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annotate lispref/elisp.texi @ 70279:5eacff09a43d
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author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Sat, 29 Apr 2006 18:52:23 +0000 |
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6451 | 1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c %**start of header | |
3 @setfilename elisp | |
4 @settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual | |
5 @c %**end of header | |
6 | |
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7 @c Version of the manual and of Emacs. |
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8 @c Please remember to update the edition number in README as well. |
64175 | 9 @set VERSION 2.9 |
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10 @set EMACSVER 22.0.50 |
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11 |
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12 @dircategory Emacs |
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13 @direntry |
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14 * Elisp: (elisp). The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. |
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15 @end direntry |
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16 |
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17 @smallbook |
28952 | 18 @setchapternewpage odd |
19 @finalout | |
20 | |
21 @c Combine indices. | |
22 @synindex cp fn | |
23 @syncodeindex vr fn | |
24 @syncodeindex ky fn | |
25 @syncodeindex pg fn | |
26 @c We use the "type index" to index new functions and variables. | |
27 @c @syncodeindex tp fn | |
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28 |
63646 | 29 @copying |
30 This is edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp | |
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31 Reference Manual, corresponding to Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
6451 | 32 |
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33 Copyright @copyright{} 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, |
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34 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, |
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35 Inc. |
6451 | 36 |
63646 | 37 @quotation |
28952 | 38 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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39 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or |
28952 | 40 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
63646 | 41 Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License'', with the |
42 Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual'', and with the Back-Cover | |
43 Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the | |
44 section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. | |
6451 | 45 |
28952 | 46 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
47 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
48 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
63646 | 49 @end quotation |
50 @end copying | |
6451 | 51 |
52 @titlepage | |
53 @title GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual | |
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54 @subtitle For Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER} |
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55 @subtitle Revision @value{VERSION}, January 2002 |
6451 | 56 |
57 @author by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte, Richard Stallman | |
58 @author and the GNU Manual Group | |
59 @page | |
60 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
63646 | 61 @insertcopying |
6451 | 62 |
63646 | 63 @sp 1 |
64 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
65 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor @* | |
66 Boston, MA 02110-1301 @* | |
67 USA @* | |
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68 ISBN 1-882114-73-6 |
6451 | 69 |
63646 | 70 @sp 1 |
6451 | 71 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. |
72 @end titlepage | |
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73 |
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74 |
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75 @c Print the tables of contents |
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76 @summarycontents |
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77 @contents |
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78 |
6451 | 79 |
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80 @ifnottex |
29256 | 81 @node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir) |
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82 @top Emacs Lisp |
6451 | 83 |
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84 This Info file contains edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp |
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85 Reference Manual, corresponding to GNU Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
27193 | 86 @end ifnottex |
6451 | 87 |
88 @menu | |
89 * Introduction:: Introduction and conventions used. | |
90 | |
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91 * Lisp Data Types:: Data types of objects in Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 92 * Numbers:: Numbers and arithmetic functions. |
93 * Strings and Characters:: Strings, and functions that work on them. | |
94 * Lists:: Lists, cons cells, and related functions. | |
95 * Sequences Arrays Vectors:: Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences. | |
96 Certain functions act on any kind of sequence. | |
97 The description of vectors is here as well. | |
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98 * Hash Tables:: Very fast lookup-tables. |
6451 | 99 * Symbols:: Symbols represent names, uniquely. |
100 | |
101 * Evaluation:: How Lisp expressions are evaluated. | |
102 * Control Structures:: Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits. | |
103 * Variables:: Using symbols in programs to stand for values. | |
104 * Functions:: A function is a Lisp program | |
105 that can be invoked from other functions. | |
106 * Macros:: Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language. | |
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107 * Customization:: Writing customization declarations. |
6451 | 108 |
109 * Loading:: Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp. | |
110 * Byte Compilation:: Compilation makes programs run faster. | |
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111 * Advising Functions:: Adding to the definition of a function. |
6451 | 112 * Debugging:: Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs. |
113 | |
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114 * Read and Print:: Converting Lisp objects to text and back. |
6451 | 115 * Minibuffers:: Using the minibuffer to read input. |
116 * Command Loop:: How the editor command loop works, | |
117 and how you can call its subroutines. | |
118 * Keymaps:: Defining the bindings from keys to commands. | |
119 * Modes:: Defining major and minor modes. | |
120 * Documentation:: Writing and using documentation strings. | |
121 | |
122 * Files:: Accessing files. | |
123 * Backups and Auto-Saving:: Controlling how backups and auto-save | |
124 files are made. | |
125 * Buffers:: Creating and using buffer objects. | |
126 * Windows:: Manipulating windows and displaying buffers. | |
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127 * Frames:: Making multiple system-level windows. |
6451 | 128 * Positions:: Buffer positions and motion functions. |
129 * Markers:: Markers represent positions and update | |
130 automatically when the text is changed. | |
131 | |
132 * Text:: Examining and changing text in buffers. | |
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133 * Non-ASCII Characters:: Non-ASCII text in buffers and strings. |
6451 | 134 * Searching and Matching:: Searching buffers for strings or regexps. |
135 * Syntax Tables:: The syntax table controls word and list parsing. | |
136 * Abbrevs:: How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures. | |
137 | |
138 * Processes:: Running and communicating with subprocesses. | |
33146 | 139 * Display:: Features for controlling the screen display. |
6451 | 140 * System Interface:: Getting the user id, system type, environment |
141 variables, and other such things. | |
142 | |
143 Appendices | |
144 | |
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145 * Antinews:: Info for users downgrading to Emacs 21. |
30904 | 146 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation |
29149 | 147 * GPL:: Conditions for copying and changing GNU Emacs. |
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148 * Tips:: Advice and coding conventions for Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 149 * GNU Emacs Internals:: Building and dumping Emacs; |
150 internal data structures. | |
151 * Standard Errors:: List of all error symbols. | |
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152 * Standard Buffer-Local Variables:: |
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153 List of variables buffer-local in all buffers. |
6451 | 154 * Standard Keymaps:: List of standard keymaps. |
155 * Standard Hooks:: List of standard hook variables. | |
156 | |
157 * Index:: Index including concepts, functions, variables, | |
158 and other terms. | |
159 | |
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160 * New Symbols:: New functions and variables in Emacs @value{EMACSVER}. |
