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annotate lispref/customize.texi @ 76254:5ae1368180c3
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author | Romain Francoise <romain@orebokech.com> |
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date | Thu, 01 Mar 2007 13:58:24 +0000 |
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21006 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
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4 @c 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
21006 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/customize | |
7 @node Customization, Loading, Macros, Top | |
8 @chapter Writing Customization Definitions | |
9 | |
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10 @cindex customization definitions |
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11 This chapter describes how to declare user options for customization, |
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12 and also customization groups for classifying them. We use the term |
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13 @dfn{customization item} to include both kinds of customization |
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14 definitions---as well as face definitions (@pxref{Defining Faces}). |
21006 | 15 |
16 @menu | |
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17 * Common Keywords:: Common keyword arguments for all kinds of |
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18 customization declarations. |
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19 * Group Definitions:: Writing customization group definitions. |
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20 * Variable Definitions:: Declaring user options. |
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21 * Customization Types:: Specifying the type of a user option. |
21006 | 22 @end menu |
23 | |
24 @node Common Keywords | |
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25 @section Common Item Keywords |
21006 | 26 |
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27 @cindex customization keywords |
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28 All kinds of customization declarations (for variables and groups, and |
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29 for faces) accept keyword arguments for specifying various information. |
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30 This section describes some keywords that apply to all kinds. |
21006 | 31 |
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32 All of these keywords, except @code{:tag}, can be used more than once |
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33 in a given item. Each use of the keyword has an independent effect. |
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34 The keyword @code{:tag} is an exception because any given item can only |
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35 display one name. |
21006 | 36 |
37 @table @code | |
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38 @item :tag @var{label} |
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39 @kindex tag@r{, customization keyword} |
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40 Use @var{label}, a string, instead of the item's name, to label the |
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41 item in customization menus and buffers. @strong{Don't use a tag |
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42 which is substantially different from the item's real name; that would |
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43 cause confusion.} One legitimate case for use of @code{:tag} is to |
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44 specify a dash where normally a hyphen would be converted to a space: |
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45 |
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46 @example |
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47 (defcustom cursor-in-non-selected-windows @dots{} |
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48 :tag "Cursor In Non-selected Windows" |
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49 @end example |
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50 |
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51 @kindex group@r{, customization keyword} |
21006 | 52 @item :group @var{group} |
53 Put this customization item in group @var{group}. When you use | |
54 @code{:group} in a @code{defgroup}, it makes the new group a subgroup of | |
55 @var{group}. | |
56 | |
57 If you use this keyword more than once, you can put a single item into | |
58 more than one group. Displaying any of those groups will show this | |
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59 item. Please don't overdo this, since the result would be annoying. |
21006 | 60 |
61 @item :link @var{link-data} | |
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62 @kindex link@r{, customization keyword} |
21006 | 63 Include an external link after the documentation string for this item. |
64 This is a sentence containing an active field which references some | |
65 other documentation. | |
66 | |
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67 There are several alternatives you can use for @var{link-data}: |
21006 | 68 |
69 @table @code | |
70 @item (custom-manual @var{info-node}) | |
71 Link to an Info node; @var{info-node} is a string which specifies the | |
72 node name, as in @code{"(emacs)Top"}. The link appears as | |
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73 @samp{[Manual]} in the customization buffer and enters the built-in |
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74 Info reader on @var{info-node}. |
21006 | 75 |
76 @item (info-link @var{info-node}) | |
77 Like @code{custom-manual} except that the link appears | |
78 in the customization buffer with the Info node name. | |
79 | |
80 @item (url-link @var{url}) | |
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81 Link to a web page; @var{url} is a string which specifies the |
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82 @acronym{URL}. The link appears in the customization buffer as |
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83 @var{url} and invokes the WWW browser specified by |
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84 @code{browse-url-browser-function}. |
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85 |
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86 @item (emacs-commentary-link @var{library}) |
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87 Link to the commentary section of a library; @var{library} is a string |
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88 which specifies the library name. |
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89 |
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90 @item (emacs-library-link @var{library}) |
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91 Link to an Emacs Lisp library file; @var{library} is a string which |
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92 specifies the library name. |
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93 |
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94 @item (file-link @var{file}) |
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95 Link to a file; @var{file} is a string which specifies the name of the |
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96 file to visit with @code{find-file} when the user invokes this link. |
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97 |
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98 @item (function-link @var{function}) |
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99 Link to the documentation of a function; @var{function} is a string |
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100 which specifies the name of the function to describe with |
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101 @code{describe-function} when the user invokes this link. |
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102 |
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103 @item (variable-link @var{variable}) |
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104 Link to the documentation of a variable; @var{variable} is a string |
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105 which specifies the name of the variable to describe with |
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106 @code{describe-variable} when the user invokes this link. |
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107 |
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108 @item (custom-group-link @var{group}) |
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109 Link to another customization group. Invoking it creates a new |
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110 customization buffer for @var{group}. |
21006 | 111 @end table |
112 | |
113 You can specify the text to use in the customization buffer by adding | |
114 @code{:tag @var{name}} after the first element of the @var{link-data}; | |
115 for example, @code{(info-link :tag "foo" "(emacs)Top")} makes a link to | |
116 the Emacs manual which appears in the buffer as @samp{foo}. | |
117 | |
118 An item can have more than one external link; however, most items have | |
119 none at all. | |
120 | |
121 @item :load @var{file} | |
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122 @kindex load@r{, customization keyword} |
21006 | 123 Load file @var{file} (a string) before displaying this customization |
124 item. Loading is done with @code{load-library}, and only if the file is | |
125 not already loaded. | |
126 | |
127 @item :require @var{feature} | |
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128 @kindex require@r{, customization keyword} |
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129 Execute @code{(require '@var{feature})} when your saved customizations |
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130 set the value of this item. @var{feature} should be a symbol. |
21006 | 131 |
132 The most common reason to use @code{:require} is when a variable enables | |
133 a feature such as a minor mode, and just setting the variable won't have | |
134 any effect unless the code which implements the mode is loaded. | |
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135 |
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136 @item :version @var{version} |
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137 @kindex version@r{, customization keyword} |
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138 This keyword specifies that the item was first introduced in Emacs |
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139 version @var{version}, or that its default value was changed in that |
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140 version. The value @var{version} must be a string. |
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141 |
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142 @item :package-version '(@var{package} . @var{version}) |
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143 @kindex package-version@r{, customization keyword} |
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144 This keyword specifies that the item was first introduced in |
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145 @var{package} version @var{version}, or that its meaning or default |
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146 value was changed in that version. The value of @var{package} is a |
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147 symbol and @var{version} is a string. |
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148 |
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149 This keyword takes priority over @code{:version}. |
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150 |
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151 @var{package} should be the official name of the package, such as MH-E |
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152 or Gnus. If the package @var{package} is released as part of Emacs, |
