |
684 any whitespace at the join and in some cases replacing it with one | |
685 space. If @var{join-following-p} is non-@code{nil}, | |
686 @code{delete-indentation} joins this line to the following line | |
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687 instead. The function returns @code{nil}. |
6558 | 688 |
689 If there is a fill prefix, and the second of the lines being joined | |
690 starts with the prefix, then @code{delete-indentation} deletes the | |
12098 | 691 fill prefix before joining the lines. @xref{Margins}. |
6558 | 692 |
693 In the example below, point is located on the line starting | |
694 @samp{events}, and it makes no difference if there are trailing spaces | |
695 in the preceding line. | |
696 | |
697 @smallexample | |
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698 @group |
6558 | 699 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- |
700 When in the course of human | |
701 @point{} events, it becomes necessary | |
702 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
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703 @end group |
6558 | 704 |
705 (delete-indentation) | |
706 @result{} nil | |
707 | |
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708 @group |
6558 | 709 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- |
710 When in the course of human@point{} events, it becomes necessary | |
711 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
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712 @end group |
6558 | 713 @end smallexample |
714 | |
715 After the lines are joined, the function @code{fixup-whitespace} is | |
716 responsible for deciding whether to leave a space at the junction. | |
717 @end deffn | |
718 | |
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719 @deffn Command fixup-whitespace |
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720 This function replaces all the horizontal whitespace surrounding point |
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721 with either one space or no space, according to the context. It |
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722 returns @code{nil}. |
6558 | 723 |
724 At the beginning or end of a line, the appropriate amount of space is | |
725 none. Before a character with close parenthesis syntax, or after a | |
726 character with open parenthesis or expression-prefix syntax, no space is | |
727 also appropriate. Otherwise, one space is appropriate. @xref{Syntax | |
728 Class Table}. | |
729 | |
730 In the example below, @code{fixup-whitespace} is called the first time | |
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731 with point before the word @samp{spaces} in the first line. For the |
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732 second invocation, point is directly after the @samp{(}. |
6558 | 733 |
734 @smallexample | |
735 @group | |
736 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
737 This has too many @point{}spaces | |
738 This has too many spaces at the start of (@point{} this list) | |
739 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
740 @end group | |
741 | |
742 @group | |
743 (fixup-whitespace) | |
744 @result{} nil | |
745 (fixup-whitespace) | |
746 @result{} nil | |
747 @end group | |
748 | |
749 @group | |
750 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
751 This has too many spaces | |
752 This has too many spaces at the start of (this list) | |
753 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
754 @end group | |
755 @end smallexample | |
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756 @end deffn |
6558 | 757 |
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758 @deffn Command just-one-space &optional n |
6558 | 759 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el |
760 This command replaces any spaces and tabs around point with a single | |
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761 space, or @var{n} spaces if @var{n} is specified. It returns |
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762 @code{nil}. |
6558 | 763 @end deffn |
764 | |
765 @deffn Command delete-blank-lines | |
766 This function deletes blank lines surrounding point. If point is on a | |
767 blank line with one or more blank lines before or after it, then all but | |
768 one of them are deleted. If point is on an isolated blank line, then it | |
769 is deleted. If point is on a nonblank line, the command deletes all | |
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770 blank lines immediately following it. |
6558 | 771 |
772 A blank line is defined as a line containing only tabs and spaces. | |
773 | |
774 @code{delete-blank-lines} returns @code{nil}. | |
775 @end deffn | |
776 | |
777 @node The Kill Ring | |
778 @section The Kill Ring | |
779 @cindex kill ring | |
780 | |
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781 @dfn{Kill functions} delete text like the deletion functions, but save |
6558 | 782 it so that the user can reinsert it by @dfn{yanking}. Most of these |
783 functions have @samp{kill-} in their name. By contrast, the functions | |
784 whose names start with @samp{delete-} normally do not save text for | |
785 yanking (though they can still be undone); these are ``deletion'' | |
786 functions. | |
787 | |
788 Most of the kill commands are primarily for interactive use, and are | |
789 not described here. What we do describe are the functions provided for | |
790 use in writing such commands. You can use these functions to write | |
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791 commands for killing text. When you need to delete text for internal |
6558 | 792 purposes within a Lisp function, you should normally use deletion |
793 functions, so as not to disturb the kill ring contents. | |
794 @xref{Deletion}. | |
795 | |
796 Killed text is saved for later yanking in the @dfn{kill ring}. This | |
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797 is a list that holds a number of recent kills, not just the last text |
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798 kill. We call this a ``ring'' because yanking treats it as having |
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799 elements in a cyclic order. The list is kept in the variable |
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800 @code{kill-ring}, and can be operated on with the usual functions for |
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801 lists; there are also specialized functions, described in this section, |
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802 that treat it as a ring. |
6558 | 803 |
804 Some people think this use of the word ``kill'' is unfortunate, since | |
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805 it refers to operations that specifically @emph{do not} destroy the |
6558 | 806 entities ``killed''. This is in sharp contrast to ordinary life, in |
807 which death is permanent and ``killed'' entities do not come back to | |
808 life. Therefore, other metaphors have been proposed. For example, the | |
809 term ``cut ring'' makes sense to people who, in pre-computer days, used | |
810 scissors and paste to cut up and rearrange manuscripts. However, it | |
811 would be difficult to change the terminology now. | |
812 | |
813 @menu | |
814 * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring. | |
815 * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text. | |
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816 * Yanking:: How yanking is done. |
6558 | 817 * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring. |
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818 * Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access. |
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819 * Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill ring data. |
6558 | 820 @end menu |
821 | |
822 @node Kill Ring Concepts | |
823 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
824 @subsection Kill Ring Concepts | |
825 | |
826 The kill ring records killed text as strings in a list, most recent | |
827 first. A short kill ring, for example, might look like this: | |
828 | |
829 @example | |
830 ("some text" "a different piece of text" "even older text") | |
831 @end example | |
832 | |
833 @noindent | |
834 When the list reaches @code{kill-ring-max} entries in length, adding a | |
835 new entry automatically deletes the last entry. | |
836 | |
837 When kill commands are interwoven with other commands, each kill | |
838 command makes a new entry in the kill ring. Multiple kill commands in | |
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839 succession build up a single kill ring entry, which would be yanked as a |
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840 unit; the second and subsequent consecutive kill commands add text to |
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841 the entry made by the first one. |
6558 | 842 |
843 For yanking, one entry in the kill ring is designated the ``front'' of | |
844 the ring. Some yank commands ``rotate'' the ring by designating a | |
845 different element as the ``front.'' But this virtual rotation doesn't | |
846 change the list itself---the most recent entry always comes first in the | |
847 list. | |
848 | |
849 @node Kill Functions | |
850 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
851 @subsection Functions for Killing | |
852 | |
853 @code{kill-region} is the usual subroutine for killing text. Any | |
854 command that calls this function is a ``kill command'' (and should | |
855 probably have @samp{kill} in its name). @code{kill-region} puts the | |
856 newly killed text in a new element at the beginning of the kill ring or | |
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857 adds it to the most recent element. It determines automatically (using |
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858 @code{last-command}) whether the previous command was a kill command, |
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859 and if so appends the killed text to the most recent entry. |
6558 | 860 |
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861 @deffn Command kill-region start end &optional yank-handler |
6558 | 862 This function kills the text in the region defined by @var{start} and |
12098 | 863 @var{end}. The text is deleted but saved in the kill ring, along with |
864 its text properties. The value is always @code{nil}. | |
6558 | 865 |
866 In an interactive call, @var{start} and @var{end} are point and | |
867 the mark. | |
868 | |
869 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
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870 If the buffer or text is read-only, @code{kill-region} modifies the kill |
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871 ring just the same, then signals an error without modifying the buffer. |
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872 This is convenient because it lets the user use a series of kill |
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873 commands to copy text from a read-only buffer into the kill ring. |
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874 |
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875 If @var{yank-handler} is non-@code{nil}, this puts that value onto |
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876 the string of killed text, as a @code{yank-handler} text property. |
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877 @xref{Yanking}. Note that if @var{yank-handler} is @code{nil}, any |
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878 @code{yank-handler} properties present on the killed text are copied |
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879 onto the kill ring, like other text properties. |
6558 | 880 @end deffn |
881 | |
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882 @defopt kill-read-only-ok |
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883 If this option is non-@code{nil}, @code{kill-region} does not signal an |
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884 error if the buffer or text is read-only. Instead, it simply returns, |
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885 updating the kill ring but not changing the buffer. |
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886 @end defopt |
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887 |
6558 | 888 @deffn Command copy-region-as-kill start end |
889 This command saves the region defined by @var{start} and @var{end} on | |
12098 | 890 the kill ring (including text properties), but does not delete the text |
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891 from the buffer. It returns @code{nil}. |
6558 | 892 |
12067 | 893 The command does not set @code{this-command} to @code{kill-region}, so a |
894 subsequent kill command does not append to the same kill ring entry. | |
895 | |
6558 | 896 Don't call @code{copy-region-as-kill} in Lisp programs unless you aim to |
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897 support Emacs 18. For newer Emacs versions, it is better to use |
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898 @code{kill-new} or @code{kill-append} instead. @xref{Low-Level Kill |
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899 Ring}. |
6558 | 900 @end deffn |
901 | |
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902 @node Yanking |
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903 @subsection Yanking |
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904 |
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905 Yanking means inserting text from the kill ring, but it does |
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906 not insert the text blindly. Yank commands and some other commands |
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907 use @code{insert-for-yank} to perform special processing on the |
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908 text that they copy into the buffer. |
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909 |
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910 @defun insert-for-yank string |
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911 This function normally works like @code{insert} except that it doesn't |
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912 insert the text properties in the @code{yank-excluded-properties} |
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913 list. However, if any part of @var{string} has a non-@code{nil} |
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914 @code{yank-handler} text property, that property can do various |
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915 special processing on that part of the text being inserted. |
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916 @end defun |
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917 |
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918 @defun insert-buffer-substring-as-yank buf &optional start end |
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919 This function resembles @code{insert-buffer-substring} except that it |
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920 doesn't insert the text properties in the |
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921 @code{yank-excluded-properties} list. |
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922 @end defun |
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923 |
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924 You can put a @code{yank-handler} text property on all or part of |
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925 the text to control how it will be inserted if it is yanked. The |
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926 @code{insert-for-yank} function looks for that property. The property |
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927 value must be a list of one to four elements, with the following |
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928 format (where elements after the first may be omitted): |
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929 |
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930 @example |
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931 (@var{function} @var{param} @var{noexclude} @var{undo}) |
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932 @end example |
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933 |
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934 Here is what the elements do: |
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935 |
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936 @table @var |
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937 @item function |
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938 When @var{function} is present and non-@code{nil}, it is called instead of |
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939 @code{insert} to insert the string. @var{function} takes one |
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940 argument---the string to insert. |
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941 |
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942 @item param |
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943 If @var{param} is present and non-@code{nil}, it replaces @var{string} |
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944 (or the part of @var{string} being processed) as the object passed to |
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945 @var{function} (or @code{insert}); for example, if @var{function} is |
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946 @code{yank-rectangle}, @var{param} should be a list of strings to |
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947 insert as a rectangle. |
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948 |
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949 @item noexclude |
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950 If @var{noexclude} is present and non-@code{nil}, the normal removal of the |
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951 yank-excluded-properties is not performed; instead @var{function} is |
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952 responsible for removing those properties. This may be necessary |
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953 if @var{function} adjusts point before or after inserting the object. |
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954 |
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955 @item undo |
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956 If @var{undo} is present and non-@code{nil}, it is a function that will be |
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957 called by @code{yank-pop} to undo the insertion of the current object. |
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958 It is called with two arguments, the start and end of the current |
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959 region. @var{function} can set @code{yank-undo-function} to override |
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960 the @var{undo} value. |
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961 @end table |
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962 |
6558 | 963 @node Yank Commands |
964 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
965 @subsection Functions for Yanking | |
966 | |
967 @dfn{Yanking} means reinserting an entry of previously killed text | |
12098 | 968 from the kill ring. The text properties are copied too. |
6558 | 969 |
970 @deffn Command yank &optional arg | |
971 @cindex inserting killed text | |
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972 This command inserts before point the text at the front of the |
6558 | 973 kill ring. It positions the mark at the beginning of that text, and |
974 point at the end. | |
975 | |
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976 If @var{arg} is a non-@code{nil} list (which occurs interactively when |
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|
977 the user types @kbd{C-u} with no digits), then @code{yank} inserts the |
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|
978 text as described above, but puts point before the yanked text and |
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979 puts the mark after it. |
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980 |
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981 If @var{arg} is a number, then @code{yank} inserts the @var{arg}th |
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982 most recently killed text---the @var{arg}th element of the kill ring |
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983 list, counted cyclically from the front, which is considered the |
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984 first element for this purpose. |
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985 |
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986 @code{yank} does not alter the contents of the kill ring, unless it |
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987 used text provided by another program, in which case it pushes that text |
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988 onto the kill ring. However if @var{arg} is an integer different from |
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989 one, it rotates the kill ring to place the yanked string at the front. |
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990 |
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991 @code{yank} returns @code{nil}. |
6558 | 992 @end deffn |
993 | |
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994 @deffn Command yank-pop &optional arg |
6558 | 995 This command replaces the just-yanked entry from the kill ring with a |
996 different entry from the kill ring. | |
997 | |
998 This is allowed only immediately after a @code{yank} or another | |
999 @code{yank-pop}. At such a time, the region contains text that was just | |
1000 inserted by yanking. @code{yank-pop} deletes that text and inserts in | |
1001 its place a different piece of killed text. It does not add the deleted | |
1002 text to the kill ring, since it is already in the kill ring somewhere. | |
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1003 It does however rotate the kill ring to place the newly yanked string at |
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|
1004 the front. |
6558 | 1005 |
1006 If @var{arg} is @code{nil}, then the replacement text is the previous | |
1007 element of the kill ring. If @var{arg} is numeric, the replacement is | |
1008 the @var{arg}th previous kill. If @var{arg} is negative, a more recent | |
1009 kill is the replacement. | |
1010 | |
1011 The sequence of kills in the kill ring wraps around, so that after the | |
1012 oldest one comes the newest one, and before the newest one goes the | |
1013 oldest. | |
1014 | |
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1015 The return value is always @code{nil}. |
6558 | 1016 @end deffn |
1017 | |
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1018 @defvar yank-undo-function |
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1019 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, the function @code{yank-pop} uses |
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1020 its value instead of @code{delete-region} to delete the text |
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1021 inserted by the previous @code{yank} or |
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1022 @code{yank-pop} command. The value must be a function of two |
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1023 arguments, the start and end of the current region. |
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1024 |
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1025 The function @code{insert-for-yank} automatically sets this variable |
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1026 according to the @var{undo} element of the @code{yank-handler} |
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1027 text property, if there is one. |
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1028 @end defvar |
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1029 |
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1030 @node Low-Level Kill Ring |
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1031 @subsection Low-Level Kill Ring |
6558 | 1032 |
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1033 These functions and variables provide access to the kill ring at a |
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1034 lower level, but still convenient for use in Lisp programs, because they |
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1035 take care of interaction with window system selections |
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1036 (@pxref{Window System Selections}). |
6558 | 1037 |
1038 @defun current-kill n &optional do-not-move | |
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1039 The function @code{current-kill} rotates the yanking pointer, which |
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1040 designates the ``front'' of the kill ring, by @var{n} places (from newer |
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1041 kills to older ones), and returns the text at that place in the ring. |
6558 | 1042 |
1043 If the optional second argument @var{do-not-move} is non-@code{nil}, | |
1044 then @code{current-kill} doesn't alter the yanking pointer; it just | |
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1045 returns the @var{n}th kill, counting from the current yanking pointer. |
6558 | 1046 |
1047 If @var{n} is zero, indicating a request for the latest kill, | |
1048 @code{current-kill} calls the value of | |
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1049 @code{interprogram-paste-function} (documented below) before |
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1050 consulting the kill ring. If that value is a function and calling it |
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1051 returns a string, @code{current-kill} pushes that string onto the kill |
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1052 ring and returns it. It also sets the yanking pointer to point to |
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1053 that new entry, regardless of the value of @var{do-not-move}. |
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1054 Otherwise, @code{current-kill} does not treat a zero value for @var{n} |
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1055 specially: it returns the entry pointed at by the yanking pointer and |
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1056 does not move the yanking pointer. |
6558 | 1057 @end defun |
1058 | |
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1059 @defun kill-new string &optional replace yank-handler |
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1060 This function pushes the text @var{string} onto the kill ring and |
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1061 makes the yanking pointer point to it. It discards the oldest entry |
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1062 if appropriate. It also invokes the value of |
6558 | 1063 @code{interprogram-cut-function} (see below). |
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1064 |
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1065 If @var{replace} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{kill-new} replaces the |
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1066 first element of the kill ring with @var{string}, rather than pushing |
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1067 @var{string} onto the kill ring. |
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1068 |
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1069 If @var{yank-handler} is non-@code{nil}, this puts that value onto |
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1070 the string of killed text, as a @code{yank-handler} property. |
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1071 @xref{Yanking}. Note that if @var{yank-handler} is @code{nil}, then |
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1072 @code{kill-new} copies any @code{yank-handler} properties present on |
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1073 @var{string} onto the kill ring, as it does with other text properties. |
6558 | 1074 @end defun |
1075 | |
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1076 @defun kill-append string before-p &optional yank-handler |
6558 | 1077 This function appends the text @var{string} to the first entry in the |
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1078 kill ring and makes the yanking pointer point to the combined entry. |
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1079 Normally @var{string} goes at the end of the entry, but if |
6558 | 1080 @var{before-p} is non-@code{nil}, it goes at the beginning. This |
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1081 function also invokes the value of @code{interprogram-cut-function} |
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1082 (see below). This handles @var{yank-handler} just like |
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1083 @code{kill-new}, except that if @var{yank-handler} is different from |
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1084 the @code{yank-handler} property of the first entry of the kill ring, |
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1085 @code{kill-append} pushes the concatenated string onto the kill ring, |
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1086 instead of replacing the original first entry with it. |
6558 | 1087 @end defun |
1088 | |
1089 @defvar interprogram-paste-function | |
1090 This variable provides a way of transferring killed text from other | |
1091 programs, when you are using a window system. Its value should be | |
1092 @code{nil} or a function of no arguments. | |
1093 | |
1094 If the value is a function, @code{current-kill} calls it to get the | |
1095 ``most recent kill''. If the function returns a non-@code{nil} value, | |
1096 then that value is used as the ``most recent kill''. If it returns | |
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1097 @code{nil}, then the front of the kill ring is used. |
6558 | 1098 |
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1099 The normal use of this hook is to get the window system's primary |
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1100 selection as the most recent kill, even if the selection belongs to |
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1101 another application. @xref{Window System Selections}. |
6558 | 1102 @end defvar |
1103 | |
1104 @defvar interprogram-cut-function | |
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1105 This variable provides a way of communicating killed text to other |
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1106 programs, when you are using a window system. Its value should be |
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1107 @code{nil} or a function of one required and one optional argument. |
6558 | 1108 |
1109 If the value is a function, @code{kill-new} and @code{kill-append} call | |
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1110 it with the new first element of the kill ring as the first argument. |
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1111 The second, optional, argument has the same meaning as the @var{push} |
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1112 argument to @code{x-set-cut-buffer} (@pxref{Definition of |
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1113 x-set-cut-buffer}) and only affects the second and later cut buffers. |
6558 | 1114 |
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1115 The normal use of this hook is to set the window system's primary |
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1116 selection (and first cut buffer) from the newly killed text. |
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1117 @xref{Window System Selections}. |
6558 | 1118 @end defvar |
1119 | |
1120 @node Internals of Kill Ring | |
1121 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1122 @subsection Internals of the Kill Ring | |