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161 |
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162 Detailed Node Listing |
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163 --------------------- |
6451 | 164 |
165 Here are other nodes that are inferiors of those already listed, | |
166 mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
167 | |
168 Introduction | |
169 | |
170 * Caveats:: Flaws and a request for help. | |
171 * Lisp History:: Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp. | |
172 * Conventions:: How the manual is formatted. | |
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173 * Version Info:: Which Emacs version is running? |
6451 | 174 * Acknowledgements:: The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual. |
175 | |
176 Conventions | |
177 | |
178 * Some Terms:: Explanation of terms we use in this manual. | |
179 * nil and t:: How the symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are used. | |
180 * Evaluation Notation:: The format we use for examples of evaluation. | |
181 * Printing Notation:: The format we use for examples that print output. | |
182 * Error Messages:: The format we use for examples of errors. | |
183 * Buffer Text Notation:: The format we use for buffer contents in examples. | |
184 * Format of Descriptions:: Notation for describing functions, variables, etc. | |
185 | |
186 Format of Descriptions | |
187 | |
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188 * A Sample Function Description:: |
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189 * A Sample Variable Description:: |
6451 | 190 |
191 Lisp Data Types | |
192 | |
193 * Printed Representation:: How Lisp objects are represented as text. | |
194 * Comments:: Comments and their formatting conventions. | |
195 * Programming Types:: Types found in all Lisp systems. | |
196 * Editing Types:: Types specific to Emacs. | |
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197 * Circular Objects:: Read syntax for circular structure. |
6451 | 198 * Type Predicates:: Tests related to types. |
199 * Equality Predicates:: Tests of equality between any two objects. | |
200 | |
201 Programming Types | |
202 | |
203 * Integer Type:: Numbers without fractional parts. | |
204 * Floating Point Type:: Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range. | |
205 * Character Type:: The representation of letters, numbers and | |
25875 | 206 control characters. |
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207 * Symbol Type:: A multi-use object that refers to a function, |
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208 variable, property list, or itself. |
6451 | 209 * Sequence Type:: Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences. |
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210 * Cons Cell Type:: Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells). |
6451 | 211 * Array Type:: Arrays include strings and vectors. |
212 * String Type:: An (efficient) array of characters. | |
213 * Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays. | |
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214 * Char-Table Type:: One-dimensional sparse arrays indexed by characters. |
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215 * Bool-Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays of @code{t} or @code{nil}. |
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216 * Hash Table Type:: Super-fast lookup tables. |
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217 * Function Type:: A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere. |
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218 * Macro Type:: A method of expanding an expression into another |
6451 | 219 expression, more fundamental but less pretty. |
220 * Primitive Function Type:: A function written in C, callable from Lisp. | |
221 * Byte-Code Type:: A function written in Lisp, then compiled. | |
222 * Autoload Type:: A type used for automatically loading seldom-used | |
25875 | 223 functions. |
6451 | 224 |
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225 Cons Cell and List Types |
6451 | 226 |
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227 * Box Diagrams:: Drawing pictures of lists. |
6451 | 228 * Dotted Pair Notation:: An alternative syntax for lists. |
229 * Association List Type:: A specially constructed list. | |
230 | |
231 Editing Types | |
232 | |
233 * Buffer Type:: The basic object of editing. | |
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234 * Marker Type:: A position in a buffer. |
6451 | 235 * Window Type:: What makes buffers visible. |
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236 * Frame Type:: Windows subdivide frames. |
6451 | 237 * Window Configuration Type::Save what the screen looks like. |
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238 * Frame Configuration Type::Recording the status of all frames. |
6451 | 239 * Process Type:: A process running on the underlying OS. |
240 * Stream Type:: Receive or send characters. | |
241 * Keymap Type:: What function a keystroke invokes. | |
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242 * Overlay Type:: How an overlay is represented. |
6451 | 243 |
244 Numbers | |
245 | |
246 * Integer Basics:: Representation and range of integers. | |
247 * Float Basics:: Representation and range of floating point. | |
248 * Predicates on Numbers:: Testing for numbers. | |
249 * Comparison of Numbers:: Equality and inequality predicates. | |
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250 * Numeric Conversions:: Converting float to integer and vice versa. |
6451 | 251 * Arithmetic Operations:: How to add, subtract, multiply and divide. |
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252 * Rounding Operations:: Explicitly rounding floating point numbers. |
6451 | 253 * Bitwise Operations:: Logical and, or, not, shifting. |
12067 | 254 * Math Functions:: Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions. |
6451 | 255 * Random Numbers:: Obtaining random integers, predictable or not. |
256 | |
257 Strings and Characters | |
258 | |
259 * String Basics:: Basic properties of strings and characters. | |
260 * Predicates for Strings:: Testing whether an object is a string or char. | |
261 * Creating Strings:: Functions to allocate new strings. | |
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262 * Modifying Strings:: Altering the contents of an existing string. |
6451 | 263 * Text Comparison:: Comparing characters or strings. |
264 * String Conversion:: Converting characters or strings and vice versa. | |
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265 * Formatting Strings:: @code{format}: Emacs's analogue of @code{printf}. |
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266 * Case Conversion:: Case conversion functions. |
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267 * Case Tables:: Customizing case conversion. |
6451 | 268 |
269 Lists | |
270 | |
271 * Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells. | |
272 * List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists. | |
273 * List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list. | |
274 * Building Lists:: Creating list structure. | |
275 * Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list. | |
276 * Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set. | |
277 * Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping. | |
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278 * Rings:: Managing a fixed-size ring of objects. |
6451 | 279 |
280 Modifying Existing List Structure | |
281 | |
282 * Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list. | |
283 * Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone. | |
284 This can be used to remove or add elements. | |
285 * Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists. | |
286 | |
287 Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors | |
288 | |
289 * Sequence Functions:: Functions that accept any kind of sequence. | |
290 * Arrays:: Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp. | |
291 * Array Functions:: Functions specifically for arrays. | |
292 * Vectors:: Functions specifically for vectors. | |
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293 * Vector Functions:: Functions specifically for vectors. |
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294 * Char-Tables:: How to work with char-tables. |
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295 * Bool-Vectors:: How to work with bool-vectors. |
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296 |
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297 Hash Tables |
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298 |
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299 * Creating Hash:: Functions to create hash tables. |
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300 * Hash Access:: Reading and writing the hash table contents. |
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301 * Defining Hash:: Defining new comparison methods |
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302 * Other Hash:: Miscellaneous. |
6451 | 303 |
304 Symbols | |
305 | |
306 * Symbol Components:: Symbols have names, values, function definitions | |
307 and property lists. | |
308 * Definitions:: A definition says how a symbol will be used. | |
309 * Creating Symbols:: How symbols are kept unique. | |
