Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/msdog.texi @ 70259:58edc69a1813
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author | Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk> |
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date | Fri, 28 Apr 2006 23:39:02 +0000 |
parents | 58ecc5274b2d |
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rev | line source |
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24095 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, |
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3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
24095 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
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5 @node Emacs and Microsoft Windows, Manifesto, Mac OS, Top |
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6 @appendix Emacs and Microsoft Windows |
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7 @cindex Microsoft Windows |
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8 @cindex MS-Windows, Emacs peculiarities |
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9 |
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10 This section describes peculiarities of using Emacs on Microsoft |
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11 Windows. Some of these peculiarities are also relevant to Microsoft's |
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12 older MS-DOS ``operating system'' (also known as ``MS-DOG''). |
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13 However, Emacs features that are relevant @emph{only} to MS-DOS are |
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14 described in a separate manual (@inforef{MS-DOG,, emacs-xtra}). |
24095 | 15 |
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16 The behavior of Emacs on MS-Windows is reasonably similar to what is |
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17 documented in the rest of the manual, including support for long file |
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18 names, multiple frames, scroll bars, mouse menus, and subprocesses. |
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19 However, a few special considerations apply, and they are described |
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20 here. |
24095 | 21 |
22 @menu | |
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23 * Text and Binary:: Text files use CRLF to terminate lines. |
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24 * Windows Files:: File-name conventions on Windows. |
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25 * Windows HOME:: Where Emacs looks for your @file{.emacs}. |
24095 | 26 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. |
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27 * Windows Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-Windows. |
24095 | 28 * Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does. |
29 @end menu | |
30 | |
31 @node Text and Binary | |
32 @section Text Files and Binary Files | |
33 @cindex text and binary files on MS-DOS/MS-Windows | |
34 | |
35 GNU Emacs uses newline characters to separate text lines. This is the | |
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36 convention used on GNU, Unix, and other Posix-compliant systems. |
24095 | 37 |
38 @cindex end-of-line conversion on MS-DOS/MS-Windows | |
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39 By contrast, MS-DOS and MS-Windows normally use carriage-return linefeed, |
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40 a two-character sequence, to separate text lines. (Linefeed is the same |
24095 | 41 character as newline.) Therefore, convenient editing of typical files |
42 with Emacs requires conversion of these end-of-line (EOL) sequences. | |
43 And that is what Emacs normally does: it converts carriage-return | |
44 linefeed into newline when reading files, and converts newline into | |
45 carriage-return linefeed when writing files. The same mechanism that | |
46 handles conversion of international character codes does this conversion | |
47 also (@pxref{Coding Systems}). | |
48 | |
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49 @cindex cursor location, on MS-DOS |
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50 @cindex point location, on MS-DOS |
24095 | 51 One consequence of this special format-conversion of most files is |
52 that character positions as reported by Emacs (@pxref{Position Info}) do | |
53 not agree with the file size information known to the operating system. | |
54 | |
55 In addition, if Emacs recognizes from a file's contents that it uses | |
56 newline rather than carriage-return linefeed as its line separator, it | |
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57 does not perform EOL conversion when reading or writing that file. |
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58 Thus, you can read and edit files from GNU and Unix systems on MS-DOS |
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59 with no special effort, and they will retain their Unix-style |
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60 end-of-line convention after you edit them. |
24095 | 61 |
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62 The mode line indicates whether end-of-line translation was used for |
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63 the current buffer. If MS-DOS end-of-line translation is in use for the |
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64 buffer, the MS-Windows build of Emacs displays a backslash @samp{\} after |
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65 the coding system mnemonic near the beginning of the mode line |
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66 (@pxref{Mode Line}). If no EOL translation was performed, the string |
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67 @samp{(Unix)} is displayed instead of the backslash, to alert you that the |
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68 file's EOL format is not the usual carriage-return linefeed. |
24095 | 69 |
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70 @cindex DOS-to-Unix conversion of files |
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71 To visit a file and specify whether it uses DOS-style or Unix-style |
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72 end-of-line, specify a coding system (@pxref{Text Coding}). For |
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73 example, @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c unix @key{RET} C-x C-f foobar.txt} |
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74 visits the file @file{foobar.txt} without converting the EOLs; if some |
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75 line ends with a carriage-return linefeed pair, Emacs will display |
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76 @samp{^M} at the end of that line. Similarly, you can direct Emacs to |
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77 save a buffer in a specified EOL format with the @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f} |
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78 command. For example, to save a buffer with Unix EOL format, type |
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79 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f unix @key{RET} C-x C-s}. If you visit a file |
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80 with DOS EOL conversion, then save it with Unix EOL format, that |
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81 effectively converts the file to Unix EOL style, like @code{dos2unix}. |
24095 | 82 |
83 @cindex untranslated file system | |
84 @findex add-untranslated-filesystem | |
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85 When you use NFS, Samba, or some other similar method to access file |
