Mercurial > emacs
annotate lispref/elisp.texi @ 38019:59051c56859f
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author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Mon, 11 Jun 2001 09:33:32 +0000 |
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6451 | 1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c %**start of header | |
3 @setfilename elisp | |
4 @settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual | |
5 @c %**end of header | |
6 | |
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7 @dircategory Editors |
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8 @direntry |
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9 * Elisp: (elisp). The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. |
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10 @end direntry |
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11 |
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12 @smallbook |
28952 | 13 @setchapternewpage odd |
14 @finalout | |
15 | |
16 @c Combine indices. | |
17 @synindex cp fn | |
18 @syncodeindex vr fn | |
19 @syncodeindex ky fn | |
20 @syncodeindex pg fn | |
21 @c We use the "type index" to index new functions and variables. | |
22 @c @syncodeindex tp fn | |
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23 |
27193 | 24 @ifnottex |
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25 This Info file contains edition 2.6 of the GNU Emacs Lisp |
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26 Reference Manual, corresponding to Emacs version 21.1. |
6451 | 27 @c Please REMEMBER to update edition number in *four* places in this file |
28 @c and also in *one* place in intro.texi | |
29 | |
30 Published by the Free Software Foundation | |
15725 | 31 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 |
32 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
6451 | 33 |
28952 | 34 Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000 |
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35 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6451 | 36 |
28952 | 37 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
38 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or | |
39 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the | |
29127 | 40 Invariant Sections being ``Copying'', with the Front-Cover texts being |
41 ``A GNU Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy | |
42 of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free | |
43 Documentation License''. | |
6451 | 44 |
28952 | 45 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
46 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
47 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
27193 | 48 @end ifnottex |
6451 | 49 |
50 @titlepage | |
51 @title GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual | |
25875 | 52 @subtitle For Emacs Version 21 |
6451 | 53 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file |
54 @c and also in the file intro.texi. | |
29127 | 55 @subtitle Revision 2.6, May 2000 |
6451 | 56 |
57 @author by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte, Richard Stallman | |
58 @author and the GNU Manual Group | |
59 @page | |
60 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
28952 | 61 Copyright @copyright{} 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000 |
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62 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6451 | 63 |
64 @sp 2 | |
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65 Edition 2.6 @* |
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66 Revised for Emacs Version 21.1,@* |
29127 | 67 May 2000.@* |
6451 | 68 @sp 2 |
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69 ISBN 1-882114-73-6 |
6451 | 70 |
71 @sp 2 | |
72 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
15725 | 73 59 Temple Place, Suite 330@* |
74 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
6451 | 75 |
28952 | 76 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
77 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or | |
78 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the | |
29127 | 79 Invariant Sections being ``Copying'', with the Front-Cover texts being |
80 ``A GNU Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy | |
81 of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free | |
82 Documentation License''. | |
6451 | 83 |
28952 | 84 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
85 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
86 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
6451 | 87 |
88 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
89 @end titlepage | |
90 @page | |
91 | |
29256 | 92 @node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir) |
6451 | 93 |
27193 | 94 @ifnottex |
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95 This Info file contains edition 2.6 of the GNU Emacs Lisp |
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96 Reference Manual, corresponding to GNU Emacs version 21.1. |
27193 | 97 @end ifnottex |
6451 | 98 |
99 @menu | |
100 * Introduction:: Introduction and conventions used. | |
29256 | 101 * Standards: Coding Conventions. Coding conventions for Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 102 |
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103 * Lisp Data Types:: Data types of objects in Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 104 * Numbers:: Numbers and arithmetic functions. |
105 * Strings and Characters:: Strings, and functions that work on them. | |
106 * Lists:: Lists, cons cells, and related functions. | |
107 * Sequences Arrays Vectors:: Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences. | |
108 Certain functions act on any kind of sequence. | |
109 The description of vectors is here as well. | |
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110 * Hash Tables:: Very fast lookup-tables. |
6451 | 111 * Symbols:: Symbols represent names, uniquely. |
112 | |
113 * Evaluation:: How Lisp expressions are evaluated. | |
114 * Control Structures:: Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits. | |
115 * Variables:: Using symbols in programs to stand for values. | |
116 * Functions:: A function is a Lisp program | |
117 that can be invoked from other functions. | |
118 * Macros:: Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language. | |