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153 @var{package} and @var{version} should appear in the value of |
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154 @code{customize-package-emacs-version-alist}. |
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155 @end table |
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156 |
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157 Packages distributed as part of Emacs that use the |
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158 @code{:package-version} keyword must also update the |
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159 @code{customize-package-emacs-version-alist} variable. |
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160 |
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161 @defvar customize-package-emacs-version-alist |
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162 This alist provides a mapping for the versions of Emacs that are |
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163 associated with versions of a package listed in the |
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164 @code{:package-version} keyword. Its elements look like this: |
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165 |
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166 @example |
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167 (@var{package} (@var{pversion} . @var{eversion})@dots{}) |
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168 @end example |
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169 |
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170 For each @var{package}, which is a symbol, there are one or more |
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171 elements that contain a package version @var{pversion} with an |
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172 associated Emacs version @var{eversion}. These versions are strings. |
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173 For example, the MH-E package updates this alist with the following: |
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174 |
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175 @smallexample |
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176 (add-to-list 'customize-package-emacs-version-alist |
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177 '(MH-E ("6.0" . "22.1") ("6.1" . "22.1") ("7.0" . "22.1") |
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178 ("7.1" . "22.1") ("7.2" . "22.1") ("7.3" . "22.1") |
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179 ("7.4" . "22.1") ("8.0" . "22.1"))) |
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180 @end smallexample |
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181 |
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182 The value of @var{package} needs to be unique and it needs to match |
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183 the @var{package} value appearing in the @code{:package-version} |
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184 keyword. Since the user might see the value in a error message, a good |
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185 choice is the official name of the package, such as MH-E or Gnus. |
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186 @end defvar |
21006 | 187 |
188 @node Group Definitions | |
189 @section Defining Custom Groups | |
190 | |
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191 @cindex custom groups, how to define |
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192 Each Emacs Lisp package should have one main customization group which |
21006 | 193 contains all the options, faces and other groups in the package. If the |
194 package has a small number of options and faces, use just one group and | |
195 put everything in it. When there are more than twelve or so options and | |
196 faces, then you should structure them into subgroups, and put the | |
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197 subgroups under the package's main customization group. It is OK to |
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198 put some of the options and faces in the package's main group alongside |
21006 | 199 the subgroups. |
200 | |
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201 The package's main or only group should be a member of one or more of |
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202 the standard customization groups. (To display the full list of them, |
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203 use @kbd{M-x customize}.) Choose one or more of them (but not too |
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204 many), and add your group to each of them using the @code{:group} |
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205 keyword. |
21006 | 206 |
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207 The way to declare new customization groups is with @code{defgroup}. |
21006 | 208 |
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209 @defmac defgroup group members doc [keyword value]@dots{} |
21006 | 210 Declare @var{group} as a customization group containing @var{members}. |
211 Do not quote the symbol @var{group}. The argument @var{doc} specifies | |
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212 the documentation string for the group. |
21006 | 213 |
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214 The argument @var{members} is a list specifying an initial set of |
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215 customization items to be members of the group. However, most often |
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216 @var{members} is @code{nil}, and you specify the group's members by |
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217 using the @code{:group} keyword when defining those members. |
21006 | 218 |
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219 If you want to specify group members through @var{members}, each element |
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220 should have the form @code{(@var{name} @var{widget})}. Here @var{name} |
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221 is a symbol, and @var{widget} is a widget type for editing that symbol. |
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222 Useful widgets are @code{custom-variable} for a variable, |
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223 @code{custom-face} for a face, and @code{custom-group} for a group. |
21006 | 224 |
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225 When you introduce a new group into Emacs, use the @code{:version} |
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226 keyword in the @code{defgroup}; then you need not use it for |
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227 the individual members of the group. |
33150 | 228 |
21006 | 229 In addition to the common keywords (@pxref{Common Keywords}), you can |
33150 | 230 also use this keyword in @code{defgroup}: |
21006 | 231 |
232 @table @code | |
233 @item :prefix @var{prefix} | |
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234 @kindex prefix@r{, @code{defgroup} keyword} |
21006 | 235 If the name of an item in the group starts with @var{prefix}, then the |
236 tag for that item is constructed (by default) by omitting @var{prefix}. | |
237 | |
238 One group can have any number of prefixes. | |
239 @end table | |
240 @end defmac | |
241 | |
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242 The prefix-discarding feature is currently turned off, which means |
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243 that @code{:prefix} currently has no effect. We did this because we |
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244 found that discarding the specified prefixes often led to confusing |
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245 names for options. This happened because the people who wrote the |
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246 @code{defgroup} definitions for various groups added @code{:prefix} |
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247 keywords whenever they make logical sense---that is, whenever the |
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248 variables in the library have a common prefix. |
21006 | 249 |
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250 In order to obtain good results with @code{:prefix}, it would be |
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251 necessary to check the specific effects of discarding a particular |
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252 prefix, given the specific items in a group and their names and |
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253 documentation. If the resulting text is not clear, then @code{:prefix} |
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254 should not be used in that case. |
21006 | 255 |
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256 It should be possible to recheck all the customization groups, delete |
21006 | 257 the @code{:prefix} specifications which give unclear results, and then |
258 turn this feature back on, if someone would like to do the work. | |
259 | |
260 @node Variable Definitions | |
261 @section Defining Customization Variables | |
262 | |
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263 @cindex customization variables, how to define |
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264 @cindex declare user-editable variables |
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265 Use @code{defcustom} to declare user-editable variables. |
21006 | 266 |
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267 @defmac defcustom option standard doc [keyword value]@dots{} |
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268 This construct declares @var{option} as a customizable user option |
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269 variable. You should not quote @var{option}. The argument @var{doc} |
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270 specifies the documentation string for the variable. There is no need |
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271 to start it with a @samp{*}, because @code{defcustom} automatically |
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272 marks @var{option} as a @dfn{user option} (@pxref{Defining |
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273 Variables}). |
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274 |
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275 The argument @var{standard} is an expression that specifies the |
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276 standard value for @var{option}. Evaluating the @code{defcustom} form |
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277 evaluates @var{standard}, but does not necessarily install the |
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278 standard value. If @var{option} already has a default value, |
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279 @code{defcustom} does not change it. If the user has saved a |
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280 customization for @var{option}, @code{defcustom} installs the user's |
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281 customized value as @var{option}'s default value. If neither of those |
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282 cases applies, @code{defcustom} installs the result of evaluating |
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283 @var{standard} as the default value. |
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284 |
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285 The expression @var{standard} can be evaluated at various other times, |
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286 too---whenever the customization facility needs to know @var{option}'s |
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287 standard value. So be sure to use an expression which is harmless to |
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288 evaluate at any time. We recommend avoiding backquotes in |
