Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/fortran-xtra.texi @ 70440:5e1c038e4afa
New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
author | Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org> |
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date | Sat, 06 May 2006 12:45:46 +0000 |
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children | bdd0ac985d67 |
rev | line source |
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70440
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New file, a portion of emacs-xtra.texi.
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1 @c This file is included either in emacs-xtra.texi (when producing the |
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2 @c printed version) or in the main Emacs manual (for the on-line version). |
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3 @node Fortran |
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4 @section Fortran Mode |
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5 @cindex Fortran mode |
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6 @cindex mode, Fortran |
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7 |
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8 Fortran mode provides special motion commands for Fortran statements |
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9 and subprograms, and indentation commands that understand Fortran |
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10 conventions of nesting, line numbers and continuation statements. |
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11 Fortran mode has support for Auto Fill mode that breaks long lines into |
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12 proper Fortran continuation lines. |
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13 |
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14 Special commands for comments are provided because Fortran comments |
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15 are unlike those of other languages. Built-in abbrevs optionally save |
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16 typing when you insert Fortran keywords. |
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17 |
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18 Use @kbd{M-x fortran-mode} to switch to this major mode. This |
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19 command runs the hook @code{fortran-mode-hook}. @xref{Hooks,,, emacs, |
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20 the Emacs Manual}. |
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21 |
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22 @cindex Fortran77 and Fortran90 |
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23 @findex f90-mode |
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24 @findex fortran-mode |
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25 Fortran mode is meant for editing Fortran77 ``fixed format'' (and also |
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26 ``tab format'') source code. For editing the modern Fortran90 or |
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27 Fortran95 ``free format'' source code, use F90 mode (@code{f90-mode}). |
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28 Emacs normally uses Fortran mode for files with extension @samp{.f}, |
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29 @samp{.F} or @samp{.for}, and F90 mode for the extension @samp{.f90} and |
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30 @samp{.f95}. GNU Fortran supports both kinds of format. |
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31 |
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32 @menu |
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33 * Motion: Fortran Motion. Moving point by statements or subprograms. |
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34 * Indent: Fortran Indent. Indentation commands for Fortran. |
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35 * Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments. |
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36 * Autofill: Fortran Autofill. Auto fill support for Fortran. |
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37 * Columns: Fortran Columns. Measuring columns for valid Fortran. |
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38 * Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev. Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. |
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39 @end menu |
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40 |
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41 @node Fortran Motion |
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42 @subsection Motion Commands |
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43 |
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44 In addition to the normal commands for moving by and operating on |
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45 ``defuns'' (Fortran subprograms---functions and subroutines, as well as |
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46 modules for F90 mode), Fortran mode provides special commands to move by |
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47 statements and other program units. |
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48 |
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49 @table @kbd |
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50 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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51 @findex fortran-next-statement |
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52 @findex f90-next-statement |
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53 @item C-c C-n |
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54 Move to the beginning of the next statement |
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55 (@code{fortran-next-statement}/@code{f90-next-statement}). |
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56 |
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57 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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58 @findex fortran-previous-statement |
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59 @findex f90-previous-statement |
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60 @item C-c C-p |
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61 Move to the beginning of the previous statement |
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62 (@code{fortran-previous-statement}/@code{f90-previous-statement}). |
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63 If there is no previous statement (i.e. if called from the first |
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64 statement in the buffer), move to the start of the buffer. |
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65 |
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66 @kindex C-c C-e @r{(F90 mode)} |
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67 @findex f90-next-block |
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68 @item C-c C-e |
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69 Move point forward to the start of the next code block |
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70 (@code{f90-next-block}). A code block is a subroutine, |
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71 @code{if}--@code{endif} statement, and so forth. This command exists |
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72 for F90 mode only, not Fortran mode. With a numeric argument, this |
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73 moves forward that many blocks. |
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74 |
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75 @kindex C-c C-a @r{(F90 mode)} |
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76 @findex f90-previous-block |
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77 @item C-c C-a |
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78 Move point backward to the previous code block |
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79 (@code{f90-previous-block}). This is like @code{f90-next-block}, but |
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80 moves backwards. |
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81 |
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82 @kindex C-M-n @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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83 @findex fortran-end-of-block |
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84 @findex f90-end-of-block |
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85 @item C-M-n |