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119 * Customization:: Writing customization declarations. |
6451 | 120 |
121 * Loading:: Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp. | |
122 * Byte Compilation:: Compilation makes programs run faster. | |
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123 * Advising Functions:: Adding to the definition of a function. |
6451 | 124 * Debugging:: Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs. |
125 | |
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126 * Read and Print:: Converting Lisp objects to text and back. |
6451 | 127 * Minibuffers:: Using the minibuffer to read input. |
128 * Command Loop:: How the editor command loop works, | |
129 and how you can call its subroutines. | |
130 * Keymaps:: Defining the bindings from keys to commands. | |
131 * Modes:: Defining major and minor modes. | |
132 * Documentation:: Writing and using documentation strings. | |
133 | |
134 * Files:: Accessing files. | |
135 * Backups and Auto-Saving:: Controlling how backups and auto-save | |
136 files are made. | |
137 * Buffers:: Creating and using buffer objects. | |
138 * Windows:: Manipulating windows and displaying buffers. | |
139 * Frames:: Making multiple X windows. | |
140 * Positions:: Buffer positions and motion functions. | |
141 * Markers:: Markers represent positions and update | |
142 automatically when the text is changed. | |
143 | |
144 * Text:: Examining and changing text in buffers. | |
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145 * Non-ASCII Characters:: Non-ASCII text in buffers and strings. |
6451 | 146 * Searching and Matching:: Searching buffers for strings or regexps. |
147 * Syntax Tables:: The syntax table controls word and list parsing. | |
148 * Abbrevs:: How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures. | |
149 | |
150 * Processes:: Running and communicating with subprocesses. | |
33146 | 151 * Display:: Features for controlling the screen display. |
152 * Calendar:: Customizing the calendar and diary. | |
6451 | 153 * System Interface:: Getting the user id, system type, environment |
154 variables, and other such things. | |
155 | |
156 Appendices | |
157 | |
26211 | 158 * Antinews:: Info for users downgrading to Emacs 20. |
30904 | 159 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation |
29149 | 160 * GPL:: Conditions for copying and changing GNU Emacs. |
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161 * Tips:: Advice and coding conventions for Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 162 * GNU Emacs Internals:: Building and dumping Emacs; |
163 internal data structures. | |
164 * Standard Errors:: List of all error symbols. | |
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165 * Standard Buffer-Local Variables:: |
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166 List of variables buffer-local in all buffers. |
6451 | 167 * Standard Keymaps:: List of standard keymaps. |
168 * Standard Hooks:: List of standard hook variables. | |
169 | |
170 * Index:: Index including concepts, functions, variables, | |
171 and other terms. | |
172 | |
25875 | 173 * New Symbols:: New functions and variables in Emacs 21. |
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174 |
6451 | 175 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- |
176 | |
177 Here are other nodes that are inferiors of those already listed, | |
178 mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
179 | |
180 Introduction | |
181 | |
182 * Caveats:: Flaws and a request for help. | |
183 * Lisp History:: Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp. | |
184 * Conventions:: How the manual is formatted. | |
185 * Acknowledgements:: The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual. | |
186 | |
187 Conventions | |
188 | |
189 * Some Terms:: Explanation of terms we use in this manual. | |
190 * nil and t:: How the symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are used. | |
191 * Evaluation Notation:: The format we use for examples of evaluation. | |
192 * Printing Notation:: The format we use for examples that print output. | |
193 * Error Messages:: The format we use for examples of errors. | |
194 * Buffer Text Notation:: The format we use for buffer contents in examples. | |
195 * Format of Descriptions:: Notation for describing functions, variables, etc. | |
196 | |
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197 Tips and Conventions |
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198 |
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199 * Coding Conventions:: Conventions for clean and robust programs. |
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200 * Compilation Tips:: Making compiled code run fast. |
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201 * Documentation Tips:: Writing readable documentation strings. |
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202 * Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments. |
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203 * Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages. |
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204 |
6451 | 205 Format of Descriptions |
206 | |
207 * A Sample Function Description:: | |
208 * A Sample Variable Description:: | |
209 | |
210 Lisp Data Types | |
211 | |
212 * Printed Representation:: How Lisp objects are represented as text. | |
213 * Comments:: Comments and their formatting conventions. | |
214 * Programming Types:: Types found in all Lisp systems. | |
215 * Editing Types:: Types specific to Emacs. | |
216 * Type Predicates:: Tests related to types. | |
217 * Equality Predicates:: Tests of equality between any two objects. | |
218 | |
219 Programming Types | |
220 | |
221 * Integer Type:: Numbers without fractional parts. | |
222 * Floating Point Type:: Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range. | |
223 * Character Type:: The representation of letters, numbers and | |
25875 | 224 control characters. |
6451 | 225 * Sequence Type:: Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences. |
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226 * Cons Cell Type:: Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells). |
6451 | 227 * Array Type:: Arrays include strings and vectors. |
228 * String Type:: An (efficient) array of characters. | |
229 * Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays. | |