1123 | |
1124 The variable @code{kill-ring} holds the kill ring contents, in the | |
1125 form of a list of strings. The most recent kill is always at the front | |
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1126 of the list. |
6558 | 1127 |
1128 The @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} variable points to a link in the | |
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1129 kill ring list, whose @sc{car} is the text to yank next. We say it |
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1130 identifies the ``front'' of the ring. Moving |
6558 | 1131 @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} to a different link is called |
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1132 @dfn{rotating the kill ring}. We call the kill ring a ``ring'' because |
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1133 the functions that move the yank pointer wrap around from the end of the |
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1134 list to the beginning, or vice-versa. Rotation of the kill ring is |
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1135 virtual; it does not change the value of @code{kill-ring}. |
6558 | 1136 |
1137 Both @code{kill-ring} and @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} are Lisp | |
1138 variables whose values are normally lists. The word ``pointer'' in the | |
1139 name of the @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} indicates that the variable's | |
1140 purpose is to identify one element of the list for use by the next yank | |
1141 command. | |
1142 | |
1143 The value of @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} is always @code{eq} to one | |
1144 of the links in the kill ring list. The element it identifies is the | |
1145 @sc{car} of that link. Kill commands, which change the kill ring, also | |
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1146 set this variable to the value of @code{kill-ring}. The effect is to |
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1147 rotate the ring so that the newly killed text is at the front. |
6558 | 1148 |
1149 Here is a diagram that shows the variable @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} | |
1150 pointing to the second entry in the kill ring @code{("some text" "a | |
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1151 different piece of text" "yet older text")}. |
6558 | 1152 |
1153 @example | |
1154 @group | |
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1155 kill-ring ---- kill-ring-yank-pointer |
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1156 | | |
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1157 | v |
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1158 | --- --- --- --- --- --- |
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1159 --> | | |------> | | |--> | | |--> nil |
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1160 --- --- --- --- --- --- |
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1161 | | | |
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1162 | | | |
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1163 | | -->"yet older text" |
6558 | 1164 | | |
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1165 | --> "a different piece of text" |
6558 | 1166 | |
1167 --> "some text" | |
1168 @end group | |
1169 @end example | |
1170 | |
1171 @noindent | |
1172 This state of affairs might occur after @kbd{C-y} (@code{yank}) | |
1173 immediately followed by @kbd{M-y} (@code{yank-pop}). | |
1174 | |
1175 @defvar kill-ring | |
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1176 This variable holds the list of killed text sequences, most recently |
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1177 killed first. |
6558 | 1178 @end defvar |
1179 | |
1180 @defvar kill-ring-yank-pointer | |
1181 This variable's value indicates which element of the kill ring is at the | |
1182 ``front'' of the ring for yanking. More precisely, the value is a tail | |
1183 of the value of @code{kill-ring}, and its @sc{car} is the kill string | |
1184 that @kbd{C-y} should yank. | |
1185 @end defvar | |
1186 | |
1187 @defopt kill-ring-max | |
1188 The value of this variable is the maximum length to which the kill | |
1189 ring can grow, before elements are thrown away at the end. The default | |
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1190 value for @code{kill-ring-max} is 60. |
6558 | 1191 @end defopt |
1192 | |
1193 @node Undo | |
1194 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1195 @section Undo | |
1196 @cindex redo | |
1197 | |
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1198 Most buffers have an @dfn{undo list}, which records all changes made |
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1199 to the buffer's text so that they can be undone. (The buffers that |
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1200 don't have one are usually special-purpose buffers for which Emacs |
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1201 assumes that undoing is not useful.) All the primitives that modify the |
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1202 text in the buffer automatically add elements to the front of the undo |
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1203 list, which is in the variable @code{buffer-undo-list}. |
6558 | 1204 |
1205 @defvar buffer-undo-list | |
1206 This variable's value is the undo list of the current buffer. | |
1207 A value of @code{t} disables the recording of undo information. | |
1208 @end defvar | |
1209 | |
1210 Here are the kinds of elements an undo list can have: | |
1211 | |
1212 @table @code | |
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1213 @item @var{position} |
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1214 This kind of element records a previous value of point; undoing this |
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1215 element moves point to @var{position}. Ordinary cursor motion does not |
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1216 make any sort of undo record, but deletion operations use these entries |
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1217 to record where point was before the command. |
6558 | 1218 |
1219 @item (@var{beg} . @var{end}) | |
1220 This kind of element indicates how to delete text that was inserted. | |
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1221 Upon insertion, the text occupied the range @var{beg}--@var{end} in the |
6558 | 1222 buffer. |
1223 | |
10364 | 1224 @item (@var{text} . @var{position}) |
6558 | 1225 This kind of element indicates how to reinsert text that was deleted. |
10364 | 1226 The deleted text itself is the string @var{text}. The place to |
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1227 reinsert it is @code{(abs @var{position})}. If @var{position} is |
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1228 positive, point was at the beginning of the deleted text, otherwise it |
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1229 was at the end. |
6558 | 1230 |
1231 @item (t @var{high} . @var{low}) | |
1232 This kind of element indicates that an unmodified buffer became | |
1233 modified. The elements @var{high} and @var{low} are two integers, each | |
1234 recording 16 bits of the visited file's modification time as of when it | |
1235 was previously visited or saved. @code{primitive-undo} uses those | |
1236 values to determine whether to mark the buffer as unmodified once again; | |
1237 it does so only if the file's modification time matches those numbers. | |
1238 | |
1239 @item (nil @var{property} @var{value} @var{beg} . @var{end}) | |
1240 This kind of element records a change in a text property. | |
1241 Here's how you might undo the change: | |
1242 | |
1243 @example | |
1244 (put-text-property @var{beg} @var{end} @var{property} @var{value}) | |
1245 @end example | |
1246 | |
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1247 @item (apply @var{funname} . @var{args}) |
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1248 This kind of element records a change that can be undone by evaluating |
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1249 (@code{apply} @var{funname} @var{args}). |
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1250 |
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1251 @item (apply @var{delta} @var{beg} @var{end} @var{funname} . @var{args}) |
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1252 This kind of element records a change that can be undone by evaluating |
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1253 (@code{apply} @var{funname} @var{args}). The integer values @var{beg} |
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1254 and @var{end} is buffer positions of the range affected by this change |
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1255 and @var{delta} is an integer value which is the number of bytes added |
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1256 or deleted in that range by this change. This kind of element |
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1257 enables undo limited to a region to determine whether the element |
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1258 pertains to that region. |
59837
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1259 |
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1260 @item (@var{marker} . @var{adjustment}) |
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1261 This kind of element records the fact that the marker @var{marker} was |
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1262 relocated due to deletion of surrounding text, and that it moved |
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1263 @var{adjustment} character positions. Undoing this element moves |
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1264 @var{marker} @minus{} @var{adjustment} characters. |
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1265 |
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1266 @item (apply @var{funname} . @var{args}) |
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1267 This is an extensible undo item, which is undone by calling |
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1268 @var{funname} with arguments @var{args}. |
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1269 |
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1270 @item (apply @var{delta} @var{beg} @var{end} @var{funname} . @var{args}) |
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1271 This is an extensible undo item, which records a change limited to the |
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1272 range @var{beg} to @var{end}, which increased the size of the buffer |
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1273 by @var{delta}. It is undone by calling @var{funname} with arguments |
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1274 @var{args}. |
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1275 |
6558 | 1276 @item nil |
1277 This element is a boundary. The elements between two boundaries are | |
1278 called a @dfn{change group}; normally, each change group corresponds to | |
1279 one keyboard command, and undo commands normally undo an entire group as | |
1280 a unit. | |
1281 @end table | |
1282 | |
1283 @defun undo-boundary | |
1284 This function places a boundary element in the undo list. The undo | |
1285 command stops at such a boundary, and successive undo commands undo | |
1286 to earlier and earlier boundaries. This function returns @code{nil}. | |
1287 | |
11555
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1288 The editor command loop automatically creates an undo boundary before |
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|
1289 each key sequence is executed. Thus, each undo normally undoes the |
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1290 effects of one command. Self-inserting input characters are an |
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|
1291 exception. The command loop makes a boundary for the first such |
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|
1292 character; the next 19 consecutive self-inserting input characters do |
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|
1293 not make boundaries, and then the 20th does, and so on as long as |
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|
1294 self-inserting characters continue. |
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|
1295 |
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1296 All buffer modifications add a boundary whenever the previous undoable |
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1297 change was made in some other buffer. This is to ensure that |
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1298 each command makes a boundary in each buffer where it makes changes. |
11555
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1299 |
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1300 Calling this function explicitly is useful for splitting the effects of |
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1301 a command into more than one unit. For example, @code{query-replace} |
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1302 calls @code{undo-boundary} after each replacement, so that the user can |
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1303 undo individual replacements one by one. |
6558 | 1304 @end defun |
1305 | |
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1306 @defvar undo-in-progress |
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1307 This variable is normally @code{nil}, but the undo commands bind it to |
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|
1308 @code{t}. This is so that various kinds of change hooks can tell when |
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1309 they're being called for the sake of undoing. |
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|
1310 @end defvar |
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|
1311 |
6558 | 1312 @defun primitive-undo count list |
1313 This is the basic function for undoing elements of an undo list. | |
1314 It undoes the first @var{count} elements of @var{list}, returning | |
1315 the rest of @var{list}. You could write this function in Lisp, | |
1316 but it is convenient to have it in C. | |
1317 | |
1318 @code{primitive-undo} adds elements to the buffer's undo list when it | |
1319 changes the buffer. Undo commands avoid confusion by saving the undo | |
1320 list value at the beginning of a sequence of undo operations. Then the | |
1321 undo operations use and update the saved value. The new elements added | |
12098 | 1322 by undoing are not part of this saved value, so they don't interfere with |
6558 | 1323 continuing to undo. |
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|
1324 |
e347a194391a
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|
1325 This function does not bind @code{undo-in-progress}. |
6558 | 1326 @end defun |
1327 | |
1328 @node Maintaining Undo | |
1329 @section Maintaining Undo Lists | |
1330 | |
1331 This section describes how to enable and disable undo information for | |
1332 a given buffer. It also explains how the undo list is truncated | |
1333 automatically so it doesn't get too big. | |
1334 | |
1335 Recording of undo information in a newly created buffer is normally | |
1336 enabled to start with; but if the buffer name starts with a space, the | |
1337 undo recording is initially disabled. You can explicitly enable or | |
1338 disable undo recording with the following two functions, or by setting | |
1339 @code{buffer-undo-list} yourself. | |
1340 | |
1341 @deffn Command buffer-enable-undo &optional buffer-or-name | |
1342 This command enables recording undo information for buffer | |
1343 @var{buffer-or-name}, so that subsequent changes can be undone. If no | |
1344 argument is supplied, then the current buffer is used. This function | |
1345 does nothing if undo recording is already enabled in the buffer. It | |
1346 returns @code{nil}. | |
1347 | |
1348 In an interactive call, @var{buffer-or-name} is the current buffer. | |
1349 You cannot specify any other buffer. | |
1350 @end deffn | |
1351 | |
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1352 @deffn Command buffer-disable-undo &optional buffer-or-name |
6558 | 1353 @cindex disable undo |
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1354 This function discards the undo list of @var{buffer-or-name}, and disables |
6558 | 1355 further recording of undo information. As a result, it is no longer |
1356 possible to undo either previous changes or any subsequent changes. If | |
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1357 the undo list of @var{buffer-or-name} is already disabled, this function |
6558 | 1358 has no effect. |
1359 | |
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1360 This function returns @code{nil}. |
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1361 @end deffn |
6558 | 1362 |
1363 As editing continues, undo lists get longer and longer. To prevent | |
1364 them from using up all available memory space, garbage collection trims | |
1365 them back to size limits you can set. (For this purpose, the ``size'' | |
1366 of an undo list measures the cons cells that make up the list, plus the | |
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1367 strings of deleted text.) Three variables control the range of acceptable |
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1368 sizes: @code{undo-limit}, @code{undo-strong-limit} and |
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1369 @code{undo-outer-limit}. |
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1370 |
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1371 @defopt undo-limit |
6558 | 1372 This is the soft limit for the acceptable size of an undo list. The |
1373 change group at which this size is exceeded is the last one kept. | |
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1374 @end defopt |
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1375 |
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1376 @defopt undo-strong-limit |
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1377 This is the upper limit for the acceptable size of an undo list. The |
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1378 change group at which this size is exceeded is discarded itself (along |
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1379 with all older change groups). There is one exception: the very latest |
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1380 change group is only discarded if it exceeds @code{undo-outer-limit}. |
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1381 @end defopt |
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1382 |
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1383 @defopt undo-outer-limit |
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1384 If at garbage collection time the undo info for the current command |
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1385 exceeds this limit, Emacs discards the info and displays a warning. |
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1386 This is a last ditch limit to prevent memory overflow. |
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1387 @end defopt |
6558 | 1388 |
1389 @node Filling | |
1390 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1391 @section Filling | |
1392 @cindex filling, explicit | |
1393 | |
1394 @dfn{Filling} means adjusting the lengths of lines (by moving the line | |
1395 breaks) so that they are nearly (but no greater than) a specified | |
1396 maximum width. Additionally, lines can be @dfn{justified}, which means | |
12098 | 1397 inserting spaces to make the left and/or right margins line up |
1398 precisely. The width is controlled by the variable @code{fill-column}. | |
1399 For ease of reading, lines should be no longer than 70 or so columns. | |
6558 | 1400 |
1401 You can use Auto Fill mode (@pxref{Auto Filling}) to fill text | |
1402 automatically as you insert it, but changes to existing text may leave | |
1403 it improperly filled. Then you must fill the text explicitly. | |
1404 | |
12067 | 1405 Most of the commands in this section return values that are not |
1406 meaningful. All the functions that do filling take note of the current | |
12098 | 1407 left margin, current right margin, and current justification style |
1408 (@pxref{Margins}). If the current justification style is | |
1409 @code{none}, the filling functions don't actually do anything. | |
1410 | |
1411 Several of the filling functions have an argument @var{justify}. | |
1412 If it is non-@code{nil}, that requests some kind of justification. It | |
1413 can be @code{left}, @code{right}, @code{full}, or @code{center}, to | |
1414 request a specific style of justification. If it is @code{t}, that | |
1415 means to use the current justification style for this part of the text | |
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1416 (see @code{current-justification}, below). Any other value is treated |
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1417 as @code{full}. |
12098 | 1418 |
1419 When you call the filling functions interactively, using a prefix | |
1420 argument implies the value @code{full} for @var{justify}. | |
1421 | |
1422 @deffn Command fill-paragraph justify | |
6558 | 1423 @cindex filling a paragraph |
1424 This command fills the paragraph at or after point. If | |
12098 | 1425 @var{justify} is non-@code{nil}, each line is justified as well. |
6558 | 1426 It uses the ordinary paragraph motion commands to find paragraph |
38581 | 1427 boundaries. @xref{Paragraphs,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. |
6558 | 1428 @end deffn |
1429 | |
25454 | 1430 @deffn Command fill-region start end &optional justify nosqueeze to-eop |
6558 | 1431 This command fills each of the paragraphs in the region from @var{start} |
12098 | 1432 to @var{end}. It justifies as well if @var{justify} is |
6558 | 1433 non-@code{nil}. |
1434 | |
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1435 If @var{nosqueeze} is non-@code{nil}, that means to leave whitespace |
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1436 other than line breaks untouched. If @var{to-eop} is non-@code{nil}, |
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1437 that means to keep filling to the end of the paragraph---or the next hard |
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1438 newline, if @code{use-hard-newlines} is enabled (see below). |
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1439 |
6558 | 1440 The variable @code{paragraph-separate} controls how to distinguish |
1441 paragraphs. @xref{Standard Regexps}. | |
1442 @end deffn | |
1443 | |
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1444 @deffn Command fill-individual-paragraphs start end &optional justify citation-regexp |
6558 | 1445 This command fills each paragraph in the region according to its |
1446 individual fill prefix. Thus, if the lines of a paragraph were indented | |
1447 with spaces, the filled paragraph will remain indented in the same | |
1448 fashion. | |
1449 | |
1450 The first two arguments, @var{start} and @var{end}, are the beginning | |
1451 and end of the region to be filled. The third and fourth arguments, | |
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1452 @var{justify} and @var{citation-regexp}, are optional. If |
12098 | 1453 @var{justify} is non-@code{nil}, the paragraphs are justified as |
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1454 well as filled. If @var{citation-regexp} is non-@code{nil}, it means the |
6558 | 1455 function is operating on a mail message and therefore should not fill |
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1456 the header lines. If @var{citation-regexp} is a string, it is used as |
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1457 a regular expression; if it matches the beginning of a line, that line |
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1458 is treated as a citation marker. |
6558 | 1459 |
1460 Ordinarily, @code{fill-individual-paragraphs} regards each change in | |
1461 indentation as starting a new paragraph. If | |
1462 @code{fill-individual-varying-indent} is non-@code{nil}, then only | |
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1463 separator lines separate paragraphs. That mode can handle indented |
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1464 paragraphs with additional indentation on the first line. |
6558 | 1465 @end deffn |
1466 | |
1467 @defopt fill-individual-varying-indent | |
1468 This variable alters the action of @code{fill-individual-paragraphs} as | |
1469 described above. | |
1470 @end defopt | |
1471 | |
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1472 @deffn Command fill-region-as-paragraph start end &optional justify nosqueeze squeeze-after |
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1473 This command considers a region of text as a single paragraph and fills |
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1474 it. If the region was made up of many paragraphs, the blank lines |
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1475 between paragraphs are removed. This function justifies as well as |
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1476 filling when @var{justify} is non-@code{nil}. |
12067 | 1477 |
1478 In an interactive call, any prefix argument requests justification. | |
6558 | 1479 |
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1480 If @var{nosqueeze} is non-@code{nil}, that means to leave whitespace |
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1481 other than line breaks untouched. If @var{squeeze-after} is |
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1482 non-@code{nil}, it specifies a position in the region, and means don't |
22252
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1483 canonicalize spaces before that position. |
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1484 |
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1485 In Adaptive Fill mode, this command calls @code{fill-context-prefix} to |
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1486 choose a fill prefix by default. @xref{Adaptive Fill}. |
6558 | 1487 @end deffn |
1488 | |
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1489 @deffn Command justify-current-line &optional how eop nosqueeze |
6558 | 1490 This command inserts spaces between the words of the current line so |
1491 that the line ends exactly at @code{fill-column}. It returns | |
1492 @code{nil}. | |
12067 | 1493 |
1494 The argument @var{how}, if non-@code{nil} specifies explicitly the style | |
1495 of justification. It can be @code{left}, @code{right}, @code{full}, | |
1496 @code{center}, or @code{none}. If it is @code{t}, that means to do | |
1497 follow specified justification style (see @code{current-justification}, | |
1498 below). @code{nil} means to do full justification. | |
1499 | |
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1500 If @var{eop} is non-@code{nil}, that means do left-justification if |
12067 | 1501 @code{current-justification} specifies full justification. This is used |
1502 for the last line of a paragraph; even if the paragraph as a whole is | |
1503 fully justified, the last line should not be. | |
1504 | |
1505 If @var{nosqueeze} is non-@code{nil}, that means do not change interior | |
1506 whitespace. | |
6558 | 1507 @end deffn |
1508 | |
12067 | 1509 @defopt default-justification |
1510 This variable's value specifies the style of justification to use for | |
1511 text that doesn't specify a style with a text property. The possible | |
1512 values are @code{left}, @code{right}, @code{full}, @code{center}, or | |
12098 | 1513 @code{none}. The default value is @code{left}. |
12067 | 1514 @end defopt |
1515 | |
1516 @defun current-justification | |
1517 This function returns the proper justification style to use for filling | |
1518 the text around point. | |
1519 @end defun | |
1520 | |
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1521 @defopt sentence-end-double-space |
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1522 @anchor{Definition of sentence-end-double-space} |
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1523 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, a period followed by just one space |
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1524 does not count as the end of a sentence, and the filling functions |
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1525 avoid breaking the line at such a place. |
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1526 @end defopt |
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1527 |
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1528 @defopt sentence-end-without-period |
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1529 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, a sentence can end without a |
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1530 period. This is used for languages like Thai, where sentences end |
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1531 with a double space but without a period. |
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1532 @end defopt |
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1533 |
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1534 @defopt sentence-end-without-space |
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1535 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it should be a string of |
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1536 characters that can end a sentence without following spaces. |
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1537 @end defopt |
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1538 |
12098 | 1539 @defvar fill-paragraph-function |
1540 This variable provides a way for major modes to override the filling of | |
1541 paragraphs. If the value is non-@code{nil}, @code{fill-paragraph} calls | |
1542 this function to do the work. If the function returns a non-@code{nil} | |
1543 value, @code{fill-paragraph} assumes the job is done, and immediately | |
1544 returns that value. | |
1545 | |
1546 The usual use of this feature is to fill comments in programming | |
1547 language modes. If the function needs to fill a paragraph in the usual | |
1548 way, it can do so as follows: | |
1549 | |
1550 @example | |
1551 (let ((fill-paragraph-function nil)) | |
1552 (fill-paragraph arg)) | |
1553 @end example | |
1554 @end defvar | |
1555 | |
1556 @defvar use-hard-newlines | |
1557 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, the filling functions do not delete | |
1558 newlines that have the @code{hard} text property. These ``hard | |
1559 newlines'' act as paragraph separators. | |
1560 @end defvar | |
1561 | |
1562 @node Margins | |
1563 @section Margins for Filling | |
1564 | |
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1565 @defopt fill-prefix |
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1566 This buffer-local variable specifies a string of text that appears at |
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1567 the beginning |
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1568 of normal text lines and should be disregarded when filling them. Any |
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1569 line that fails to start with the fill prefix is considered the start of |
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1570 a paragraph; so is any line that starts with the fill prefix followed by |
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1571 additional whitespace. Lines that start with the fill prefix but no |
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1572 additional whitespace are ordinary text lines that can be filled |
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1573 together. The resulting filled lines also start with the fill prefix. |
12098 | 1574 |
1575 The fill prefix follows the left margin whitespace, if any. | |
8427
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1576 @end defopt |