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86 Move to the end of the current code block |
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87 (@code{fortran-end-of-block}/@code{f90-end-of-block}). With a numeric |
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88 agument, move forward that number of blocks. The mark is set before |
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89 moving point. The F90 mode version of this command checks for |
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90 consistency of block types and labels (if present), but it does not |
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91 check the outermost block since that may be incomplete. |
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92 |
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93 @kindex C-M-p @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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94 @findex fortran-beginning-of-block |
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95 @findex f90-beginning-of-block |
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96 @item C-M-p |
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97 Move to the start of the current code block |
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98 (@code{fortran-beginning-of-block}/@code{f90-beginning-of-block}). This |
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99 is like @code{fortran-end-of-block}, but moves backwards. |
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100 @end table |
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101 |
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102 @node Fortran Indent |
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103 @subsection Fortran Indentation |
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104 |
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105 Special commands and features are needed for indenting Fortran code in |
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106 order to make sure various syntactic entities (line numbers, comment line |
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107 indicators and continuation line flags) appear in the columns that are |
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108 required for standard, fixed (or tab) format Fortran. |
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109 |
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110 @menu |
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111 * Commands: ForIndent Commands. Commands for indenting and filling Fortran. |
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112 * Contline: ForIndent Cont. How continuation lines indent. |
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113 * Numbers: ForIndent Num. How line numbers auto-indent. |
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114 * Conv: ForIndent Conv. Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble. |
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115 * Vars: ForIndent Vars. Variables controlling Fortran indent style. |
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116 @end menu |
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117 |
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118 @node ForIndent Commands |
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119 @subsubsection Fortran Indentation and Filling Commands |
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120 |
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121 @table @kbd |
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122 @item C-M-j |
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123 Break the current line at point and set up a continuation line |
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124 (@code{fortran-split-line}). |
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125 @item M-^ |
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126 Join this line to the previous line (@code{fortran-join-line}). |
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127 @item C-M-q |
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128 Indent all the lines of the subprogram point is in |
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129 (@code{fortran-indent-subprogram}). |
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130 @item M-q |
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131 Fill a comment block or statement. |
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132 @end table |
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133 |
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134 @kindex C-M-q @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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135 @findex fortran-indent-subprogram |
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136 The key @kbd{C-M-q} runs @code{fortran-indent-subprogram}, a command |
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137 to reindent all the lines of the Fortran subprogram (function or |
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138 subroutine) containing point. |
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139 |
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140 @kindex C-M-j @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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141 @findex fortran-split-line |
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142 The key @kbd{C-M-j} runs @code{fortran-split-line}, which splits |
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143 a line in the appropriate fashion for Fortran. In a non-comment line, |
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144 the second half becomes a continuation line and is indented |
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145 accordingly. In a comment line, both halves become separate comment |
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146 lines. |
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147 |
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148 @kindex M-^ @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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149 @kindex C-c C-d @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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150 @findex fortran-join-line |
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151 @kbd{M-^} or @kbd{C-c C-d} runs the command @code{fortran-join-line}, |
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152 which joins a continuation line back to the previous line, roughly as |
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153 the inverse of @code{fortran-split-line}. The point must be on a |
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154 continuation line when this command is invoked. |
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155 |
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156 @kindex M-q @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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157 @kbd{M-q} in Fortran mode fills the comment block or statement that |
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158 point is in. This removes any excess statement continuations. |
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159 |
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160 @node ForIndent Cont |
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161 @subsubsection Continuation Lines |
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162 @cindex Fortran continuation lines |
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163 |
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164 @vindex fortran-continuation-string |
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165 Most Fortran77 compilers allow two ways of writing continuation lines. |
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166 If the first non-space character on a line is in column 5, then that |
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167 line is a continuation of the previous line. We call this @dfn{fixed |
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168 format}. (In GNU Emacs we always count columns from 0; but note that |
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169 the Fortran standard counts from 1.) The variable |
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170 @code{fortran-continuation-string} specifies what character to put in |
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171 column 5. A line that starts with a tab character followed by any digit |
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172 except @samp{0} is also a continuation line. We call this style of |
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173 continuation @dfn{tab format}. (Fortran90 introduced ``free format'', |