230 * Symbol Type:: A multi-use object that refers to a function, | |
231 variable, property list, or itself. | |
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232 * Function Type:: A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere. |
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233 * Macro Type:: A method of expanding an expression into another |
6451 | 234 expression, more fundamental but less pretty. |
235 * Primitive Function Type:: A function written in C, callable from Lisp. | |
236 * Byte-Code Type:: A function written in Lisp, then compiled. | |
237 * Autoload Type:: A type used for automatically loading seldom-used | |
25875 | 238 functions. |
6451 | 239 |
240 List Type | |
241 | |
242 * Dotted Pair Notation:: An alternative syntax for lists. | |
243 * Association List Type:: A specially constructed list. | |
244 | |
245 Editing Types | |
246 | |
247 * Buffer Type:: The basic object of editing. | |
248 * Window Type:: What makes buffers visible. | |
249 * Window Configuration Type::Save what the screen looks like. | |
250 * Marker Type:: A position in a buffer. | |
251 * Process Type:: A process running on the underlying OS. | |
252 * Stream Type:: Receive or send characters. | |
253 * Keymap Type:: What function a keystroke invokes. | |
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254 * Overlay Type:: How an overlay is represented. |
6451 | 255 |
256 Numbers | |
257 | |
258 * Integer Basics:: Representation and range of integers. | |
259 * Float Basics:: Representation and range of floating point. | |
260 * Predicates on Numbers:: Testing for numbers. | |
261 * Comparison of Numbers:: Equality and inequality predicates. | |
262 * Arithmetic Operations:: How to add, subtract, multiply and divide. | |
263 * Bitwise Operations:: Logical and, or, not, shifting. | |
264 * Numeric Conversions:: Converting float to integer and vice versa. | |
12067 | 265 * Math Functions:: Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions. |
6451 | 266 * Random Numbers:: Obtaining random integers, predictable or not. |
267 | |
268 Strings and Characters | |
269 | |
270 * String Basics:: Basic properties of strings and characters. | |
271 * Predicates for Strings:: Testing whether an object is a string or char. | |
272 * Creating Strings:: Functions to allocate new strings. | |
273 * Text Comparison:: Comparing characters or strings. | |
274 * String Conversion:: Converting characters or strings and vice versa. | |
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275 * Formatting Strings:: @code{format}: Emacs's analogue of @code{printf}. |
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276 * Case Conversion:: Case conversion functions. |
6451 | 277 |
278 Lists | |
279 | |
280 * Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells. | |
281 * Lists as Boxes:: Graphical notation to explain lists. | |
282 * List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists. | |
283 * List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list. | |
284 * Building Lists:: Creating list structure. | |
285 * Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list. | |
286 * Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set. | |
287 * Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping. | |
288 | |
289 Modifying Existing List Structure | |
290 | |
291 * Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list. | |
292 * Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone. | |
293 This can be used to remove or add elements. | |
294 * Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists. | |
295 | |
296 Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors | |
297 | |
298 * Sequence Functions:: Functions that accept any kind of sequence. | |
299 * Arrays:: Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp. | |
300 * Array Functions:: Functions specifically for arrays. | |
301 * Vectors:: Functions specifically for vectors. | |
302 | |
303 Symbols | |
304 | |
305 * Symbol Components:: Symbols have names, values, function definitions | |
306 and property lists. | |
307 * Definitions:: A definition says how a symbol will be used. | |
308 * Creating Symbols:: How symbols are kept unique. | |
309 * Property Lists:: Each symbol has a property list | |
310 for recording miscellaneous information. | |
311 | |
312 Evaluation | |
313 | |
314 * Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things. | |
315 * Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly. | |
316 * Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated. | |
317 * Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in | |
318 the program). | |
319 | |
320 Kinds of Forms | |
321 | |
322 * Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves. | |
323 * Symbol Forms:: Symbols evaluate as variables. | |
324 * Classifying Lists:: How to distinguish various sorts of list forms. | |
325 * Function Forms:: Forms that call functions. | |
326 * Macro Forms:: Forms that call macros. | |
327 * Special Forms:: ``Special forms'' are idiosyncratic primitives, | |
328 most of them extremely important. | |
329 * Autoloading:: Functions set up to load files | |
330 containing their real definitions. | |
331 | |
332 Control Structures | |
333 | |
334 * Sequencing:: Evaluation in textual order. | |
335 * Conditionals:: @code{if}, @code{cond}. | |
336 * Combining Conditions:: @code{and}, @code{or}, @code{not}. | |
337 * Iteration:: @code{while} loops. | |
338 * Nonlocal Exits:: Jumping out of a sequence. | |
339 | |
340 Nonlocal Exits | |
341 | |
342 * Catch and Throw:: Nonlocal exits for the program's own purposes. | |
343 * Examples of Catch:: Showing how such nonlocal exits can be written. | |
344 * Errors:: How errors are signaled and handled. | |
345 * Cleanups:: Arranging to run a cleanup form if an | |
346 error happens. | |
347 | |
348 Errors | |
349 | |
350 * Signaling Errors:: How to report an error. | |
351 * Processing of Errors:: What Emacs does when you report an error. | |
352 * Handling Errors:: How you can trap errors and continue execution. | |
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353 * Error Symbols:: How errors are classified for trapping them. |
6451 | 354 |
355 Variables | |
356 | |
357 * Global Variables:: Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere. | |
358 * Constant Variables:: Certain "variables" have values that never change. | |