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1577 |
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1578 @defopt fill-column |
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1579 This buffer-local variable specifies the maximum width of filled lines. |
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1580 Its value should be an integer, which is a number of columns. All the |
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1581 filling, justification, and centering commands are affected by this |
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1582 variable, including Auto Fill mode (@pxref{Auto Filling}). |
6558 | 1583 |
1584 As a practical matter, if you are writing text for other people to | |
1585 read, you should set @code{fill-column} to no more than 70. Otherwise | |
1586 the line will be too long for people to read comfortably, and this can | |
1587 make the text seem clumsy. | |
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1588 @end defopt |
6558 | 1589 |
1590 @defvar default-fill-column | |
1591 The value of this variable is the default value for @code{fill-column} in | |
1592 buffers that do not override it. This is the same as | |
1593 @code{(default-value 'fill-column)}. | |
1594 | |
1595 The default value for @code{default-fill-column} is 70. | |
1596 @end defvar | |
1597 | |
12067 | 1598 @deffn Command set-left-margin from to margin |
1599 This sets the @code{left-margin} property on the text from @var{from} to | |
1600 @var{to} to the value @var{margin}. If Auto Fill mode is enabled, this | |
1601 command also refills the region to fit the new margin. | |
1602 @end deffn | |
1603 | |
1604 @deffn Command set-right-margin from to margin | |
12098 | 1605 This sets the @code{right-margin} property on the text from @var{from} |
1606 to @var{to} to the value @var{margin}. If Auto Fill mode is enabled, | |
1607 this command also refills the region to fit the new margin. | |
12067 | 1608 @end deffn |
1609 | |
1610 @defun current-left-margin | |
1611 This function returns the proper left margin value to use for filling | |
1612 the text around point. The value is the sum of the @code{left-margin} | |
1613 property of the character at the start of the current line (or zero if | |
12098 | 1614 none), and the value of the variable @code{left-margin}. |
12067 | 1615 @end defun |
1616 | |
1617 @defun current-fill-column | |
1618 This function returns the proper fill column value to use for filling | |
1619 the text around point. The value is the value of the @code{fill-column} | |
1620 variable, minus the value of the @code{right-margin} property of the | |
1621 character after point. | |
1622 @end defun | |
1623 | |
1624 @deffn Command move-to-left-margin &optional n force | |
1625 This function moves point to the left margin of the current line. The | |
1626 column moved to is determined by calling the function | |
12098 | 1627 @code{current-left-margin}. If the argument @var{n} is non-@code{nil}, |
12067 | 1628 @code{move-to-left-margin} moves forward @var{n}@minus{}1 lines first. |
1629 | |
1630 If @var{force} is non-@code{nil}, that says to fix the line's | |
1631 indentation if that doesn't match the left margin value. | |
1632 @end deffn | |
1633 | |
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1634 @defun delete-to-left-margin &optional from to |
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1635 This function removes left margin indentation from the text between |
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1636 @var{from} and @var{to}. The amount of indentation to delete is |
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1637 determined by calling @code{current-left-margin}. In no case does this |
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1638 function delete non-whitespace. If @var{from} and @var{to} are omitted, |
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1639 they default to the whole buffer. |
12067 | 1640 @end defun |
1641 | |
12098 | 1642 @defun indent-to-left-margin |
1643 This is the default @code{indent-line-function}, used in Fundamental | |
1644 mode, Text mode, etc. Its effect is to adjust the indentation at the | |
1645 beginning of the current line to the value specified by the variable | |
1646 @code{left-margin}. This may involve either inserting or deleting | |
1647 whitespace. | |
1648 @end defun | |
1649 | |
1650 @defvar left-margin | |
1651 This variable specifies the base left margin column. In Fundamental | |
21682
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1652 mode, @kbd{C-j} indents to this column. This variable automatically |
12098 | 1653 becomes buffer-local when set in any fashion. |
1654 @end defvar | |
1655 | |
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1656 @defvar fill-nobreak-predicate |
59945
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1657 This variable gives major modes a way to specify not to break a line |
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1658 at certain places. Its value should be a list of functions, but a |
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1659 single function is also supported for compatibility. Whenever filling |
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1660 considers breaking the line at a certain place in the buffer, it calls |
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1661 each of these functions with no arguments and with point located at |
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1662 that place. If any of the functions returns non-@code{nil}, then the |
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1663 line won't be broken there. |
21682
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1664 @end defvar |
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1665 |
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1666 @node Adaptive Fill |
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1667 @section Adaptive Fill Mode |
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1668 @cindex Adaptive Fill mode |
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1669 |
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1670 Adaptive Fill mode chooses a fill prefix automatically from the text |
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1671 in each paragraph being filled. |
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1672 |
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1673 @defopt adaptive-fill-mode |
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1674 Adaptive Fill mode is enabled when this variable is non-@code{nil}. |
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1675 It is @code{t} by default. |
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1676 @end defopt |
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1677 |
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1678 @defun fill-context-prefix from to |
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1679 This function implements the heart of Adaptive Fill mode; it chooses a |
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1680 fill prefix based on the text between @var{from} and @var{to}. It does |
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1681 this by looking at the first two lines of the paragraph, based on the |
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1682 variables described below. |
26696
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1683 @c The optional argument first-line-regexp is not documented |
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1684 @c because it exists for internal purposes and might be eliminated |
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1685 @c in the future. |
22252
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1686 @end defun |
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1687 |
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1688 @defopt adaptive-fill-regexp |
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1689 This variable holds a regular expression to control Adaptive Fill mode. |
22267
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1690 Adaptive Fill mode matches this regular expression against the text |
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1691 starting after the left margin whitespace (if any) on a line; the |
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1692 characters it matches are that line's candidate for the fill prefix. |
22252
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1693 @end defopt |
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1694 |
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1695 @defopt adaptive-fill-first-line-regexp |
22267
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1696 In a one-line paragraph, if the candidate fill prefix matches this |
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1697 regular expression, or if it matches @code{comment-start-skip}, then it |
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1698 is used---otherwise, spaces amounting to the same width are used |
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1699 instead. |
22252
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1700 |
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1701 However, the fill prefix is never taken from a one-line paragraph |
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1702 if it would act as a paragraph starter on subsequent lines. |
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1703 @end defopt |
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1704 |
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1705 @defopt adaptive-fill-function |
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1706 You can specify more complex ways of choosing a fill prefix |
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1707 automatically by setting this variable to a function. The function is |
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1708 called when @code{adaptive-fill-regexp} does not match, with point after |
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1709 the left margin of a line, and it should return the appropriate fill |
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1710 prefix based on that line. If it returns @code{nil}, that means it sees |
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1711 no fill prefix in that line. |
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1712 @end defopt |
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1713 |
6558 | 1714 @node Auto Filling |
1715 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1716 @section Auto Filling | |
1717 @cindex filling, automatic | |
1718 @cindex Auto Fill mode | |
1719 | |
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1720 Auto Fill mode is a minor mode that fills lines automatically as text |
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1721 is inserted. This section describes the hook used by Auto Fill mode. |
8427
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1722 For a description of functions that you can call explicitly to fill and |
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1723 justify existing text, see @ref{Filling}. |
6558 | 1724 |
12098 | 1725 Auto Fill mode also enables the functions that change the margins and |
1726 justification style to refill portions of the text. @xref{Margins}. | |
1727 | |
6558 | 1728 @defvar auto-fill-function |
12067 | 1729 The value of this variable should be a function (of no arguments) to be |
28843 | 1730 called after self-inserting a character from the table |
1731 @code{auto-fill-chars}. It may be @code{nil}, in which case nothing | |
1732 special is done in that case. | |
6558 | 1733 |
1734 The value of @code{auto-fill-function} is @code{do-auto-fill} when | |
1735 Auto-Fill mode is enabled. That is a function whose sole purpose is to | |
1736 implement the usual strategy for breaking a line. | |
1737 | |
1738 @quotation | |
1739 In older Emacs versions, this variable was named @code{auto-fill-hook}, | |
1740 but since it is not called with the standard convention for hooks, it | |
1741 was renamed to @code{auto-fill-function} in version 19. | |
1742 @end quotation | |
1743 @end defvar | |
1744 | |
16702
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1745 @defvar normal-auto-fill-function |
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1746 This variable specifies the function to use for |
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1747 @code{auto-fill-function}, if and when Auto Fill is turned on. Major |
21682
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1748 modes can set buffer-local values for this variable to alter how Auto |
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1749 Fill works. |
16702
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1750 @end defvar |
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1751 |
28843 | 1752 @defvar auto-fill-chars |
1753 A char table of characters which invoke @code{auto-fill-function} when | |
1754 self-inserted---space and newline in most language environments. They | |
1755 have an entry @code{t} in the table. | |
1756 @end defvar | |
1757 | |
6558 | 1758 @node Sorting |
1759 @section Sorting Text | |
1760 @cindex sorting text | |
1761 | |
1762 The sorting functions described in this section all rearrange text in | |
1763 a buffer. This is in contrast to the function @code{sort}, which | |
1764 rearranges the order of the elements of a list (@pxref{Rearrangement}). | |
1765 The values returned by these functions are not meaningful. | |
1766 | |
1767 @defun sort-subr reverse nextrecfun endrecfun &optional startkeyfun endkeyfun | |
21007
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1768 This function is the general text-sorting routine that subdivides a |
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1769 buffer into records and then sorts them. Most of the commands in this |
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1770 section use this function. |
6558 | 1771 |
1772 To understand how @code{sort-subr} works, consider the whole accessible | |
1773 portion of the buffer as being divided into disjoint pieces called | |
21007
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1774 @dfn{sort records}. The records may or may not be contiguous, but they |
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1775 must not overlap. A portion of each sort record (perhaps all of it) is |
6558 | 1776 designated as the sort key. Sorting rearranges the records in order by |
1777 their sort keys. | |
1778 | |
1779 Usually, the records are rearranged in order of ascending sort key. | |
1780 If the first argument to the @code{sort-subr} function, @var{reverse}, | |
1781 is non-@code{nil}, the sort records are rearranged in order of | |
1782 descending sort key. | |
1783 | |
1784 The next four arguments to @code{sort-subr} are functions that are | |
1785 called to move point across a sort record. They are called many times | |
1786 from within @code{sort-subr}. | |
1787 | |
1788 @enumerate | |
1789 @item | |
1790 @var{nextrecfun} is called with point at the end of a record. This | |
1791 function moves point to the start of the next record. The first record | |
1792 is assumed to start at the position of point when @code{sort-subr} is | |
1793 called. Therefore, you should usually move point to the beginning of | |
1794 the buffer before calling @code{sort-subr}. | |
1795 | |
1796 This function can indicate there are no more sort records by leaving | |
1797 point at the end of the buffer. | |
1798 | |
1799 @item | |
1800 @var{endrecfun} is called with point within a record. It moves point to | |
1801 the end of the record. | |
1802 | |
1803 @item | |
1804 @var{startkeyfun} is called to move point from the start of a record to | |
1805 the start of the sort key. This argument is optional; if it is omitted, | |
1806 the whole record is the sort key. If supplied, the function should | |
1807 either return a non-@code{nil} value to be used as the sort key, or | |
1808 return @code{nil} to indicate that the sort key is in the buffer | |
1809 starting at point. In the latter case, @var{endkeyfun} is called to | |
1810 find the end of the sort key. | |
1811 | |
1812 @item | |
1813 @var{endkeyfun} is called to move point from the start of the sort key | |
1814 to the end of the sort key. This argument is optional. If | |
1815 @var{startkeyfun} returns @code{nil} and this argument is omitted (or | |
1816 @code{nil}), then the sort key extends to the end of the record. There | |
1817 is no need for @var{endkeyfun} if @var{startkeyfun} returns a | |
1818 non-@code{nil} value. | |
1819 @end enumerate | |
1820 | |
1821 As an example of @code{sort-subr}, here is the complete function | |
1822 definition for @code{sort-lines}: | |
1823 | |
1824 @example | |
1825 @group | |
1826 ;; @r{Note that the first two lines of doc string} | |
1827 ;; @r{are effectively one line when viewed by a user.} | |
1828 (defun sort-lines (reverse beg end) | |
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1829 "Sort lines in region alphabetically;\ |
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1830 argument means descending order. |
6558 | 1831 Called from a program, there are three arguments: |
1832 @end group | |
1833 @group | |
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1834 REVERSE (non-nil means reverse order),\ |
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1835 BEG and END (region to sort). |
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1836 The variable `sort-fold-case' determines\ |
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1837 whether alphabetic case affects |
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1838 the sort order." |
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1839 @end group |
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1840 @group |
6558 | 1841 (interactive "P\nr") |
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1842 (save-excursion |
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1843 (save-restriction |
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1844 (narrow-to-region beg end) |
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1845 (goto-char (point-min)) |
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1846 (sort-subr reverse 'forward-line 'end-of-line)))) |
6558 | 1847 @end group |
1848 @end example | |
1849 | |
1850 Here @code{forward-line} moves point to the start of the next record, | |
1851 and @code{end-of-line} moves point to the end of record. We do not pass | |
1852 the arguments @var{startkeyfun} and @var{endkeyfun}, because the entire | |
1853 record is used as the sort key. | |
1854 | |
1855 The @code{sort-paragraphs} function is very much the same, except that | |
1856 its @code{sort-subr} call looks like this: | |
1857 | |
1858 @example | |
1859 @group | |
1860 (sort-subr reverse | |
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1861 (function |
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1862 (lambda () |
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1863 (while (and (not (eobp)) |
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1864 (looking-at paragraph-separate)) |
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1865 (forward-line 1)))) |
6558 | 1866 'forward-paragraph) |
1867 @end group | |
1868 @end example | |
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1869 |
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1870 Markers pointing into any sort records are left with no useful |
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1871 position after @code{sort-subr} returns. |
6558 | 1872 @end defun |
1873 | |
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1874 @defopt sort-fold-case |
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1875 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{sort-subr} and the other |
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1876 buffer sorting functions ignore case when comparing strings. |
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1877 @end defopt |
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1878 |
6558 | 1879 @deffn Command sort-regexp-fields reverse record-regexp key-regexp start end |
1880 This command sorts the region between @var{start} and @var{end} | |
1881 alphabetically as specified by @var{record-regexp} and @var{key-regexp}. | |
1882 If @var{reverse} is a negative integer, then sorting is in reverse | |
1883 order. | |
1884 | |
1885 Alphabetical sorting means that two sort keys are compared by | |
1886 comparing the first characters of each, the second characters of each, | |
1887 and so on. If a mismatch is found, it means that the sort keys are | |
1888 unequal; the sort key whose character is less at the point of first | |
1889 mismatch is the lesser sort key. The individual characters are compared | |
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1890 according to their numerical character codes in the Emacs character set. |
6558 | 1891 |
1892 The value of the @var{record-regexp} argument specifies how to divide | |
1893 the buffer into sort records. At the end of each record, a search is | |
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1894 done for this regular expression, and the text that matches it is taken |
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1895 as the next record. For example, the regular expression @samp{^.+$}, |
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1896 which matches lines with at least one character besides a newline, would |
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1897 make each such line into a sort record. @xref{Regular Expressions}, for |
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1898 a description of the syntax and meaning of regular expressions. |
6558 | 1899 |
1900 The value of the @var{key-regexp} argument specifies what part of each | |
1901 record is the sort key. The @var{key-regexp} could match the whole | |
1902 record, or only a part. In the latter case, the rest of the record has | |
1903 no effect on the sorted order of records, but it is carried along when | |
1904 the record moves to its new position. | |
1905 | |
1906 The @var{key-regexp} argument can refer to the text matched by a | |
1907 subexpression of @var{record-regexp}, or it can be a regular expression | |
1908 on its own. | |
1909 | |
1910 If @var{key-regexp} is: | |
1911 | |
1912 @table @asis | |
1913 @item @samp{\@var{digit}} | |
1914 then the text matched by the @var{digit}th @samp{\(...\)} parenthesis | |
1915 grouping in @var{record-regexp} is the sort key. | |
1916 | |
1917 @item @samp{\&} | |
1918 then the whole record is the sort key. | |
1919 | |
1920 @item a regular expression | |
1921 then @code{sort-regexp-fields} searches for a match for the regular | |
1922 expression within the record. If such a match is found, it is the sort | |
1923 key. If there is no match for @var{key-regexp} within a record then | |
1924 that record is ignored, which means its position in the buffer is not | |
1925 changed. (The other records may move around it.) | |
1926 @end table | |
1927 | |
1928 For example, if you plan to sort all the lines in the region by the | |
1929 first word on each line starting with the letter @samp{f}, you should | |
1930 set @var{record-regexp} to @samp{^.*$} and set @var{key-regexp} to | |
1931 @samp{\<f\w*\>}. The resulting expression looks like this: | |
1932 | |
1933 @example | |
1934 @group | |
1935 (sort-regexp-fields nil "^.*$" "\\<f\\w*\\>" | |
1936 (region-beginning) | |
1937 (region-end)) | |
1938 @end group | |
1939 @end example | |
1940 | |
1941 If you call @code{sort-regexp-fields} interactively, it prompts for | |
1942 @var{record-regexp} and @var{key-regexp} in the minibuffer. | |
1943 @end deffn | |
1944 | |
1945 @deffn Command sort-lines reverse start end | |
1946 This command alphabetically sorts lines in the region between | |
1947 @var{start} and @var{end}. If @var{reverse} is non-@code{nil}, the sort | |
1948 is in reverse order. | |
1949 @end deffn | |
1950 | |
1951 @deffn Command sort-paragraphs reverse start end | |
1952 This command alphabetically sorts paragraphs in the region between | |
1953 @var{start} and @var{end}. If @var{reverse} is non-@code{nil}, the sort | |
1954 is in reverse order. | |
1955 @end deffn | |
1956 | |
1957 @deffn Command sort-pages reverse start end | |
1958 This command alphabetically sorts pages in the region between | |
1959 @var{start} and @var{end}. If @var{reverse} is non-@code{nil}, the sort | |
1960 is in reverse order. | |
1961 @end deffn | |
1962 | |
1963 @deffn Command sort-fields field start end | |
1964 This command sorts lines in the region between @var{start} and | |
1965 @var{end}, comparing them alphabetically by the @var{field}th field | |
1966 of each line. Fields are separated by whitespace and numbered starting | |
1967 from 1. If @var{field} is negative, sorting is by the | |
1968 @w{@minus{}@var{field}th} field from the end of the line. This command | |
1969 is useful for sorting tables. | |
1970 @end deffn | |
1971 | |
1972 @deffn Command sort-numeric-fields field start end | |
1973 This command sorts lines in the region between @var{start} and | |
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1974 @var{end}, comparing them numerically by the @var{field}th field of |
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1975 each line. Fields are separated by whitespace and numbered starting |
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1976 from 1. The specified field must contain a number in each line of the |
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1977 region. Numbers starting with 0 are treated as octal, and numbers |
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1978 starting with @samp{0x} are treated as hexadecimal. |
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1979 |
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1980 If @var{field} is negative, sorting is by the |
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1981 @w{@minus{}@var{field}th} field from the end of the line. This |
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1982 command is useful for sorting tables. |
6558 | 1983 @end deffn |
1984 | |
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1985 @defopt sort-numeric-base |
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1986 This variable specifies the default radix for |
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1987 @code{sort-numeric-fields} to parse numbers. |
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1988 @end defopt |
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1989 |
6558 | 1990 @deffn Command sort-columns reverse &optional beg end |
1991 This command sorts the lines in the region between @var{beg} and | |
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1992 @var{end}, comparing them alphabetically by a certain range of |
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1993 columns. The column positions of @var{beg} and @var{end} bound the |
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1994 range of columns to sort on. |
6558 | 1995 |
1996 If @var{reverse} is non-@code{nil}, the sort is in reverse order. | |
1997 | |
1998 One unusual thing about this command is that the entire line | |
1999 containing position @var{beg}, and the entire line containing position | |
2000 @var{end}, are included in the region sorted. | |
2001 | |
2002 Note that @code{sort-columns} uses the @code{sort} utility program, | |
2003 and so cannot work properly on text containing tab characters. Use | |
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2004 @kbd{M-x untabify} to convert tabs to spaces before sorting. |
6558 | 2005 @end deffn |
2006 | |
2007 @node Columns | |
2008 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
2009 @section Counting Columns | |
2010 @cindex columns | |
2011 @cindex counting columns | |
2012 @cindex horizontal position | |
2013 | |
2014 The column functions convert between a character position (counting | |
2015 characters from the beginning of the buffer) and a column position | |
2016 (counting screen characters from the beginning of a line). | |
2017 | |
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2018 These functions count each character according to the number of |
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2019 columns it occupies on the screen. This means control characters count |
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2020 as occupying 2 or 4 columns, depending upon the value of |
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2021 @code{ctl-arrow}, and tabs count as occupying a number of columns that |
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2022 depends on the value of @code{tab-width} and on the column where the tab |
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2023 begins. @xref{Usual Display}. |
6558 | 2024 |
2025 Column number computations ignore the width of the window and the | |
2026 amount of horizontal scrolling. Consequently, a column value can be | |
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2027 arbitrarily high. The first (or leftmost) column is numbered 0. They |
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2028 also ignore overlays and text properties, aside from invisibility. |
6558 | 2029 |
2030 @defun current-column | |
2031 This function returns the horizontal position of point, measured in | |
2032 columns, counting from 0 at the left margin. The column position is the | |
2033 sum of the widths of all the displayed representations of the characters | |
2034 between the start of the current line and point. | |
2035 | |
2036 For an example of using @code{current-column}, see the description of | |
2037 @code{count-lines} in @ref{Text Lines}. | |
2038 @end defun | |
2039 | |
2040 @defun move-to-column column &optional force | |
2041 This function moves point to @var{column} in the current line. The | |
2042 calculation of @var{column} takes into account the widths of the | |
2043 displayed representations of the characters between the start of the | |
2044 line and point. | |
2045 | |
2046 If column @var{column} is beyond the end of the line, point moves to the | |
2047 end of the line. If @var{column} is negative, point moves to the | |
2048 beginning of the line. | |
2049 | |
2050 If it is impossible to move to column @var{column} because that is in | |
2051 the middle of a multicolumn character such as a tab, point moves to the | |
2052 end of that character. However, if @var{force} is non-@code{nil}, and | |
2053 @var{column} is in the middle of a tab, then @code{move-to-column} | |
2054 converts the tab into spaces so that it can move precisely to column | |
2055 @var{column}. Other multicolumn characters can cause anomalies despite | |
2056 @var{force}, since there is no way to split them. | |
2057 | |
2058 The argument @var{force} also has an effect if the line isn't long | |
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2059 enough to reach column @var{column}; if it is @code{t}, that means to |
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2060 add whitespace at the end of the line to reach that column. |
6558 | 2061 |
2062 If @var{column} is not an integer, an error is signaled. | |
2063 | |
2064 The return value is the column number actually moved to. | |
2065 @end defun | |
2066 | |
2067 @node Indentation | |
2068 @section Indentation | |
2069 @cindex indentation | |
2070 | |
2071 The indentation functions are used to examine, move to, and change | |
2072 whitespace that is at the beginning of a line. Some of the functions | |
2073 can also change whitespace elsewhere on a line. Columns and indentation | |
2074 count from zero at the left margin. | |
2075 | |
2076 @menu | |
2077 * Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation. | |
2078 * Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes. | |
2079 * Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region. | |
2080 * Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines. | |
2081 * Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops. | |
2082 * Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character. | |
2083 @end menu | |
2084 | |