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289 @var{standard}, because they are not expanded when editing the value, |
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290 so list values will appear to have the wrong structure. |
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291 |
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292 Every @code{defcustom} should specify @code{:group} at least once. |
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293 |
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294 If you specify the @code{:set} keyword, to make the variable take other |
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295 special actions when set through the customization buffer, the |
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296 variable's documentation string should tell the user specifically how |
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297 to do the same job in hand-written Lisp code. |
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298 |
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299 When you evaluate a @code{defcustom} form with @kbd{C-M-x} in Emacs Lisp |
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300 mode (@code{eval-defun}), a special feature of @code{eval-defun} |
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301 arranges to set the variable unconditionally, without testing whether |
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302 its value is void. (The same feature applies to @code{defvar}.) |
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303 @xref{Defining Variables}. |
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304 @end defmac |
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306 @code{defcustom} accepts the following additional keywords: |
21006 | 307 |
308 @table @code | |
309 @item :type @var{type} | |
310 Use @var{type} as the data type for this option. It specifies which | |
311 values are legitimate, and how to display the value. | |
312 @xref{Customization Types}, for more information. | |
313 | |
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314 @item :options @var{value-list} |
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315 @kindex options@r{, @code{defcustom} keyword} |
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316 Specify the list of reasonable values for use in this |
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317 option. The user is not restricted to using only these values, but they |
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318 are offered as convenient alternatives. |
21006 | 319 |
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320 This is meaningful only for certain types, currently including |
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321 @code{hook}, @code{plist} and @code{alist}. See the definition of the |
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322 individual types for a description of how to use @code{:options}. |
21006 | 323 |
324 @item :set @var{setfunction} | |
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325 @kindex set@r{, @code{defcustom} keyword} |
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326 Specify @var{setfunction} as the way to change the value of this |
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327 option. The function @var{setfunction} should take two arguments, a |
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328 symbol (the option name) and the new value, and should do whatever is |
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329 necessary to update the value properly for this option (which may not |
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330 mean simply setting the option as a Lisp variable). The default for |
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331 @var{setfunction} is @code{set-default}. |
21006 | 332 |
333 @item :get @var{getfunction} | |
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334 @kindex get@r{, @code{defcustom} keyword} |
21006 | 335 Specify @var{getfunction} as the way to extract the value of this |
336 option. The function @var{getfunction} should take one argument, a | |
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337 symbol, and should return whatever customize should use as the |
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338 ``current value'' for that symbol (which need not be the symbol's Lisp |
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339 value). The default is @code{default-value}. |
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340 |
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341 You have to really understand the workings of Custom to use |
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342 @code{:get} correctly. It is meant for values that are treated in |
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343 Custom as variables but are not actually stored in Lisp variables. It |
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344 is almost surely a mistake to specify @code{getfunction} for a value |
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345 that really is stored in a Lisp variable. |
21006 | 346 |
347 @item :initialize @var{function} | |
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348 @kindex initialize@r{, @code{defcustom} keyword} |
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349 @var{function} should be a function used to initialize the variable |
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350 when the @code{defcustom} is evaluated. It should take two arguments, |
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351 the option name (a symbol) and the value. Here are some predefined |
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352 functions meant for use in this way: |
21006 | 353 |
354 @table @code | |
355 @item custom-initialize-set | |
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356 Use the variable's @code{:set} function to initialize the variable, but |
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357 do not reinitialize it if it is already non-void. |
21006 | 358 |
359 @item custom-initialize-default | |
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360 Like @code{custom-initialize-set}, but use the function |
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361 @code{set-default} to set the variable, instead of the variable's |
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362 @code{:set} function. This is the usual choice for a variable whose |
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363 @code{:set} function enables or disables a minor mode; with this choice, |
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364 defining the variable will not call the minor mode function, but |
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365 customizing the variable will do so. |
21006 | 366 |
367 @item custom-initialize-reset | |
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368 Always use the @code{:set} function to initialize the variable. If |
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369 the variable is already non-void, reset it by calling the @code{:set} |
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370 function using the current value (returned by the @code{:get} method). |
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371 This is the default @code{:initialize} function. |
21006 | 372 |
373 @item custom-initialize-changed | |
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374 Use the @code{:set} function to initialize the variable, if it is |
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375 already set or has been customized; otherwise, just use |
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376 @code{set-default}. |
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377 |
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378 @item custom-initialize-safe-set |
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379 @itemx custom-initialize-safe-default |
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380 These functions behave like @code{custom-initialize-set} |
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381 (@code{custom-initialize-default}, respectively), but catch errors. |
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382 If an error occurs during initialization, they set the variable to |
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383 @code{nil} using @code{set-default}, and throw no error. |
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384 |
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385 These two functions are only meant for options defined in pre-loaded |
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386 files, where some variables or functions used to compute the option's |
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387 value may not yet be defined. The option normally gets updated in |
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388 @file{startup.el}, ignoring the previously computed value. Because of |
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389 this typical usage, the value which these two functions compute |
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390 normally only matters when, after startup, one unsets the option's |
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391 value and then reevaluates the defcustom. By that time, the necessary |
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392 variables and functions will be defined, so there will not be an error. |
21006 | 393 @end table |
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394 |
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395 @item :set-after @var{variables} |
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396 @kindex set-after@r{, @code{defcustom} keyword} |
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397 When setting variables according to saved customizations, make sure to |
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398 set the variables @var{variables} before this one; in other words, delay |
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399 setting this variable until after those others have been handled. Use |
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400 @code{:set-after} if setting this variable won't work properly unless |
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401 those other variables already have their intended values. |
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402 @end table |
21006 | 403 |
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404 The @code{:require} keyword is useful for an option that turns on the |
21006 | 405 operation of a certain feature. Assuming that the package is coded to |
406 check the value of the option, you still need to arrange for the package | |
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407 to be loaded. You can do that with @code{:require}. @xref{Common |
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408 Keywords}. Here is an example, from the library @file{saveplace.el}: |
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409 |
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410 @example |
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411 (defcustom save-place nil |
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412 "Non-nil means automatically save place in each file..." |
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413 :type 'boolean |
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414 :require 'saveplace |
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415 :group 'save-place) |
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416 @end example |
21006 | 417 |
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418 If a customization item has a type such as @code{hook} or |
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419 @code{alist}, which supports @code{:options}, you can add additional |
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420 values to the list from outside the @code{defcustom} declaration by |