359 * Local Variables:: Variable values that exist only temporarily. | |
360 * Void Variables:: Symbols that lack values. | |
361 * Defining Variables:: A definition says a symbol is used as a variable. | |
362 * Accessing Variables:: Examining values of variables whose names | |
363 are known only at run time. | |
364 * Setting Variables:: Storing new values in variables. | |
365 * Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values. | |
366 * Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer. | |
367 | |
368 Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings | |
369 | |
370 * Scope:: Scope means where in the program a value | |
371 is visible. Comparison with other languages. | |
372 * Extent:: Extent means how long in time a value exists. | |
373 * Impl of Scope:: Two ways to implement dynamic scoping. | |
374 * Using Scoping:: How to use dynamic scoping carefully and | |
375 avoid problems. | |
376 | |
377 Buffer-Local Variables | |
378 | |
379 * Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts. | |
380 * Creating Buffer-Local:: Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings. | |
381 * Default Value:: The default value is seen in buffers | |
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382 that don't have their own buffer-local values. |
6451 | 383 |
384 Functions | |
385 | |
386 * What Is a Function:: Lisp functions vs primitives; terminology. | |
387 * Lambda Expressions:: How functions are expressed as Lisp objects. | |
388 * Function Names:: A symbol can serve as the name of a function. | |
389 * Defining Functions:: Lisp expressions for defining functions. | |
390 * Calling Functions:: How to use an existing function. | |
391 * Mapping Functions:: Applying a function to each element of a list, etc. | |
392 * Anonymous Functions:: Lambda-expressions are functions with no names. | |
393 * Function Cells:: Accessing or setting the function definition | |
394 of a symbol. | |
395 * Related Topics:: Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives | |
396 that have a special bearing on how | |
397 functions work. | |
398 | |
399 Lambda Expressions | |
400 | |
401 * Lambda Components:: The parts of a lambda expression. | |
402 * Simple Lambda:: A simple example. | |
403 * Argument List:: Details and special features of argument lists. | |
404 * Function Documentation:: How to put documentation in a function. | |
405 | |
406 Macros | |
407 | |
408 * Simple Macro:: A basic example. | |
409 * Expansion:: How, when and why macros are expanded. | |
410 * Compiling Macros:: How macros are expanded by the compiler. | |
411 * Defining Macros:: How to write a macro definition. | |
412 * Backquote:: Easier construction of list structure. | |
413 * Problems with Macros:: Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times. | |
414 Don't hide the user's variables. | |
415 | |
416 Loading | |
417 | |
418 * How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others. | |
419 * Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload. | |
12098 | 420 * Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded. |
6451 | 421 * Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice. |
422 | |
423 Byte Compilation | |
424 | |
425 * Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions. | |
426 * Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code. | |
427 | |
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428 Advising Functions |
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429 |
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430 * Simple Advice:: A simple example to explain the basics of advice. |
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431 * Defining Advice:: Detailed description of @code{defadvice}. |
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432 * Computed Advice:: ...is to @code{defadvice} as @code{fset} is to @code{defun}. |
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433 * Activation of Advice:: Advice doesn't do anything until you activate it. |
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434 * Enabling Advice:: You can enable or disable each piece of advice. |
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435 * Preactivation:: Preactivation is a way of speeding up the |
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436 loading of compiled advice. |
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437 * Argument Access in Advice:: How advice can access the function's arguments. |
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438 * Subr Arguments:: Accessing arguments when advising a primitive. |
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439 * Combined Definition:: How advice is implemented. |
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440 |
6451 | 441 Debugging Lisp Programs |
442 | |
443 * Debugger:: How the Emacs Lisp debugger is implemented. | |
444 * Syntax Errors:: How to find syntax errors. | |
445 * Compilation Errors:: How to find errors that show up in | |
446 byte compilation. | |
447 * Edebug:: A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger. | |
448 | |
449 The Lisp Debugger | |
450 | |
451 * Error Debugging:: Entering the debugger when an error happens. | |
452 * Function Debugging:: Entering it when a certain function is called. | |
453 * Explicit Debug:: Entering it at a certain point in the program. | |
454 * Using Debugger:: What the debugger does; what you see while in it. | |
455 * Debugger Commands:: Commands used while in the debugger. | |
456 * Invoking the Debugger:: How to call the function @code{debug}. | |
457 * Internals of Debugger:: Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables. | |
458 | |
459 Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax | |
460 | |
461 * Excess Open:: How to find a spurious open paren or missing close. | |
462 * Excess Close:: How to find a spurious close paren or missing open. | |
463 | |
464 Reading and Printing Lisp Objects | |
465 | |
466 * Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing. | |
467 * Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as | |
468 input streams. | |
469 * Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text. | |
470 * Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as | |
471 output streams. | |
472 * Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text. | |
473 | |
474 Minibuffers | |
475 | |
476 * Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers. | |