2085 @node Primitive Indent | |
2086 @subsection Indentation Primitives | |
2087 | |
2088 This section describes the primitive functions used to count and | |
2089 insert indentation. The functions in the following sections use these | |
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2090 primitives. @xref{Width}, for related functions. |
6558 | 2091 |
2092 @defun current-indentation | |
2093 @comment !!Type Primitive Function | |
2094 @comment !!SourceFile indent.c | |
2095 This function returns the indentation of the current line, which is | |
2096 the horizontal position of the first nonblank character. If the | |
2097 contents are entirely blank, then this is the horizontal position of the | |
2098 end of the line. | |
2099 @end defun | |
2100 | |
2101 @deffn Command indent-to column &optional minimum | |
2102 @comment !!Type Primitive Function | |
2103 @comment !!SourceFile indent.c | |
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2104 This function indents from point with tabs and spaces until @var{column} |
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2105 is reached. If @var{minimum} is specified and non-@code{nil}, then at |
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2106 least that many spaces are inserted even if this requires going beyond |
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2107 @var{column}. Otherwise the function does nothing if point is already |
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2108 beyond @var{column}. The value is the column at which the inserted |
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2109 indentation ends. |
8644 | 2110 |
2111 The inserted whitespace characters inherit text properties from the | |
2112 surrounding text (usually, from the preceding text only). @xref{Sticky | |
2113 Properties}. | |
6558 | 2114 @end deffn |
2115 | |
2116 @defopt indent-tabs-mode | |
2117 @comment !!SourceFile indent.c | |
2118 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, indentation functions can insert | |
2119 tabs as well as spaces. Otherwise, they insert only spaces. Setting | |
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2120 this variable automatically makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
6558 | 2121 @end defopt |
2122 | |
2123 @node Mode-Specific Indent | |
2124 @subsection Indentation Controlled by Major Mode | |
2125 | |
2126 An important function of each major mode is to customize the @key{TAB} | |
2127 key to indent properly for the language being edited. This section | |
2128 describes the mechanism of the @key{TAB} key and how to control it. | |
2129 The functions in this section return unpredictable values. | |
2130 | |
2131 @defvar indent-line-function | |
2132 This variable's value is the function to be used by @key{TAB} (and | |
2133 various commands) to indent the current line. The command | |
2134 @code{indent-according-to-mode} does no more than call this function. | |
2135 | |
2136 In Lisp mode, the value is the symbol @code{lisp-indent-line}; in C | |
2137 mode, @code{c-indent-line}; in Fortran mode, @code{fortran-indent-line}. | |
2138 In Fundamental mode, Text mode, and many other modes with no standard | |
2139 for indentation, the value is @code{indent-to-left-margin} (which is the | |
2140 default value). | |
2141 @end defvar | |
2142 | |
2143 @deffn Command indent-according-to-mode | |
2144 This command calls the function in @code{indent-line-function} to | |
2145 indent the current line in a way appropriate for the current major mode. | |
2146 @end deffn | |
2147 | |
2148 @deffn Command indent-for-tab-command | |
2149 This command calls the function in @code{indent-line-function} to indent | |
22138
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2150 the current line; however, if that function is |
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2151 @code{indent-to-left-margin}, @code{insert-tab} is called instead. (That |
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2152 is a trivial command that inserts a tab character.) |
6558 | 2153 @end deffn |
2154 | |
2155 @deffn Command newline-and-indent | |
2156 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el | |
2157 This function inserts a newline, then indents the new line (the one | |
2158 following the newline just inserted) according to the major mode. | |
2159 | |
2160 It does indentation by calling the current @code{indent-line-function}. | |
2161 In programming language modes, this is the same thing @key{TAB} does, | |
2162 but in some text modes, where @key{TAB} inserts a tab, | |
2163 @code{newline-and-indent} indents to the column specified by | |
2164 @code{left-margin}. | |
2165 @end deffn | |
2166 | |
2167 @deffn Command reindent-then-newline-and-indent | |
2168 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el | |
2169 This command reindents the current line, inserts a newline at point, | |
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2170 and then indents the new line (the one following the newline just |
6558 | 2171 inserted). |
2172 | |
2173 This command does indentation on both lines according to the current | |
2174 major mode, by calling the current value of @code{indent-line-function}. | |
2175 In programming language modes, this is the same thing @key{TAB} does, | |
2176 but in some text modes, where @key{TAB} inserts a tab, | |
2177 @code{reindent-then-newline-and-indent} indents to the column specified | |
2178 by @code{left-margin}. | |
2179 @end deffn | |
2180 | |
2181 @node Region Indent | |
2182 @subsection Indenting an Entire Region | |
2183 | |
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2184 This section describes commands that indent all the lines in the |
6558 | 2185 region. They return unpredictable values. |
2186 | |
2187 @deffn Command indent-region start end to-column | |
2188 This command indents each nonblank line starting between @var{start} | |
2189 (inclusive) and @var{end} (exclusive). If @var{to-column} is | |
2190 @code{nil}, @code{indent-region} indents each nonblank line by calling | |
2191 the current mode's indentation function, the value of | |
2192 @code{indent-line-function}. | |
2193 | |
2194 If @var{to-column} is non-@code{nil}, it should be an integer | |
2195 specifying the number of columns of indentation; then this function | |
2196 gives each line exactly that much indentation, by either adding or | |
2197 deleting whitespace. | |
2198 | |
2199 If there is a fill prefix, @code{indent-region} indents each line | |
2200 by making it start with the fill prefix. | |
2201 @end deffn | |
2202 | |
2203 @defvar indent-region-function | |
2204 The value of this variable is a function that can be used by | |
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2205 @code{indent-region} as a short cut. It should take two arguments, the |
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2206 start and end of the region. You should design the function so |
6558 | 2207 that it will produce the same results as indenting the lines of the |
2208 region one by one, but presumably faster. | |
2209 | |
2210 If the value is @code{nil}, there is no short cut, and | |
2211 @code{indent-region} actually works line by line. | |
2212 | |
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2213 A short-cut function is useful in modes such as C mode and Lisp mode, |
6558 | 2214 where the @code{indent-line-function} must scan from the beginning of |
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2215 the function definition: applying it to each line would be quadratic in |
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2216 time. The short cut can update the scan information as it moves through |
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2217 the lines indenting them; this takes linear time. In a mode where |
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2218 indenting a line individually is fast, there is no need for a short cut. |
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2219 |
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2220 @code{indent-region} with a non-@code{nil} argument @var{to-column} has |
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2221 a different meaning and does not use this variable. |
6558 | 2222 @end defvar |
2223 | |
2224 @deffn Command indent-rigidly start end count | |
2225 @comment !!SourceFile indent.el | |
2226 This command indents all lines starting between @var{start} | |
2227 (inclusive) and @var{end} (exclusive) sideways by @var{count} columns. | |
2228 This ``preserves the shape'' of the affected region, moving it as a | |
2229 rigid unit. Consequently, this command is useful not only for indenting | |
2230 regions of unindented text, but also for indenting regions of formatted | |
2231 code. | |
2232 | |
2233 For example, if @var{count} is 3, this command adds 3 columns of | |
2234 indentation to each of the lines beginning in the region specified. | |
2235 | |
2236 In Mail mode, @kbd{C-c C-y} (@code{mail-yank-original}) uses | |
2237 @code{indent-rigidly} to indent the text copied from the message being | |
2238 replied to. | |
2239 @end deffn | |
2240 | |
2241 @defun indent-code-rigidly start end columns &optional nochange-regexp | |
2242 This is like @code{indent-rigidly}, except that it doesn't alter lines | |
2243 that start within strings or comments. | |
2244 | |
2245 In addition, it doesn't alter a line if @var{nochange-regexp} matches at | |
2246 the beginning of the line (if @var{nochange-regexp} is non-@code{nil}). | |
2247 @end defun | |
2248 | |
2249 @node Relative Indent | |
2250 @subsection Indentation Relative to Previous Lines | |
2251 | |
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2252 This section describes two commands that indent the current line |
6558 | 2253 based on the contents of previous lines. |
2254 | |
2255 @deffn Command indent-relative &optional unindented-ok | |
2256 This command inserts whitespace at point, extending to the same | |
2257 column as the next @dfn{indent point} of the previous nonblank line. An | |
2258 indent point is a non-whitespace character following whitespace. The | |
2259 next indent point is the first one at a column greater than the current | |
2260 column of point. For example, if point is underneath and to the left of | |
2261 the first non-blank character of a line of text, it moves to that column | |
2262 by inserting whitespace. | |
2263 | |
2264 If the previous nonblank line has no next indent point (i.e., none at a | |
2265 great enough column position), @code{indent-relative} either does | |
2266 nothing (if @var{unindented-ok} is non-@code{nil}) or calls | |
2267 @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. Thus, if point is underneath and to the right | |
2268 of the last column of a short line of text, this command ordinarily | |
2269 moves point to the next tab stop by inserting whitespace. | |
2270 | |
2271 The return value of @code{indent-relative} is unpredictable. | |
2272 | |
2273 In the following example, point is at the beginning of the second | |
2274 line: | |
2275 | |
2276 @example | |
2277 @group | |
2278 This line is indented twelve spaces. | |
2279 @point{}The quick brown fox jumped. | |
2280 @end group | |
2281 @end example | |
2282 | |
2283 @noindent | |
2284 Evaluation of the expression @code{(indent-relative nil)} produces the | |
2285 following: | |
2286 | |
2287 @example | |
2288 @group | |
2289 This line is indented twelve spaces. | |
2290 @point{}The quick brown fox jumped. | |
2291 @end group | |
2292 @end example | |
2293 | |
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2294 In this next example, point is between the @samp{m} and @samp{p} of |
6558 | 2295 @samp{jumped}: |
2296 | |
2297 @example | |
2298 @group | |
2299 This line is indented twelve spaces. | |
2300 The quick brown fox jum@point{}ped. | |
2301 @end group | |
2302 @end example | |
2303 | |
2304 @noindent | |
2305 Evaluation of the expression @code{(indent-relative nil)} produces the | |
2306 following: | |
2307 | |
2308 @example | |
2309 @group | |
2310 This line is indented twelve spaces. | |
2311 The quick brown fox jum @point{}ped. | |
2312 @end group | |
2313 @end example | |
2314 @end deffn | |
2315 | |
2316 @deffn Command indent-relative-maybe | |
2317 @comment !!SourceFile indent.el | |
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2318 This command indents the current line like the previous nonblank line, |
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2319 by calling @code{indent-relative} with @code{t} as the |
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2320 @var{unindented-ok} argument. The return value is unpredictable. |
6558 | 2321 |
2322 If the previous nonblank line has no indent points beyond the current | |
2323 column, this command does nothing. | |
2324 @end deffn | |
2325 | |
2326 @node Indent Tabs | |
2327 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
2328 @subsection Adjustable ``Tab Stops'' | |
2329 @cindex tabs stops for indentation | |
2330 | |
2331 This section explains the mechanism for user-specified ``tab stops'' | |
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2332 and the mechanisms that use and set them. The name ``tab stops'' is |
6558 | 2333 used because the feature is similar to that of the tab stops on a |
2334 typewriter. The feature works by inserting an appropriate number of | |
2335 spaces and tab characters to reach the next tab stop column; it does not | |
2336 affect the display of tab characters in the buffer (@pxref{Usual | |
2337 Display}). Note that the @key{TAB} character as input uses this tab | |
2338 stop feature only in a few major modes, such as Text mode. | |
2339 | |
2340 @deffn Command tab-to-tab-stop | |
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2341 This command inserts spaces or tabs before point, up to the next tab |
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2342 stop column defined by @code{tab-stop-list}. It searches the list for |
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2343 an element greater than the current column number, and uses that element |
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2344 as the column to indent to. It does nothing if no such element is |
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2345 found. |
6558 | 2346 @end deffn |
2347 | |
2348 @defopt tab-stop-list | |
2349 This variable is the list of tab stop columns used by | |
2350 @code{tab-to-tab-stops}. The elements should be integers in increasing | |
2351 order. The tab stop columns need not be evenly spaced. | |
2352 | |
2353 Use @kbd{M-x edit-tab-stops} to edit the location of tab stops | |
2354 interactively. | |
2355 @end defopt | |
2356 | |
2357 @node Motion by Indent | |
2358 @subsection Indentation-Based Motion Commands | |
2359 | |
2360 These commands, primarily for interactive use, act based on the | |
2361 indentation in the text. | |
2362 | |
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2363 @deffn Command back-to-indentation |
6558 | 2364 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el |
2365 This command moves point to the first non-whitespace character in the | |
2366 current line (which is the line in which point is located). It returns | |
2367 @code{nil}. | |
2368 @end deffn | |
2369 | |
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2370 @deffn Command backward-to-indentation &optional arg |
6558 | 2371 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el |
2372 This command moves point backward @var{arg} lines and then to the | |
2373 first nonblank character on that line. It returns @code{nil}. | |
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2374 If @var{arg} is omitted or @code{nil}, it defaults to 1. |
6558 | 2375 @end deffn |
2376 | |
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2377 @deffn Command forward-to-indentation &optional arg |
6558 | 2378 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el |
2379 This command moves point forward @var{arg} lines and then to the first | |
2380 nonblank character on that line. It returns @code{nil}. | |
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2381 If @var{arg} is omitted or @code{nil}, it defaults to 1. |
6558 | 2382 @end deffn |
2383 | |
2384 @node Case Changes | |
2385 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
2386 @section Case Changes | |
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2387 @cindex case conversion in buffers |
6558 | 2388 |
2389 The case change commands described here work on text in the current | |
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2390 buffer. @xref{Case Conversion}, for case conversion functions that work |
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2391 on strings and characters. @xref{Case Tables}, for how to customize |
6558 | 2392 which characters are upper or lower case and how to convert them. |
2393 | |
2394 @deffn Command capitalize-region start end | |
2395 This function capitalizes all words in the region defined by | |
2396 @var{start} and @var{end}. To capitalize means to convert each word's | |
2397 first character to upper case and convert the rest of each word to lower | |
2398 case. The function returns @code{nil}. | |
2399 | |
2400 If one end of the region is in the middle of a word, the part of the | |
2401 word within the region is treated as an entire word. | |
2402 | |
2403 When @code{capitalize-region} is called interactively, @var{start} and | |
2404 @var{end} are point and the mark, with the smallest first. | |
2405 | |
2406 @example | |
2407 @group | |
2408 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
2409 This is the contents of the 5th foo. | |
2410 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
2411 @end group | |
2412 | |
2413 @group | |
2414 (capitalize-region 1 44) | |
2415 @result{} nil | |
2416 | |
2417 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
2418 This Is The Contents Of The 5th Foo. | |
2419 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
2420 @end group | |
2421 @end example | |
2422 @end deffn | |
2423 | |
2424 @deffn Command downcase-region start end | |
2425 This function converts all of the letters in the region defined by | |
2426 @var{start} and @var{end} to lower case. The function returns | |
2427 @code{nil}. | |
2428 | |
2429 When @code{downcase-region} is called interactively, @var{start} and | |
2430 @var{end} are point and the mark, with the smallest first. | |
2431 @end deffn | |
2432 | |
2433 @deffn Command upcase-region start end | |
2434 This function converts all of the letters in the region defined by | |
2435 @var{start} and @var{end} to upper case. The function returns | |
2436 @code{nil}. | |
2437 | |
2438 When @code{upcase-region} is called interactively, @var{start} and | |
2439 @var{end} are point and the mark, with the smallest first. | |
2440 @end deffn | |
2441 | |
2442 @deffn Command capitalize-word count | |
2443 This function capitalizes @var{count} words after point, moving point | |
2444 over as it does. To capitalize means to convert each word's first | |
2445 character to upper case and convert the rest of each word to lower case. | |
2446 If @var{count} is negative, the function capitalizes the | |
2447 @minus{}@var{count} previous words but does not move point. The value | |
2448 is @code{nil}. | |
2449 | |
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2450 If point is in the middle of a word, the part of the word before point |
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2451 is ignored when moving forward. The rest is treated as an entire word. |
6558 | 2452 |
2453 When @code{capitalize-word} is called interactively, @var{count} is | |
2454 set to the numeric prefix argument. | |
2455 @end deffn | |
2456 | |
2457 @deffn Command downcase-word count | |
2458 This function converts the @var{count} words after point to all lower | |
2459 case, moving point over as it does. If @var{count} is negative, it | |
2460 converts the @minus{}@var{count} previous words but does not move point. | |
2461 The value is @code{nil}. | |
2462 | |
2463 When @code{downcase-word} is called interactively, @var{count} is set | |
2464 to the numeric prefix argument. | |
2465 @end deffn | |
2466 | |
2467 @deffn Command upcase-word count | |
2468 This function converts the @var{count} words after point to all upper | |
2469 case, moving point over as it does. If @var{count} is negative, it | |
2470 converts the @minus{}@var{count} previous words but does not move point. | |
2471 The value is @code{nil}. | |
2472 | |
2473 When @code{upcase-word} is called interactively, @var{count} is set to | |
2474 the numeric prefix argument. | |
2475 @end deffn | |
2476 | |
2477 @node Text Properties | |
2478 @section Text Properties | |
2479 @cindex text properties | |
2480 @cindex attributes of text | |
2481 @cindex properties of text | |
2482 | |
2483 Each character position in a buffer or a string can have a @dfn{text | |
2484 property list}, much like the property list of a symbol (@pxref{Property | |
2485 Lists}). The properties belong to a particular character at a | |
2486 particular place, such as, the letter @samp{T} at the beginning of this | |
2487 sentence or the first @samp{o} in @samp{foo}---if the same character | |
2488 occurs in two different places, the two occurrences generally have | |
2489 different properties. | |
2490 | |
2491 Each property has a name and a value. Both of these can be any Lisp | |
2492 object, but the name is normally a symbol. The usual way to access the | |
2493 property list is to specify a name and ask what value corresponds to it. | |
2494 | |
2495 If a character has a @code{category} property, we call it the | |
2496 @dfn{category} of the character. It should be a symbol. The properties | |
2497 of the symbol serve as defaults for the properties of the character. | |
2498 | |
2499 Copying text between strings and buffers preserves the properties | |
2500 along with the characters; this includes such diverse functions as | |
2501 @code{substring}, @code{insert}, and @code{buffer-substring}. | |
2502 | |
2503 @menu | |
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2504 * Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character. |
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2505 * Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text. |
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2506 * Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value. |
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2507 * Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings. |
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2508 * Format Properties:: Properties for representing formatting of text. |
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2509 * Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from |
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2510 neighboring text. |
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|
2511 * Saving Properties:: Saving text properties in files, and reading |
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|
2512 them back. |
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2513 * Lazy Properties:: Computing text properties in a lazy fashion |
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2514 only when text is examined. |
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2515 * Clickable Text:: Using text properties to make regions of text |
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|
2516 do something when you click on them. |
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(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
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2517 * Links and Mouse-1:: How to make @key{Mouse-1} follow a link. |
40588
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2518 * Fields:: The @code{field} property defines |
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2519 fields within the buffer. |
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2520 * Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use |
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2521 Lisp-visible text intervals. |
6558 | 2522 @end menu |
2523 | |
2524 @node Examining Properties | |
2525 @subsection Examining Text Properties | |
2526 | |
2527 The simplest way to examine text properties is to ask for the value of | |
2528 a particular property of a particular character. For that, use | |
2529 @code{get-text-property}. Use @code{text-properties-at} to get the | |
2530 entire property list of a character. @xref{Property Search}, for | |
2531 functions to examine the properties of a number of characters at once. | |
2532 | |
2533 These functions handle both strings and buffers. Keep in mind that | |
2534 positions in a string start from 0, whereas positions in a buffer start | |
2535 from 1. | |
2536 | |
2537 @defun get-text-property pos prop &optional object | |
2538 This function returns the value of the @var{prop} property of the | |
2539 character after position @var{pos} in @var{object} (a buffer or | |
2540 string). The argument @var{object} is optional and defaults to the | |
2541 current buffer. | |
2542 | |
2543 If there is no @var{prop} property strictly speaking, but the character | |
8427
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2544 has a category that is a symbol, then @code{get-text-property} returns |
6558 | 2545 the @var{prop} property of that symbol. |
2546 @end defun | |
2547 | |
53435
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2548 @defun get-char-property position prop &optional object |
6558 | 2549 This function is like @code{get-text-property}, except that it checks |
2550 overlays first and then text properties. @xref{Overlays}. | |
2551 | |
2552 The argument @var{object} may be a string, a buffer, or a window. If it | |
2553 is a window, then the buffer displayed in that window is used for text | |
2554 properties and overlays, but only the overlays active for that window | |
2555 are considered. If @var{object} is a buffer, then all overlays in that | |
2556 buffer are considered, as well as text properties. If @var{object} is a | |
2557 string, only text properties are considered, since strings never have | |
2558 overlays. | |
2559 @end defun | |
2560 | |
53435
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2561 @defun get-char-property-and-overlay position prop &optional object |
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2562 This is like @code{get-char-property}, but gives extra information |
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2563 about the overlay that the property value comes from. |
0f3abb6bbf27
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|
2564 |
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(Examining Properties): Add get-char-property-and-overlay.
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|
2565 Its value is a cons cell whose @sc{car} is the property value, the |
0f3abb6bbf27
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2566 same value @code{get-char-property} would return with the same |
0f3abb6bbf27
(Examining Properties): Add get-char-property-and-overlay.
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2567 arguments. Its @sc{cdr} is the overlay in which the property was |
0f3abb6bbf27
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2568 found, or @code{nil}, if it was found as a text property or not found |
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2569 at all. |
0f3abb6bbf27
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|
2570 |
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2571 If @var{position} is at the end of @var{object}, both the @sc{car} and |
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2572 the @sc{cdr} of the value are @code{nil}. |
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2573 @end defun |
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2574 |
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(char-property-alias-alist): New variable; describe its relation to
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2575 @defvar char-property-alias-alist |
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2576 This variable holds an alist which maps property names to a list of |
4ff98d5e3cf5
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2577 alternative property names. If a character does not specify a direct |
4ff98d5e3cf5
(char-property-alias-alist): New variable; describe its relation to
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2578 value for a property, the alternative property names are consulted in |
51702
82502bf293e0
(Buffer Contents): Document current-word.
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2579 order; the first non-@code{nil} value is used. This variable takes |
45685
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(char-property-alias-alist): New variable; describe its relation to
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2580 precedence over @code{default-text-properties}, and @code{category} |
4ff98d5e3cf5
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2581 properties take precedence over this variable. |
4ff98d5e3cf5
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2582 @end defvar |
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|
2583 |
6558 | 2584 @defun text-properties-at position &optional object |
2585 This function returns the entire property list of the character at | |
2586 @var{position} in the string or buffer @var{object}. If @var{object} is | |
2587 @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
2588 @end defun | |
2589 | |
12067 | 2590 @defvar default-text-properties |
2591 This variable holds a property list giving default values for text | |
2592 properties. Whenever a character does not specify a value for a | |
45685
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(char-property-alias-alist): New variable; describe its relation to
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2593 property, neither directly, through a category symbol, or through |
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|
2594 @code{char-property-alias-alist}, the value stored in this list is |
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|
2595 used instead. Here is an example: |
12067 | 2596 |
2597 @example | |
45685
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|
2598 (setq default-text-properties '(foo 69) |
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|
2599 char-property-alias-alist nil) |
12067 | 2600 ;; @r{Make sure character 1 has no properties of its own.} |
2601 (set-text-properties 1 2 nil) | |
2602 ;; @r{What we get, when we ask, is the default value.} | |
2603 (get-text-property 1 'foo) | |
2604 @result{} 69 | |
2605 @end example | |
2606 @end defvar | |
2607 | |
6558 | 2608 @node Changing Properties |
2609 @subsection Changing Text Properties | |
2610 | |
2611 The primitives for changing properties apply to a specified range of | |
18339
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2612 text in a buffer or string. The function @code{set-text-properties} |
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2613 (see end of section) sets the entire property list of the text in that |
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Clarify about text props in strings and how to remove all of them.
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2614 range; more often, it is useful to add, change, or delete just certain |
7def48db254a
Clarify about text props in strings and how to remove all of them.
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|
2615 properties specified by name. |
7def48db254a
Clarify about text props in strings and how to remove all of them.
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|
2616 |
7def48db254a
Clarify about text props in strings and how to remove all of them.
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changeset
|
2617 Since text properties are considered part of the contents of the |
49184
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(Changing Properties): Say string indices are origin-0.
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2618 buffer (or string), and can affect how a buffer looks on the screen, |
55666b1c590b
(Changing Properties): Say string indices are origin-0.