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421 calling @code{custom-add-frequent-value}. For example, if you define a |
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422 function @code{my-lisp-mode-initialization} intended to be called from |
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423 @code{emacs-lisp-mode-hook}, you might want to add that to the list of |
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424 reasonable values for @code{emacs-lisp-mode-hook}, but not by editing |
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425 its definition. You can do it thus: |
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426 |
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427 @example |
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428 (custom-add-frequent-value 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook |
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429 'my-lisp-mode-initialization) |
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430 @end example |
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432 @defun custom-add-frequent-value symbol value |
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433 For the customization option @var{symbol}, add @var{value} to the |
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434 list of reasonable values. |
21006 | 435 |
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436 The precise effect of adding a value depends on the customization type |
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437 of @var{symbol}. |
21006 | 438 @end defun |
439 | |
440 Internally, @code{defcustom} uses the symbol property | |
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441 @code{standard-value} to record the expression for the standard value, |
21006 | 442 and @code{saved-value} to record the value saved by the user with the |
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443 customization buffer. Both properties are actually lists whose car is |
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444 an expression which evaluates to the value. |
21006 | 445 |
446 @node Customization Types | |
447 @section Customization Types | |
448 | |
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449 @cindex customization types |
21006 | 450 When you define a user option with @code{defcustom}, you must specify |
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451 its @dfn{customization type}. That is a Lisp object which describes (1) |
21006 | 452 which values are legitimate and (2) how to display the value in the |
453 customization buffer for editing. | |
454 | |
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455 @kindex type@r{, @code{defcustom} keyword} |
21006 | 456 You specify the customization type in @code{defcustom} with the |
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457 @code{:type} keyword. The argument of @code{:type} is evaluated, but |
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458 only once when the @code{defcustom} is executed, so it isn't useful |
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459 for the value to vary. Normally we use a quoted constant. For |
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460 example: |
21006 | 461 |
462 @example | |
463 (defcustom diff-command "diff" | |
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464 "The command to use to run diff." |
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465 :type '(string) |
21006 | 466 :group 'diff) |
467 @end example | |
468 | |
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469 In general, a customization type is a list whose first element is a |
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470 symbol, one of the customization type names defined in the following |
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471 sections. After this symbol come a number of arguments, depending on |
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472 the symbol. Between the type symbol and its arguments, you can |
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473 optionally write keyword-value pairs (@pxref{Type Keywords}). |
21006 | 474 |
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475 Some of the type symbols do not use any arguments; those are called |
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476 @dfn{simple types}. For a simple type, if you do not use any |
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477 keyword-value pairs, you can omit the parentheses around the type |
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478 symbol. For example just @code{string} as a customization type is |
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479 equivalent to @code{(string)}. |
21006 | 480 |
481 @menu | |
482 * Simple Types:: | |
483 * Composite Types:: | |
484 * Splicing into Lists:: | |
485 * Type Keywords:: | |
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486 * Defining New Types:: |
21006 | 487 @end menu |
488 | |
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489 All customization types are implemented as widgets; see @ref{Top, , |
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490 Introduction, widget, The Emacs Widget Library}, for details. |
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491 |
21006 | 492 @node Simple Types |
493 @subsection Simple Types | |
494 | |
495 This section describes all the simple customization types. | |
496 | |
497 @table @code | |
498 @item sexp | |
499 The value may be any Lisp object that can be printed and read back. You | |
500 can use @code{sexp} as a fall-back for any option, if you don't want to | |
501 take the time to work out a more specific type to use. | |
502 | |
503 @item integer | |
504 The value must be an integer, and is represented textually | |
505 in the customization buffer. | |
506 | |
507 @item number | |
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508 The value must be a number (floating point or integer), and is |
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509 represented textually in the customization buffer. |
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510 |
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511 @item float |
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512 The value must be a floating point number, and is represented |
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513 textually in the customization buffer. |
21006 | 514 |
515 @item string | |
516 The value must be a string, and the customization buffer shows just the | |
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517 contents, with no delimiting @samp{"} characters and no quoting with |
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518 @samp{\}. |
21006 | 519 |
520 @item regexp | |
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521 Like @code{string} except that the string must be a valid regular |
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522 expression. |
21006 | 523 |
524 @item character | |
525 The value must be a character code. A character code is actually an | |
526 integer, but this type shows the value by inserting the character in the | |
527 buffer, rather than by showing the number. | |
528 | |
529 @item file | |
530 The value must be a file name, and you can do completion with | |
531 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
532 | |
533 @item (file :must-match t) | |
534 The value must be a file name for an existing file, and you can do | |
535 completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
536 | |
537 @item directory | |
538 The value must be a directory name, and you can do completion with | |
539 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
540 | |
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541 @item hook |
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542 The value must be a list of functions (or a single function, but that is |
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543 obsolete usage). This customization type is used for hook variables. |
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544 You can use the @code{:options} keyword in a hook variable's |
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545 @code{defcustom} to specify a list of functions recommended for use in |
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546 the hook; see @ref{Variable Definitions}. |
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547 |
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548 @item alist |
24952 | 549 The value must be a list of cons-cells, the @sc{car} of each cell |
550 representing a key, and the @sc{cdr} of the same cell representing an | |
551 associated value. The user can add and delete key/value pairs, and | |
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552 edit both the key and the value of each pair. |
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553 |
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554 You can specify the key and value types like this: |
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555 |
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556 @smallexample |
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557 (alist :key-type @var{key-type} :value-type @var{value-type}) |
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558 @end smallexample |
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559 |
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560 @noindent |
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561 where @var{key-type} and @var{value-type} are customization type |
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562 specifications. The default key type is @code{sexp}, and the default |
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563 value type is @code{sexp}. |
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564 |
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565 The user can add any key matching the specified key type, but you can |
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566 give some keys a preferential treatment by specifying them with the |
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567 @code{:options} (see @ref{Variable Definitions}). The specified keys |
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568 will always be shown in the customize buffer (together with a suitable |
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569 value), with a checkbox to include or exclude or disable the key/value |
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570 pair from the alist. The user will not be able to edit the keys |
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571 specified by the @code{:options} keyword argument. |
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572 |
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573 The argument to the @code{:options} keywords should be a list of |
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574 specifications for reasonable keys in the alist. Ordinarily, they are |
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575 simply atoms, which stand for themselves as. For example: |
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576 |
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577 @smallexample |
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578 :options '("foo" "bar" "baz") |
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579 @end smallexample |
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580 |
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581 @noindent |
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582 specifies that there are three ``known'' keys, namely @code{"foo"}, |
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583 @code{"bar"} and @code{"baz"}, which will always be shown first. |
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584 |
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585 You may want to restrict the value type for specific keys, for |
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586 example, the value associated with the @code{"bar"} key can only be an |