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86 systems that reside on computers using GNU or Unix systems, Emacs |
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87 should not perform end-of-line translation on any files in these file |
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88 systems---not even when you create a new file. To request this, |
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89 designate these file systems as @dfn{untranslated} file systems by |
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90 calling the function @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}. It takes one |
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91 argument: the file system name, including a drive letter and |
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92 optionally a directory. For example, |
24095 | 93 |
94 @example | |
95 (add-untranslated-filesystem "Z:") | |
96 @end example | |
97 | |
98 @noindent | |
99 designates drive Z as an untranslated file system, and | |
100 | |
101 @example | |
102 (add-untranslated-filesystem "Z:\\foo") | |
103 @end example | |
104 | |
105 @noindent | |
106 designates directory @file{\foo} on drive Z as an untranslated file | |
107 system. | |
108 | |
109 Most often you would use @code{add-untranslated-filesystem} in your | |
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110 @file{.emacs} file, or in @file{site-start.el} so that all the users at |
24095 | 111 your site get the benefit of it. |
112 | |
113 @findex remove-untranslated-filesystem | |
114 To countermand the effect of @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}, use | |
115 the function @code{remove-untranslated-filesystem}. This function takes | |
116 one argument, which should be a string just like the one that was used | |
117 previously with @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}. | |
118 | |
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119 Designating a file system as untranslated does not affect character |
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120 set conversion, only end-of-line conversion. Essentially, it directs |
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121 Emacs to create new files with the Unix-style convention of using |
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122 newline at the end of a line. @xref{Coding Systems}. |
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123 |
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124 @vindex file-name-buffer-file-type-alist |
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125 @cindex binary files, on MS-DOS/MS-Windows |
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126 Some kinds of files should not be converted at all, because their |
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127 contents are not really text. Therefore, Emacs on MS-Windows distinguishes |
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128 certain files as @dfn{binary files}. (This distinction is not part of |
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129 MS-Windows; it is made by Emacs only.) Binary files include executable |
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130 programs, compressed archives, etc. Emacs uses the file name to decide |
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131 whether to treat a file as binary: the variable |
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132 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} defines the file-name patterns |
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133 that indicate binary files. If a file name matches one of the patterns |
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134 for binary files (those whose associations are of the type |
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135 @code{(@var{pattern} . t)}, Emacs reads and writes that file using the |
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136 @code{no-conversion} coding system (@pxref{Coding Systems}) which turns |
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137 off @emph{all} coding-system conversions, not only the EOL conversion. |
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138 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} also includes file-name patterns |
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139 for files which are known to be Windows-style text files with |
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140 carriage-return linefeed EOL format, such as @file{CONFIG.SYS}; Emacs |
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141 always writes those files with Windows-style EOLs. |
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142 |
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143 If a file which belongs to an untranslated file system matches one of |
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144 the file-name patterns in @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist}, the |
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145 EOL conversion is determined by @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist}. |
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146 |
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147 @node Windows Files |
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148 @section File Names on MS-Windows |
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149 @cindex file names on MS-Windows |
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150 |
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151 MS-Windows and MS-DOS normally use a backslash, @samp{\}, to |
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152 separate name units within a file name, instead of the slash used on |
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153 other systems. Emacs on MS-DOS/MS-Windows permits use of either slash or |
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154 backslash, and also knows about drive letters in file names. |
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155 |
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156 @cindex file-name completion, on MS-Windows |
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157 On MS-DOS/MS-Windows, file names are case-insensitive, so Emacs by |
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158 default ignores letter-case in file names during completion. |
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159 |
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160 @node Windows HOME |
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161 @section HOME Directory on MS-Windows |
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162 @cindex @code{HOME} directory on MS-Windows |
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163 |
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164 The MS-Windows equivalent of the @code{HOME} directory is the |
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165 @dfn{user-specific application data directory}. The actual location |
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166 depends on your Windows version and system configuration; typical values |
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167 are @file{C:\Documents and Settings\@var{username}\Application Data} on |
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168 Windows 2K/XP and later, and either @file{C:\WINDOWS\Application Data} |
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169 or @file{C:\WINDOWS\Profiles\@var{username}\Application Data} on the |
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170 older Windows 9X/ME systems. |
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171 |
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172 @cindex init file @file{.emacs} on MS-Windows |
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173 The home directory is where your init file @file{.emacs} is stored. |