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2619 any change in buffer text properties marks the buffer as modified. |
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2620 Buffer text property changes are undoable also (@pxref{Undo}). |
55666b1c590b
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2621 Positions in a string start from 0, whereas positions in a buffer |
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2622 start from 1. |
6558 | 2623 |
12098 | 2624 @defun put-text-property start end prop value &optional object |
2625 This function sets the @var{prop} property to @var{value} for the text | |
2626 between @var{start} and @var{end} in the string or buffer @var{object}. | |
2627 If @var{object} is @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
2628 @end defun | |
2629 | |
6558 | 2630 @defun add-text-properties start end props &optional object |
21007
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2631 This function adds or overrides text properties for the text between |
6558 | 2632 @var{start} and @var{end} in the string or buffer @var{object}. If |
2633 @var{object} is @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
2634 | |
21007
66d807bdc5b4
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2635 The argument @var{props} specifies which properties to add. It should |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
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diff
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|
2636 have the form of a property list (@pxref{Property Lists}): a list whose |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
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diff
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|
2637 elements include the property names followed alternately by the |
6558 | 2638 corresponding values. |
2639 | |
2640 The return value is @code{t} if the function actually changed some | |
2641 property's value; @code{nil} otherwise (if @var{props} is @code{nil} or | |
2642 its values agree with those in the text). | |
2643 | |
2644 For example, here is how to set the @code{comment} and @code{face} | |
2645 properties of a range of text: | |
2646 | |
2647 @example | |
2648 (add-text-properties @var{start} @var{end} | |
2649 '(comment t face highlight)) | |
2650 @end example | |
2651 @end defun | |
2652 | |
2653 @defun remove-text-properties start end props &optional object | |
2654 This function deletes specified text properties from the text between | |
2655 @var{start} and @var{end} in the string or buffer @var{object}. If | |
2656 @var{object} is @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
2657 | |
2658 The argument @var{props} specifies which properties to delete. It | |
2659 should have the form of a property list (@pxref{Property Lists}): a list | |
2660 whose elements are property names alternating with corresponding values. | |
2661 But only the names matter---the values that accompany them are ignored. | |
2662 For example, here's how to remove the @code{face} property. | |
2663 | |
2664 @example | |
2665 (remove-text-properties @var{start} @var{end} '(face nil)) | |
2666 @end example | |
2667 | |
2668 The return value is @code{t} if the function actually changed some | |
2669 property's value; @code{nil} otherwise (if @var{props} is @code{nil} or | |
2670 if no character in the specified text had any of those properties). | |
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|
2671 |
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|
2672 To remove all text properties from certain text, use |
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|
2673 @code{set-text-properties} and specify @code{nil} for the new property |
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|
2674 list. |
6558 | 2675 @end defun |
2676 | |
52192
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|
2677 @defun remove-list-of-text-properties start end list-of-properties &optional object |
60679
48eb1c71ba69
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2678 Like @code{remove-text-properties} except that |
52192
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|
2679 @var{list-of-properties} is a list property names only, not an |
60679
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|
2680 alternating list of property names and values. |
52192
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|
2681 @end defun |
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|
2682 |
6558 | 2683 @defun set-text-properties start end props &optional object |
2684 This function completely replaces the text property list for the text | |
2685 between @var{start} and @var{end} in the string or buffer @var{object}. | |
2686 If @var{object} is @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
2687 | |
2688 The argument @var{props} is the new property list. It should be a list | |
2689 whose elements are property names alternating with corresponding values. | |
2690 | |
2691 After @code{set-text-properties} returns, all the characters in the | |
2692 specified range have identical properties. | |
2693 | |
2694 If @var{props} is @code{nil}, the effect is to get rid of all properties | |
2695 from the specified range of text. Here's an example: | |
2696 | |
2697 @example | |
2698 (set-text-properties @var{start} @var{end} nil) | |
2699 @end example | |
2700 @end defun | |
2701 | |
25875 | 2702 The easiest way to make a string with text properties |
2703 is with @code{propertize}: | |
2704 | |
2705 @defun propertize string &rest properties | |
2706 @tindex propertize | |
2707 This function returns a copy of @var{string} which has the text | |
2708 properties @var{properties}. These properties apply to all the | |
2709 characters in the string that is returned. Here is an example that | |
2710 constructs a string with a @code{face} property and a @code{mouse-face} | |
2711 property: | |
2712 | |
2713 @smallexample | |
2714 (propertize "foo" 'face 'italic | |
2715 'mouse-face 'bold-italic) | |
2716 @result{} #("foo" 0 3 (mouse-face bold-italic face italic)) | |
2717 @end smallexample | |
2718 | |
2719 To put different properties on various parts of a string, you can | |
2720 construct each part with @code{propertize} and then combine them with | |
2721 @code{concat}: | |
2722 | |
2723 @smallexample | |
2724 (concat | |
2725 (propertize "foo" 'face 'italic | |
2726 'mouse-face 'bold-italic) | |
2727 " and " | |
2728 (propertize "bar" 'face 'italic | |
2729 'mouse-face 'bold-italic)) | |
2730 @result{} #("foo and bar" | |
2731 0 3 (face italic mouse-face bold-italic) | |
2732 3 8 nil | |
2733 8 11 (face italic mouse-face bold-italic)) | |
2734 @end smallexample | |
2735 @end defun | |
2736 | |
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2737 See also the function @code{buffer-substring-no-properties} |
12067 | 2738 (@pxref{Buffer Contents}) which copies text from the buffer |
2739 but does not copy its properties. | |
2740 | |
6558 | 2741 @node Property Search |
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2742 @subsection Text Property Search Functions |
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2743 |
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2744 In typical use of text properties, most of the time several or many |
6558 | 2745 consecutive characters have the same value for a property. Rather than |
2746 writing your programs to examine characters one by one, it is much | |
2747 faster to process chunks of text that have the same property value. | |
2748 | |
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2749 Here are functions you can use to do this. They use @code{eq} for |
12098 | 2750 comparing property values. In all cases, @var{object} defaults to the |
2751 current buffer. | |
6558 | 2752 |
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2753 For high performance, it's very important to use the @var{limit} |
6558 | 2754 argument to these functions, especially the ones that search for a |
12098 | 2755 single property---otherwise, they may spend a long time scanning to the |
2756 end of the buffer, if the property you are interested in does not change. | |
6558 | 2757 |
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2758 These functions do not move point; instead, they return a position (or |
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2759 @code{nil}). Remember that a position is always between two characters; |
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2760 the position returned by these functions is between two characters with |
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2761 different properties. |
8427
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2762 |
6558 | 2763 @defun next-property-change pos &optional object limit |
2764 The function scans the text forward from position @var{pos} in the | |
2765 string or buffer @var{object} till it finds a change in some text | |
2766 property, then returns the position of the change. In other words, it | |
2767 returns the position of the first character beyond @var{pos} whose | |
2768 properties are not identical to those of the character just after | |
2769 @var{pos}. | |
2770 | |
2771 If @var{limit} is non-@code{nil}, then the scan ends at position | |
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2772 @var{limit}. If there is no property change before that point, |
6558 | 2773 @code{next-property-change} returns @var{limit}. |
2774 | |
2775 The value is @code{nil} if the properties remain unchanged all the way | |
8427
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2776 to the end of @var{object} and @var{limit} is @code{nil}. If the value |
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2777 is non-@code{nil}, it is a position greater than or equal to @var{pos}. |
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2778 The value equals @var{pos} only when @var{limit} equals @var{pos}. |
6558 | 2779 |
2780 Here is an example of how to scan the buffer by chunks of text within | |
2781 which all properties are constant: | |
2782 | |
2783 @smallexample | |
2784 (while (not (eobp)) | |
2785 (let ((plist (text-properties-at (point))) | |
2786 (next-change | |
2787 (or (next-property-change (point) (current-buffer)) | |
2788 (point-max)))) | |
2789 @r{Process text from point to @var{next-change}@dots{}} | |
2790 (goto-char next-change))) | |
2791 @end smallexample | |
2792 @end defun | |
2793 | |
2794 @defun next-single-property-change pos prop &optional object limit | |
2795 The function scans the text forward from position @var{pos} in the | |
2796 string or buffer @var{object} till it finds a change in the @var{prop} | |
2797 property, then returns the position of the change. In other words, it | |
2798 returns the position of the first character beyond @var{pos} whose | |
2799 @var{prop} property differs from that of the character just after | |
2800 @var{pos}. | |
2801 | |
2802 If @var{limit} is non-@code{nil}, then the scan ends at position | |
49600
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2803 @var{limit}. If there is no property change before that point, |
6558 | 2804 @code{next-single-property-change} returns @var{limit}. |
2805 | |
2806 The value is @code{nil} if the property remains unchanged all the way to | |
2807 the end of @var{object} and @var{limit} is @code{nil}. If the value is | |
2808 non-@code{nil}, it is a position greater than or equal to @var{pos}; it | |
2809 equals @var{pos} only if @var{limit} equals @var{pos}. | |
2810 @end defun | |
2811 | |
2812 @defun previous-property-change pos &optional object limit | |
2813 This is like @code{next-property-change}, but scans back from @var{pos} | |
2814 instead of forward. If the value is non-@code{nil}, it is a position | |
2815 less than or equal to @var{pos}; it equals @var{pos} only if @var{limit} | |
2816 equals @var{pos}. | |
2817 @end defun | |
2818 | |
2819 @defun previous-single-property-change pos prop &optional object limit | |
8427
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2820 This is like @code{next-single-property-change}, but scans back from |
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2821 @var{pos} instead of forward. If the value is non-@code{nil}, it is a |
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2822 position less than or equal to @var{pos}; it equals @var{pos} only if |
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2823 @var{limit} equals @var{pos}. |
6558 | 2824 @end defun |
2825 | |
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2826 @defun next-char-property-change pos &optional limit |
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2827 This is like @code{next-property-change} except that it considers |
39528
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2828 overlay properties as well as text properties, and if no change is |
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2829 found before the end of the buffer, it returns the maximum buffer |
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2830 position rather than @code{nil} (in this sense, it resembles the |
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2831 corresponding overlay function @code{next-overlay-change}, rather than |
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2832 @code{next-property-change}). There is no @var{object} operand |
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2833 because this function operates only on the current buffer. It returns |
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2834 the next address at which either kind of property changes. |
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2835 @end defun |
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2836 |
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2837 @defun previous-char-property-change pos &optional limit |
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2838 This is like @code{next-char-property-change}, but scans back from |
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2839 @var{pos} instead of forward, and returns the minimum buffer |
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2840 position if no change is found. |
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2841 @end defun |
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2842 |
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2843 @defun next-single-char-property-change pos prop &optional object limit |
39530
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2844 @tindex next-single-char-property-change |
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2845 This is like @code{next-single-property-change} except that it |
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2846 considers overlay properties as well as text properties, and if no |
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2847 change is found before the end of the @var{object}, it returns the |
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2848 maximum valid position in @var{object} rather than @code{nil}. Unlike |
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2849 @code{next-char-property-change}, this function @emph{does} have an |
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2850 @var{object} operand; if @var{object} is not a buffer, only |
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2851 text-properties are considered. |
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2852 @end defun |
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2853 |
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2854 @defun previous-single-char-property-change pos prop &optional object limit |
39530
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2855 @tindex previous-single-char-property-change |
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2856 This is like @code{next-single-char-property-change}, but scans back |
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2857 from @var{pos} instead of forward, and returns the minimum valid |
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2858 position in @var{object} if no change is found. |
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2859 @end defun |
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2860 |
6558 | 2861 @defun text-property-any start end prop value &optional object |
2862 This function returns non-@code{nil} if at least one character between | |
2863 @var{start} and @var{end} has a property @var{prop} whose value is | |
2864 @var{value}. More precisely, it returns the position of the first such | |
2865 character. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}. | |
2866 | |
2867 The optional fifth argument, @var{object}, specifies the string or | |
2868 buffer to scan. Positions are relative to @var{object}. The default | |
2869 for @var{object} is the current buffer. | |
2870 @end defun | |
2871 | |
2872 @defun text-property-not-all start end prop value &optional object | |
2873 This function returns non-@code{nil} if at least one character between | |
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2874 @var{start} and @var{end} does not have a property @var{prop} with value |
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2875 @var{value}. More precisely, it returns the position of the first such |
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2876 character. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}. |
6558 | 2877 |
2878 The optional fifth argument, @var{object}, specifies the string or | |
2879 buffer to scan. Positions are relative to @var{object}. The default | |
2880 for @var{object} is the current buffer. | |
2881 @end defun | |
2882 | |
2883 @node Special Properties | |
2884 @subsection Properties with Special Meanings | |
2885 | |
12098 | 2886 Here is a table of text property names that have special built-in |
21682
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2887 meanings. The following sections list a few additional special property |
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2888 names that control filling and property inheritance. All other names |
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2889 have no standard meaning, and you can use them as you like. |
12098 | 2890 |
6558 | 2891 @table @code |
2892 @cindex category of text character | |
2893 @kindex category @r{(text property)} | |
2894 @item category | |
2895 If a character has a @code{category} property, we call it the | |
2896 @dfn{category} of the character. It should be a symbol. The properties | |
2897 of the symbol serve as defaults for the properties of the character. | |
2898 | |
2899 @item face | |
2900 @cindex face codes of text | |
2901 @kindex face @r{(text property)} | |
2902 You can use the property @code{face} to control the font and color of | |
25751
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2903 text. @xref{Faces}, for more information. |
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2904 |
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2905 In the simplest case, the value is a face name. It can also be a list; |
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2906 then each element can be any of these possibilities; |
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2907 |
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2908 @itemize @bullet |
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2909 @item |
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2910 A face name (a symbol or string). |
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2911 |
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2912 @item |
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2913 A property list of face attributes. This has the |
25751
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2914 form (@var{keyword} @var{value} @dots{}), where each @var{keyword} is a |
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2915 face attribute name and @var{value} is a meaningful value for that |
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2916 attribute. With this feature, you do not need to create a face each |
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2917 time you want to specify a particular attribute for certain text. |
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2918 @xref{Face Attributes}. |
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2919 |
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2920 @item |
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2921 A cons cell of the form @code{(foreground-color . @var{color-name})} or |
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2922 @code{(background-color . @var{color-name})}. These elements specify |
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2923 just the foreground color or just the background color. |
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2924 |
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2925 @code{(foreground-color . @var{color-name})} is equivalent to |
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2926 @code{(:foreground @var{color-name})}, and likewise for the background. |
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2927 @end itemize |
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2928 |
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2929 You can use Font Lock Mode (@pxref{Font Lock Mode}), to dynamically |
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2930 update @code{face} properties based on the contents of the text. |
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2931 |
4ff98d5e3cf5
(char-property-alias-alist): New variable; describe its relation to
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
45040
diff
changeset
|
2932 @item font-lock-face |
4ff98d5e3cf5
(char-property-alias-alist): New variable; describe its relation to
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
45040
diff
changeset
|
2933 @kindex font-lock-face @r{(text property)} |
4ff98d5e3cf5
(char-property-alias-alist): New variable; describe its relation to
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
45040
diff
changeset
|
2934 The @code{font-lock-face} property is the same in all respects as the |
4ff98d5e3cf5
(char-property-alias-alist): New variable; describe its relation to
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
45040
diff
changeset
|
2935 @code{face} property, but its state of activation is controlled by |
4ff98d5e3cf5
(char-property-alias-alist): New variable; describe its relation to
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
45040
diff
changeset
|
2936 @code{font-lock-mode}. This can be advantageous for special buffers |
4ff98d5e3cf5
(char-property-alias-alist): New variable; describe its relation to
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
45040
diff
changeset
|
2937 which are not intended to be user-editable, or for static areas of |
4ff98d5e3cf5
(char-property-alias-alist): New variable; describe its relation to
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
45040
diff
changeset
|
2938 text which are always fontified in the same way. |
4ff98d5e3cf5
(char-property-alias-alist): New variable; describe its relation to
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
45040
diff
changeset
|
2939 @xref{Precalculated Fontification}. |
4ff98d5e3cf5
(char-property-alias-alist): New variable; describe its relation to
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
45040
diff
changeset
|
2940 |
4ff98d5e3cf5
(char-property-alias-alist): New variable; describe its relation to
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
45040
diff
changeset
|
2941 Strictly speaking, @code{font-lock-face} is not a built-in text |
4ff98d5e3cf5
(char-property-alias-alist): New variable; describe its relation to
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
45040
diff
changeset
|
2942 property; rather, it is implemented in Font Lock mode using |
4ff98d5e3cf5
(char-property-alias-alist): New variable; describe its relation to
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
45040
diff
changeset
|
2943 @code{char-property-alias-alist}. @xref{Examining Properties}. |
4ff98d5e3cf5
(char-property-alias-alist): New variable; describe its relation to
Colin Walters <walters@gnu.org>
parents:
45040
diff
changeset
|
2944 |
59996
aac0a33f5772
Change release version from 21.4 to 22.1 throughout.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59945
diff
changeset
|
2945 This property is new in Emacs 22.1. |
6558 | 2946 |
2947 @item mouse-face | |
2948 @kindex mouse-face @r{(text property)} | |
2949 The property @code{mouse-face} is used instead of @code{face} when the | |
2950 mouse is on or near the character. For this purpose, ``near'' means | |
2951 that all text between the character and where the mouse is have the same | |
2952 @code{mouse-face} property value. | |
2953 | |
25751
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
25454
diff
changeset
|
2954 @item fontified |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
25454
diff
changeset
|
2955 @kindex fontified @r{(text property)} |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
25454
diff
changeset
|
2956 This property, if non-@code{nil}, says that text in the buffer has |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
25454
diff
changeset
|
2957 had faces assigned automatically by a feature such as Font-Lock mode. |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
25454
diff
changeset
|
2958 @xref{Auto Faces}. |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
25454
diff
changeset
|
2959 |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
25454
diff
changeset
|
2960 @item display |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
25454
diff
changeset
|
2961 @kindex display @r{(text property)} |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
25454
diff
changeset
|
2962 This property activates various features that change the |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
25454
diff
changeset
|
2963 way text is displayed. For example, it can make text appear taller |
27374
0f5edee5242b
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
27189
diff
changeset
|
2964 or shorter, higher or lower, wider or narrow, or replaced with an image. |
25751
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
25454
diff
changeset
|
2965 @xref{Display Property}. |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
25454
diff
changeset
|
2966 |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
25454
diff
changeset
|
2967 @item help-echo |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
25454
diff
changeset
|
2968 @kindex help-echo @r{(text property)} |
45040
07fdd6ac8356
(Special Properties): Add index entry and xref for tooltips.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
43907
diff
changeset
|
2969 @cindex tooltip |
31079 | 2970 @anchor{Text help-echo} |
25751
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
25454
diff
changeset
|
2971 If text has a string as its @code{help-echo} property, then when you |
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
25454
diff
changeset
|
2972 move the mouse onto that text, Emacs displays that string in the echo |
45040
07fdd6ac8356
(Special Properties): Add index entry and xref for tooltips.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
43907
diff
changeset
|
2973 area, or in the tooltip window (@pxref{Tooltips,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs |
07fdd6ac8356
(Special Properties): Add index entry and xref for tooltips.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
43907
diff
changeset
|
2974 Manual}). |
31079 | 2975 |
31372 | 2976 If the value of the @code{help-echo} property is a function, that |
31079 | 2977 function is called with three arguments, @var{window}, @var{object} and |
59770
bea71297b227
(Special Properties) <help-echo>: Use `pos' consistently in description
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
59533
diff
changeset
|
2978 @var{pos} and should return a help string or @code{nil} for |
31079 | 2979 none. The first argument, @var{window} is the window in which |
2980 the help was found. The second, @var{object}, is the buffer, overlay or | |
59770
bea71297b227
(Special Properties) <help-echo>: Use `pos' consistently in description
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
59533
diff
changeset
|
2981 string which had the @code{help-echo} property. The @var{pos} |
31079 | 2982 argument is as follows: |
2983 | |
2984 @itemize @bullet{} | |
2985 @item | |
2986 If @var{object} is a buffer, @var{pos} is the position in the buffer | |
2987 where the @code{help-echo} text property was found. | |
2988 @item | |
2989 If @var{object} is an overlay, that overlay has a @code{help-echo} | |
2990 property, and @var{pos} is the position in the overlay's buffer under | |
2991 the mouse. | |
2992 @item | |
2993 If @var{object} is a string (an overlay string or a string displayed | |
31372 | 2994 with the @code{display} property), @var{pos} is the position in that |
31079 | 2995 string under the mouse. |
2996 @end itemize | |
2997 | |
2998 If the value of the @code{help-echo} property is neither a function nor | |
2999 a string, it is evaluated to obtain a help string. | |
3000 | |
31372 | 3001 You can alter the way help text is displayed by setting the variable |
3002 @code{show-help-function} (@pxref{Help display}). | |
31079 | 3003 |
45750
73b33fa2ec78
Delete "new in Emacs 21" note.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
45685
diff
changeset
|
3004 This feature is used in the mode line and for other active text. |
25751
467b88fab665
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
25454
diff
changeset
|
3005 |
43907
bfe50f90f666
Update doc of local-map and keymap text properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
41490
diff
changeset
|
3006 @item keymap |
bfe50f90f666
Update doc of local-map and keymap text properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
41490
diff
changeset
|
3007 @cindex keymap of character |
bfe50f90f666
Update doc of local-map and keymap text properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
41490
diff
changeset
|
3008 @kindex keymap @r{(text property)} |
bfe50f90f666
Update doc of local-map and keymap text properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
41490
diff
changeset
|
3009 The @code{keymap} property specifies an additional keymap for |
51911
9c44faf04f59
(Special Properties): local-map and keymap properties
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51702
diff
changeset
|
3010 commands. The property's value for the character before point applies |
9c44faf04f59
(Special Properties): local-map and keymap properties
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51702
diff
changeset
|
3011 if it is non-@code{nil} and rear-sticky, and the property's value for |
9c44faf04f59
(Special Properties): local-map and keymap properties
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51702
diff
changeset
|
3012 the character after point applies if it is non-@code{nil} and |
53435
0f3abb6bbf27
(Examining Properties): Add get-char-property-and-overlay.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
|
3013 front-sticky. (For mouse clicks, the position of the click is used |
0f3abb6bbf27
(Examining Properties): Add get-char-property-and-overlay.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
|
3014 instead of the position of point.) If the property value is a symbol, |
0f3abb6bbf27
(Examining Properties): Add get-char-property-and-overlay.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
|
3015 the symbol's function definition is used as the keymap. |
0f3abb6bbf27
(Examining Properties): Add get-char-property-and-overlay.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
|
3016 |
0f3abb6bbf27
(Examining Properties): Add get-char-property-and-overlay.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
|
3017 When this keymap applies, it is used for key lookup before the minor |
0f3abb6bbf27
(Examining Properties): Add get-char-property-and-overlay.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
|
3018 mode keymaps and before the buffer's local map. @xref{Active |
0f3abb6bbf27
(Examining Properties): Add get-char-property-and-overlay.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
52978
diff
changeset
|
3019 Keymaps}. |
43907
bfe50f90f666
Update doc of local-map and keymap text properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
41490
diff
changeset
|
3020 |
29102 | 3021 @item local-map |
3022 @kindex local-map @r{(text property)} | |
51911
9c44faf04f59
(Special Properties): local-map and keymap properties
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51702
diff
changeset
|
3023 This property works like @code{keymap} except that it specifies a |
9c44faf04f59
(Special Properties): local-map and keymap properties
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51702
diff
changeset
|
3024 keymap to use @emph{instead of} the buffer's local map. For most |
9c44faf04f59
(Special Properties): local-map and keymap properties
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51702
diff
changeset
|
3025 purposes (perhaps all purposes), the @code{keymap} is superior. |
34000 | 3026 |
21007
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3027 @item syntax-table |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3028 The @code{syntax-table} property overrides what the syntax table says |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3029 about this particular character. @xref{Syntax Properties}. |
6558 | 3030 |
3031 @item read-only | |
3032 @cindex read-only character | |
3033 @kindex read-only @r{(text property)} | |
3034 If a character has the property @code{read-only}, then modifying that | |
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3035 character is not allowed. Any command that would do so gets an error, |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3036 @code{text-read-only}. |
6558 | 3037 |
3038 Insertion next to a read-only character is an error if inserting | |
3039 ordinary text there would inherit the @code{read-only} property due to | |
3040 stickiness. Thus, you can control permission to insert next to | |
3041 read-only text by controlling the stickiness. @xref{Sticky Properties}. | |
3042 | |
3043 Since changing properties counts as modifying the buffer, it is not | |
3044 possible to remove a @code{read-only} property unless you know the | |
3045 special trick: bind @code{inhibit-read-only} to a non-@code{nil} value | |
3046 and then remove the property. @xref{Read Only Buffers}. | |
3047 | |
3048 @item invisible | |
3049 @kindex invisible @r{(text property)} | |
12067 | 3050 A non-@code{nil} @code{invisible} property can make a character invisible |
3051 on the screen. @xref{Invisible Text}, for details. | |
6558 | 3052 |
6782
5b07647ec8f7
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
6558
diff
changeset
|
3053 @item intangible |
5b07647ec8f7
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
6558
diff
changeset
|
3054 @kindex intangible @r{(text property)} |
12067 | 3055 If a group of consecutive characters have equal and non-@code{nil} |
3056 @code{intangible} properties, then you cannot place point between them. | |
12098 | 3057 If you try to move point forward into the group, point actually moves to |
3058 the end of the group. If you try to move point backward into the group, | |
12067 | 3059 point actually moves to the start of the group. |
3060 | |
3061 When the variable @code{inhibit-point-motion-hooks} is non-@code{nil}, | |
3062 the @code{intangible} property is ignored. | |
6782
5b07647ec8f7
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
6558
diff
changeset
|
3063 |
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3064 @item field |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3065 @kindex field @r{(text property)} |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3066 Consecutive characters with the same @code{field} property constitute a |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3067 @dfn{field}. Some motion functions including @code{forward-word} and |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3068 @code{beginning-of-line} stop moving at a field boundary. |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3069 @xref{Fields}. |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3070 |
57192
ba03d6f29083
(Special Properties): Add `cursor', `pointer',
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
54916
diff
changeset
|
3071 @item cursor |
ba03d6f29083
(Special Properties): Add `cursor', `pointer',
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
54916
diff
changeset
|
3072 @kindex cursor @r{(text property)} |
ba03d6f29083
(Special Properties): Add `cursor', `pointer',
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
54916
diff
changeset
|
3073 Normally, the cursor is displayed at the end of any overlay and text |