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587 integer. You can specify this by using a list instead of an atom in |
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588 the list. The first element will specify the key, like before, while |
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589 the second element will specify the value type. For example: |
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590 |
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591 @smallexample |
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592 :options '("foo" ("bar" integer) "baz") |
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593 @end smallexample |
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594 |
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595 Finally, you may want to change how the key is presented. By default, |
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596 the key is simply shown as a @code{const}, since the user cannot change |
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597 the special keys specified with the @code{:options} keyword. However, |
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598 you may want to use a more specialized type for presenting the key, like |
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599 @code{function-item} if you know it is a symbol with a function binding. |
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600 This is done by using a customization type specification instead of a |
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601 symbol for the key. |
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602 |
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603 @smallexample |
71638 | 604 :options '("foo" ((function-item some-function) integer) |
605 "baz") | |
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606 @end smallexample |
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607 |
24952 | 608 Many alists use lists with two elements, instead of cons cells. For |
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609 example, |
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610 |
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611 @smallexample |
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612 (defcustom list-alist '(("foo" 1) ("bar" 2) ("baz" 3)) |
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613 "Each element is a list of the form (KEY VALUE).") |
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614 @end smallexample |
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615 |
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616 @noindent |
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617 instead of |
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618 |
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619 @smallexample |
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620 (defcustom cons-alist '(("foo" . 1) ("bar" . 2) ("baz" . 3)) |
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621 "Each element is a cons-cell (KEY . VALUE).") |
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622 @end smallexample |
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623 |
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624 Because of the way lists are implemented on top of cons cells, you can |
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625 treat @code{list-alist} in the example above as a cons cell alist, where |
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626 the value type is a list with a single element containing the real |
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627 value. |
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628 |
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629 @smallexample |
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630 (defcustom list-alist '(("foo" 1) ("bar" 2) ("baz" 3)) |
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631 "Each element is a list of the form (KEY VALUE)." |
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632 :type '(alist :value-type (group integer))) |
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633 @end smallexample |
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634 |
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635 The @code{group} widget is used here instead of @code{list} only because |
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636 the formatting is better suited for the purpose. |
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637 |
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638 Similarly, you can have alists with more values associated with each |
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639 key, using variations of this trick: |
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640 |
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641 @smallexample |
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642 (defcustom person-data '(("brian" 50 t) |
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643 ("dorith" 55 nil) |
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644 ("ken" 52 t)) |
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645 "Alist of basic info about people. |
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646 Each element has the form (NAME AGE MALE-FLAG)." |
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647 :type '(alist :value-type (group integer boolean))) |
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648 |
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649 (defcustom pets '(("brian") |
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650 ("dorith" "dog" "guppy") |
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651 ("ken" "cat")) |
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652 "Alist of people's pets. |
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653 In an element (KEY . VALUE), KEY is the person's name, |
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654 and the VALUE is a list of that person's pets." |
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655 :type '(alist :value-type (repeat string))) |
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656 @end smallexample |
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657 |
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658 @item plist |
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659 The @code{plist} custom type is similar to the @code{alist} (see above), |
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660 except that the information is stored as a property list, i.e. a list of |
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661 this form: |
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662 |
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663 @smallexample |
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664 (@var{key} @var{value} @var{key} @var{value} @var{key} @var{value} @dots{}) |
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665 @end smallexample |
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666 |
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667 The default @code{:key-type} for @code{plist} is @code{symbol}, |
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668 rather than @code{sexp}. |
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669 |
21006 | 670 @item symbol |
671 The value must be a symbol. It appears in the customization buffer as | |
672 the name of the symbol. | |
673 | |
674 @item function | |
675 The value must be either a lambda expression or a function name. When | |
676 it is a function name, you can do completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
677 | |
678 @item variable | |
679 The value must be a variable name, and you can do completion with | |
680 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. | |
681 | |
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682 @item face |
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683 The value must be a symbol which is a face name, and you can do |
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684 completion with @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. |
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685 |
21006 | 686 @item boolean |
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687 The value is boolean---either @code{nil} or @code{t}. Note that by |
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688 using @code{choice} and @code{const} together (see the next section), |
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689 you can specify that the value must be @code{nil} or @code{t}, but also |
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690 specify the text to describe each value in a way that fits the specific |
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691 meaning of the alternative. |
32521
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692 |
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693 @item coding-system |
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694 The value must be a coding-system name, and you can do completion with |
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695 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. |
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696 |
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697 @item color |
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698 The value must be a valid color name, and you can do completion with |
54299 | 699 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. A sample is provided. |
21006 | 700 @end table |
701 | |
702 @node Composite Types | |
703 @subsection Composite Types | |
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704 @cindex arguments (of composite type) |
21006 | 705 |
706 When none of the simple types is appropriate, you can use composite | |
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707 types, which build new types from other types or from specified data. |
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708 The specified types or data are called the @dfn{arguments} of the |
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709 composite type. The composite type normally looks like this: |
21006 | 710 |
711 @example | |
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712 (@var{constructor} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
21006 | 713 @end example |
714 | |
715 @noindent | |
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716 but you can also add keyword-value pairs before the arguments, like |
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717 this: |
21006 | 718 |
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719 @example |
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720 (@var{constructor} @r{@{}@var{keyword} @var{value}@r{@}}@dots{} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
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721 @end example |
21006 | 722 |
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723 Here is a table of constructors and how to use them to write |
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724 composite types: |
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725 |
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726 @table @code |
21006 | 727 @item (cons @var{car-type} @var{cdr-type}) |
728 The value must be a cons cell, its @sc{car} must fit @var{car-type}, and | |
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729 its @sc{cdr} must fit @var{cdr-type}. For example, @code{(cons string |
21006 | 730 symbol)} is a customization type which matches values such as |
731 @code{("foo" . foo)}. | |
732 | |
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733 In the customization buffer, the @sc{car} and the @sc{cdr} are |
21006 | 734 displayed and edited separately, each according to the type |
735 that you specify for it. | |
736 | |
737 @item (list @var{element-types}@dots{}) | |
738 The value must be a list with exactly as many elements as the | |
71995 | 739 @var{element-types} given; and each element must fit the |
21006 | 740 corresponding @var{element-type}. |