310 * Property Lists:: Each symbol has a property list | |
311 for recording miscellaneous information. | |
312 | |
313 Evaluation | |
314 | |
315 * Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things. | |
316 * Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated. | |
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317 * Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in |
6451 | 318 the program). |
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319 * Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly. |
6451 | 320 |
321 Kinds of Forms | |
322 | |
323 * Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves. | |
324 * Symbol Forms:: Symbols evaluate as variables. | |
325 * Classifying Lists:: How to distinguish various sorts of list forms. | |
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326 * Function Indirection:: When a symbol appears as the car of a list, |
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327 we find the real function via the symbol. |
6451 | 328 * Function Forms:: Forms that call functions. |
329 * Macro Forms:: Forms that call macros. | |
330 * Special Forms:: ``Special forms'' are idiosyncratic primitives, | |
331 most of them extremely important. | |
332 * Autoloading:: Functions set up to load files | |
333 containing their real definitions. | |
334 | |
335 Control Structures | |
336 | |
337 * Sequencing:: Evaluation in textual order. | |
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338 * Conditionals:: @code{if}, @code{cond}, @code{when}, @code{unless}. |
6451 | 339 * Combining Conditions:: @code{and}, @code{or}, @code{not}. |
340 * Iteration:: @code{while} loops. | |
341 * Nonlocal Exits:: Jumping out of a sequence. | |
342 | |
343 Nonlocal Exits | |
344 | |
345 * Catch and Throw:: Nonlocal exits for the program's own purposes. | |
346 * Examples of Catch:: Showing how such nonlocal exits can be written. | |
347 * Errors:: How errors are signaled and handled. | |
348 * Cleanups:: Arranging to run a cleanup form if an | |
349 error happens. | |
350 | |
351 Errors | |
352 | |
353 * Signaling Errors:: How to report an error. | |
354 * Processing of Errors:: What Emacs does when you report an error. | |
355 * Handling Errors:: How you can trap errors and continue execution. | |
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356 * Error Symbols:: How errors are classified for trapping them. |
6451 | 357 |
358 Variables | |
359 | |
360 * Global Variables:: Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere. | |
361 * Constant Variables:: Certain "variables" have values that never change. | |
362 * Local Variables:: Variable values that exist only temporarily. | |
363 * Void Variables:: Symbols that lack values. | |
364 * Defining Variables:: A definition says a symbol is used as a variable. | |
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365 * Tips for Defining:: Things you should think about when you |
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366 define a variable. |
6451 | 367 * Accessing Variables:: Examining values of variables whose names |
368 are known only at run time. | |
369 * Setting Variables:: Storing new values in variables. | |
370 * Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values. | |
371 * Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer. | |
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372 * Frame-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one frame. |
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373 * Future Local Variables:: New kinds of local values we might add some day. |
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374 * File Local Variables:: Handling local variable lists in files. |
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375 * Variable Aliases:: Variables that are aliases for other variables. |
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376 * Variables with Restricted Values:: Non-constant variables whose value can |
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377 @emph{not} be an arbitrary Lisp object. |
6451 | 378 |
379 Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings | |
380 | |
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381 * Scope:: Scope means where in the program a value |
6451 | 382 is visible. Comparison with other languages. |
383 * Extent:: Extent means how long in time a value exists. | |
384 * Impl of Scope:: Two ways to implement dynamic scoping. | |
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385 * Using Scoping:: How to use dynamic scoping carefully and |
6451 | 386 avoid problems. |
387 | |
388 Buffer-Local Variables | |
389 | |
390 * Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts. | |
391 * Creating Buffer-Local:: Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings. | |
392 * Default Value:: The default value is seen in buffers | |
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393 that don't have their own buffer-local values. |
6451 | 394 |
395 Functions | |
396 | |
397 * What Is a Function:: Lisp functions vs primitives; terminology. | |
398 * Lambda Expressions:: How functions are expressed as Lisp objects. | |
399 * Function Names:: A symbol can serve as the name of a function. | |
400 * Defining Functions:: Lisp expressions for defining functions. | |
401 * Calling Functions:: How to use an existing function. | |
402 * Mapping Functions:: Applying a function to each element of a list, etc. | |
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403 * Anonymous Functions:: Lambda-expressions are functions with no names. |
6451 | 404 * Function Cells:: Accessing or setting the function definition |
405 of a symbol. | |
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406 * Obsolete Functions:: Declaring functions obsolete. |
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407 * Inline Functions:: Defining functions that the compiler will open code. |
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408 * Function Safety:: Determining whether a function is safe to call. |
6451 | 409 * Related Topics:: Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives |
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410 that have a special bearing on how |
6451 | 411 functions work. |
412 | |
413 Lambda Expressions | |
414 | |
415 * Lambda Components:: The parts of a lambda expression. | |
416 * Simple Lambda:: A simple example. | |
417 * Argument List:: Details and special features of argument lists. | |
418 * Function Documentation:: How to put documentation in a function. | |
419 | |
420 Macros | |
421 | |
422 * Simple Macro:: A basic example. | |
423 * Expansion:: How, when and why macros are expanded. | |
424 * Compiling Macros:: How macros are expanded by the compiler. | |
425 * Defining Macros:: How to write a macro definition. | |
426 * Backquote:: Easier construction of list structure. | |
427 * Problems with Macros:: Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times. | |
428 Don't hide the user's variables. | |
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429 * Indenting Macros:: Specifying how to indent macro calls. |
6451 | 430 |
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431 Writing Customization Definitions |
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432 |
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433 * Common Keywords:: Common keyword arguments for all kinds of |
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434 customization declarations. |
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435 * Group Definitions:: Writing customization group definitions. |
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436 * Variable Definitions:: Declaring user options. |
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437 * Customization Types:: Specifying the type of a user option. |
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438 |
6451 | 439 Loading |
440 | |
441 * How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others. | |
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442 * Load Suffixes:: Details about the suffixes that @code{load} tries. |
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443 * Library Search:: Finding a library to load. |
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444 * Loading Non-ASCII:: Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in Emacs Lisp files. |
6451 | 445 * Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload. |
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446 * Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice. |
12098 | 447 * Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded. |
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448 * Where Defined:: Finding which file defined a certain symbol. |
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449 * Unloading:: How to ``unload'' a library that was loaded. |
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450 * Hooks for Loading:: Providing code to be run when |
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451 particular libraries are loaded. |
6451 | 452 |
453 Byte Compilation | |
454 | |
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455 * Speed of Byte-Code:: An example of speedup from byte compilation. |
6451 | 456 * Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions. |
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457 * Docs and Compilation:: Dynamic loading of documentation strings. |