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174 with another style of continuation lines). |
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175 |
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176 @vindex indent-tabs-mode @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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177 @vindex fortran-analyze-depth |
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178 @vindex fortran-tab-mode-default |
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179 Fortran mode can use either style of continuation line. When you |
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180 enter Fortran mode, it tries to deduce the proper continuation style |
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181 automatically from the buffer contents. It does this by scanning up to |
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182 @code{fortran-analyze-depth} (default 100) lines from the start of the |
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183 buffer. The first line that begins with either a tab character or six |
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184 spaces determines the choice. If the scan fails (for example, if the |
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185 buffer is new and therefore empty), the value of |
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186 @code{fortran-tab-mode-default} (@code{nil} for fixed format, and |
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187 non-@code{nil} for tab format) is used. @samp{/t} in the mode line |
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188 indicates tab format is selected. Fortran mode sets the value of |
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189 @code{indent-tabs-mode} accordingly. |
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190 |
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191 If the text on a line starts with the Fortran continuation marker |
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192 @samp{$}, or if it begins with any non-whitespace character in column |
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193 5, Fortran mode treats it as a continuation line. When you indent a |
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194 continuation line with @key{TAB}, it converts the line to the current |
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195 continuation style. When you split a Fortran statement with |
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196 @kbd{C-M-j}, the continuation marker on the newline is created according |
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197 to the continuation style. |
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198 |
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199 The setting of continuation style affects several other aspects of |
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200 editing in Fortran mode. In fixed format mode, the minimum column |
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201 number for the body of a statement is 6. Lines inside of Fortran |
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202 blocks that are indented to larger column numbers always use only the |
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203 space character for whitespace. In tab format mode, the minimum |
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204 column number for the statement body is 8, and the whitespace before |
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205 column 8 must always consist of one tab character. |
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206 |
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207 @node ForIndent Num |
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208 @subsubsection Line Numbers |
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209 |
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210 If a number is the first non-whitespace in the line, Fortran |
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211 indentation assumes it is a line number and moves it to columns 0 |
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212 through 4. (Columns always count from 0 in GNU Emacs.) |
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213 |
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214 @vindex fortran-line-number-indent |
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215 Line numbers of four digits or less are normally indented one space. |
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216 The variable @code{fortran-line-number-indent} controls this; it |
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217 specifies the maximum indentation a line number can have. The default |
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218 value of the variable is 1. Fortran mode tries to prevent line number |
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219 digits passing column 4, reducing the indentation below the specified |
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220 maximum if necessary. If @code{fortran-line-number-indent} has the |
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221 value 5, line numbers are right-justified to end in column 4. |
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222 |
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223 @vindex fortran-electric-line-number |
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224 Simply inserting a line number is enough to indent it according to |
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225 these rules. As each digit is inserted, the indentation is recomputed. |
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226 To turn off this feature, set the variable |
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227 @code{fortran-electric-line-number} to @code{nil}. |
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228 |
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229 |
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230 @node ForIndent Conv |
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231 @subsubsection Syntactic Conventions |
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232 |
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233 Fortran mode assumes that you follow certain conventions that simplify |
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234 the task of understanding a Fortran program well enough to indent it |
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235 properly: |
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236 |
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237 @itemize @bullet |
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238 @item |
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239 Two nested @samp{do} loops never share a @samp{continue} statement. |
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240 |
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241 @item |
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242 Fortran keywords such as @samp{if}, @samp{else}, @samp{then}, @samp{do} |
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243 and others are written without embedded whitespace or line breaks. |
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244 |
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245 Fortran compilers generally ignore whitespace outside of string |
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246 constants, but Fortran mode does not recognize these keywords if they |
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247 are not contiguous. Constructs such as @samp{else if} or @samp{end do} |
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248 are acceptable, but the second word should be on the same line as the |
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249 first and not on a continuation line. |
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250 @end itemize |
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251 |
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252 @noindent |
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253 If you fail to follow these conventions, the indentation commands may |
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254 indent some lines unaesthetically. However, a correct Fortran program |
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255 retains its meaning when reindented even if the conventions are not |
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256 followed. |
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257 |
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258 @node ForIndent Vars |