741 | |
742 For example, @code{(list integer string function)} describes a list of | |
743 three elements; the first element must be an integer, the second a | |
744 string, and the third a function. | |
745 | |
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746 In the customization buffer, each element is displayed and edited |
21006 | 747 separately, according to the type specified for it. |
748 | |
749 @item (vector @var{element-types}@dots{}) | |
750 Like @code{list} except that the value must be a vector instead of a | |
751 list. The elements work the same as in @code{list}. | |
752 | |
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753 @item (choice @var{alternative-types}@dots{}) |
21006 | 754 The value must fit at least one of @var{alternative-types}. |
755 For example, @code{(choice integer string)} allows either an | |
756 integer or a string. | |
757 | |
71995 | 758 In the customization buffer, the user selects an alternative |
21006 | 759 using a menu, and can then edit the value in the usual way for that |
760 alternative. | |
761 | |
762 Normally the strings in this menu are determined automatically from the | |
763 choices; however, you can specify different strings for the menu by | |
764 including the @code{:tag} keyword in the alternatives. For example, if | |
765 an integer stands for a number of spaces, while a string is text to use | |
766 verbatim, you might write the customization type this way, | |
767 | |
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768 @example |
21006 | 769 (choice (integer :tag "Number of spaces") |
770 (string :tag "Literal text")) | |
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771 @end example |
21006 | 772 |
773 @noindent | |
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774 so that the menu offers @samp{Number of spaces} and @samp{Literal text}. |
21006 | 775 |
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776 In any alternative for which @code{nil} is not a valid value, other than |
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777 a @code{const}, you should specify a valid default for that alternative |
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778 using the @code{:value} keyword. @xref{Type Keywords}. |
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779 |
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780 If some values are covered by more than one of the alternatives, |
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781 customize will choose the first alternative that the value fits. This |
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782 means you should always list the most specific types first, and the |
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783 most general last. Here's an example of proper usage: |
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784 |
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785 @example |
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786 (choice (const :tag "Off" nil) |
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787 symbol (sexp :tag "Other")) |
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788 @end example |
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789 |
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790 @noindent |
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791 This way, the special value @code{nil} is not treated like other |
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792 symbols, and symbols are not treated like other Lisp expressions. |
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793 |
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794 @item (radio @var{element-types}@dots{}) |
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795 This is similar to @code{choice}, except that the choices are displayed |
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796 using `radio buttons' rather than a menu. This has the advantage of |
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797 displaying documentation for the choices when applicable and so is often |
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798 a good choice for a choice between constant functions |
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799 (@code{function-item} customization types). |
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800 |
21006 | 801 @item (const @var{value}) |
802 The value must be @var{value}---nothing else is allowed. | |
803 | |
804 The main use of @code{const} is inside of @code{choice}. For example, | |
805 @code{(choice integer (const nil))} allows either an integer or | |
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806 @code{nil}. |
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807 |
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808 @code{:tag} is often used with @code{const}, inside of @code{choice}. |
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809 For example, |
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810 |
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811 @example |
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812 (choice (const :tag "Yes" t) |
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813 (const :tag "No" nil) |
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814 (const :tag "Ask" foo)) |
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815 @end example |
21006 | 816 |
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817 @noindent |
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818 describes a variable for which @code{t} means yes, @code{nil} means no, |
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819 and @code{foo} means ``ask.'' |
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820 |
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821 @item (other @var{value}) |
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822 This alternative can match any Lisp value, but if the user chooses this |
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823 alternative, that selects the value @var{value}. |
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824 |
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825 The main use of @code{other} is as the last element of @code{choice}. |
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826 For example, |
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827 |
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828 @example |
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829 (choice (const :tag "Yes" t) |
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830 (const :tag "No" nil) |
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831 (other :tag "Ask" foo)) |
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832 @end example |
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833 |
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834 @noindent |
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835 describes a variable for which @code{t} means yes, @code{nil} means no, |
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836 and anything else means ``ask.'' If the user chooses @samp{Ask} from |
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837 the menu of alternatives, that specifies the value @code{foo}; but any |
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838 other value (not @code{t}, @code{nil} or @code{foo}) displays as |
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839 @samp{Ask}, just like @code{foo}. |
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840 |
21006 | 841 @item (function-item @var{function}) |
842 Like @code{const}, but used for values which are functions. This | |
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843 displays the documentation string as well as the function name. |
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844 The documentation string is either the one you specify with |
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845 @code{:doc}, or @var{function}'s own documentation string. |
21006 | 846 |
847 @item (variable-item @var{variable}) | |
848 Like @code{const}, but used for values which are variable names. This | |
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849 displays the documentation string as well as the variable name. The |
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850 documentation string is either the one you specify with @code{:doc}, or |
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851 @var{variable}'s own documentation string. |
21006 | 852 |
23902 | 853 @item (set @var{types}@dots{}) |
854 The value must be a list, and each element of the list must match one of | |
855 the @var{types} specified. | |
856 | |
857 This appears in the customization buffer as a checklist, so that each of | |
858 @var{types} may have either one corresponding element or none. It is | |
859 not possible to specify two different elements that match the same one | |
860 of @var{types}. For example, @code{(set integer symbol)} allows one | |
861 integer and/or one symbol in the list; it does not allow multiple | |
862 integers or multiple symbols. As a result, it is rare to use | |
863 nonspecific types such as @code{integer} in a @code{set}. | |
864 | |
865 Most often, the @var{types} in a @code{set} are @code{const} types, as | |
866 shown here: | |
867 | |
868 @example | |
869 (set (const :bold) (const :italic)) | |
870 @end example | |
871 | |
872 Sometimes they describe possible elements in an alist: | |
873 | |
874 @example | |
875 (set (cons :tag "Height" (const height) integer) | |
876 (cons :tag "Width" (const width) integer)) | |
877 @end example | |
878 | |
879 @noindent | |
880 That lets the user specify a height value optionally | |
881 and a width value optionally. | |
21006 | 882 |
883 @item (repeat @var{element-type}) | |
884 The value must be a list and each element of the list must fit the type | |
885 @var{element-type}. This appears in the customization buffer as a | |
886 list of elements, with @samp{[INS]} and @samp{[DEL]} buttons for adding | |
887 more elements or removing elements. | |
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888 |
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889 @item (restricted-sexp :match-alternatives @var{criteria}) |
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890 This is the most general composite type construct. The value may be |
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891 any Lisp object that satisfies one of @var{criteria}. @var{criteria} |
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892 should be a list, and each element should be one of these |
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893 possibilities: |
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894 |
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895 @itemize @bullet |
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896 @item |
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897 A predicate---that is, a function of one argument that has no side |
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898 effects, and returns either @code{nil} or non-@code{nil} according to |
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899 the argument. Using a predicate in the list says that objects for which |
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900 the predicate returns non-@code{nil} are acceptable. |
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901 |
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902 @item |
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903 A quoted constant---that is, @code{'@var{object}}. This sort of element |
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904 in the list says that @var{object} itself is an acceptable value. |
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905 @end itemize |
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906 |
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907 For example, |
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908 |
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909 @example |
