Mercurial > emacs
annotate lispref/elisp.texi @ 62690:5f6567221e96
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author | Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu> |
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date | Wed, 25 May 2005 01:48:07 +0000 |
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6451 | 1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c %**start of header | |
3 @setfilename elisp | |
4 @settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual | |
5 @c %**end of header | |
6 | |
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7 @c Versino of the manual. |
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8 @set VERSION 2.9 |
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9 |
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10 @dircategory Emacs |
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11 @direntry |
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12 * Elisp: (elisp). The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. |
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13 @end direntry |
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14 |
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15 @smallbook |
28952 | 16 @setchapternewpage odd |
17 @finalout | |
18 | |
19 @c Combine indices. | |
20 @synindex cp fn | |
21 @syncodeindex vr fn | |
22 @syncodeindex ky fn | |
23 @syncodeindex pg fn | |
24 @c We use the "type index" to index new functions and variables. | |
25 @c @syncodeindex tp fn | |
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26 |
27193 | 27 @ifnottex |
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28 This Info file contains edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp |
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29 Reference Manual, corresponding to Emacs version 22.1. |
6451 | 30 @c Please REMEMBER to update edition number in *four* places in this file |
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31 @c and also in *one* place in intro.texi and *one* in README. |
6451 | 32 |
33 Published by the Free Software Foundation | |
15725 | 34 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 |
35 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
6451 | 36 |
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37 Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2005,@* |
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38 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6451 | 39 |
28952 | 40 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
41 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or | |
42 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the | |
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43 Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License'', with the Front-Cover texts being |
29127 | 44 ``A GNU Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy |
45 of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free | |
46 Documentation License''. | |
6451 | 47 |
28952 | 48 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
49 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
50 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
27193 | 51 @end ifnottex |
6451 | 52 |
53 @titlepage | |
54 @title GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual | |
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55 @subtitle For Emacs Version 22 |
6451 | 56 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file |
57 @c and also in the file intro.texi. | |
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58 @subtitle Revision @value{VERSION}, January 2002 |
6451 | 59 |
60 @author by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte, Richard Stallman | |
61 @author and the GNU Manual Group | |
62 @page | |
63 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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64 Copyright @copyright{} 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998,@* |
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65 1999, 2000, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6451 | 66 |
67 @sp 2 | |
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68 Edition @value{VERSION} @* |
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69 Revised for Emacs Version 22.1,@* |
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70 January 2002.@* |
6451 | 71 @sp 2 |
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72 ISBN 1-882114-73-6 |
6451 | 73 |
74 @sp 2 | |
75 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
15725 | 76 59 Temple Place, Suite 330@* |
77 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
6451 | 78 |
28952 | 79 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
80 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or | |
81 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the | |
29127 | 82 Invariant Sections being ``Copying'', with the Front-Cover texts being |
83 ``A GNU Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy | |
84 of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free | |
85 Documentation License''. | |
6451 | 86 |
28952 | 87 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
88 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
89 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
6451 | 90 |
91 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
92 @end titlepage | |
93 @page | |
94 | |
29256 | 95 @node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir) |
6451 | 96 |
27193 | 97 @ifnottex |