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259 @subsubsection Variables for Fortran Indentation |
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260 |
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261 @vindex fortran-do-indent |
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262 @vindex fortran-if-indent |
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263 @vindex fortran-structure-indent |
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264 @vindex fortran-continuation-indent |
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265 @vindex fortran-check-all-num@dots{} |
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266 @vindex fortran-minimum-statement-indent@dots{} |
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267 Several additional variables control how Fortran indentation works: |
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268 |
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269 @table @code |
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270 @item fortran-do-indent |
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271 Extra indentation within each level of @samp{do} statement (default 3). |
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272 |
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273 @item fortran-if-indent |
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274 Extra indentation within each level of @samp{if}, @samp{select case}, or |
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275 @samp{where} statements (default 3). |
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276 |
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277 @item fortran-structure-indent |
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278 Extra indentation within each level of @samp{structure}, @samp{union}, |
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279 @samp{map}, or @samp{interface} statements (default 3). |
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280 |
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281 @item fortran-continuation-indent |
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282 Extra indentation for bodies of continuation lines (default 5). |
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283 |
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284 @item fortran-check-all-num-for-matching-do |
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285 In Fortran77, a numbered @samp{do} statement is ended by any statement |
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286 with a matching line number. It is common (but not compulsory) to use a |
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287 @samp{continue} statement for this purpose. If this variable has a |
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288 non-@code{nil} value, indenting any numbered statement must check for a |
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289 @samp{do} that ends there. If you always end @samp{do} statements with |
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290 a @samp{continue} line (or if you use the more modern @samp{enddo}), |
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291 then you can speed up indentation by setting this variable to |
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292 @code{nil}. The default is @code{nil}. |
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293 |
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294 @item fortran-blink-matching-if |
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295 If this is @code{t}, indenting an @samp{endif} (or @samp{enddo} |
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296 statement moves the cursor momentarily to the matching @samp{if} (or |
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297 @samp{do}) statement to show where it is. The default is @code{nil}. |
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298 |
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299 @item fortran-minimum-statement-indent-fixed |
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300 Minimum indentation for Fortran statements when using fixed format |
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301 continuation line style. Statement bodies are never indented less than |
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302 this much. The default is 6. |
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303 |
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304 @item fortran-minimum-statement-indent-tab |
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305 Minimum indentation for Fortran statements for tab format continuation line |
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306 style. Statement bodies are never indented less than this much. The |
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307 default is 8. |
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308 @end table |
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309 |
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310 The variables controlling the indentation of comments are described in |
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311 the following section. |
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312 |
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313 @node Fortran Comments |
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314 @subsection Fortran Comments |
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315 |
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316 The usual Emacs comment commands assume that a comment can follow a |
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317 line of code. In Fortran77, the standard comment syntax requires an |
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318 entire line to be just a comment. Therefore, Fortran mode replaces the |
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319 standard Emacs comment commands and defines some new variables. |
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320 |
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321 @vindex fortran-comment-line-start |
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322 Fortran mode can also handle the Fortran90 comment syntax where comments |
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323 start with @samp{!} and can follow other text. Because only some Fortran77 |
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324 compilers accept this syntax, Fortran mode will not insert such comments |
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325 unless you have said in advance to do so. To do this, set the variable |
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326 @code{fortran-comment-line-start} to @samp{"!"}. |
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327 |
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328 @table @kbd |
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329 @item M-; |
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330 Align comment or insert new comment (@code{fortran-indent-comment}). |
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331 |
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332 @item C-x ; |
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333 Applies to nonstandard @samp{!} comments only. |
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334 |
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335 @item C-c ; |
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336 Turn all lines of the region into comments, or (with argument) turn them back |
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337 into real code (@code{fortran-comment-region}). |
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338 @end table |
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339 |
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340 @findex fortran-indent-comment |
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341 @kbd{M-;} in Fortran mode is redefined as the command |
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342 @code{fortran-indent-comment}. Like the usual @kbd{M-;} command, this |
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343 recognizes any kind of existing comment and aligns its text appropriately; |
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344 if there is no existing comment, a comment is inserted and aligned. But |
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345 inserting and aligning comments are not the same in Fortran mode as in |
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346 other modes. |
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347 |
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348 When a new comment must be inserted, if the current line is blank, a |