57222
f0af4b0029b5
(Special Properties): Cleanups in `cursor'.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
57192
diff
changeset
|
3074 property strings present at the current window position. You can |
f0af4b0029b5
(Special Properties): Cleanups in `cursor'.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
57192
diff
changeset
|
3075 place the cursor on any desired character of these strings by giving |
57192
ba03d6f29083
(Special Properties): Add `cursor', `pointer',
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
54916
diff
changeset
|
3076 that character a non-@code{nil} @var{cursor} text property. |
ba03d6f29083
(Special Properties): Add `cursor', `pointer',
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
54916
diff
changeset
|
3077 |
ba03d6f29083
(Special Properties): Add `cursor', `pointer',
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
54916
diff
changeset
|
3078 @item pointer |
ba03d6f29083
(Special Properties): Add `cursor', `pointer',
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
54916
diff
changeset
|
3079 @kindex pointer @r{(text property)} |
ba03d6f29083
(Special Properties): Add `cursor', `pointer',
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
54916
diff
changeset
|
3080 This specifies a specific pointer shape when the mouse pointer is over |
ba03d6f29083
(Special Properties): Add `cursor', `pointer',
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
54916
diff
changeset
|
3081 this text or image. See the variable @var{void-area-text-pointer} |
ba03d6f29083
(Special Properties): Add `cursor', `pointer',
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
54916
diff
changeset
|
3082 for possible pointer shapes. |
ba03d6f29083
(Special Properties): Add `cursor', `pointer',
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
54916
diff
changeset
|
3083 |
57222
f0af4b0029b5
(Special Properties): Cleanups in `cursor'.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
57192
diff
changeset
|
3084 @item line-spacing |
f0af4b0029b5
(Special Properties): Cleanups in `cursor'.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
57192
diff
changeset
|
3085 @kindex line-spacing @r{(text property)} |
57253
1aa63962c3cf
(Special Properties): Clarify line-spacing and line-height.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
57222
diff
changeset
|
3086 A newline can have a @code{line-spacing} text or overlay property that |
1aa63962c3cf
(Special Properties): Clarify line-spacing and line-height.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
57222
diff
changeset
|
3087 controls the height of the display line ending with that newline. The |
1aa63962c3cf
(Special Properties): Clarify line-spacing and line-height.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
57222
diff
changeset
|
3088 property value overrides the default frame line spacing and the buffer |
58886
bf57a566c090
* text.texi (Special Properties): Just mention line-spacing and
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
58748
diff
changeset
|
3089 local @code{line-spacing} variable. @xref{Line Height}. |
57222
f0af4b0029b5
(Special Properties): Cleanups in `cursor'.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
57192
diff
changeset
|
3090 |
57192
ba03d6f29083
(Special Properties): Add `cursor', `pointer',
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
54916
diff
changeset
|
3091 @item line-height |
ba03d6f29083
(Special Properties): Add `cursor', `pointer',
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
54916
diff
changeset
|
3092 @kindex line-height @r{(text property)} |
57222
f0af4b0029b5
(Special Properties): Cleanups in `cursor'.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
57192
diff
changeset
|
3093 A newline can have a @code{line-height} text or overlay property that |
57253
1aa63962c3cf
(Special Properties): Clarify line-spacing and line-height.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
57222
diff
changeset
|
3094 controls the total height of the display line ending in that newline. |
58886
bf57a566c090
* text.texi (Special Properties): Just mention line-spacing and
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
58748
diff
changeset
|
3095 @xref{Line Height}. |
57192
ba03d6f29083
(Special Properties): Add `cursor', `pointer',
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
54916
diff
changeset
|
3096 |
6558 | 3097 @item modification-hooks |
3098 @cindex change hooks for a character | |
3099 @cindex hooks for changing a character | |
3100 @kindex modification-hooks @r{(text property)} | |
3101 If a character has the property @code{modification-hooks}, then its | |
3102 value should be a list of functions; modifying that character calls all | |
3103 of those functions. Each function receives two arguments: the beginning | |
3104 and end of the part of the buffer being modified. Note that if a | |
3105 particular modification hook function appears on several characters | |
3106 being modified by a single primitive, you can't predict how many times | |
3107 the function will be called. | |
3108 | |
3109 @item insert-in-front-hooks | |
3110 @itemx insert-behind-hooks | |
3111 @kindex insert-in-front-hooks @r{(text property)} | |
3112 @kindex insert-behind-hooks @r{(text property)} | |
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3113 The operation of inserting text in a buffer also calls the functions |
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3114 listed in the @code{insert-in-front-hooks} property of the following |
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3115 character and in the @code{insert-behind-hooks} property of the |
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3116 preceding character. These functions receive two arguments, the |
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3117 beginning and end of the inserted text. The functions are called |
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3118 @emph{after} the actual insertion takes place. |
6558 | 3119 |
3120 See also @ref{Change Hooks}, for other hooks that are called | |
3121 when you change text in a buffer. | |
3122 | |
3123 @item point-entered | |
3124 @itemx point-left | |
3125 @cindex hooks for motion of point | |
3126 @kindex point-entered @r{(text property)} | |
3127 @kindex point-left @r{(text property)} | |
3128 The special properties @code{point-entered} and @code{point-left} | |
3129 record hook functions that report motion of point. Each time point | |
3130 moves, Emacs compares these two property values: | |
3131 | |
3132 @itemize @bullet | |
3133 @item | |
3134 the @code{point-left} property of the character after the old location, | |
3135 and | |
3136 @item | |
3137 the @code{point-entered} property of the character after the new | |
3138 location. | |
3139 @end itemize | |
3140 | |
3141 @noindent | |
3142 If these two values differ, each of them is called (if not @code{nil}) | |
3143 with two arguments: the old value of point, and the new one. | |
3144 | |
3145 The same comparison is made for the characters before the old and new | |
3146 locations. The result may be to execute two @code{point-left} functions | |
3147 (which may be the same function) and/or two @code{point-entered} | |
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3148 functions (which may be the same function). In any case, all the |
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3149 @code{point-left} functions are called first, followed by all the |
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3150 @code{point-entered} functions. |
6558 | 3151 |
54041 | 3152 It is possible with @code{char-after} to examine characters at various |
3153 buffer positions without moving point to those positions. Only an | |
3154 actual change in the value of point runs these hook functions. | |
6558 | 3155 @end table |
3156 | |
3157 @defvar inhibit-point-motion-hooks | |
3158 When this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{point-left} and | |
12067 | 3159 @code{point-entered} hooks are not run, and the @code{intangible} |
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3160 property has no effect. Do not set this variable globally; bind it with |
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3161 @code{let}. |
6558 | 3162 @end defvar |
3163 | |
31079 | 3164 @defvar show-help-function |
3165 @tindex show-help-function | |
31372 | 3166 @anchor{Help display} If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it specifies a |
3167 function called to display help strings. These may be @code{help-echo} | |
3168 properties, menu help strings (@pxref{Simple Menu Items}, | |
3169 @pxref{Extended Menu Items}), or tool bar help strings (@pxref{Tool | |
3170 Bar}). The specified function is called with one argument, the help | |
38581 | 3171 string to display. Tooltip mode (@pxref{Tooltips,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs |
3172 Manual}) provides an example. | |
31079 | 3173 @end defvar |
3174 | |
12067 | 3175 @node Format Properties |
12098 | 3176 @subsection Formatted Text Properties |
12067 | 3177 |
3178 These text properties affect the behavior of the fill commands. They | |
12098 | 3179 are used for representing formatted text. @xref{Filling}, and |
3180 @ref{Margins}. | |
3181 | |
3182 @table @code | |
12067 | 3183 @item hard |
3184 If a newline character has this property, it is a ``hard'' newline. | |
3185 The fill commands do not alter hard newlines and do not move words | |
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3186 across them. However, this property takes effect only if the |
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3187 @code{use-hard-newlines} minor mode is enabled. @xref{Hard and Soft |
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3188 Newlines,, Hard and Soft Newlines, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. |
12067 | 3189 |
3190 @item right-margin | |
12098 | 3191 This property specifies an extra right margin for filling this part of the |
12067 | 3192 text. |
3193 | |
3194 @item left-margin | |
12098 | 3195 This property specifies an extra left margin for filling this part of the |
12067 | 3196 text. |
3197 | |
3198 @item justification | |
3199 This property specifies the style of justification for filling this part | |
3200 of the text. | |
3201 @end table | |
3202 | |
6558 | 3203 @node Sticky Properties |
3204 @subsection Stickiness of Text Properties | |
3205 @cindex sticky text properties | |
3206 @cindex inheritance of text properties | |
3207 | |
3208 Self-inserting characters normally take on the same properties as the | |
3209 preceding character. This is called @dfn{inheritance} of properties. | |
3210 | |
3211 In a Lisp program, you can do insertion with inheritance or without, | |
3212 depending on your choice of insertion primitive. The ordinary text | |
3213 insertion functions such as @code{insert} do not inherit any properties. | |
3214 They insert text with precisely the properties of the string being | |
3215 inserted, and no others. This is correct for programs that copy text | |
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3216 from one context to another---for example, into or out of the kill ring. |
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3217 To insert with inheritance, use the special primitives described in this |
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3218 section. Self-inserting characters inherit properties because they work |
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3219 using these primitives. |
6558 | 3220 |
3221 When you do insertion with inheritance, @emph{which} properties are | |
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3222 inherited, and from where, depends on which properties are @dfn{sticky}. |
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3223 Insertion after a character inherits those of its properties that are |
6558 | 3224 @dfn{rear-sticky}. Insertion before a character inherits those of its |
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3225 properties that are @dfn{front-sticky}. When both sides offer different |
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3226 sticky values for the same property, the previous character's value |
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3227 takes precedence. |
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3228 |
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3229 By default, a text property is rear-sticky but not front-sticky; thus, |
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3230 the default is to inherit all the properties of the preceding character, |
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3231 and nothing from the following character. |
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3232 |
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3233 You can control the stickiness of various text properties with two |
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3234 specific text properties, @code{front-sticky} and @code{rear-nonsticky}, |
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3235 and with the variable @code{text-property-default-nonsticky}. You can |
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3236 use the variable to specify a different default for a given property. |
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3237 You can use those two text properties to make any specific properties |
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3238 sticky or nonsticky in any particular part of the text. |
6558 | 3239 |
3240 If a character's @code{front-sticky} property is @code{t}, then all | |
3241 its properties are front-sticky. If the @code{front-sticky} property is | |
3242 a list, then the sticky properties of the character are those whose | |
3243 names are in the list. For example, if a character has a | |
3244 @code{front-sticky} property whose value is @code{(face read-only)}, | |
3245 then insertion before the character can inherit its @code{face} property | |
3246 and its @code{read-only} property, but no others. | |
3247 | |
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3248 The @code{rear-nonsticky} property works the opposite way. Most |
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3249 properties are rear-sticky by default, so the @code{rear-nonsticky} |
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3250 property says which properties are @emph{not} rear-sticky. If a |
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3251 character's @code{rear-nonsticky} property is @code{t}, then none of its |
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3252 properties are rear-sticky. If the @code{rear-nonsticky} property is a |
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3253 list, properties are rear-sticky @emph{unless} their names are in the |
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3254 list. |
6558 | 3255 |
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3256 @defvar text-property-default-nonsticky |
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3257 @tindex text-property-default-nonsticky |
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3258 This variable holds an alist which defines the default rear-stickiness |
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3259 of various text properties. Each element has the form |
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3260 @code{(@var{property} . @var{nonstickiness})}, and it defines the |
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3261 stickiness of a particular text property, @var{property}. |
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3262 |
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3263 If @var{nonstickiness} is non-@code{nil}, this means that the property |
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3264 @var{property} is rear-nonsticky by default. Since all properties are |
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3265 front-nonsticky by default, this makes @var{property} nonsticky in both |
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3266 directions by default. |
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3267 |
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3268 The text properties @code{front-sticky} and @code{rear-nonsticky}, when |
47475 | 3269 used, take precedence over the default @var{nonstickiness} specified in |
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3270 @code{text-property-default-nonsticky}. |
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3271 @end defvar |
6558 | 3272 |
3273 Here are the functions that insert text with inheritance of properties: | |
3274 | |
3275 @defun insert-and-inherit &rest strings | |
3276 Insert the strings @var{strings}, just like the function @code{insert}, | |
3277 but inherit any sticky properties from the adjoining text. | |
3278 @end defun | |
3279 | |
3280 @defun insert-before-markers-and-inherit &rest strings | |
3281 Insert the strings @var{strings}, just like the function | |
3282 @code{insert-before-markers}, but inherit any sticky properties from the | |
3283 adjoining text. | |
3284 @end defun | |
3285 | |
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3286 @xref{Insertion}, for the ordinary insertion functions which do not |
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3287 inherit. |
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3288 |
6558 | 3289 @node Saving Properties |
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3290 @subsection Saving Text Properties in Files |
6558 | 3291 @cindex text properties in files |
3292 @cindex saving text properties | |
3293 | |
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3294 You can save text properties in files (along with the text itself), |
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3295 and restore the same text properties when visiting or inserting the |
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3296 files, using these two hooks: |
6558 | 3297 |
12098 | 3298 @defvar write-region-annotate-functions |
6558 | 3299 This variable's value is a list of functions for @code{write-region} to |
3300 run to encode text properties in some fashion as annotations to the text | |
3301 being written in the file. @xref{Writing to Files}. | |
3302 | |
3303 Each function in the list is called with two arguments: the start and | |
3304 end of the region to be written. These functions should not alter the | |
3305 contents of the buffer. Instead, they should return lists indicating | |
3306 annotations to write in the file in addition to the text in the | |
3307 buffer. | |
3308 | |
3309 Each function should return a list of elements of the form | |
3310 @code{(@var{position} . @var{string})}, where @var{position} is an | |
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3311 integer specifying the relative position within the text to be written, |
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3312 and @var{string} is the annotation to add there. |
6558 | 3313 |
3314 Each list returned by one of these functions must be already sorted in | |
3315 increasing order by @var{position}. If there is more than one function, | |
3316 @code{write-region} merges the lists destructively into one sorted list. | |
3317 | |
3318 When @code{write-region} actually writes the text from the buffer to the | |
3319 file, it intermixes the specified annotations at the corresponding | |
3320 positions. All this takes place without modifying the buffer. | |
3321 @end defvar | |
3322 | |
3323 @defvar after-insert-file-functions | |
3324 This variable holds a list of functions for @code{insert-file-contents} | |
3325 to call after inserting a file's contents. These functions should scan | |
3326 the inserted text for annotations, and convert them to the text | |
3327 properties they stand for. | |
3328 | |
3329 Each function receives one argument, the length of the inserted text; | |
3330 point indicates the start of that text. The function should scan that | |
3331 text for annotations, delete them, and create the text properties that | |
3332 the annotations specify. The function should return the updated length | |
3333 of the inserted text, as it stands after those changes. The value | |
3334 returned by one function becomes the argument to the next function. | |
3335 | |
3336 These functions should always return with point at the beginning of | |
3337 the inserted text. | |
3338 | |
3339 The intended use of @code{after-insert-file-functions} is for converting | |
3340 some sort of textual annotations into actual text properties. But other | |
3341 uses may be possible. | |
3342 @end defvar | |
3343 | |
3344 We invite users to write Lisp programs to store and retrieve text | |
3345 properties in files, using these hooks, and thus to experiment with | |
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3346 various data formats and find good ones. Eventually we hope users |
6558 | 3347 will produce good, general extensions we can install in Emacs. |
3348 | |
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3349 We suggest not trying to handle arbitrary Lisp objects as text property |
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3350 names or values---because a program that general is probably difficult |
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3351 to write, and slow. Instead, choose a set of possible data types that |
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3352 are reasonably flexible, and not too hard to encode. |
6558 | 3353 |
12098 | 3354 @xref{Format Conversion}, for a related feature. |
3355 | |
3356 @c ??? In next edition, merge this info Format Conversion. | |
3357 | |
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3358 @node Lazy Properties |
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3359 @subsection Lazy Computation of Text Properties |
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3360 |
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3361 Instead of computing text properties for all the text in the buffer, |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3362 you can arrange to compute the text properties for parts of the text |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3363 when and if something depends on them. |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3364 |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3365 The primitive that extracts text from the buffer along with its |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3366 properties is @code{buffer-substring}. Before examining the properties, |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3367 this function runs the abnormal hook @code{buffer-access-fontify-functions}. |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3368 |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3369 @defvar buffer-access-fontify-functions |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3370 This variable holds a list of functions for computing text properties. |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3371 Before @code{buffer-substring} copies the text and text properties for a |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3372 portion of the buffer, it calls all the functions in this list. Each of |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3373 the functions receives two arguments that specify the range of the |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3374 buffer being accessed. (The buffer itself is always the current |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3375 buffer.) |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3376 @end defvar |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3377 |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3378 The function @code{buffer-substring-no-properties} does not call these |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3379 functions, since it ignores text properties anyway. |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3380 |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3381 In order to prevent the hook functions from being called more than |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3382 once for the same part of the buffer, you can use the variable |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3383 @code{buffer-access-fontified-property}. |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3384 |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3385 @defvar buffer-access-fontified-property |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3386 If this value's variable is non-@code{nil}, it is a symbol which is used |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3387 as a text property name. A non-@code{nil} value for that text property |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3388 means, ``the other text properties for this character have already been |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3389 computed.'' |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3390 |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3391 If all the characters in the range specified for @code{buffer-substring} |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3392 have a non-@code{nil} value for this property, @code{buffer-substring} |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3393 does not call the @code{buffer-access-fontify-functions} functions. It |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3394 assumes these characters already have the right text properties, and |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3395 just copies the properties they already have. |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3396 |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3397 The normal way to use this feature is that the |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3398 @code{buffer-access-fontify-functions} functions add this property, as |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3399 well as others, to the characters they operate on. That way, they avoid |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3400 being called over and over for the same text. |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3401 @end defvar |
0489cb739a5f
(Lazy Properties): New node.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
13109
diff
changeset
|
3402 |
21007
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3403 @node Clickable Text |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3404 @subsection Defining Clickable Text |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3405 @cindex clickable text |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3406 |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3407 There are two ways to set up @dfn{clickable text} in a buffer. |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3408 There are typically two parts of this: to make the text highlight |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3409 when the mouse is over it, and to make a mouse button do something |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3410 when you click it on that part of the text. |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3411 |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3412 Highlighting is done with the @code{mouse-face} text property. |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3413 Here is an example of how Dired does it: |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3414 |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3415 @smallexample |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3416 (condition-case nil |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3417 (if (dired-move-to-filename) |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3418 (put-text-property (point) |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3419 (save-excursion |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3420 (dired-move-to-end-of-filename) |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3421 (point)) |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3422 'mouse-face 'highlight)) |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3423 (error nil)) |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3424 @end smallexample |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3425 |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3426 @noindent |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3427 The first two arguments to @code{put-text-property} specify the |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3428 beginning and end of the text. |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3429 |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3430 The usual way to make the mouse do something when you click it |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3431 on this text is to define @code{mouse-2} in the major mode's |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3432 keymap. The job of checking whether the click was on clickable text |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3433 is done by the command definition. Here is how Dired does it: |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3434 |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3435 @smallexample |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3436 (defun dired-mouse-find-file-other-window (event) |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3437 "In dired, visit the file or directory name you click on." |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3438 (interactive "e") |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3439 (let (file) |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3440 (save-excursion |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3441 (set-buffer (window-buffer (posn-window (event-end event)))) |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3442 (save-excursion |
21682
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
3443 (goto-char (posn-point (event-end event))) |
90da2489c498
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
21007
diff
changeset
|
3444 (setq file (dired-get-filename)))) |
21007
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3445 (select-window (posn-window (event-end event))) |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3446 (find-file-other-window (file-name-sans-versions file t)))) |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3447 @end smallexample |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3448 |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3449 @noindent |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3450 The reason for the outer @code{save-excursion} construct is to avoid |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3451 changing the current buffer; the reason for the inner one is to avoid |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3452 permanently altering point in the buffer you click on. In this case, |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3453 Dired uses the function @code{dired-get-filename} to determine which |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3454 file to visit, based on the position found in the event. |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3455 |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3456 Instead of defining a mouse command for the major mode, you can define |
31586 | 3457 a key binding for the clickable text itself, using the @code{keymap} |
29102 | 3458 text property: |
21007
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3459 |
66d807bdc5b4
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3460 @example |
66d807bdc5b4
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3461 (let ((map (make-sparse-keymap))) |
31586 | 3462 (define-key map [mouse-2] 'operate-this-button) |
21007
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
3463 (put-text-property (point) |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3464 (save-excursion |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3465 (dired-move-to-end-of-filename) |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3466 (point)) |
31586 | 3467 'keymap map)) |
21007
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
3468 @end example |
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diff
changeset
|
3469 |
66d807bdc5b4
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3470 @noindent |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
3471 This method makes it possible to define different commands for various |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3472 clickable pieces of text. Also, the major mode definition (or the |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3473 global definition) remains available for the rest of the text in the |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3474 buffer. |
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3475 |
59504
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59494
diff
changeset
|
3476 @node Links and Mouse-1 |
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59494
diff
changeset
|
3477 @subsection Links and Mouse-1 |
59464
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59391
diff
changeset
|
3478 @cindex follow links |
59504
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59494
diff
changeset
|
3479 @cindex mouse-1 |
59464
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59391
diff
changeset
|
3480 |
59494
d8cf3d034936
(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59464
diff
changeset
|
3481 The normal Emacs command for activating text in read-only buffers is |
d8cf3d034936
(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59464
diff
changeset
|
3482 @key{Mouse-2}, which includes following textual links. However, most |
d8cf3d034936
(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59464
diff
changeset
|
3483 graphical applications use @key{Mouse-1} for following links. For |
d8cf3d034936
(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59464
diff
changeset
|
3484 compatibility, @key{Mouse-1} follows links in Emacs too, when you |
d8cf3d034936
(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59464
diff
changeset
|
3485 click on a link quickly without moving the mouse. The user can |
d8cf3d034936
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|
3486 customize this behaviour through the variable |
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diff
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|
3487 @code{mouse-1-click-follows-link}. |
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|
3488 |
59504
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
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diff
changeset
|
3489 To define text as a link at the Lisp level, you should bind the |
59524
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3490 @code{mouse-2} event to a command to follow the link. Then, to indicate that |
8f17a7431c8a
(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
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parents:
59504
diff
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|
3491 @key{Mouse-1} should also follow the link, you should specify a |
8f17a7431c8a
(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
3492 @code{follow-link} condition either as a text property or as a key |
8f17a7431c8a
(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
3493 binding: |
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|
3494 |
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changeset
|
3495 @table @asis |
59494
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|
3496 @item @code{follow-link} property |
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|
3497 If the clickable text has a non-@code{nil} @code{follow-link} text or overlay |
59524
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
3498 property, that specifies the condition. |
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07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
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|
3499 |
59494
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|
3500 @item @code{follow-link} event |
59524
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(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
3501 If there is a binding for the @code{follow-link} event, either on the |
8f17a7431c8a
(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59504
diff
changeset
|
3502 clickable text or in the local keymap, the binding is the condition. |
59494
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
3503 @end table |
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(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3504 |
59524
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(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