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98 This Info file contains edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp |
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99 Reference Manual, corresponding to GNU Emacs version 22.1. |
27193 | 100 @end ifnottex |
6451 | 101 |
102 @menu | |
103 * Introduction:: Introduction and conventions used. | |
104 | |
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105 * Lisp Data Types:: Data types of objects in Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 106 * Numbers:: Numbers and arithmetic functions. |
107 * Strings and Characters:: Strings, and functions that work on them. | |
108 * Lists:: Lists, cons cells, and related functions. | |
109 * Sequences Arrays Vectors:: Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences. | |
110 Certain functions act on any kind of sequence. | |
111 The description of vectors is here as well. | |
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112 * Hash Tables:: Very fast lookup-tables. |
6451 | 113 * Symbols:: Symbols represent names, uniquely. |
114 | |
115 * Evaluation:: How Lisp expressions are evaluated. | |
116 * Control Structures:: Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits. | |
117 * Variables:: Using symbols in programs to stand for values. | |
118 * Functions:: A function is a Lisp program | |
119 that can be invoked from other functions. | |
120 * Macros:: Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language. | |
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121 * Customization:: Writing customization declarations. |
6451 | 122 |
123 * Loading:: Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp. | |
124 * Byte Compilation:: Compilation makes programs run faster. | |
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125 * Advising Functions:: Adding to the definition of a function. |
6451 | 126 * Debugging:: Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs. |
127 | |
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128 * Read and Print:: Converting Lisp objects to text and back. |
6451 | 129 * Minibuffers:: Using the minibuffer to read input. |
130 * Command Loop:: How the editor command loop works, | |
131 and how you can call its subroutines. | |
132 * Keymaps:: Defining the bindings from keys to commands. | |
133 * Modes:: Defining major and minor modes. | |
134 * Documentation:: Writing and using documentation strings. | |
135 | |
136 * Files:: Accessing files. | |
137 * Backups and Auto-Saving:: Controlling how backups and auto-save | |
138 files are made. | |
139 * Buffers:: Creating and using buffer objects. | |
140 * Windows:: Manipulating windows and displaying buffers. | |
141 * Frames:: Making multiple X windows. | |
142 * Positions:: Buffer positions and motion functions. | |
143 * Markers:: Markers represent positions and update | |
144 automatically when the text is changed. | |
145 | |
146 * Text:: Examining and changing text in buffers. | |
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147 * Non-ASCII Characters:: Non-ASCII text in buffers and strings. |
6451 | 148 * Searching and Matching:: Searching buffers for strings or regexps. |
149 * Syntax Tables:: The syntax table controls word and list parsing. | |
150 * Abbrevs:: How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures. | |
151 | |
152 * Processes:: Running and communicating with subprocesses. | |
33146 | 153 * Display:: Features for controlling the screen display. |
6451 | 154 * System Interface:: Getting the user id, system type, environment |
155 variables, and other such things. | |
156 | |
157 Appendices | |
158 | |
26211 | 159 * Antinews:: Info for users downgrading to Emacs 20. |
30904 | 160 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation |
29149 | 161 * GPL:: Conditions for copying and changing GNU Emacs. |
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162 * Tips:: Advice and coding conventions for Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 163 * GNU Emacs Internals:: Building and dumping Emacs; |
164 internal data structures. | |
165 * Standard Errors:: List of all error symbols. | |
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166 * Standard Buffer-Local Variables:: |
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167 List of variables buffer-local in all buffers. |
6451 | 168 * Standard Keymaps:: List of standard keymaps. |
169 * Standard Hooks:: List of standard hook variables. | |
170 | |
171 * Index:: Index including concepts, functions, variables, | |
172 and other terms. | |
173 | |
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174 * New Symbols:: New functions and variables in Emacs 22. |
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175 |
6451 | 176 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- |
177 | |
178 Here are other nodes that are inferiors of those already listed, | |
179 mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
180 | |
181 Introduction | |
182 | |
183 * Caveats:: Flaws and a request for help. | |
184 * Lisp History:: Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp. | |
185 * Conventions:: How the manual is formatted. | |
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186 * Version Info:: Which Emacs version is running? |
6451 | 187 * Acknowledgements:: The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual. |
188 | |
189 Conventions | |
190 | |
191 * Some Terms:: Explanation of terms we use in this manual. | |
192 * nil and t:: How the symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are used. | |
193 * Evaluation Notation:: The format we use for examples of evaluation. | |