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349 full-line comment is inserted. On a non-blank line, a nonstandard @samp{!} |
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350 comment is inserted if you have said you want to use them. Otherwise a |
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351 full-line comment is inserted on a new line before the current line. |
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352 |
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353 Nonstandard @samp{!} comments are aligned like comments in other |
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354 languages, but full-line comments are different. In a standard full-line |
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355 comment, the comment delimiter itself must always appear in column zero. |
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356 What can be aligned is the text within the comment. You can choose from |
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357 three styles of alignment by setting the variable |
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358 @code{fortran-comment-indent-style} to one of these values: |
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359 |
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360 @vindex fortran-comment-indent-style |
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361 @vindex fortran-comment-line-extra-indent |
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362 @table @code |
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363 @item fixed |
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364 Align the text at a fixed column, which is the sum of |
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365 @code{fortran-comment-line-extra-indent} and the minimum statement |
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366 indentation. This is the default. |
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367 |
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368 The minimum statement indentation is |
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369 @code{fortran-minimum-statement-indent-fixed} for fixed format |
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370 continuation line style and @code{fortran-minimum-statement-indent-tab} |
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371 for tab format style. |
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372 |
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373 @item relative |
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374 Align the text as if it were a line of code, but with an additional |
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375 @code{fortran-comment-line-extra-indent} columns of indentation. |
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376 |
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377 @item nil |
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378 Don't move text in full-line comments automatically. |
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379 @end table |
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380 |
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381 @vindex fortran-comment-indent-char |
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382 In addition, you can specify the character to be used to indent within |
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383 full-line comments by setting the variable |
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384 @code{fortran-comment-indent-char} to the single-character string you want |
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385 to use. |
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386 |
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387 @vindex fortran-directive-re |
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388 Compiler directive lines, or preprocessor lines, have much the same |
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389 appearance as comment lines. It is important, though, that such lines |
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390 never be indented at all, no matter what the value of |
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391 @code{fortran-comment-indent-style}. The variable |
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392 @code{fortran-directive-re} is a regular expression that specifies which |
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393 lines are directives. Matching lines are never indented, and receive |
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394 distinctive font-locking. |
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395 |
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396 The normal Emacs comment command @kbd{C-x ;} has not been redefined. If |
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397 you use @samp{!} comments, this command can be used with them. Otherwise |
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398 it is useless in Fortran mode. |
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399 |
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400 @kindex C-c ; @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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401 @findex fortran-comment-region |
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402 @vindex fortran-comment-region |
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403 The command @kbd{C-c ;} (@code{fortran-comment-region}) turns all the |
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404 lines of the region into comments by inserting the string @samp{C$$$} at |
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405 the front of each one. With a numeric argument, it turns the region |
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406 back into live code by deleting @samp{C$$$} from the front of each line |
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407 in it. The string used for these comments can be controlled by setting |
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408 the variable @code{fortran-comment-region}. Note that here we have an |
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409 example of a command and a variable with the same name; these two uses |
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410 of the name never conflict because in Lisp and in Emacs it is always |
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411 clear from the context which one is meant. |
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|
412 |
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413 @node Fortran Autofill |
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414 @subsection Auto Fill in Fortran Mode |
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415 |
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416 Fortran mode has specialized support for Auto Fill mode, which is a |
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417 minor mode that automatically splits statements as you insert them |
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418 when they become too wide. Splitting a statement involves making |
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419 continuation lines using @code{fortran-continuation-string} |
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420 (@pxref{ForIndent Cont}). This splitting happens when you type |
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421 @key{SPC}, @key{RET}, or @key{TAB}, and also in the Fortran |
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422 indentation commands. You activate Auto Fill in Fortran mode in the |
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423 normal way. @xref{Auto Fill,,, emacs, the Emacs Manual}. |
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|
424 |
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425 @vindex fortran-break-before-delimiters |
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426 Auto Fill breaks lines at spaces or delimiters when the lines get |
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427 longer than the desired width (the value of @code{fill-column}). The |
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428 delimiters (besides whitespace) that Auto Fill can break at are |
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429 @samp{+}, @samp{-}, @samp{/}, @samp{*}, @samp{=}, @samp{<}, @samp{>}, |
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430 and @samp{,}. The line break comes after the delimiter if the |
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431 variable @code{fortran-break-before-delimiters} is @code{nil}. |
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432 Otherwise (and by default), the break comes before the delimiter. |