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458 * Dynamic Loading:: Dynamic loading of individual functions. |
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459 * Eval During Compile:: Code to be evaluated when you compile. |
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460 * Compiler Errors:: Handling compiler error messages. |
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461 * Byte-Code Objects:: The data type used for byte-compiled functions. |
6451 | 462 * Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code. |
463 | |
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464 Advising Emacs Lisp Functions |
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465 |
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466 * Simple Advice:: A simple example to explain the basics of advice. |
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467 * Defining Advice:: Detailed description of @code{defadvice}. |
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468 * Around-Advice:: Wrapping advice around a function's definition. |
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469 * Computed Advice:: ...is to @code{defadvice} as @code{fset} is to @code{defun}. |
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470 * Activation of Advice:: Advice doesn't do anything until you activate it. |
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471 * Enabling Advice:: You can enable or disable each piece of advice. |
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472 * Preactivation:: Preactivation is a way of speeding up the |
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473 loading of compiled advice. |
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474 * Argument Access in Advice:: How advice can access the function's arguments. |
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475 * Advising Primitives:: Accessing arguments when advising a primitive. |
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476 * Combined Definition:: How advice is implemented. |
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477 |
6451 | 478 Debugging Lisp Programs |
479 | |
480 * Debugger:: How the Emacs Lisp debugger is implemented. | |
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481 * Edebug:: A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger. |
6451 | 482 * Syntax Errors:: How to find syntax errors. |
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483 * Test Coverage:: Ensuring you have tested all branches in your code. |
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484 * Compilation Errors:: How to find errors that show up in |
6451 | 485 byte compilation. |
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486 |
6451 | 487 The Lisp Debugger |
488 | |
489 * Error Debugging:: Entering the debugger when an error happens. | |
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490 * Infinite Loops:: Stopping and debugging a program that doesn't exit. |
6451 | 491 * Function Debugging:: Entering it when a certain function is called. |
492 * Explicit Debug:: Entering it at a certain point in the program. | |
493 * Using Debugger:: What the debugger does; what you see while in it. | |
494 * Debugger Commands:: Commands used while in the debugger. | |
495 * Invoking the Debugger:: How to call the function @code{debug}. | |
496 * Internals of Debugger:: Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables. | |
497 | |
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498 Edebug |
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499 |
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500 * Using Edebug:: Introduction to use of Edebug. |
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501 * Instrumenting:: You must instrument your code |
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502 in order to debug it with Edebug. |
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503 * Edebug Execution Modes:: Execution modes, stopping more or less often. |
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504 * Jumping:: Commands to jump to a specified place. |
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505 * Edebug Misc:: Miscellaneous commands. |
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506 * Breaks:: Setting breakpoints to make the program stop. |
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507 * Trapping Errors:: Trapping errors with Edebug. |
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508 * Edebug Views:: Views inside and outside of Edebug. |
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509 * Edebug Eval:: Evaluating expressions within Edebug. |
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510 * Eval List:: Expressions whose values are displayed |
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511 each time you enter Edebug. |
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512 * Printing in Edebug:: Customization of printing. |
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513 * Trace Buffer:: How to produce trace output in a buffer. |
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514 * Coverage Testing:: How to test evaluation coverage. |
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515 * The Outside Context:: Data that Edebug saves and restores. |
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516 * Edebug and Macros:: Specifying how to handle macro calls. |
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517 * Edebug Options:: Option variables for customizing Edebug. |
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518 |
6451 | 519 Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax |
520 | |
521 * Excess Open:: How to find a spurious open paren or missing close. | |
522 * Excess Close:: How to find a spurious close paren or missing open. | |
523 | |
524 Reading and Printing Lisp Objects | |
525 | |
526 * Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing. | |
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527 * Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
6451 | 528 input streams. |
529 * Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text. | |
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530 * Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
6451 | 531 output streams. |
532 * Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text. | |
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533 * Output Variables:: Variables that control what the printing |
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534 functions do. |
6451 | 535 |
536 Minibuffers | |
537 | |
538 * Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers. | |
539 * Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string. | |
540 * Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression. | |
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541 * Minibuffer History:: Recording previous minibuffer inputs |
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542 so the user can reuse them. |
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543 * Initial Input:: Specifying initial contents for the minibuffer. |
6451 | 544 * Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion. |
545 * Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer. | |
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546 * Multiple Queries:: Asking a series of similar questions. |
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547 * Reading a Password:: Reading a password from the terminal. |
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548 * Minibuffer Commands:: Commands used as key bindings in minibuffers. |
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549 * Minibuffer Contents:: How such commands access the minibuffer text. |
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550 * Minibuffer Windows:: Operating on the special minibuffer windows. |
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551 * Recursive Mini:: Whether recursive entry to minibuffer is allowed. |
6451 | 552 * Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables. |
553 | |
554 Completion | |
555 | |
556 * Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings. | |
557 (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.) | |
558 * Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion. | |
559 * Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion. | |
560 * High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion | |
561 (reading buffer name, file name, etc.) | |
562 * Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names. | |
563 * Programmed Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
564 | |
565 Command Loop | |
566 | |
567 * Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands. | |
568 * Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments. | |
569 * Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments. | |
570 * Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine. | |
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571 * Adjusting Point:: Adjustment of point after a command. |
6451 | 572 * Input Events:: What input looks like when you read it. |
573 * Reading Input:: How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse. | |
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574 * Special Events:: Events processed immediately and individually. |
6451 | 575 * Waiting:: Waiting for user input or elapsed time. |
576 * Quitting:: How @kbd{C-g} works. How to catch or defer quitting. | |