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910 (restricted-sexp :match-alternatives |
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911 (integerp 't 'nil)) |
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912 @end example |
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913 |
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914 @noindent |
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915 allows integers, @code{t} and @code{nil} as legitimate values. |
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916 |
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917 The customization buffer shows all legitimate values using their read |
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918 syntax, and the user edits them textually. |
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919 @end table |
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920 |
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921 Here is a table of the keywords you can use in keyword-value pairs |
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922 in a composite type: |
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923 |
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924 @table @code |
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925 @item :tag @var{tag} |
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926 Use @var{tag} as the name of this alternative, for user communication |
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927 purposes. This is useful for a type that appears inside of a |
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928 @code{choice}. |
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929 |
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930 @item :match-alternatives @var{criteria} |
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931 @kindex match-alternatives@r{, customization keyword} |
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932 Use @var{criteria} to match possible values. This is used only in |
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933 @code{restricted-sexp}. |
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934 |
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935 @item :args @var{argument-list} |
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936 @kindex args@r{, customization keyword} |
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937 Use the elements of @var{argument-list} as the arguments of the type |
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938 construct. For instance, @code{(const :args (foo))} is equivalent to |
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939 @code{(const foo)}. You rarely need to write @code{:args} explicitly, |
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940 because normally the arguments are recognized automatically as |
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941 whatever follows the last keyword-value pair. |
21006 | 942 @end table |
943 | |
944 @node Splicing into Lists | |
945 @subsection Splicing into Lists | |
946 | |
947 The @code{:inline} feature lets you splice a variable number of | |
948 elements into the middle of a list or vector. You use it in a | |
949 @code{set}, @code{choice} or @code{repeat} type which appears among the | |
950 element-types of a @code{list} or @code{vector}. | |
951 | |
952 Normally, each of the element-types in a @code{list} or @code{vector} | |
953 describes one and only one element of the list or vector. Thus, if an | |
954 element-type is a @code{repeat}, that specifies a list of unspecified | |
955 length which appears as one element. | |
956 | |
957 But when the element-type uses @code{:inline}, the value it matches is | |
958 merged directly into the containing sequence. For example, if it | |
959 matches a list with three elements, those become three elements of the | |
960 overall sequence. This is analogous to using @samp{,@@} in the backquote | |
961 construct. | |
962 | |
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963 For example, to specify a list whose first element must be @code{baz} |
21006 | 964 and whose remaining arguments should be zero or more of @code{foo} and |
965 @code{bar}, use this customization type: | |
966 | |
967 @example | |
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968 (list (const baz) (set :inline t (const foo) (const bar))) |
21006 | 969 @end example |
970 | |
971 @noindent | |
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972 This matches values such as @code{(baz)}, @code{(baz foo)}, @code{(baz bar)} |
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973 and @code{(baz foo bar)}. |
21006 | 974 |
975 When the element-type is a @code{choice}, you use @code{:inline} not | |
976 in the @code{choice} itself, but in (some of) the alternatives of the | |
977 @code{choice}. For example, to match a list which must start with a | |
978 file name, followed either by the symbol @code{t} or two strings, use | |
979 this customization type: | |
980 | |
981 @example | |
982 (list file | |
983 (choice (const t) | |
984 (list :inline t string string))) | |
985 @end example | |
986 | |
987 @noindent | |
988 If the user chooses the first alternative in the choice, then the | |
989 overall list has two elements and the second element is @code{t}. If | |
990 the user chooses the second alternative, then the overall list has three | |
991 elements and the second and third must be strings. | |
992 | |
993 @node Type Keywords | |
994 @subsection Type Keywords | |
995 | |
996 You can specify keyword-argument pairs in a customization type after the | |
997 type name symbol. Here are the keywords you can use, and their | |
998 meanings: | |
999 | |
1000 @table @code | |
1001 @item :value @var{default} | |
1002 This is used for a type that appears as an alternative inside of | |
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1003 @code{choice}; it specifies the default value to use, at first, if and |
21006 | 1004 when the user selects this alternative with the menu in the |
1005 customization buffer. | |
1006 | |
1007 Of course, if the actual value of the option fits this alternative, it | |
1008 will appear showing the actual value, not @var{default}. | |
1009 | |
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1010 If @code{nil} is not a valid value for the alternative, then it is |
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1011 essential to specify a valid default with @code{:value}. |
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1012 |
21006 | 1013 @item :format @var{format-string} |
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1014 @kindex format@r{, customization keyword} |
21006 | 1015 This string will be inserted in the buffer to represent the value |
1016 corresponding to the type. The following @samp{%} escapes are available | |
1017 for use in @var{format-string}: | |
1018 | |
1019 @table @samp | |
1020 @item %[@var{button}%] | |
1021 Display the text @var{button} marked as a button. The @code{:action} | |
1022 attribute specifies what the button will do if the user invokes it; | |
1023 its value is a function which takes two arguments---the widget which | |
1024 the button appears in, and the event. | |
1025 | |
1026 There is no way to specify two different buttons with different | |
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1027 actions. |
21006 | 1028 |
1029 @item %@{@var{sample}%@} | |
1030 Show @var{sample} in a special face specified by @code{:sample-face}. | |
1031 | |
1032 @item %v | |
1033 Substitute the item's value. How the value is represented depends on | |
1034 the kind of item, and (for variables) on the customization type. | |
1035 | |
1036 @item %d | |
1037 Substitute the item's documentation string. | |
1038 | |
1039 @item %h | |
1040 Like @samp{%d}, but if the documentation string is more than one line, | |
1041 add an active field to control whether to show all of it or just the | |
1042 first line. | |
1043 | |
1044 @item %t | |
1045 Substitute the tag here. You specify the tag with the @code{:tag} | |
1046 keyword. | |
1047 | |
1048 @item %% | |
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1049 Display a literal @samp{%}. |
21006 | 1050 @end table |
1051 | |
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1052 @item :action @var{action} |
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1053 @kindex action@r{, customization keyword} |
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1054 Perform @var{action} if the user clicks on a button. |
21006 | 1055 |
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1056 @item :button-face @var{face} |
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1057 @kindex button-face@r{, customization keyword} |
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1058 Use the face @var{face} (a face name or a list of face names) for button |
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1059 text displayed with @samp{%[@dots{}%]}. |
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1060 |
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1061 @item :button-prefix @var{prefix} |
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1062 @itemx :button-suffix @var{suffix} |
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1063 @kindex button-prefix@r{, customization keyword} |
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1064 @kindex button-suffix@r{, customization keyword} |
21006 | 1065 These specify the text to display before and after a button. |
1066 Each can be: | |
1067 | |
1068 @table @asis | |
1069 @item @code{nil} | |
1070 No text is inserted. | |
1071 | |
1072 @item a string | |
1073 The string is inserted literally. | |
1074 | |
1075 @item a symbol | |
1076 The symbol's value is used. | |
1077 @end table | |
1078 | |
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1079 @item :tag @var{tag} |
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1080 Use @var{tag} (a string) as the tag for the value (or part of the value) |
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1081 that corresponds to this type. |
21006 | 1082 |
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1083 @item :doc @var{doc} |
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1084 @kindex doc@r{, customization keyword} |
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1085 Use @var{doc} as the documentation string for this value (or part of the |
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1086 value) that corresponds to this type. In order for this to work, you |
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1087 must specify a value for @code{:format}, and use @samp{%d} or @samp{%h} |
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1088 in that value. |
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1089 |
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1090 The usual reason to specify a documentation string for a type is to |
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1091 provide more information about the meanings of alternatives inside a |
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1092 @code{:choice} type or the parts of some other composite type. |
21006 | 1093 |
1094 @item :help-echo @var{motion-doc} | |
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1095 @kindex help-echo@r{, customization keyword} |
21006 | 1096 When you move to this item with @code{widget-forward} or |
30500 | 1097 @code{widget-backward}, it will display the string @var{motion-doc} in |
1098 the echo area. In addition, @var{motion-doc} is used as the mouse | |
1099 @code{help-echo} string and may actually be a function or form evaluated | |
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1100 to yield a help string. If it is a function, it is called with one |
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1101 argument, the widget. |
21006 | 1102 |
1103 @item :match @var{function} | |
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1104 @kindex match@r{, customization keyword} |
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1105 Specify how to decide whether a value matches the type. The |