477 * Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string. | |
478 * Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression. | |
479 * Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion. | |
480 * Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer. | |
481 * Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables. | |
482 | |
483 Completion | |
484 | |
485 * Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings. | |
486 (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.) | |
487 * Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion. | |
488 * Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion. | |
489 * High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion | |
490 (reading buffer name, file name, etc.) | |
491 * Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names. | |
492 * Programmed Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
493 | |
494 Command Loop | |
495 | |
496 * Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands. | |
497 * Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments. | |
498 * Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments. | |
499 * Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine. | |
500 * Input Events:: What input looks like when you read it. | |
501 * Reading Input:: How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse. | |
502 * Waiting:: Waiting for user input or elapsed time. | |
503 * Quitting:: How @kbd{C-g} works. How to catch or defer quitting. | |
504 * Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work. | |
505 * Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit, | |
506 and why you usually shouldn't. | |
507 * Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands. | |
508 * Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed. | |
509 * Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented. | |
510 | |
511 Defining Commands | |
512 | |
513 * Using Interactive:: General rules for @code{interactive}. | |
514 * Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments | |
515 in various ways. | |
516 * Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments. | |
517 | |
518 Keymaps | |
519 | |
520 * Keymap Terminology:: Definitions of terms pertaining to keymaps. | |
521 * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object. | |
522 * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps. | |
523 * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings | |
524 of another keymap. | |
525 * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition. | |
35476 | 526 * Menu Keymaps:: A keymap can define a menu for X |
6451 | 527 or for use from the terminal. |
528 * Active Keymaps:: Each buffer has a local keymap | |
529 to override the standard (global) bindings. | |
25875 | 530 Each minor mode can also override them. |
6451 | 531 * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works. |
532 * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup. | |
533 * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap. | |
534 * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys. | |
535 * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help. | |
536 | |
537 Major and Minor Modes | |
538 | |
539 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes. | |
540 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes. | |
541 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line. | |
542 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that | |
543 provides hooks. | |
544 | |
545 Major Modes | |
546 | |
547 * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc. | |
548 * Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes. | |
549 * Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically. | |
550 * Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode. | |
551 | |
552 Minor Modes | |
553 | |
554 * Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode. | |
555 * Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap. | |
556 | |
557 Mode Line Format | |
558 | |
559 * Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line. | |
560 * Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure. | |
561 * %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line. | |
562 | |
563 Documentation | |
564 | |
565 * Documentation Basics:: Good style for doc strings. | |
566 Where to put them. How Emacs stores them. | |
567 * Accessing Documentation:: How Lisp programs can access doc strings. | |
568 * Keys in Documentation:: Substituting current key bindings. | |
569 * Describing Characters:: Making printable descriptions of | |
570 non-printing characters and key sequences. | |
571 * Help Functions:: Subroutines used by Emacs help facilities. | |
572 | |
573 Files | |
574 | |
575 * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing. | |
576 * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files. | |
577 * Reading from Files:: Reading files into other buffers. | |
578 * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers. | |
579 * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent | |
580 simultaneous editing by two people. | |
581 * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files. | |
582 * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory. | |
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583 * Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc. |
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584 * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names. |
6451 | 585 |
586 Visiting Files | |
587 | |
588 * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting. | |
589 * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use. | |
590 | |
591 Information about Files | |
592 | |
593 * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable? | |
594 * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A link? | |
595 * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc. | |
596 | |
597 File Names | |
598 | |
599 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest. | |
600 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory | |
601 is different from its name as a file. | |
602 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a | |
603 current directory. | |
604 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones. | |
605 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files. | |
606 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