577 * Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work. | |
578 * Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit, | |
579 and why you usually shouldn't. | |
580 * Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands. | |
581 * Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed. | |
582 * Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented. | |
583 | |
584 Defining Commands | |
585 | |
586 * Using Interactive:: General rules for @code{interactive}. | |
587 * Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments | |
588 in various ways. | |
589 * Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments. | |
590 | |
591 Keymaps | |
592 | |
593 * Keymap Terminology:: Definitions of terms pertaining to keymaps. | |
594 * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object. | |
595 * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps. | |
596 * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings | |
597 of another keymap. | |
598 * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition. | |
599 * Active Keymaps:: Each buffer has a local keymap | |
600 to override the standard (global) bindings. | |
25875 | 601 Each minor mode can also override them. |
6451 | 602 * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works. |
603 * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup. | |
604 * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap. | |
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605 * Remapping Commands:: Bindings that translate one command to another. |
6451 | 606 * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys. |
607 * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help. | |
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608 * Menu Keymaps:: A keymap can define a menu for X |
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609 or for use from the terminal. |
6451 | 610 |
611 Major and Minor Modes | |
612 | |
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613 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that |
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614 provides hooks. |
6451 | 615 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes. |
616 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes. | |
617 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line. | |
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618 * Imenu:: How a mode can provide a menu |
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619 of definitions in the buffer. |
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620 * Font Lock Mode:: How modes can highlight text according to syntax. |
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621 * Desktop Save Mode:: How modes can have buffer state saved between |
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622 Emacs sessions. |
6451 | 623 |
624 Major Modes | |
625 | |
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626 * Major Mode Basics:: |
6451 | 627 * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc. |
628 * Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes. | |
629 * Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically. | |
630 * Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode. | |
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631 * Derived Modes:: Defining a new major mode based on another major |
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632 mode. |
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633 * Generic Modes:: Defining a simple major mode that supports |
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634 comment syntax and Font Lock mode. |
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635 * Mode Hooks:: Hooks run at the end of major mode functions. |
6451 | 636 |
637 Minor Modes | |
638 | |
639 * Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode. | |
640 * Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap. | |
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641 * Defining Minor Modes:: A convenient facility for defining minor modes. |
6451 | 642 |
643 Mode Line Format | |
644 | |
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645 * Mode Line Basics:: |
6451 | 646 * Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line. |
647 * Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure. | |
648 * %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line. | |
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649 * Properties in Mode:: Using text properties in the mode line. |
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650 * Header Lines:: Like a mode line, but at the top. |
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651 * Emulating Mode Line:: Formatting text as the mode line would. |
6451 | 652 |
653 Documentation | |
654 | |
655 * Documentation Basics:: Good style for doc strings. | |
656 Where to put them. How Emacs stores them. | |
657 * Accessing Documentation:: How Lisp programs can access doc strings. | |
658 * Keys in Documentation:: Substituting current key bindings. | |
659 * Describing Characters:: Making printable descriptions of | |
660 non-printing characters and key sequences. | |
661 * Help Functions:: Subroutines used by Emacs help facilities. | |
662 | |
663 Files | |
664 | |
665 * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing. | |
666 * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files. | |
667 * Reading from Files:: Reading files into other buffers. | |
668 * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers. | |
669 * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent | |
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670 simultaneous editing by two people. |
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671 * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files. |
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672 * Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc. |
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673 * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names. |
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674 * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory. |
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675 * Create/Delete Dirs:: Creating and Deleting Directories. |
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676 * Magic File Names:: Defining "magic" special handling |
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677 for certain file names. |
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678 * Format Conversion:: Conversion to and from various file formats. |
6451 | 679 |
680 Visiting Files | |
681 | |
682 * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting. | |
683 * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use. | |
684 | |
685 Information about Files | |
686 | |
687 * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable? | |
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688 * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A symbolic link? |
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689 * Truenames:: Eliminating symbolic links from a file name. |
6451 | 690 * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc. |
691 | |
692 File Names | |
693 | |
694 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest. | |
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695 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a |
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696 current directory. |
6451 | 697 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory |
698 is different from its name as a file. | |
699 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones. | |
700 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files. | |
701 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
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702 * Standard File Names:: If your package uses a fixed file name, |
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703 how to handle various operating systems simply. |
6451 | 704 |
705 Backups and Auto-Saving | |
706 | |
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707 * Backup Files:: How backup files are made; how their names |
6451 | 708 are chosen. |
709 * Auto-Saving:: How auto-save files are made; how their | |
710 names are chosen. | |
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711 * Reverting:: @code{revert-buffer}, and how to customize |
6451 | 712 what it does. |
713 | |
714 Backup Files | |
715 | |
716 * Making Backups:: How Emacs makes backup files, and when. | |
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717 * Rename or Copy:: Two alternatives: renaming the old file |
6451 | 718 or copying it. |
719 * Numbered Backups:: Keeping multiple backups for each source file. | |
720 * Backup Names:: How backup file names are computed; customization. | |
721 | |
722 Buffers | |
723 | |
724 * Buffer Basics:: What is a buffer? | |
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725 * Current Buffer:: Designating a buffer as current |
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726 so primitives will access its contents. |
6451 | 727 * Buffer Names:: Accessing and changing buffer names. |
728 * Buffer File Name:: The buffer file name indicates which file | |
729 is visited. | |
730 * Buffer Modification:: A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved. | |
731 * Modification Time:: Determining whether the visited file was changed | |