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1106 corresponding value, @var{function}, should be a function that accepts |
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1107 two arguments, a widget and a value; it should return non-@code{nil} if |
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1108 the value is acceptable. |
21006 | 1109 |
1110 @ignore | |
1111 @item :indent @var{columns} | |
1112 Indent this item by @var{columns} columns. The indentation is used for | |
1113 @samp{%n}, and automatically for group names, for checklists and radio | |
1114 buttons, and for editable lists. It affects the whole of the | |
1115 item except for the first line. | |
1116 | |
1117 @item :offset @var{columns} | |
1118 An integer indicating how many extra spaces to indent the subitems of | |
1119 this item. By default, subitems are indented the same as their parent. | |
1120 | |
1121 @item :extra-offset | |
1122 An integer indicating how many extra spaces to add to this item's | |
1123 indentation, compared to its parent. | |
1124 | |
1125 @item :notify | |
1126 A function called each time the item or a subitem is changed. The | |
1127 function is called with two or three arguments. The first argument is | |
1128 the item itself, the second argument is the item that was changed, and | |
1129 the third argument is the event leading to the change, if any. | |
1130 | |
1131 @item :menu-tag | |
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1132 A tag used in the menu when the widget is used as an option in a |
21006 | 1133 @code{menu-choice} widget. |
1134 | |
1135 @item :menu-tag-get | |
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1136 A function used for finding the tag when the widget is used as an option |
21006 | 1137 in a @code{menu-choice} widget. By default, the tag used will be either the |
1138 @code{:menu-tag} or @code{:tag} property if present, or the @code{princ} | |
1139 representation of the @code{:value} property if not. | |
1140 | |
1141 @item :validate | |
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1142 A function which takes a widget as an argument, and return @code{nil} |
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1143 if the widget's current value is valid for the widget. Otherwise, it |
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1144 should return the widget containing the invalid data, and set that |
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1145 widget's @code{:error} property to a string explaining the error. |
21006 | 1146 |
1147 You can use the function @code{widget-children-validate} for this job; | |
1148 it tests that all children of @var{widget} are valid. | |
1149 | |
1150 @item :tab-order | |
1151 Specify the order in which widgets are traversed with | |
1152 @code{widget-forward} or @code{widget-backward}. This is only partially | |
1153 implemented. | |
1154 | |
1155 @enumerate a | |
1156 @item | |
1157 Widgets with tabbing order @code{-1} are ignored. | |
1158 | |
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1159 @item |
21006 | 1160 (Unimplemented) When on a widget with tabbing order @var{n}, go to the |
1161 next widget in the buffer with tabbing order @var{n+1} or @code{nil}, | |
1162 whichever comes first. | |
1163 | |
1164 @item | |
1165 When on a widget with no tabbing order specified, go to the next widget | |
1166 in the buffer with a positive tabbing order, or @code{nil} | |
1167 @end enumerate | |
1168 | |
1169 @item :parent | |
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1170 The parent of a nested widget (e.g., a @code{menu-choice} item or an |
21006 | 1171 element of a @code{editable-list} widget). |
1172 | |
1173 @item :sibling-args | |
1174 This keyword is only used for members of a @code{radio-button-choice} or | |
1175 @code{checklist}. The value should be a list of extra keyword | |
1176 arguments, which will be used when creating the @code{radio-button} or | |
1177 @code{checkbox} associated with this item. | |
1178 @end ignore | |
1179 @end table | |
52401 | 1180 |
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1181 @node Defining New Types |
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1182 @subsection Defining New Types |
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1183 |
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1184 In the previous sections we have described how to construct elaborate |
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1185 type specifications for @code{defcustom}. In some cases you may want |
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1186 to give such a type specification a name. The obvious case is when |
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1187 you are using the same type for many user options: rather than repeat |
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1188 the specification for each option, you can give the type specification |
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1189 a name, and use that name each @code{defcustom}. The other case is |
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1190 when a user option's value is a recursive data structure. To make it |
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1191 possible for a datatype to refer to itself, it needs to have a name. |
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1192 |
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1193 Since custom types are implemented as widgets, the way to define a new |
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1194 customize type is to define a new widget. We are not going to describe |
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1195 the widget interface here in details, see @ref{Top, , Introduction, |
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1196 widget, The Emacs Widget Library}, for that. Instead we are going to |
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1197 demonstrate the minimal functionality needed for defining new customize |
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1198 types by a simple example. |
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1199 |
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1200 @example |
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1201 (define-widget 'binary-tree-of-string 'lazy |
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1202 "A binary tree made of cons-cells and strings." |
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1203 :offset 4 |
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1204 :tag "Node" |
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1205 :type '(choice (string :tag "Leaf" :value "") |
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1206 (cons :tag "Interior" |
54299 | 1207 :value ("" . "") |
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1208 binary-tree-of-string |
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1209 binary-tree-of-string))) |
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2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
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1210 |
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Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
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1211 (defcustom foo-bar "" |
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2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
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1212 "Sample variable holding a binary tree of strings." |
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1213 :type 'binary-tree-of-string) |
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1214 @end example |
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1215 |
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1216 The function to define a new widget is called @code{define-widget}. The |
53319
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Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
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1217 first argument is the symbol we want to make a new widget type. The |
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2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
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1218 second argument is a symbol representing an existing widget, the new |
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Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
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1219 widget is going to be defined in terms of difference from the existing |
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2003-12-12 Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
Per Abrahamsen <abraham@dina.kvl.dk>
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1220 widget. For the purpose of defining new customization types, the |
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1221 @code{lazy} widget is perfect, because it accepts a @code{:type} keyword |
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1222 argument with the same syntax as the keyword argument to |
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1223 @code{defcustom} with the same name. The third argument is a |
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1224 documentation string for the new widget. You will be able to see that |
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1225 string with the @kbd{M-x widget-browse @key{RET} binary-tree-of-string |
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1226 @key{RET}} command. |
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1227 |
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1228 After these mandatory arguments follow the keyword arguments. The most |
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1229 important is @code{:type}, which describes the data type we want to match |
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1230 with this widget. Here a @code{binary-tree-of-string} is described as |
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1231 being either a string, or a cons-cell whose car and cdr are themselves |
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1232 both @code{binary-tree-of-string}. Note the reference to the widget |
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1233 type we are currently in the process of defining. The @code{:tag} |
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1234 attribute is a string to name the widget in the user interface, and the |
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1235 @code{:offset} argument is there to ensure that child nodes are |
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1236 indented four spaces relative to the parent node, making the tree |
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1237 structure apparent in the customization buffer. |
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1238 |
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1239 The @code{defcustom} shows how the new widget can be used as an ordinary |
54299 | 1240 customization type. |
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1241 |
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1242 The reason for the name @code{lazy} is that the other composite |
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1243 widgets convert their inferior widgets to internal form when the |
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1244 widget is instantiated in a buffer. This conversion is recursive, so |
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1245 the inferior widgets will convert @emph{their} inferior widgets. If |
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1246 the data structure is itself recursive, this conversion is an infinite |
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1247 recursion. The @code{lazy} widget prevents the recursion: it convert |
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1248 its @code{:type} argument only when needed. |
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1249 |
52401 | 1250 @ignore |
1251 arch-tag: d1b8fad3-f48c-4ce4-a402-f73b5ef19bd2 | |
1252 @end ignore |