607 | |
608 Backups and Auto-Saving | |
609 | |
610 * Backup Files:: How backup files are made; how their names | |
611 are chosen. | |
612 * Auto-Saving:: How auto-save files are made; how their | |
613 names are chosen. | |
614 * Reverting:: @code{revert-buffer}, and how to customize | |
615 what it does. | |
616 | |
617 Backup Files | |
618 | |
619 * Making Backups:: How Emacs makes backup files, and when. | |
620 * Rename or Copy:: Two alternatives: renaming the old file | |
621 or copying it. | |
622 * Numbered Backups:: Keeping multiple backups for each source file. | |
623 * Backup Names:: How backup file names are computed; customization. | |
624 | |
625 Buffers | |
626 | |
627 * Buffer Basics:: What is a buffer? | |
628 * Buffer Names:: Accessing and changing buffer names. | |
629 * Buffer File Name:: The buffer file name indicates which file | |
630 is visited. | |
631 * Buffer Modification:: A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved. | |
632 * Modification Time:: Determining whether the visited file was changed | |
633 ``behind Emacs's back''. | |
634 * Read Only Buffers:: Modifying text is not allowed in a | |
635 read-only buffer. | |
636 * The Buffer List:: How to look at all the existing buffers. | |
637 * Creating Buffers:: Functions that create buffers. | |
638 * Killing Buffers:: Buffers exist until explicitly killed. | |
639 * Current Buffer:: Designating a buffer as current | |
640 so primitives will access its contents. | |
641 | |
642 Windows | |
643 | |
644 * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows. | |
645 * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows. | |
646 * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows. | |
647 * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in. | |
648 * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows. | |
649 * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer. | |
650 * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-lever functions for displaying a buffer | |
651 and choosing a window for it. | |
652 * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point. | |
653 * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text | |
654 is on-screen in the window. | |
655 * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in the window. | |
656 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text sideways on the window. | |
657 * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window. | |
658 * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window. | |
659 * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen. | |
660 | |
12098 | 661 Frames |
662 | |
663 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional frames. | |
664 * Multiple Displays:: Creating frames on other X displays. | |
665 * Frame Parameters:: Controlling frame size, position, font, etc. | |
666 * Frame Titles:: Automatic updating of frame titles. | |
667 * Deleting Frames:: Frames last until explicitly deleted. | |
668 * Finding All Frames:: How to examine all existing frames. | |
669 * Frames and Windows:: A frame contains windows; | |
670 display of text always works through windows. | |
671 * Minibuffers and Frames:: How a frame finds the minibuffer to use. | |
672 * Input Focus:: Specifying the selected frame. | |
673 * Visibility of Frames:: Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons. | |
674 * Raising and Lowering:: Raising a frame makes it hide other X windows; | |
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675 lowering it puts it underneath the others. |
12098 | 676 * Frame Configurations:: Saving the state of all frames. |
677 * Mouse Tracking:: Getting events that say when the mouse moves. | |
678 * Mouse Position:: Asking where the mouse is, or moving it. | |
679 * Pop-Up Menus:: Displaying a menu for the user to select from. | |
680 * Dialog Boxes:: Displaying a box to ask yes or no. | |
681 * Pointer Shapes:: Specifying the shape of the mouse pointer. | |
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682 * Window System Selections::Transferring text to and from other windows. |
12098 | 683 * Color Names:: Getting the definitions of color names. |
684 * Resources:: Getting resource values from the server. | |
27476 | 685 * Display Feature Testing:: Determining the features of a terminal. |
12098 | 686 |
6451 | 687 Positions |
688 | |
689 * Point:: The special position where editing takes place. | |
690 * Motion:: Changing point. | |
691 * Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes. | |
692 * Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer. | |
693 | |
694 Motion | |
695 | |
696 * Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters. | |
697 * Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words. | |
698 * Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer. | |
699 * Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text. | |
700 * Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed. | |
701 * List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps. | |
702 * Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set. | |
703 | |
704 Markers | |
705 | |
706 * Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates. | |
707 * Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker. | |
708 * Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places. | |
709 * Information from Markers:: Finding the marker's buffer or character | |
710 position. | |
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711 * Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position. |
6451 | 712 * The Mark:: How ``the mark'' is implemented with a marker. |
713 * The Region:: How to access ``the region''. | |
714 | |
715 Text | |
716 | |
717 * Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point. | |
718 * Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion. | |
719 * Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer. | |
720 * Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text. | |
721 * Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer. | |
722 * User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text. | |
723 * The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for | |
724 later use. | |
725 * Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer. | |
726 * Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines. | |
727 * Filling:: Functions for explicit filling. | |