732 ``behind Emacs's back''. | |
733 * Read Only Buffers:: Modifying text is not allowed in a | |
734 read-only buffer. | |
735 * The Buffer List:: How to look at all the existing buffers. | |
736 * Creating Buffers:: Functions that create buffers. | |
737 * Killing Buffers:: Buffers exist until explicitly killed. | |
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738 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares text with some |
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739 other buffer. |
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740 * Buffer Gap:: The gap in the buffer. |
6451 | 741 |
742 Windows | |
743 | |
744 * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows. | |
745 * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows. | |
746 * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows. | |
747 * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in. | |
748 * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows. | |
749 * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer. | |
750 * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-lever functions for displaying a buffer | |
751 and choosing a window for it. | |
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752 * Choosing Window:: How to choose a window for displaying a buffer. |
6451 | 753 * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point. |
754 * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text | |
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755 is on-screen in the window. |
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756 * Textual Scrolling:: Moving text up and down through the window. |
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757 * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving the contents up and down on the window. |
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758 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving the contents sideways on the window. |
6451 | 759 * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window. |
760 * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window. | |
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761 * Coordinates and Windows:: Converting coordinates to windows. |
6451 | 762 * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen. |
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763 * Window Hooks:: Hooks for scrolling, window size changes, |
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764 redisplay going past a certain point, |
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765 or window configuration changes. |
6451 | 766 |
12098 | 767 Frames |
768 | |
769 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional frames. | |
770 * Multiple Displays:: Creating frames on other X displays. | |
771 * Frame Parameters:: Controlling frame size, position, font, etc. | |
772 * Frame Titles:: Automatic updating of frame titles. | |
773 * Deleting Frames:: Frames last until explicitly deleted. | |
774 * Finding All Frames:: How to examine all existing frames. | |
775 * Frames and Windows:: A frame contains windows; | |
776 display of text always works through windows. | |
777 * Minibuffers and Frames:: How a frame finds the minibuffer to use. | |
778 * Input Focus:: Specifying the selected frame. | |
779 * Visibility of Frames:: Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons. | |
780 * Raising and Lowering:: Raising a frame makes it hide other X windows; | |
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781 lowering it puts it underneath the others. |
12098 | 782 * Frame Configurations:: Saving the state of all frames. |
783 * Mouse Tracking:: Getting events that say when the mouse moves. | |
784 * Mouse Position:: Asking where the mouse is, or moving it. | |
785 * Pop-Up Menus:: Displaying a menu for the user to select from. | |
786 * Dialog Boxes:: Displaying a box to ask yes or no. | |
787 * Pointer Shapes:: Specifying the shape of the mouse pointer. | |
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788 * Window System Selections::Transferring text to and from other windows. |
12098 | 789 * Color Names:: Getting the definitions of color names. |
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790 * Text Terminal Colors:: Defining colors for text-only terminals. |
12098 | 791 * Resources:: Getting resource values from the server. |
27476 | 792 * Display Feature Testing:: Determining the features of a terminal. |
12098 | 793 |
6451 | 794 Positions |
795 | |
796 * Point:: The special position where editing takes place. | |
797 * Motion:: Changing point. | |
798 * Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes. | |
799 * Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer. | |
800 | |
801 Motion | |
802 | |
803 * Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters. | |
804 * Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words. | |
805 * Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer. | |
806 * Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text. | |
807 * Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed. | |
808 * List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps. | |
809 * Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set. | |
810 | |
811 Markers | |
812 | |
813 * Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates. | |
814 * Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker. | |
815 * Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places. | |
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816 * Information from Markers::Finding the marker's buffer or character |
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817 position. |
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818 * Marker Insertion Types:: Two ways a marker can relocate when you |
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819 insert where it points. |
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820 * Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position. |
6451 | 821 * The Mark:: How ``the mark'' is implemented with a marker. |
822 * The Region:: How to access ``the region''. | |
823 | |
824 Text | |
825 | |
826 * Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point. | |
827 * Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion. | |
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828 * Comparing Text:: Comparing substrings of buffers. |
6451 | 829 * Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer. |
830 * Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text. | |
831 * Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer. | |
832 * User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text. | |
833 * The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for | |
834 later use. | |
835 * Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer. | |
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836 * Maintaining Undo:: How to enable and disable undo information. |
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837 How to control how much information is kept. |
6451 | 838 * Filling:: Functions for explicit filling. |
12098 | 839 * Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands. |
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840 * Adaptive Fill:: Adaptive Fill mode chooses a fill prefix |
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841 from context. |
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842 * Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines. |
6451 | 843 * Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer. |
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844 * Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them. |
6451 | 845 * Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation. |
846 * Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer. | |
15725 | 847 * Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters. |
6451 | 848 * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears. |
15725 | 849 * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer. |
6451 | 850 * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing |
851 the text or position stored in a register. | |
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852 * Base 64:: Conversion to or from base 64 encoding. |
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853 * MD5 Checksum:: Compute the MD5 ``message digest''/``checksum''. |
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854 * Atomic Changes:: Installing several buffer changes ``atomically''. |
15725 | 855 * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed. |
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856 |
6451 | 857 The Kill Ring |
858 | |
859 * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring. | |
860 * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text. | |
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861 * Yanking:: How yanking is done. |
6451 | 862 * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring. |
12067 | 863 * Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access. |
6451 | 864 * Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill-ring data. |
865 | |
866 Indentation | |
867 | |
868 * Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation. | |
869 * Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes. | |
870 * Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region. | |
871 * Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines. | |