194 * Printing Notation:: The format we use for examples that print output. | |
195 * Error Messages:: The format we use for examples of errors. | |
196 * Buffer Text Notation:: The format we use for buffer contents in examples. | |
197 * Format of Descriptions:: Notation for describing functions, variables, etc. | |
198 | |
199 Format of Descriptions | |
200 | |
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201 * A Sample Function Description:: |
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202 * A Sample Variable Description:: |
6451 | 203 |
204 Lisp Data Types | |
205 | |
206 * Printed Representation:: How Lisp objects are represented as text. | |
207 * Comments:: Comments and their formatting conventions. | |
208 * Programming Types:: Types found in all Lisp systems. | |
209 * Editing Types:: Types specific to Emacs. | |
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210 * Circular Objects:: Read syntax for circular structure. |
6451 | 211 * Type Predicates:: Tests related to types. |
212 * Equality Predicates:: Tests of equality between any two objects. | |
213 | |
214 Programming Types | |
215 | |
216 * Integer Type:: Numbers without fractional parts. | |
217 * Floating Point Type:: Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range. | |
218 * Character Type:: The representation of letters, numbers and | |
25875 | 219 control characters. |
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220 * Symbol Type:: A multi-use object that refers to a function, |
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221 variable, property list, or itself. |
6451 | 222 * Sequence Type:: Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences. |
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223 * Cons Cell Type:: Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells). |
6451 | 224 * Array Type:: Arrays include strings and vectors. |
225 * String Type:: An (efficient) array of characters. | |
226 * Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays. | |
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227 * Char-Table Type:: One-dimensional sparse arrays indexed by characters. |
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228 * Bool-Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays of @code{t} or @code{nil}. |
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229 * Hash Table Type:: Super-fast lookup tables. |
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230 * Function Type:: A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere. |
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231 * Macro Type:: A method of expanding an expression into another |
6451 | 232 expression, more fundamental but less pretty. |
233 * Primitive Function Type:: A function written in C, callable from Lisp. | |
234 * Byte-Code Type:: A function written in Lisp, then compiled. | |
235 * Autoload Type:: A type used for automatically loading seldom-used | |
25875 | 236 functions. |
6451 | 237 |
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238 Cons Cell and List Types |
6451 | 239 |
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240 * Box Diagrams:: Drawing pictures of lists. |
6451 | 241 * Dotted Pair Notation:: An alternative syntax for lists. |
242 * Association List Type:: A specially constructed list. | |
243 | |
244 Editing Types | |
245 | |
246 * Buffer Type:: The basic object of editing. | |
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247 * Marker Type:: A position in a buffer. |
6451 | 248 * Window Type:: What makes buffers visible. |
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249 * Frame Type:: Windows subdivide frames. |
6451 | 250 * Window Configuration Type::Save what the screen looks like. |
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251 * Frame Configuration Type::Recording the status of all frames. |
6451 | 252 * Process Type:: A process running on the underlying OS. |
253 * Stream Type:: Receive or send characters. | |
254 * Keymap Type:: What function a keystroke invokes. | |
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255 * Overlay Type:: How an overlay is represented. |
6451 | 256 |
257 Numbers | |
258 | |
259 * Integer Basics:: Representation and range of integers. | |
260 * Float Basics:: Representation and range of floating point. | |
261 * Predicates on Numbers:: Testing for numbers. | |
262 * Comparison of Numbers:: Equality and inequality predicates. | |
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263 * Numeric Conversions:: Converting float to integer and vice versa. |
6451 | 264 * Arithmetic Operations:: How to add, subtract, multiply and divide. |
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265 * Rounding Operations:: Explicitly rounding floating point numbers. |
6451 | 266 * Bitwise Operations:: Logical and, or, not, shifting. |
12067 | 267 * Math Functions:: Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions. |
6451 | 268 * Random Numbers:: Obtaining random integers, predictable or not. |
269 | |
270 Strings and Characters | |
271 | |
272 * String Basics:: Basic properties of strings and characters. | |
273 * Predicates for Strings:: Testing whether an object is a string or char. | |
274 * Creating Strings:: Functions to allocate new strings. | |
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275 * Modifying Strings:: Altering the contents of an existing string. |
6451 | 276 * Text Comparison:: Comparing characters or strings. |
277 * String Conversion:: Converting characters or strings and vice versa. | |