12098 | 728 * Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands. |
6451 | 729 * Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer. |
730 * Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation. | |
731 * Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them. | |
732 * Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer. | |
15725 | 733 * Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters. |
6451 | 734 * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears. |
15725 | 735 * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer. |
6451 | 736 * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing |
737 the text or position stored in a register. | |
15725 | 738 * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed. |
6451 | 739 |
740 The Kill Ring | |
741 | |
742 * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring. | |
743 * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text. | |
744 * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring. | |
12067 | 745 * Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access. |
6451 | 746 * Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill-ring data. |
747 | |
748 Indentation | |
749 | |
750 * Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation. | |
751 * Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes. | |
752 * Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region. | |
753 * Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines. | |
754 * Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops. | |
755 * Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character. | |
756 | |
15725 | 757 Text Properties |
758 | |
759 * Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character. | |
760 * Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text. | |
761 * Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value. | |
762 * Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings. | |
763 * Format Properties:: Properties for representing formatting of text. | |
764 * Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from | |
765 neighboring text. | |
766 * Saving Properties:: Saving text properties in files, and reading | |
767 them back. | |
768 * Lazy Properties:: Computing text properties in a lazy fashion | |
769 only when text is examined. | |
770 * Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use | |
771 Lisp-visible text intervals. | |
772 | |
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773 Non-ASCII Characters |
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774 |
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775 * Text Representations:: Unibyte and multibyte representations |
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776 * Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa. |
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777 * Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi. |
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778 * Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to |
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779 codes of individual characters. |
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780 * Character Sets:: The space of possible characters codes |
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781 is divided into various character sets. |
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782 * Chars and Bytes:: More information about multibyte encodings. |
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783 * Splitting Characters:: Converting a character to its byte sequence. |
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784 * Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer? |
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785 * Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion. |
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786 * Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files. |
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787 * Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various |
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788 non-ASCII characters without speciak keyboards. |
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789 * Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale. |
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790 |
6451 | 791 Searching and Matching |
792 | |
793 * String Search:: Search for an exact match. | |
794 * Regular Expressions:: Describing classes of strings. | |
795 * Regexp Search:: Searching for a match for a regexp. | |
796 * Match Data:: Finding out which part of the text matched | |
797 various parts of a regexp, after regexp search. | |
798 * Saving Match Data:: Saving and restoring this information. | |
799 * Standard Regexps:: Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,... | |
800 * Searching and Case:: Case-independent or case-significant searching. | |
801 | |
802 Regular Expressions | |
803 | |
804 * Syntax of Regexps:: Rules for writing regular expressions. | |
805 * Regexp Example:: Illustrates regular expression syntax. | |
806 | |
807 Syntax Tables | |
808 | |
809 * Syntax Descriptors:: How characters are classified. | |
810 * Syntax Table Functions:: How to create, examine and alter syntax tables. | |
811 * Parsing Expressions:: Parsing balanced expressions | |
812 using the syntax table. | |
813 * Standard Syntax Tables:: Syntax tables used by various major modes. | |
814 * Syntax Table Internals:: How syntax table information is stored. | |
815 | |
816 Syntax Descriptors | |
817 | |
818 * Syntax Class Table:: Table of syntax classes. | |
819 * Syntax Flags:: Additional flags each character can have. | |
820 | |
821 Abbrevs And Abbrev Expansion | |
822 | |
823 * Abbrev Mode:: Setting up Emacs for abbreviation. | |
824 * Tables: Abbrev Tables. Creating and working with abbrev tables. | |
825 * Defining Abbrevs:: Specifying abbreviations and their expansions. | |
826 * Files: Abbrev Files. Saving abbrevs in files. | |
827 * Expansion: Abbrev Expansion. Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines. | |
828 * Standard Abbrev Tables:: Abbrev tables used by various major modes. | |
829 | |
830 Processes | |
831 | |
832 * Subprocess Creation:: Functions that start subprocesses. | |
833 * Synchronous Processes:: Details of using synchronous subprocesses. | |
834 * Asynchronous Processes:: Starting up an asynchronous subprocess. | |