3505 Regardless of how you set the @code{follow-link} condition, its |
8f17a7431c8a
(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59504
diff
changeset
|
3506 value is used as follows to determine whether the given position is |
8f17a7431c8a
(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59504
diff
changeset
|
3507 inside a link, and (if so) to compute an @dfn{action code} saying how |
8f17a7431c8a
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
3508 @key{Mouse-1} should handle the link. |
59464
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changeset
|
3509 |
07659a11876d
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|
3510 @table @asis |
59494
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|
3511 @item @code{mouse-face} |
59524
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3512 If the condition is @code{mouse-face}, a position is inside a link if |
59494
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(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
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parents:
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diff
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|
3513 there is a non-@code{nil} @code{mouse-face} property at that position. |
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parents:
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diff
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|
3514 The action code is always @code{t}. |
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(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
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diff
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|
3515 |
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(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
3516 For example, here is how Info mode handles @key{Mouse-1}: |
59464
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3517 |
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
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diff
changeset
|
3518 @example |
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
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diff
changeset
|
3519 (define-key Info-mode-map [follow-link] 'mouse-face) |
07659a11876d
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Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
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diff
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|
3520 @end example |
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
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changeset
|
3521 |
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3522 @item a function |
59524
8f17a7431c8a
(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59504
diff
changeset
|
3523 If the condition is a valid function, @var{func}, then a position |
8f17a7431c8a
(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59504
diff
changeset
|
3524 @var{pos} is inside a link if @code{(@var{func} @var{pos})} evaluates |
8f17a7431c8a
(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59504
diff
changeset
|
3525 to non-@code{nil}. The value returned by @var{func} serves as the |
8f17a7431c8a
(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59504
diff
changeset
|
3526 action code. |
59494
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(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3527 |
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parents:
59464
diff
changeset
|
3528 For example, here is how pcvs enables @key{Mouse-1} to follow links on |
d8cf3d034936
(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59464
diff
changeset
|
3529 file names only: |
59464
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59391
diff
changeset
|
3530 |
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3531 @example |
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3532 (define-key map [follow-link] |
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3533 (lambda (pos) |
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3534 (if (eq (get-char-property pos 'face) 'cvs-filename-face) t))) |
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3535 @end example |
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3536 |
59494
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(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3537 @item anything else |
59524
8f17a7431c8a
(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59504
diff
changeset
|
3538 If the condition value is anything else, then the position is inside a |
8f17a7431c8a
(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59504
diff
changeset
|
3539 link and the condition itself is the action code. Clearly you should |
8f17a7431c8a
(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59504
diff
changeset
|
3540 only specify this kind of condition on the text that constitutes a |
8f17a7431c8a
(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59504
diff
changeset
|
3541 link. |
59464
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3542 @end table |
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
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diff
changeset
|
3543 |
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59391
diff
changeset
|
3544 @noindent |
59524
8f17a7431c8a
(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59504
diff
changeset
|
3545 The action code tells @key{Mouse-1} how to follow the link: |
59464
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59391
diff
changeset
|
3546 |
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59391
diff
changeset
|
3547 @table @asis |
59533
2a346f1b2a9f
(Links and Mouse-1): Fix string and vector item.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59524
diff
changeset
|
3548 @item a string or vector |
59524
8f17a7431c8a
(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59504
diff
changeset
|
3549 If the action code is a string or vector, the @key{Mouse-1} event is |
8f17a7431c8a
(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59504
diff
changeset
|
3550 translated into the first element of the string or vector; i.e., the |
8f17a7431c8a
(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59504
diff
changeset
|
3551 action of the @key{Mouse-1} click is the local or global binding of |
59533
2a346f1b2a9f
(Links and Mouse-1): Fix string and vector item.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59524
diff
changeset
|
3552 that character or symbol. Thus, if the action code is @code{"foo"}, |
59524
8f17a7431c8a
(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59504
diff
changeset
|
3553 @key{Mouse-1} translates into @kbd{f}. If it is @code{[foo]}, |
8f17a7431c8a
(Links and Mouse-1): Clarify text.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59504
diff
changeset
|
3554 @key{Mouse-1} translates into @key{foo}. |
59494
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3555 |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59464
diff
changeset
|
3556 @item anything else |
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(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59464
diff
changeset
|
3557 For any other non-@code{nil} action code, the @code{mouse-1} event is |
d8cf3d034936
(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3558 translated into a @code{mouse-2} event at the same position. |
59464
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3559 @end table |
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59391
diff
changeset
|
3560 |
59494
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(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59464
diff
changeset
|
3561 To define @key{Mouse-1} to activate a button defined with |
d8cf3d034936
(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59464
diff
changeset
|
3562 @code{define-button-type}, give the button a @code{follow-link} |
d8cf3d034936
(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59464
diff
changeset
|
3563 property with a value as specified above to determine how to follow |
59504
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59494
diff
changeset
|
3564 the link. For example, here is how Help mode handles @key{Mouse-1}: |
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59494
diff
changeset
|
3565 |
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59494
diff
changeset
|
3566 @smallexample |
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59494
diff
changeset
|
3567 (define-button-type 'help-xref |
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59494
diff
changeset
|
3568 'follow-link t |
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3569 'action #'help-button-action) |
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3570 @end smallexample |
59494
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(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
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diff
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|
3571 |
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parents:
59464
diff
changeset
|
3572 To define @key{Mouse-1} on a widget defined with |
d8cf3d034936
(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3573 @code{define-widget}, give the widget a @code{:follow-link} property |
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(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
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diff
changeset
|
3574 with a value as specified above to determine how to follow the link. |
59504
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
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parents:
59494
diff
changeset
|
3575 |
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59494
diff
changeset
|
3576 For example, here is how the @code{link} widget specifies that |
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59494
diff
changeset
|
3577 a @key{Mouse-1} click shall be translated to @key{RET}: |
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
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parents:
59494
diff
changeset
|
3578 |
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59494
diff
changeset
|
3579 @smallexample |
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
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diff
changeset
|
3580 (define-widget 'link 'item |
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59494
diff
changeset
|
3581 "An embedded link." |
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59494
diff
changeset
|
3582 :button-prefix 'widget-link-prefix |
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59494
diff
changeset
|
3583 :button-suffix 'widget-link-suffix |
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
parents:
59494
diff
changeset
|
3584 :follow-link "\C-m" |
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
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parents:
59494
diff
changeset
|
3585 :help-echo "Follow the link." |
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk>
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59494
diff
changeset
|
3586 :format "%[%t%]") |
66f927c186ac
(Links and Mouse-1): Rename section from Enabling
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59494
diff
changeset
|
3587 @end smallexample |
59464
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diff
changeset
|
3588 |
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
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59391
diff
changeset
|
3589 @defun mouse-on-link-p pos |
07659a11876d
(Text Properties): Add "Enable Mouse-1" to submenu.
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59391
diff
changeset
|
3590 @tindex mouse-on-link-p |
59494
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(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3591 This function returns non-@code{nil} if position @var{pos} in the |
d8cf3d034936
(Enabling Mouse-1 to Follow Links): Rewrite.
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diff
changeset
|
3592 current buffer is on a link. |
59464
07659a11876d
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diff
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|
3593 @end defun |
07659a11876d
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diff
changeset
|
3594 |
26696
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3595 @node Fields |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3596 @subsection Defining and Using Fields |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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25875
diff
changeset
|
3597 @cindex fields |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3598 |
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parents:
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diff
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|
3599 A field is a range of consecutive characters in the buffer that are |
ef5e7bbe6f19
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3600 identified by having the same value (comparing with @code{eq}) of the |
32091 | 3601 @code{field} property (either a text-property or an overlay property). |
3602 This section describes special functions that are available for | |
3603 operating on fields. | |
26696
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parents:
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diff
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|
3604 |
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parents:
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|
3605 You specify a field with a buffer position, @var{pos}. We think of |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3606 each field as containing a range of buffer positions, so the position |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3607 you specify stands for the field containing that position. |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3608 |
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parents:
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|
3609 When the characters before and after @var{pos} are part of the same |
ef5e7bbe6f19
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parents:
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diff
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|
3610 field, there is no doubt which field contains @var{pos}: the one those |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3611 characters both belong to. When @var{pos} is at a boundary between |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3612 fields, which field it belongs to depends on the stickiness of the |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3613 @code{field} properties of the two surrounding characters (@pxref{Sticky |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3614 Properties}). The field whose property would be inherited by text |
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parents:
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diff
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|
3615 inserted at @var{pos} is the field that contains @var{pos}. |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
3616 |
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parents:
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|
3617 There is an anomalous case where newly inserted text at @var{pos} |
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parents:
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|
3618 would not inherit the @code{field} property from either side. This |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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parents:
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diff
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|
3619 happens if the previous character's @code{field} property is not |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
3620 rear-sticky, and the following character's @code{field} property is not |
ef5e7bbe6f19
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parents:
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diff
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|
3621 front-sticky. In this case, @var{pos} belongs to neither the preceding |
ef5e7bbe6f19
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parents:
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|
3622 field nor the following field; the field functions treat it as belonging |
ef5e7bbe6f19
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parents:
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diff
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|
3623 to an empty field whose beginning and end are both at @var{pos}. |
ef5e7bbe6f19
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parents:
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|
3624 |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3625 In all of these functions, if @var{pos} is omitted or @code{nil}, the |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
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|
3626 value of point is used by default. |
ef5e7bbe6f19
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parents:
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diff
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|
3627 |
41490
794e4afabce0
(Fields): Describe new `limit' arg in field-beginning/field-end.
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3628 @defun field-beginning &optional pos escape-from-edge limit |
26696
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|
3629 @tindex field-beginning |
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parents:
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|
3630 This function returns the beginning of the field specified by @var{pos}. |
ef5e7bbe6f19
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|
3631 |
32091 | 3632 If @var{pos} is at the beginning of its field, and |
3633 @var{escape-from-edge} is non-@code{nil}, then the return value is | |
3634 always the beginning of the preceding field that @emph{ends} at @var{pos}, | |
3635 regardless of the stickiness of the @code{field} properties around | |
3636 @var{pos}. | |
41490
794e4afabce0
(Fields): Describe new `limit' arg in field-beginning/field-end.
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
40588
diff
changeset
|
3637 |
794e4afabce0
(Fields): Describe new `limit' arg in field-beginning/field-end.
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
40588
diff
changeset
|
3638 If @var{limit} is non-@code{nil}, it is a buffer position; if the |
794e4afabce0
(Fields): Describe new `limit' arg in field-beginning/field-end.
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
40588
diff
changeset
|
3639 beginning of the field is before @var{limit}, then @var{limit} will be |
794e4afabce0
(Fields): Describe new `limit' arg in field-beginning/field-end.
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
40588
diff
changeset
|
3640 returned instead. |
26696
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diff
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|
3641 @end defun |
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parents:
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|
3642 |
41490
794e4afabce0
(Fields): Describe new `limit' arg in field-beginning/field-end.
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
40588
diff
changeset
|
3643 @defun field-end &optional pos escape-from-edge limit |
26696
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|
3644 @tindex field-end |
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diff
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|
3645 This function returns the end of the field specified by @var{pos}. |
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parents:
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|
3646 |
32091 | 3647 If @var{pos} is at the end of its field, and @var{escape-from-edge} is |
3648 non-@code{nil}, then the return value is always the end of the following | |
3649 field that @emph{begins} at @var{pos}, regardless of the stickiness of | |
3650 the @code{field} properties around @var{pos}. | |
41490
794e4afabce0
(Fields): Describe new `limit' arg in field-beginning/field-end.
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
40588
diff
changeset
|
3651 |
794e4afabce0
(Fields): Describe new `limit' arg in field-beginning/field-end.
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
40588
diff
changeset
|
3652 If @var{limit} is non-@code{nil}, it is a buffer position; if the end |
794e4afabce0
(Fields): Describe new `limit' arg in field-beginning/field-end.
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
40588
diff
changeset
|
3653 of the field is after @var{limit}, then @var{limit} will be returned |
794e4afabce0
(Fields): Describe new `limit' arg in field-beginning/field-end.
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>
parents:
40588
diff
changeset
|
3654 instead. |
26696
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3655 @end defun |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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|
3656 |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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|
3657 @defun field-string &optional pos |
ef5e7bbe6f19
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3658 @tindex field-string |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3659 This function returns the contents of the field specified by @var{pos}, |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3660 as a string. |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3661 @end defun |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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diff
changeset
|
3662 |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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changeset
|
3663 @defun field-string-no-properties &optional pos |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3664 @tindex field-string-no-properties |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3665 This function returns the contents of the field specified by @var{pos}, |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3666 as a string, discarding text properties. |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3667 @end defun |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
3668 |
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changeset
|
3669 @defun delete-field &optional pos |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3670 @tindex delete-field |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3671 This function deletes the text of the field specified by @var{pos}. |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3672 @end defun |
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|
3673 |
32091 | 3674 @defun constrain-to-field new-pos old-pos &optional escape-from-edge only-in-line inhibit-capture-property |
26696
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changeset
|
3675 @tindex constrain-to-field |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3676 This function ``constrains'' @var{new-pos} to the field that |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3677 @var{old-pos} belongs to---in other words, it returns the position |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3678 closest to @var{new-pos} that is in the same field as @var{old-pos}. |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3679 |
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3680 If @var{new-pos} is @code{nil}, then @code{constrain-to-field} uses |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
3681 the value of point instead, and moves point to the resulting position. |
ef5e7bbe6f19
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diff
changeset
|
3682 |
27374
0f5edee5242b
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
27189
diff
changeset
|
3683 If @var{old-pos} is at the boundary of two fields, then the acceptable |
0f5edee5242b
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
27189
diff
changeset
|
3684 positions for @var{new-pos} depend on the value of the optional argument |
0f5edee5242b
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
27189
diff
changeset
|
3685 @var{escape-from-edge}. If @var{escape-from-edge} is @code{nil}, then |
0f5edee5242b
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
27189
diff
changeset
|
3686 @var{new-pos} is constrained to the field that has the same @code{field} |
32091 | 3687 property (either a text-property or an overlay property) that new |
3688 characters inserted at @var{old-pos} would get. (This depends on the | |
3689 stickiness of the @code{field} property for the characters before and | |
3690 after @var{old-pos}.) If @var{escape-from-edge} is non-@code{nil}, | |
3691 @var{new-pos} is constrained to the union of the two adjacent fields. | |
3692 Additionally, if two fields are separated by another field with the | |
3693 special value @code{boundary}, then any point within this special field | |
3694 is also considered to be ``on the boundary.'' | |
26696
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Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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25875
diff
changeset
|
3695 |
ef5e7bbe6f19
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25875
diff
changeset
|
3696 If the optional argument @var{only-in-line} is non-@code{nil}, and |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3697 constraining @var{new-pos} in the usual way would move it to a different |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3698 line, @var{new-pos} is returned unconstrained. This used in commands |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3699 that move by line, such as @code{next-line} and |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3700 @code{beginning-of-line}, so that they respect field boundaries only in |
ef5e7bbe6f19
Current version from /gd/gnu/elisp.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
25875
diff
changeset
|
3701 the case where they can still move to the right line. |
32091 | 3702 |
3703 If the optional argument @var{inhibit-capture-property} is | |
3704 non-@code{nil}, and @var{old-pos} has a non-@code{nil} property of that | |
3705 name, then any field boundaries are ignored. | |
3706 | |
3707 You can cause @code{constrain-to-field} to ignore all field boundaries | |
3708 (and so never constrain anything) by binding the variable | |
51702
82502bf293e0
(Buffer Contents): Document current-word.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51446
diff
changeset
|
3709 @code{inhibit-field-text-motion} to a non-@code{nil} value. |
26696
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diff
changeset
|
3710 @end defun |
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diff
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|
3711 |
6558 | 3712 @node Not Intervals |
3713 @subsection Why Text Properties are not Intervals | |
3714 @cindex intervals | |
3715 | |
3716 Some editors that support adding attributes to text in the buffer do | |
3717 so by letting the user specify ``intervals'' within the text, and adding | |
3718 the properties to the intervals. Those editors permit the user or the | |
3719 programmer to determine where individual intervals start and end. We | |
3720 deliberately provided a different sort of interface in Emacs Lisp to | |
3721 avoid certain paradoxical behavior associated with text modification. | |
3722 | |
3723 If the actual subdivision into intervals is meaningful, that means you | |
3724 can distinguish between a buffer that is just one interval with a | |
3725 certain property, and a buffer containing the same text subdivided into | |
3726 two intervals, both of which have that property. | |
3727 | |
3728 Suppose you take the buffer with just one interval and kill part of | |
3729 the text. The text remaining in the buffer is one interval, and the | |
3730 copy in the kill ring (and the undo list) becomes a separate interval. | |
3731 Then if you yank back the killed text, you get two intervals with the | |
3732 same properties. Thus, editing does not preserve the distinction | |
3733 between one interval and two. | |
3734 | |
3735 Suppose we ``fix'' this problem by coalescing the two intervals when | |
3736 the text is inserted. That works fine if the buffer originally was a | |
3737 single interval. But suppose instead that we have two adjacent | |
3738 intervals with the same properties, and we kill the text of one interval | |
3739 and yank it back. The same interval-coalescence feature that rescues | |
3740 the other case causes trouble in this one: after yanking, we have just | |
3741 one interval. One again, editing does not preserve the distinction | |
3742 between one interval and two. | |
3743 | |
3744 Insertion of text at the border between intervals also raises | |
3745 questions that have no satisfactory answer. | |
3746 | |
3747 However, it is easy to arrange for editing to behave consistently for | |
3748 questions of the form, ``What are the properties of this character?'' | |
3749 So we have decided these are the only questions that make sense; we have | |
3750 not implemented asking questions about where intervals start or end. | |
3751 | |
21007
66d807bdc5b4
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
19467
diff
changeset
|
3752 In practice, you can usually use the text property search functions in |
6558 | 3753 place of explicit interval boundaries. You can think of them as finding |
3754 the boundaries of intervals, assuming that intervals are always | |
3755 coalesced whenever possible. @xref{Property Search}. | |
3756 | |
3757 Emacs also provides explicit intervals as a presentation feature; see | |
3758 @ref{Overlays}. | |
3759 | |
3760 @node Substitution | |
3761 @section Substituting for a Character Code | |
3762 | |
3763 The following functions replace characters within a specified region | |
3764 based on their character codes. | |
3765 | |
3766 @defun subst-char-in-region start end old-char new-char &optional noundo | |
3767 @cindex replace characters | |
3768 This function replaces all occurrences of the character @var{old-char} | |
3769 with the character @var{new-char} in the region of the current buffer | |
3770 defined by @var{start} and @var{end}. | |
3771 | |
3772 @cindex undo avoidance | |
12098 | 3773 If @var{noundo} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{subst-char-in-region} does |
3774 not record the change for undo and does not mark the buffer as modified. | |
26696
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|
3775 This was useful for controlling the old selective display feature |
ef5e7bbe6f19
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diff
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|
3776 (@pxref{Selective Display}). |
6558 | 3777 |
3778 @code{subst-char-in-region} does not move point and returns | |
3779 @code{nil}. | |
3780 | |
3781 @example | |
3782 @group | |
3783 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
3784 This is the contents of the buffer before. | |
3785 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
3786 @end group | |
3787 | |
3788 @group | |
3789 (subst-char-in-region 1 20 ?i ?X) | |
3790 @result{} nil | |
3791 | |
3792 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
3793 ThXs Xs the contents of the buffer before. | |
3794 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
3795 @end group | |
3796 @end example | |
3797 @end defun | |
3798 | |
3799 @defun translate-region start end table | |
3800 This function applies a translation table to the characters in the | |
3801 buffer between positions @var{start} and @var{end}. | |
3802 | |
57646
3611af22c464
(translate-region): Document that it accepts also a
Kenichi Handa <handa@m17n.org>
parents:
57402
diff
changeset
|
3803 The translation table @var{table} is a string or a char-table; |
3611af22c464
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3804 @code{(aref @var{table} @var{ochar})} gives the translated character |
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3805 corresponding to @var{ochar}. If @var{table} is a string, any |
6558 | 3806 characters with codes larger than the length of @var{table} are not |
3807 altered by the translation. | |
3808 | |
3809 The return value of @code{translate-region} is the number of | |
8427
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3810 characters that were actually changed by the translation. This does |
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3811 not count characters that were mapped into themselves in the |
6558 | 3812 translation table. |
3813 @end defun | |
3814 | |
3815 @node Registers | |
3816 @section Registers | |
3817 @cindex registers | |
3818 | |
3819 A register is a sort of variable used in Emacs editing that can hold a | |
21682
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3820 variety of different kinds of values. Each register is named by a |
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3821 single character. All @acronym{ASCII} characters and their meta variants |
27374
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3822 (but with the exception of @kbd{C-g}) can be used to name registers. |
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3823 Thus, there are 255 possible registers. A register is designated in |
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3824 Emacs Lisp by the character that is its name. |
6558 | 3825 |
3826 @defvar register-alist | |
3827 This variable is an alist of elements of the form @code{(@var{name} . | |
3828 @var{contents})}. Normally, there is one element for each Emacs | |
3829 register that has been used. | |
3830 | |
3831 The object @var{name} is a character (an integer) identifying the | |
21682
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3832 register. |
6558 | 3833 @end defvar |
3834 | |
21682
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3835 The @var{contents} of a register can have several possible types: |
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3836 |
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3837 @table @asis |
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3838 @item a number |
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3839 A number stands for itself. If @code{insert-register} finds a number |
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3840 in the register, it converts the number to decimal. |
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3841 |
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3842 @item a marker |
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3843 A marker represents a buffer position to jump to. |
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3844 |
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3845 @item a string |
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3846 A string is text saved in the register. |
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3847 |
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3848 @item a rectangle |
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3849 A rectangle is represented by a list of strings. |
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3850 |
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3851 @item @code{(@var{window-configuration} @var{position})} |
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3852 This represents a window configuration to restore in one frame, and a |
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3853 position to jump to in the current buffer. |
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3854 |
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3855 @item @code{(@var{frame-configuration} @var{position})} |
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3856 This represents a frame configuration to restore, and a position |
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3857 to jump to in the current buffer. |
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3858 |
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3859 @item (file @var{filename}) |
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3860 This represents a file to visit; jumping to this value visits file |
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3861 @var{filename}. |
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3862 |
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3863 @item (file-query @var{filename} @var{position}) |
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3864 This represents a file to visit and a position in it; jumping to this |
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3865 value visits file @var{filename} and goes to buffer position |