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174 When Emacs starts, it first checks whether the environment variable |
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175 @env{HOME} is set. If it is, it looks for the init file in the |
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176 directory pointed by @env{HOME}. If @env{HOME} is not defined, Emacs |
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177 checks for an existing @file{.emacs} file in @file{C:\}, the root |
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178 directory of drive @file{C:}@footnote{ |
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179 The check in @file{C:\} is in preference to the application data |
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180 directory for compatibility with older versions of Emacs, which didn't |
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181 check the application data directory. |
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182 }. If there's no such file in @file{C:\}, Emacs next uses the Windows |
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183 system calls to find out the exact location of your application data |
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184 directory. If that fails as well, Emacs falls back to @file{C:\}. |
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185 |
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186 Whatever the final place is, Emacs sets the value of the @env{HOME} |
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187 environment variable to point to it, and it will use that location for |
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188 other files and directories it normally creates in the user's home |
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189 directory. |
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190 |
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191 You can always find out where Emacs thinks is your home directory's |
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192 location by typing @kbd{C-x d ~/ @key{RET}}. This should present the |
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193 list of files in the home directory, and show its full name on the |
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194 first line. Likewise, to visit your init file, type @kbd{C-x C-f |
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195 ~/.emacs @key{RET}}. |
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196 |
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197 @cindex @file{_emacs} init file, MS-Windows |
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198 Because MS-DOS does not allow file names with leading dots, and |
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199 because older Windows systems made it hard to create files with such |
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200 names, the Windows port of Emacs supports an alternative name |
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201 @file{_emacs} as a fallback, if such a file exists in the home |
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202 directory, whereas @file{.emacs} does not. |
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203 |
24095 | 204 @node Windows Processes |
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205 @section Subprocesses on Windows 9X/ME and Windows NT/2K/XP |
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206 @cindex subprocesses on MS-Windows |
24095 | 207 |
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208 @cindex DOS applications, running from Emacs |
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209 Emacs compiled as a native Windows application (as opposed to the DOS |
24095 | 210 version) includes full support for asynchronous subprocesses. |
211 In the Windows version, synchronous and asynchronous subprocesses work | |
212 fine on both | |
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213 Windows 9X/ME and Windows NT/2K/XP as long as you run only 32-bit Windows |
24095 | 214 applications. However, when you run a DOS application in a subprocess, |
215 you may encounter problems or be unable to run the application at all; | |
216 and if you run two DOS applications at the same time in two | |
217 subprocesses, you may have to reboot your system. | |
218 | |
219 Since the standard command interpreter (and most command line utilities) | |
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220 on Windows 9X are DOS applications, these problems are significant when |
24095 | 221 using that system. But there's nothing we can do about them; only |
222 Microsoft can fix them. | |
223 | |
224 If you run just one DOS application subprocess, the subprocess should | |
225 work as expected as long as it is ``well-behaved'' and does not perform | |
226 direct screen access or other unusual actions. If you have a CPU | |
227 monitor application, your machine will appear to be 100% busy even when | |
228 the DOS application is idle, but this is only an artifact of the way CPU | |
229 monitors measure processor load. | |
230 | |
231 You must terminate the DOS application before you start any other DOS | |
232 application in a different subprocess. Emacs is unable to interrupt or | |
233 terminate a DOS subprocess. The only way you can terminate such a | |
234 subprocess is by giving it a command that tells its program to exit. | |
235 | |
236 If you attempt to run two DOS applications at the same time in separate | |
237 subprocesses, the second one that is started will be suspended until the | |
238 first one finishes, even if either or both of them are asynchronous. | |
239 | |
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240 @cindex kill DOS application |
24095 | 241 If you can go to the first subprocess, and tell it to exit, the second |
242 subprocess should continue normally. However, if the second subprocess | |
243 is synchronous, Emacs itself will be hung until the first subprocess | |
244 finishes. If it will not finish without user input, then you have no | |
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245 choice but to reboot if you are running on Windows 9X. If you are |
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246 running on Windows NT/2K/XP, you can use a process viewer application to kill |
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247 the appropriate instance of NTVDM instead (this will terminate both DOS |
24095 | 248 subprocesses). |
249 | |
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250 If you have to reboot Windows 9X in this situation, do not use the |
24095 | 251 @code{Shutdown} command on the @code{Start} menu; that usually hangs the |
252 system. Instead, type @kbd{CTL-ALT-@key{DEL}} and then choose | |
253 @code{Shutdown}. That usually works, although it may take a few minutes | |
254 to do its job. | |
255 | |
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256 @node Windows Printing |
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257 @section Printing and MS-Windows |
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258 |
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259 Printing commands, such as @code{lpr-buffer} (@pxref{Printing}) and |
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260 @code{ps-print-buffer} (@pxref{PostScript}) work in MS-DOS and |
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261 MS-Windows by sending the output to one of the printer ports, if a |
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262 Posix-style @code{lpr} program is unavailable. The same Emacs |
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263 variables control printing on all systems, but in some cases they have |
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264 different default values on MS-DOS and MS-Windows. |