835 * Deleting Processes:: Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess. | |
836 * Process Information:: Accessing run-status and other attributes. | |
837 * Input to Processes:: Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess. | |
838 * Signals to Processes:: Stopping, continuing or interrupting | |
839 an asynchronous subprocess. | |
840 * Output from Processes:: Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess. | |
841 * Sentinels:: Sentinels run when process run-status changes. | |
12098 | 842 * Network:: Opening network connections. |
6451 | 843 |
844 Receiving Output from Processes | |
845 | |
846 * Process Buffers:: If no filter, output is put in a buffer. | |
847 * Filter Functions:: Filter functions accept output from the process. | |
848 * Accepting Output:: How to wait until process output arrives. | |
849 | |
850 Operating System Interface | |
851 | |
852 * Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs start-up processing. | |
853 * Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary). | |
854 * System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system. | |
855 * Terminal Input:: Recording terminal input for debugging. | |
856 * Terminal Output:: Recording terminal output for debugging. | |
857 * Flow Control:: How to turn output flow control on or off. | |
858 * Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction. | |
859 | |
860 Starting Up Emacs | |
861 | |
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862 * Startup Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at start-up. |
6451 | 863 * Init File:: Details on reading the init file (@file{.emacs}). |
864 * Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read. | |
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865 * Command-Line Arguments:: How command line arguments are processed, |
6451 | 866 and how you can customize them. |
867 | |
868 Getting out of Emacs | |
869 | |
870 * Killing Emacs:: Exiting Emacs irreversibly. | |
871 * Suspending Emacs:: Exiting Emacs reversibly. | |
872 | |
873 Emacs Display | |
874 | |
875 * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it. | |
876 * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines. | |
877 * The Echo Area:: Where messages are displayed. | |
878 * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text. | |
879 * Overlay Arrow:: Display of an arrow to indicate position. | |
880 * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically. | |
881 * Waiting:: Forcing display update and waiting for user. | |
882 * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis. | |
883 * Usual Display:: How control characters are displayed. | |
884 * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user. | |
885 * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used. | |
886 | |
887 GNU Emacs Internals | |
888 | |
889 * Building Emacs:: How to preload Lisp libraries into Emacs. | |
890 * Pure Storage:: A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable. | |
891 * Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used. | |
892 * Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes. | |
893 * Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs. | |
894 | |
895 Object Internals | |
896 | |
897 * Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure. | |
898 * Window Internals:: Components of a window structure. | |
899 * Process Internals:: Components of a process structure. | |
900 @end menu | |
901 | |
902 @include intro.texi | |
903 @include objects.texi | |
904 @include numbers.texi | |
905 @include strings.texi | |
906 | |
907 @include lists.texi | |
908 @include sequences.texi | |
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909 @include hash.texi |
6451 | 910 @include symbols.texi |
911 @include eval.texi | |
912 | |
913 @include control.texi | |
914 @include variables.texi | |
915 @include functions.texi | |
916 @include macros.texi | |
917 | |
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918 @include customize.texi |
6451 | 919 @include loading.texi |
920 @include compile.texi | |
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921 @include advice.texi |
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922 |
6451 | 923 @include debugging.texi |
924 @include streams.texi | |
925 @include minibuf.texi | |
926 @include commands.texi | |
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927 |
6451 | 928 @include keymaps.texi |
929 @include modes.texi | |
930 @include help.texi | |
931 @include files.texi | |
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932 |
6451 | 933 @include backups.texi |
934 @include buffers.texi | |
935 @include windows.texi | |
936 @include frames.texi | |
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937 |
6451 | 938 @include positions.texi |
939 @include markers.texi | |
940 @include text.texi | |
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941 @include nonascii.texi |
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942 |
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943 @include searching.texi |
6451 | 944 @include syntax.texi |
945 @include abbrevs.texi | |
946 @include processes.texi | |
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947 |
6451 | 948 @include display.texi |
949 @include calendar.texi | |
26211 | 950 @include os.texi |
6451 | 951 |
952 @c MOVE to Emacs Manual: include misc-modes.texi | |
953 | |
954 @c appendices | |
955 | |
956 @c REMOVE this: include non-hacker.texi | |
957 | |
25875 | 958 @include anti.texi |
29116 | 959 @include doclicense.texi |
960 @include gpl.texi | |
6451 | 961 @include tips.texi |
962 @include internals.texi | |
963 @include errors.texi | |
964 @include locals.texi | |
965 @include maps.texi | |
966 @include hooks.texi | |
967 | |
968 @include index.texi | |
969 | |
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970 @node New Symbols, , Index, Top |
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971 @unnumbered New Symbols Since the Previous Edition |
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972 |
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973 @printindex tp |
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974 |
6451 | 975 @c Print the tables of contents |
976 @summarycontents | |
977 @contents | |
978 @c That's all | |
979 | |
980 @bye | |
981 | |
982 | |
983 These words prevent "local variables" above from confusing Emacs. |