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|
433 |
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434 To enable Auto Fill in all Fortran buffers, add |
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|
435 @code{turn-on-auto-fill} to @code{fortran-mode-hook}. @xref{Hooks,,, |
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436 emacs, the Emacs Manual}. |
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437 |
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|
438 @node Fortran Columns |
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439 @subsection Checking Columns in Fortran |
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440 |
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441 @table @kbd |
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442 @item C-c C-r |
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443 Display a ``column ruler'' momentarily above the current line |
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444 (@code{fortran-column-ruler}). |
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445 @item C-c C-w |
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446 Split the current window horizontally temporarily so that it is 72 |
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447 columns wide (@code{fortran-window-create-momentarily}). This may |
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448 help you avoid making lines longer than the 72-character limit that |
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449 some Fortran compilers impose. |
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450 @item C-u C-c C-w |
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451 Split the current window horizontally so that it is 72 columns wide |
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452 (@code{fortran-window-create}). You can then continue editing. |
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453 @item M-x fortran-strip-sequence-nos |
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454 Delete all text in column 72 and beyond. |
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455 @end table |
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456 |
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457 @kindex C-c C-r @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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458 @findex fortran-column-ruler |
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459 The command @kbd{C-c C-r} (@code{fortran-column-ruler}) shows a column |
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460 ruler momentarily above the current line. The comment ruler is two lines |
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461 of text that show you the locations of columns with special significance in |
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462 Fortran programs. Square brackets show the limits of the columns for line |
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463 numbers, and curly brackets show the limits of the columns for the |
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464 statement body. Column numbers appear above them. |
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465 |
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466 Note that the column numbers count from zero, as always in GNU Emacs. |
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467 As a result, the numbers may be one less than those you are familiar |
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468 with; but the positions they indicate in the line are standard for |
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469 Fortran. |
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470 |
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471 @vindex fortran-column-ruler-fixed |
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472 @vindex fortran-column-ruler-tabs |
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473 The text used to display the column ruler depends on the value of the |
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474 variable @code{indent-tabs-mode}. If @code{indent-tabs-mode} is |
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475 @code{nil}, then the value of the variable |
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476 @code{fortran-column-ruler-fixed} is used as the column ruler. |
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477 Otherwise, the value of the variable @code{fortran-column-ruler-tab} is |
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478 displayed. By changing these variables, you can change the column ruler |
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479 display. |
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480 |
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481 @kindex C-c C-w @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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482 @findex fortran-window-create-momentarily |
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483 @kbd{C-c C-w} (@code{fortran-window-create-momentarily}) temporarily |
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484 splits the current window horizontally, making a window 72 columns |
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485 wide, so you can see any lines that are too long. Type a space to |
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486 restore the normal width. |
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487 |
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488 @kindex C-u C-c C-w @r{(Fortran mode)} |
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489 @findex fortran-window-create |
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490 You can also split the window horizontally and continue editing with |
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491 the split in place. To do this, use @kbd{C-u C-c C-w} (@code{M-x |
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492 fortran-window-create}). By editing in this window you can |
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493 immediately see when you make a line too wide to be correct Fortran. |
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494 |
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495 @findex fortran-strip-sequence-nos |
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496 The command @kbd{M-x fortran-strip-sequence-nos} deletes all text in |
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497 column 72 and beyond, on all lines in the current buffer. This is the |
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498 easiest way to get rid of old sequence numbers. |
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499 |
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500 @node Fortran Abbrev |
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501 @subsection Fortran Keyword Abbrevs |
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502 |
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503 Fortran mode provides many built-in abbrevs for common keywords and |
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504 declarations. These are the same sort of abbrev that you can define |
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505 yourself. To use them, you must turn on Abbrev mode. |
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506 @xref{Abbrevs,,, emacs, the Emacs Manual}. |
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507 |
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508 The built-in abbrevs are unusual in one way: they all start with a |
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509 semicolon. You cannot normally use semicolon in an abbrev, but Fortran |
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510 mode makes this possible by changing the syntax of semicolon to ``word |
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511 constituent.'' |
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512 |
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513 For example, one built-in Fortran abbrev is @samp{;c} for |
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514 @samp{continue}. If you insert @samp{;c} and then insert a punctuation |
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515 character such as a space or a newline, the @samp{;c} expands automatically |
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516 to @samp{continue}, provided Abbrev mode is enabled.@refill |
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517 |
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518 Type @samp{;?} or @samp{;C-h} to display a list of all the built-in |
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519 Fortran abbrevs and what they stand for. |