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265 |
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266 Emacs on Windows automatically determines your default printer and |
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267 sets the variable @var{printer-name} to that printer's name. But in |
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268 some rare cases this can fail, or you may wish to use a different |
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269 printer from within Emacs. The rest of this section explains how to |
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270 tell Emacs which printer to use. |
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271 |
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272 @vindex printer-name@r{, (MS-DOS/MW-Windows)} |
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273 If you want to use your local printer, then set the Lisp variable |
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274 @code{lpr-command} to @code{""} (its default value on Windows) and |
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275 @code{printer-name} to the name of the printer port---for example, |
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276 @code{"PRN"}, the usual local printer port or @code{"LPT2"}, or |
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277 @code{"COM1"} for a serial printer. You can also set |
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278 @code{printer-name} to a file name, in which case ``printed'' output |
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279 is actually appended to that file. If you set @code{printer-name} to |
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280 @code{"NUL"}, printed output is silently discarded (sent to the system |
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281 null device). |
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282 |
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283 You can also use a printer shared by another machine by setting |
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284 @code{printer-name} to the UNC share name for that printer---for |
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285 example, @code{"//joes_pc/hp4si"}. (It doesn't matter whether you use |
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286 forward slashes or backslashes here.) To find out the names of shared |
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287 printers, run the command @samp{net view} from the command prompt to |
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288 obtain a list of servers, and @samp{net view @var{server-name}} to see |
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289 the names of printers (and directories) shared by that server. |
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290 Alternatively, click the @samp{Network Neighborhood} icon on your |
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291 desktop, and look for machines which share their printers via the |
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292 network. |
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293 |
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294 @cindex @samp{net use}, and printing on MS-Windows |
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295 @cindex networked printers (MS-Windows) |
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296 If the printer doesn't appear in the output of @samp{net view}, or |
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297 if setting @code{printer-name} to the UNC share name doesn't produce a |
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298 hardcopy on that printer, you can use the @samp{net use} command to |
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299 connect a local print port such as @code{"LPT2"} to the networked |
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300 printer. For example, typing @kbd{net use LPT2: \\joes_pc\hp4si}@footnote{ |
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301 Note that the @samp{net use} command requires the UNC share name to be |
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302 typed with the Windows-style backslashes, while the value of |
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303 @code{printer-name} can be set with either forward- or backslashes.} |
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304 causes Windows to @dfn{capture} the @code{LPT2} port and redirect the |
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305 printed material to the printer connected to the machine @code{joes_pc}. |
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306 After this command, setting @code{printer-name} to @code{"LPT2"} |
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307 should produce the hardcopy on the networked printer. |
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308 |
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309 With some varieties of Windows network software, you can instruct |
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310 Windows to capture a specific printer port such as @code{"LPT2"}, and |
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311 redirect it to a networked printer via the @w{@code{Control |
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312 Panel->Printers}} applet instead of @samp{net use}. |
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313 |
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314 If you set @code{printer-name} to a file name, it's best to use an |
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315 absolute file name. Emacs changes the working directory according to |
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316 the default directory of the current buffer, so if the file name in |
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317 @code{printer-name} is relative, you will end up with several such |
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318 files, each one in the directory of the buffer from which the printing |
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319 was done. |
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320 |
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321 @findex print-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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322 @findex print-region @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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323 @vindex lpr-headers-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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324 The commands @code{print-buffer} and @code{print-region} call the |
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325 @code{pr} program, or use special switches to the @code{lpr} program, to |
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326 produce headers on each printed page. MS-DOS and MS-Windows don't |
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327 normally have these programs, so by default, the variable |
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328 @code{lpr-headers-switches} is set so that the requests to print page |
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329 headers are silently ignored. Thus, @code{print-buffer} and |
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330 @code{print-region} produce the same output as @code{lpr-buffer} and |
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331 @code{lpr-region}, respectively. If you do have a suitable @code{pr} |
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332 program (for example, from GNU Coreutils), set |
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333 @code{lpr-headers-switches} to @code{nil}; Emacs will then call |