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3866 @var{position}. Restoring this type of position asks the user for |
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3867 confirmation first. |
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3868 @end table |
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3869 |
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3870 The functions in this section return unpredictable values unless |
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3871 otherwise stated. |
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3872 |
6558 | 3873 @defun get-register reg |
3874 This function returns the contents of the register | |
3875 @var{reg}, or @code{nil} if it has no contents. | |
3876 @end defun | |
3877 | |
3878 @defun set-register reg value | |
3879 This function sets the contents of register @var{reg} to @var{value}. | |
3880 A register can be set to any value, but the other register functions | |
3881 expect only certain data types. The return value is @var{value}. | |
3882 @end defun | |
3883 | |
3884 @deffn Command view-register reg | |
3885 This command displays what is contained in register @var{reg}. | |
3886 @end deffn | |
3887 | |
3888 @ignore | |
3889 @deffn Command point-to-register reg | |
3890 This command stores both the current location of point and the current | |
3891 buffer in register @var{reg} as a marker. | |
3892 @end deffn | |
3893 | |
3894 @deffn Command jump-to-register reg | |
3895 @deffnx Command register-to-point reg | |
3896 @comment !!SourceFile register.el | |
3897 This command restores the status recorded in register @var{reg}. | |
3898 | |
3899 If @var{reg} contains a marker, it moves point to the position stored in | |
3900 the marker. Since both the buffer and the location within the buffer | |
3901 are stored by the @code{point-to-register} function, this command can | |
3902 switch you to another buffer. | |
3903 | |
3904 If @var{reg} contains a window configuration or a frame configuration. | |
3905 @code{jump-to-register} restores that configuration. | |
3906 @end deffn | |
3907 @end ignore | |
3908 | |
3909 @deffn Command insert-register reg &optional beforep | |
3910 This command inserts contents of register @var{reg} into the current | |
3911 buffer. | |
3912 | |
3913 Normally, this command puts point before the inserted text, and the | |
3914 mark after it. However, if the optional second argument @var{beforep} | |
3915 is non-@code{nil}, it puts the mark before and point after. | |
3916 You can pass a non-@code{nil} second argument @var{beforep} to this | |
3917 function interactively by supplying any prefix argument. | |
3918 | |
3919 If the register contains a rectangle, then the rectangle is inserted | |
3920 with its upper left corner at point. This means that text is inserted | |
3921 in the current line and underneath it on successive lines. | |
3922 | |
3923 If the register contains something other than saved text (a string) or | |
3924 a rectangle (a list), currently useless things happen. This may be | |
3925 changed in the future. | |
3926 @end deffn | |
3927 | |
3928 @ignore | |
3929 @deffn Command copy-to-register reg start end &optional delete-flag | |
3930 This command copies the region from @var{start} to @var{end} into | |
3931 register @var{reg}. If @var{delete-flag} is non-@code{nil}, it deletes | |
3932 the region from the buffer after copying it into the register. | |
3933 @end deffn | |
3934 | |
3935 @deffn Command prepend-to-register reg start end &optional delete-flag | |
3936 This command prepends the region from @var{start} to @var{end} into | |
3937 register @var{reg}. If @var{delete-flag} is non-@code{nil}, it deletes | |
3938 the region from the buffer after copying it to the register. | |
3939 @end deffn | |
3940 | |
3941 @deffn Command append-to-register reg start end &optional delete-flag | |
3942 This command appends the region from @var{start} to @var{end} to the | |
3943 text already in register @var{reg}. If @var{delete-flag} is | |
3944 non-@code{nil}, it deletes the region from the buffer after copying it | |
3945 to the register. | |
3946 @end deffn | |
3947 | |
3948 @deffn Command copy-rectangle-to-register reg start end &optional delete-flag | |
3949 This command copies a rectangular region from @var{start} to @var{end} | |
3950 into register @var{reg}. If @var{delete-flag} is non-@code{nil}, it | |
3951 deletes the region from the buffer after copying it to the register. | |
3952 @end deffn | |
3953 | |
3954 @deffn Command window-configuration-to-register reg | |
3955 This function stores the window configuration of the selected frame in | |
3956 register @var{reg}. | |
3957 @end deffn | |
3958 | |
3959 @deffn Command frame-configuration-to-register reg | |
3960 This function stores the current frame configuration in register | |
3961 @var{reg}. | |
3962 @end deffn | |
3963 @end ignore | |
3964 | |
7735
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3965 @node Transposition |
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3966 @section Transposition of Text |
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3967 |
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3968 This subroutine is used by the transposition commands. |
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3969 |
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3970 @defun transpose-regions start1 end1 start2 end2 &optional leave-markers |
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3971 This function exchanges two nonoverlapping portions of the buffer. |
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3972 Arguments @var{start1} and @var{end1} specify the bounds of one portion |
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3973 and arguments @var{start2} and @var{end2} specify the bounds of the |
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3974 other portion. |
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3975 |
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3976 Normally, @code{transpose-regions} relocates markers with the transposed |
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3977 text; a marker previously positioned within one of the two transposed |
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3978 portions moves along with that portion, thus remaining between the same |
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3979 two characters in their new position. However, if @var{leave-markers} |
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3980 is non-@code{nil}, @code{transpose-regions} does not do this---it leaves |
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3981 all markers unrelocated. |
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3982 @end defun |
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3983 |
24951
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3984 @node Base 64 |
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3985 @section Base 64 Encoding |
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3986 @cindex base 64 encoding |
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3987 |
39168 | 3988 Base 64 code is used in email to encode a sequence of 8-bit bytes as |
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3989 a longer sequence of @acronym{ASCII} graphic characters. It is defined in |
39208
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|
3990 Internet RFC@footnote{ |
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3991 An RFC, an acronym for @dfn{Request for Comments}, is a numbered |
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3992 Internet informational document describing a standard. RFCs are |
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3993 usually written by technical experts acting on their own initiative, |
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3994 and are traditionally written in a pragmatic, experience-driven |
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3995 manner. |
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3996 }2045. This section describes the functions for |
39168 | 3997 converting to and from this code. |
24951
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3998 |
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3999 @defun base64-encode-region beg end &optional no-line-break |
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4000 @tindex base64-encode-region |
33911 | 4001 This function converts the region from @var{beg} to @var{end} into base |
4002 64 code. It returns the length of the encoded text. An error is | |
4003 signaled if a character in the region is multibyte, i.e.@: in a | |
4004 multibyte buffer the region must contain only characters from the | |
4005 charsets @code{ascii}, @code{eight-bit-control} and | |
4006 @code{eight-bit-graphic}. | |
24951
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4007 |
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4008 Normally, this function inserts newline characters into the encoded |
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4009 text, to avoid overlong lines. However, if the optional argument |
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4010 @var{no-line-break} is non-@code{nil}, these newlines are not added, so |
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4011 the output is just one long line. |
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4012 @end defun |
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4013 |
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4014 @defun base64-encode-string string &optional no-line-break |
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4015 @tindex base64-encode-string |
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4016 This function converts the string @var{string} into base 64 code. It |
33911 | 4017 returns a string containing the encoded text. As for |
4018 @code{base64-encode-region}, an error is signaled if a character in the | |
4019 string is multibyte. | |
24951
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4020 |
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4021 Normally, this function inserts newline characters into the encoded |
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4022 text, to avoid overlong lines. However, if the optional argument |
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changeset
|
4023 @var{no-line-break} is non-@code{nil}, these newlines are not added, so |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
23147
diff
changeset
|
4024 the result string is just one long line. |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
23147
diff
changeset
|
4025 @end defun |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
23147
diff
changeset
|
4026 |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
23147
diff
changeset
|
4027 @defun base64-decode-region beg end |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
23147
diff
changeset
|
4028 @tindex base64-decode-region |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
23147
diff
changeset
|
4029 This function converts the region from @var{beg} to @var{end} from base |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
23147
diff
changeset
|
4030 64 code into the corresponding decoded text. It returns the length of |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
23147
diff
changeset
|
4031 the decoded text. |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
23147
diff
changeset
|
4032 |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
23147
diff
changeset
|
4033 The decoding functions ignore newline characters in the encoded text. |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
23147
diff
changeset
|
4034 @end defun |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
23147
diff
changeset
|
4035 |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
23147
diff
changeset
|
4036 @defun base64-decode-string string |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
23147
diff
changeset
|
4037 @tindex base64-decode-string |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
23147
diff
changeset
|
4038 This function converts the string @var{string} from base 64 code into |
51446
a3a94326d597
base64-decode-string returns unibyte string.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
50467
diff
changeset
|
4039 the corresponding decoded text. It returns a unibyte string containing the |
24951
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
23147
diff
changeset
|
4040 decoded text. |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
23147
diff
changeset
|
4041 |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
23147
diff
changeset
|
4042 The decoding functions ignore newline characters in the encoded text. |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
23147
diff
changeset
|
4043 @end defun |
7451b1458af1
*** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
23147
diff
changeset
|
4044 |
39208
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4045 @node MD5 Checksum |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4046 @section MD5 Checksum |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4047 @cindex MD5 checksum |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4048 @cindex message digest computation |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4049 |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4050 MD5 cryptographic checksums, or @dfn{message digests}, are 128-bit |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4051 ``fingerprints'' of a document or program. They are used to verify |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4052 that you have an exact and unaltered copy of the data. The algorithm |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4053 to calculate the MD5 message digest is defined in Internet |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4054 RFC@footnote{ |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4055 For an explanation of what is an RFC, see the footnote in @ref{Base |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4056 64}. |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4057 }1321. This section describes the Emacs facilities for computing |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4058 message digests. |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4059 |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4060 @defun md5 object &optional start end coding-system noerror |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4061 This function returns the MD5 message digest of @var{object}, which |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4062 should be a buffer or a string. |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4063 |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4064 The two optional arguments @var{start} and @var{end} are character |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4065 positions specifying the portion of @var{object} to compute the |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4066 message digest for. If they are @code{nil} or omitted, the digest is |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4067 computed for the whole of @var{object}. |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4068 |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4069 The function @code{md5} does not compute the message digest directly |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4070 from the internal Emacs representation of the text (@pxref{Text |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4071 Representations}). Instead, it encodes the text using a coding |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4072 system, and computes the message digest from the encoded text. The |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4073 optional fourth argument @var{coding-system} specifies which coding |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4074 system to use for encoding the text. It should be the same coding |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4075 system that you used to read the text, or that you used or will use |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4076 when saving or sending the text. @xref{Coding Systems}, for more |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4077 information about coding systems. |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4078 |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4079 If @var{coding-system} is @code{nil} or omitted, the default depends |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4080 on @var{object}. If @var{object} is a buffer, the default for |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4081 @var{coding-system} is whatever coding system would be chosen by |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4082 default for writing this text into a file. If @var{object} is a |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4083 string, the user's most preferred coding system (@pxref{Recognize |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4084 Coding, prefer-coding-system, the description of |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4085 @code{prefer-coding-system}, emacs, GNU Emacs Manual}) is used. |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4086 |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4087 Normally, @code{md5} signals an error if the text can't be encoded |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4088 using the specified or chosen coding system. However, if |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4089 @var{noerror} is non-@code{nil}, it silently uses @code{raw-text} |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4090 coding instead. |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4091 @end defun |
ad4839873265
(MD5 Checksum): New node, documents the md5 primitive.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
39168
diff
changeset
|
4092 |
52192
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4093 @node Atomic Changes |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4094 @section Atomic Change Groups |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4095 @cindex atomic changes |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4096 |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4097 In data base terminology, an @dfn{atomic} change is an indivisible |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4098 change---it can succeed entirely or it can fail entirely, but it |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4099 cannot partly succeed. A Lisp program can make a series of changes to |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4100 one or several buffers as an @dfn{atomic change group}, meaning that |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4101 either the entire series of changes will be installed in their buffers |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4102 or, in case of an error, none of them will be. |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4103 |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4104 To do this for one buffer, the one already current, simply write a |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4105 call to @code{atomic-change-group} around the code that makes the |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4106 changes, like this: |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4107 |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4108 @example |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4109 (atomic-change-group |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4110 (insert foo) |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4111 (delete-region x y)) |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4112 @end example |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4113 |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4114 @noindent |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4115 If an error (or other nonlocal exit) occurs inside the body of |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4116 @code{atomic-change-group}, it unmakes all the changes in that buffer |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4117 that were during the execution of the body. This kind of change group |
54916 | 4118 has no effect on any other buffers---any such changes remain. |
52192
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4119 |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4120 If you need something more sophisticated, such as to make changes in |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4121 various buffers constitute one atomic group, you must directly call |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4122 lower-level functions that @code{atomic-change-group} uses. |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4123 |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4124 @defun prepare-change-group &optional buffer |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4125 This function sets up a change group for buffer @var{buffer}, which |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4126 defaults to the current buffer. It returns a ``handle'' that |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4127 represents the change group. You must use this handle to activate the |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4128 change group and subsequently to finish it. |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4129 @end defun |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4130 |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4131 To use the change group, you must @dfn{activate} it. You must do |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4132 this before making any changes in the text of @var{buffer}. |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4133 |
aeb0d981dc7e
(Insertion): Add insert-buffer-substring-no-properties.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51911
diff
changeset
|
4134 @defun activate-change-group handle |
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|
4135 This function activates the change group that @var{handle} designates. |
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|
4136 @end defun |
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|
4137 |
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|
4138 After you activate the change group, any changes you make in that |
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|
4139 buffer become part of it. Once you have made all the desired changes |
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|
4140 in the buffer, you must @dfn{finish} the change group. There are two |
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|
4141 ways to do this: you can either accept (and finalize) all the changes, |
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|
4142 or cancel them all. |
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|
4143 |
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|
4144 @defun accept-change-group handle |
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|
4145 This function accepts all the changes in the change group specified by |
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|
4146 @var{handle}, making them final. |
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|
4147 @end defun |
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|
4148 |
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|
4149 @defun cancel-change-group handle |
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|
4150 This function cancels and undoes all the changes in the change group |
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|
4151 specified by @var{handle}. |
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|
4152 @end defun |
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|
4153 |
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|
4154 Your code should use @code{unwind-protect} to make sure the group is |
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|
4155 always finished. The call to @code{activate-change-group} should be |
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|
4156 inside the @code{unwind-protect}, in case the user types @kbd{C-g} |
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|
4157 just after it runs. (This is one reason why |
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|
4158 @code{prepare-change-group} and @code{activate-change-group} are |
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|
4159 separate functions, because normally you would call |
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|
4160 @code{prepare-change-group} before the start of that |
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|
4161 @code{unwind-protect}.) Once you finish the group, don't use the |
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|
4162 handle again---in particular, don't try to finish the same group |
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|
4163 twice. |
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|
4164 |
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|
4165 To make a multibuffer change group, call @code{prepare-change-group} |
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|
4166 once for each buffer you want to cover, then use @code{nconc} to |
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|
4167 combine the returned values, like this: |
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|
4168 |
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|
4169 @example |
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|
4170 (nconc (prepare-change-group buffer-1) |
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|
4171 (prepare-change-group buffer-2)) |
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|
4172 @end example |
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|
4173 |
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|
4174 You can then activate the multibuffer change group with a single call |
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|
4175 to @code{activate-change-group}, and finish it with a single call to |
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|
4176 @code{accept-change-group} or @code{cancel-change-group}. |
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|
4177 |
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|
4178 Nested use of several change groups for the same buffer works as you |
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|
4179 would expect. Non-nested use of change groups for the same buffer |
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|
4180 will get Emacs confused, so don't let it happen; the first change |
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|
4181 group you start for any given buffer should be the last one finished. |
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|
4182 |
6558 | 4183 @node Change Hooks |
4184 @section Change Hooks | |
4185 @cindex change hooks | |
4186 @cindex hooks for text changes | |
4187 | |
4188 These hook variables let you arrange to take notice of all changes in | |
4189 all buffers (or in a particular buffer, if you make them buffer-local). | |
4190 See also @ref{Special Properties}, for how to detect changes to specific | |
4191 parts of the text. | |
4192 | |
4193 The functions you use in these hooks should save and restore the match | |
4194 data if they do anything that uses regular expressions; otherwise, they | |
4195 will interfere in bizarre ways with the editing operations that call | |
4196 them. | |
4197 | |
6782
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|
4198 @defvar before-change-functions |
21007
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|
4199 This variable holds a list of functions to call before any buffer |
6782
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|
4200 modification. Each function gets two arguments, the beginning and end |
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|
4201 of the region that is about to change, represented as integers. The |
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|
4202 buffer that is about to change is always the current buffer. |
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|
4203 @end defvar |
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|
4204 |
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|
4205 @defvar after-change-functions |
21007
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|
4206 This variable holds a list of functions to call after any buffer |
6782
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|
4207 modification. Each function receives three arguments: the beginning and |
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|
4208 end of the region just changed, and the length of the text that existed |
19467
d76f57ca7aba
Explain after-change-functions and chars vs bytes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
18339
diff
changeset
|
4209 before the change. All three arguments are integers. The buffer that's |
d76f57ca7aba
Explain after-change-functions and chars vs bytes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
18339
diff
changeset
|
4210 about to change is always the current buffer. |
d76f57ca7aba
Explain after-change-functions and chars vs bytes.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
18339
diff
changeset
|
4211 |
22252
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4212 The length of the old text is the difference between the buffer positions |
22138
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|
4213 before and after that text as it was before the change. As for the |
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|
4214 changed text, its length is simply the difference between the first two |
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|
4215 arguments. |
6782
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|
4216 @end defvar |
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|
4217 |
54120
836a9ea3b5a4
Various small changes in addition to the following:
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
54041
diff
changeset
|
4218 Output of messages into the @samp{*Messages*} buffer does not |
51702
82502bf293e0
(Buffer Contents): Document current-word.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51446
diff
changeset
|
4219 call these functions. |
82502bf293e0
(Buffer Contents): Document current-word.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51446
diff
changeset
|
4220 |
22138
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|
4221 @defmac combine-after-change-calls body... |
21007
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|
4222 The macro executes @var{body} normally, but arranges to call the |
66d807bdc5b4
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|
4223 after-change functions just once for a series of several changes---if |
66d807bdc5b4
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|
4224 that seems safe. |
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|
4225 |
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|
4226 If a program makes several text changes in the same area of the buffer, |
66d807bdc5b4
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19467
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|
4227 using the macro @code{combine-after-change-calls} around that part of |
66d807bdc5b4
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|
4228 the program can make it run considerably faster when after-change hooks |
21682
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|
4229 are in use. When the after-change hooks are ultimately called, the |
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|
4230 arguments specify a portion of the buffer including all of the changes |
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|
4231 made within the @code{combine-after-change-calls} body. |
21007
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|
4232 |
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|
4233 @strong{Warning:} You must not alter the values of |
31079 | 4234 @code{after-change-functions} within |
21007
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|
4235 the body of a @code{combine-after-change-calls} form. |
21682
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|
4236 |
52626 | 4237 @strong{Warning:} if the changes you combine occur in widely scattered |
21682
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|
4238 parts of the buffer, this will still work, but it is not advisable, |
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|
4239 because it may lead to inefficient behavior for some change hook |
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|
4240 functions. |
21007
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|
4241 @end defmac |
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4242 |
31079 | 4243 The two variables above are temporarily bound to @code{nil} during the |
6782
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4244 time that any of these functions is running. This means that if one of |
6558 | 4245 these functions changes the buffer, that change won't run these |
6782
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|
4246 functions. If you do want a hook function to make changes that run |
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|
4247 these functions, make it bind these variables back to their usual |
6558 | 4248 values. |
4249 | |
7735
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4250 One inconvenient result of this protective feature is that you cannot |
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4251 have a function in @code{after-change-functions} or |
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4252 @code{before-change-functions} which changes the value of that variable. |
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|
4253 But that's not a real limitation. If you want those functions to change |
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4254 the list of functions to run, simply add one fixed function to the hook, |
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4255 and code that function to look in another variable for other functions |
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|
4256 to call. Here is an example: |
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|
4257 |
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4258 @example |
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4259 (setq my-own-after-change-functions nil) |
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|
4260 (defun indirect-after-change-function (beg end len) |
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|
4261 (let ((list my-own-after-change-functions)) |
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|
4262 (while list |
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4263 (funcall (car list) beg end len) |
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|
4264 (setq list (cdr list))))) |
21682
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4265 |
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4266 @group |
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4267 (add-hooks 'after-change-functions |
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4268 'indirect-after-change-function) |
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4269 @end group |
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4270 @end example |
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4271 |
6558 | 4272 @defvar first-change-hook |
4273 This variable is a normal hook that is run whenever a buffer is changed | |
4274 that was previously in the unmodified state. | |
4275 @end defvar | |
25751
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4276 |
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4277 @defvar inhibit-modification-hooks |
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4278 @tindex inhibit-modification-hooks |
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4279 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, all of the change hooks are |
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4280 disabled; none of them run. This affects all the hook variables |
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4281 described above in this section, as well as the hooks attached to |
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4282 certain special text properties (@pxref{Special Properties}) and overlay |
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4283 properties (@pxref{Overlay Properties}). |
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4284 @end defvar |
52401 | 4285 |
4286 @ignore | |
4287 arch-tag: 3721e738-a1cb-4085-bc1a-6cb8d8e1d32b | |
4288 @end ignore |