872 * Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops. | |
873 * Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character. | |
874 | |
15725 | 875 Text Properties |
876 | |
877 * Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character. | |
878 * Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text. | |
879 * Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value. | |
880 * Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings. | |
881 * Format Properties:: Properties for representing formatting of text. | |
882 * Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from | |
883 neighboring text. | |
884 * Saving Properties:: Saving text properties in files, and reading | |
885 them back. | |
886 * Lazy Properties:: Computing text properties in a lazy fashion | |
887 only when text is examined. | |
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888 * Clickable Text:: Using text properties to make regions of text |
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889 do something when you click on them. |
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890 * Links and Mouse-1:: How to make @key{Mouse-1} follow a link. |
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891 * Fields:: The @code{field} property defines |
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892 fields within the buffer. |
15725 | 893 * Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use |
894 Lisp-visible text intervals. | |
895 | |
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896 Non-ASCII Characters |
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897 |
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898 * Text Representations:: Unibyte and multibyte representations |
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899 * Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa. |
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900 * Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi. |
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901 * Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to |
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902 codes of individual characters. |
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903 * Character Sets:: The space of possible characters codes |
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904 is divided into various character sets. |
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905 * Chars and Bytes:: More information about multibyte encodings. |
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906 * Splitting Characters:: Converting a character to its byte sequence. |
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907 * Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer? |
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908 * Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion. |
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909 * Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files. |
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910 * Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various |
40834 | 911 non-ASCII characters without special keyboards. |
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912 * Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale. |
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913 |
6451 | 914 Searching and Matching |
915 | |
916 * String Search:: Search for an exact match. | |
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917 * Searching and Case:: Case-independent or case-significant searching. |
6451 | 918 * Regular Expressions:: Describing classes of strings. |
919 * Regexp Search:: Searching for a match for a regexp. | |
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920 * POSIX Regexps:: Searching POSIX-style for the longest match. |
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921 * Match Data:: Finding out which part of the text matched, |
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922 after a string or regexp search. |
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923 * Search and Replace:: Commands that loop, searching and replacing. |
6451 | 924 * Standard Regexps:: Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,... |
925 | |
926 Regular Expressions | |
927 | |
928 * Syntax of Regexps:: Rules for writing regular expressions. | |
929 * Regexp Example:: Illustrates regular expression syntax. | |
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930 * Regexp Functions:: Functions for operating on regular expressions. |
6451 | 931 |
932 Syntax Tables | |
933 | |
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934 * Syntax Basics:: Basic concepts of syntax tables. |
6451 | 935 * Syntax Descriptors:: How characters are classified. |
936 * Syntax Table Functions:: How to create, examine and alter syntax tables. | |
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937 * Syntax Properties:: Overriding syntax with text properties. |
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938 * Motion and Syntax:: Moving over characters with certain syntaxes. |
6451 | 939 * Parsing Expressions:: Parsing balanced expressions |
940 using the syntax table. | |
941 * Standard Syntax Tables:: Syntax tables used by various major modes. | |
942 * Syntax Table Internals:: How syntax table information is stored. | |
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943 * Categories:: Another way of classifying character syntax. |
6451 | 944 |
945 Syntax Descriptors | |
946 | |
947 * Syntax Class Table:: Table of syntax classes. | |
948 * Syntax Flags:: Additional flags each character can have. | |
949 | |
950 Abbrevs And Abbrev Expansion | |
951 | |
952 * Abbrev Mode:: Setting up Emacs for abbreviation. | |
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953 * Abbrev Tables:: Creating and working with abbrev tables. |
6451 | 954 * Defining Abbrevs:: Specifying abbreviations and their expansions. |
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955 * Abbrev Files:: Saving abbrevs in files. |
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956 * Abbrev Expansion:: Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines. |
6451 | 957 * Standard Abbrev Tables:: Abbrev tables used by various major modes. |
958 | |
959 Processes | |
960 | |
961 * Subprocess Creation:: Functions that start subprocesses. | |
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962 * Shell Arguments:: Quoting an argument to pass it to a shell. |
6451 | 963 * Synchronous Processes:: Details of using synchronous subprocesses. |
964 * Asynchronous Processes:: Starting up an asynchronous subprocess. | |
965 * Deleting Processes:: Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess. | |
966 * Process Information:: Accessing run-status and other attributes. | |
967 * Input to Processes:: Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess. | |
968 * Signals to Processes:: Stopping, continuing or interrupting | |
969 an asynchronous subprocess. | |
970 * Output from Processes:: Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess. | |
971 * Sentinels:: Sentinels run when process run-status changes. | |
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972 * Query Before Exit:: Whether to query if exiting will kill a process. |
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973 * Transaction Queues:: Transaction-based communication with subprocesses. |
12098 | 974 * Network:: Opening network connections. |
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975 * Network Servers:: Network servers let Emacs accept net connections. |
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976 * Datagrams:: UDP network connections. |
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977 * Low-Level Network:: Lower-level but more general function |
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978 to create connections and servers. |
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979 * Misc Network:: Additional relevant functions for network connections. |
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980 * Byte Packing:: Using bindat to pack and unpack binary data. |
6451 | 981 |
982 Receiving Output from Processes | |
983 | |
984 * Process Buffers:: If no filter, output is put in a buffer. | |
985 * Filter Functions:: Filter functions accept output from the process. | |
52157 | 986 * Decoding Output:: Filters can get unibyte or multibyte strings. |
6451 | 987 * Accepting Output:: How to wait until process output arrives. |
988 | |
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989 Emacs Display |
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990 |
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991 * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it. |
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992 * Forcing Redisplay:: Forcing redisplay. |
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993 * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines. |
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994 * The Echo Area:: Displaying messages at the bottom of the screen. |
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995 * Warnings:: Displaying warning messages for the user. |
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996 * Invisible Text:: Hiding part of the buffer text. |
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997 * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text (the old way). |