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334 @code{pr} to produce the page headers, and print the resulting output as |
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335 specified by @code{printer-name}. |
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336 |
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337 @vindex print-region-function @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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338 @cindex lpr usage under MS-DOS |
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339 @vindex lpr-command @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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340 @vindex lpr-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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341 Finally, if you do have an @code{lpr} work-alike, you can set the |
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342 variable @code{lpr-command} to @code{"lpr"}. Then Emacs will use |
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343 @code{lpr} for printing, as on other systems. (If the name of the |
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344 program isn't @code{lpr}, set @code{lpr-command} to specify where to |
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345 find it.) The variable @code{lpr-switches} has its standard meaning |
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346 when @code{lpr-command} is not @code{""}. If the variable |
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347 @code{printer-name} has a string value, it is used as the value for the |
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348 @code{-P} option to @code{lpr}, as on Unix. |
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349 |
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350 @findex ps-print-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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351 @findex ps-spool-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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352 @vindex ps-printer-name @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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353 @vindex ps-lpr-command @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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354 @vindex ps-lpr-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} |
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355 A parallel set of variables, @code{ps-lpr-command}, |
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356 @code{ps-lpr-switches}, and @code{ps-printer-name} (@pxref{PostScript |
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357 Variables}), defines how PostScript files should be printed. These |
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358 variables are used in the same way as the corresponding variables |
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359 described above for non-PostScript printing. Thus, the value of |
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360 @code{ps-printer-name} is used as the name of the device (or file) to |
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361 which PostScript output is sent, just as @code{printer-name} is used |
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362 for non-PostScript printing. (There are two distinct sets of |
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363 variables in case you have two printers attached to two different |
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364 ports, and only one of them is a PostScript printer.) |
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365 |
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366 The default value of the variable @code{ps-lpr-command} is @code{""}, |
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367 which causes PostScript output to be sent to the printer port specified |
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368 by @code{ps-printer-name}, but @code{ps-lpr-command} can also be set to |
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369 the name of a program which will accept PostScript files. Thus, if you |
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370 have a non-PostScript printer, you can set this variable to the name of |
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371 a PostScript interpreter program (such as Ghostscript). Any switches |
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372 that need to be passed to the interpreter program are specified using |
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373 @code{ps-lpr-switches}. (If the value of @code{ps-printer-name} is a |
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374 string, it will be added to the list of switches as the value for the |
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375 @code{-P} option. This is probably only useful if you are using |
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376 @code{lpr}, so when using an interpreter typically you would set |
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377 @code{ps-printer-name} to something other than a string so it is |
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378 ignored.) |
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379 |
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380 For example, to use Ghostscript for printing on the system's default |
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381 printer, put this in your @file{.emacs} file: |
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382 |
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383 @example |
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384 (setq ps-printer-name t) |
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385 (setq ps-lpr-command "D:/gs6.01/bin/gswin32c.exe") |
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386 (setq ps-lpr-switches '("-q" "-dNOPAUSE" "-dBATCH" |
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387 "-sDEVICE=mswinpr2" |
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388 "-sPAPERSIZE=a4")) |
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389 @end example |
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390 |
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391 @noindent |
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392 (This assumes that Ghostscript is installed in the |
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393 @file{D:/gs6.01} directory.) |
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394 |
24095 | 395 @node Windows System Menu |
396 @section Using the System Menu on Windows | |
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397 @cindex @code{Alt} key invokes menu (Windows) |
24095 | 398 |
399 Emacs compiled as a native Windows application normally turns off the | |
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400 Windows feature that tapping the @key{ALT} key invokes the Windows |
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401 menu. The reason is that the @key{ALT} serves as @key{META} in Emacs. |
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402 When using Emacs, users often press the @key{META} key temporarily and |
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403 then change their minds; if this has the effect of bringing up the |
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404 Windows menu, it alters the meaning of subsequent commands. Many |
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405 users find this frustrating. |
24095 | 406 |
407 @vindex w32-pass-alt-to-system | |
57368 | 408 You can re-enable Windows' default handling of tapping the @key{ALT} key |
24095 | 409 by setting @code{w32-pass-alt-to-system} to a non-@code{nil} value. |
410 | |
52401 | 411 @ignore |
412 arch-tag: f39d2590-5dcc-4318-88d9-0eb73ca10fa2 | |
413 @end ignore |