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998 * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically. |
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999 * Overlays:: Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer. |
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1000 * Width:: How wide a character or string is on the screen. |
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1001 * Line Height:: Controlling the height of lines. |
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1002 * Faces:: A face defines a graphics style |
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1003 for text characters: font, colors, etc. |
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1004 * Fringes:: Controlling window fringes. |
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1005 * Scroll Bars:: Controlling vertical scroll bars. |
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1006 * Pointer Shape:: Controlling the mouse pointer shape. |
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1007 * Display Property:: Enabling special display features. |
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1008 * Images:: Displaying images in Emacs buffers. |
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1009 * Buttons:: Adding clickable buttons to Emacs buffers. |
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1010 * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis. |
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1011 * Usual Display:: The usual conventions for displaying nonprinting chars. |
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1012 * Display Tables:: How to specify other conventions. |
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1013 * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user. |
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1014 * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used. |
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1015 |
6451 | 1016 Operating System Interface |
1017 | |
1018 * Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs start-up processing. | |
1019 * Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary). | |
1020 * System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system. | |
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1021 * User Identification:: Finding the name and user id of the user. |
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1022 * Time of Day:: Getting the current time. |
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1023 * Time Conversion:: Converting a time from numeric form to a string, or |
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1024 to calendrical data (or vice versa). |
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1025 * Time Parsing:: Converting a time from numeric form to text |
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1026 and vice versa. |
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1027 * Processor Run Time:: Getting the run time used by Emacs. |
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1028 * Time Calculations:: Adding, subtracting, comparing times, etc. |
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1029 * Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function at a certain time. |
6451 | 1030 * Terminal Input:: Recording terminal input for debugging. |
1031 * Terminal Output:: Recording terminal output for debugging. | |
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1032 * Sound Output:: Playing sounds on the computer's speaker. |
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1033 * X11 Keysyms:: Operating on key symbols for X Windows |
6451 | 1034 * Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction. |
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1035 * Session Management:: Saving and restoring state with X Session Management. |
6451 | 1036 |
1037 Starting Up Emacs | |
1038 | |
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1039 * Startup Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at start-up. |
6451 | 1040 * Init File:: Details on reading the init file (@file{.emacs}). |
1041 * Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read. | |
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1042 * Command-Line Arguments:: How command line arguments are processed, |
6451 | 1043 and how you can customize them. |
1044 | |
1045 Getting out of Emacs | |
1046 | |
1047 * Killing Emacs:: Exiting Emacs irreversibly. | |
1048 * Suspending Emacs:: Exiting Emacs reversibly. | |
1049 | |
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1050 Tips and Conventions |
6451 | 1051 |
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1052 * Coding Conventions:: Conventions for clean and robust programs. |
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1053 * Key Binding Conventions:: Which keys should be bound by which programs. |
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1054 * Programming Tips:: Making Emacs code fit smoothly in Emacs. |
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1055 * Compilation Tips:: Making compiled code run fast. |
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1056 * Warning Tips:: Turning off compiler warnings. |
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1057 * Documentation Tips:: Writing readable documentation strings. |
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1058 * Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments. |
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1059 * Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages. |
6451 | 1060 |
1061 GNU Emacs Internals | |
1062 | |
1063 * Building Emacs:: How to preload Lisp libraries into Emacs. | |
1064 * Pure Storage:: A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable. | |
1065 * Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used. | |
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1066 * Memory Usage:: Info about total size of Lisp objects made so far. |
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1067 * Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs. |
6451 | 1068 * Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes. |
1069 | |
1070 Object Internals | |
1071 | |
1072 * Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure. | |
1073 * Window Internals:: Components of a window structure. | |
1074 * Process Internals:: Components of a process structure. | |
1075 @end menu | |
1076 | |
1077 @include intro.texi | |
1078 @include objects.texi | |
1079 @include numbers.texi | |
1080 @include strings.texi | |
1081 | |
1082 @include lists.texi | |
1083 @include sequences.texi | |
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1084 @include hash.texi |
6451 | 1085 @include symbols.texi |
1086 @include eval.texi | |
1087 | |
1088 @include control.texi | |
1089 @include variables.texi | |
1090 @include functions.texi | |
1091 @include macros.texi | |
1092 | |
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1093 @include customize.texi |
6451 | 1094 @include loading.texi |
1095 @include compile.texi | |
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1096 @include advice.texi |
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1097 |
6451 | 1098 @include debugging.texi |
1099 @include streams.texi | |
1100 @include minibuf.texi | |
1101 @include commands.texi | |
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1102 |
6451 | 1103 @include keymaps.texi |
1104 @include modes.texi | |
1105 @include help.texi | |
1106 @include files.texi | |
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1107 |
6451 | 1108 @include backups.texi |
1109 @include buffers.texi | |
1110 @include windows.texi | |
1111 @include frames.texi | |
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1112 |
6451 | 1113 @include positions.texi |
1114 @include markers.texi | |
1115 @include text.texi | |
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1116 @include nonascii.texi |
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1117 |
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1118 @include searching.texi |
6451 | 1119 @include syntax.texi |
1120 @include abbrevs.texi | |
1121 @include processes.texi | |
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1122 |
6451 | 1123 @include display.texi |
26211 | 1124 @include os.texi |
6451 | 1125 |
1126 @c MOVE to Emacs Manual: include misc-modes.texi | |
1127 | |
1128 @c appendices | |
1129 | |
1130 @c REMOVE this: include non-hacker.texi | |
1131 | |
25875 | 1132 @include anti.texi |
29116 | 1133 @include doclicense.texi |
1134 @include gpl.texi | |
6451 | 1135 @include tips.texi |
1136 @include internals.texi | |
1137 @include errors.texi | |
1138 @include locals.texi | |
1139 @include maps.texi | |
1140 @include hooks.texi | |
1141 | |
1142 @include index.texi | |
1143 | |
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1144 @node New Symbols, , Index, Top |
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1145 @unnumbered New Symbols Since the Previous Edition |
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1146 |
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1147 @printindex tp |
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1148 |
6451 | 1149 @bye |
1150 | |
1151 | |
1152 These words prevent "local variables" above from confusing Emacs. | |
52401 | 1153 |
1154 @ignore | |
1155 arch-tag: f7e9a219-a0e1-4776-b631-08eaa1d49b34 | |
1156 @end ignore |