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278 * Formatting Strings:: @code{format}: Emacs's analogue of @code{printf}. |
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279 * Case Conversion:: Case conversion functions. |
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280 * Case Tables:: Customizing case conversion. |
6451 | 281 |
282 Lists | |
283 | |
284 * Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells. | |
285 * List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists. | |
286 * List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list. | |
287 * Building Lists:: Creating list structure. | |
288 * Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list. | |
289 * Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set. | |
290 * Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping. | |
291 | |
292 Modifying Existing List Structure | |
293 | |
294 * Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list. | |
295 * Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone. | |
296 This can be used to remove or add elements. | |
297 * Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists. | |
298 | |
299 Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors | |
300 | |
301 * Sequence Functions:: Functions that accept any kind of sequence. | |
302 * Arrays:: Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp. | |
303 * Array Functions:: Functions specifically for arrays. | |
304 * Vectors:: Functions specifically for vectors. | |
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305 * Vector Functions:: Functions specifically for vectors. |
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306 * Char-Tables:: How to work with char-tables. |
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307 * Bool-Vectors:: How to work with bool-vectors. |
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308 |
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309 Hash Tables |
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310 |
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311 * Creating Hash:: Functions to create hash tables. |
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312 * Hash Access:: Reading and writing the hash table contents. |
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313 * Defining Hash:: Defining new comparison methods |
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314 * Other Hash:: Miscellaneous. |
6451 | 315 |
316 Symbols | |
317 | |
318 * Symbol Components:: Symbols have names, values, function definitions | |
319 and property lists. | |
320 * Definitions:: A definition says how a symbol will be used. | |
321 * Creating Symbols:: How symbols are kept unique. | |
322 * Property Lists:: Each symbol has a property list | |
323 for recording miscellaneous information. | |
324 | |
325 Evaluation | |
326 | |
327 * Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things. | |
328 * Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated. | |
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329 * Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in |
6451 | 330 the program). |
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331 * Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly. |
6451 | 332 |
333 Kinds of Forms | |
334 | |
335 * Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves. | |
336 * Symbol Forms:: Symbols evaluate as variables. | |
337 * Classifying Lists:: How to distinguish various sorts of list forms. | |
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338 * Function Indirection:: When a symbol appears as the car of a list, |
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339 we find the real function via the symbol. |
6451 | 340 * Function Forms:: Forms that call functions. |
341 * Macro Forms:: Forms that call macros. | |
342 * Special Forms:: ``Special forms'' are idiosyncratic primitives, | |
343 most of them extremely important. | |
344 * Autoloading:: Functions set up to load files | |
345 containing their real definitions. | |
346 | |
347 Control Structures | |
348 | |
349 * Sequencing:: Evaluation in textual order. | |
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350 * Conditionals:: @code{if}, @code{cond}, @code{when}, @code{unless}. |
6451 | 351 * Combining Conditions:: @code{and}, @code{or}, @code{not}. |
352 * Iteration:: @code{while} loops. | |
353 * Nonlocal Exits:: Jumping out of a sequence. | |
354 | |
355 Nonlocal Exits | |
356 | |
357 * Catch and Throw:: Nonlocal exits for the program's own purposes. | |
358 * Examples of Catch:: Showing how such nonlocal exits can be written. | |
359 * Errors:: How errors are signaled and handled. | |
360 * Cleanups:: Arranging to run a cleanup form if an | |
361 error happens. | |
362 | |
363 Errors | |
364 | |
365 * Signaling Errors:: How to report an error. | |
366 * Processing of Errors:: What Emacs does when you report an error. | |
367 * Handling Errors:: How you can trap errors and continue execution. | |
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368 * Error Symbols:: How errors are classified for trapping them. |
6451 | 369 |
370 Variables | |
371 | |
372 * Global Variables:: Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere. | |
373 * Constant Variables:: Certain "variables" have values that never change. | |
374 * Local Variables:: Variable values that exist only temporarily. | |
375 * Void Variables:: Symbols that lack values. | |
376 * Defining Variables:: A definition says a symbol is used as a variable. | |
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377 * Tips for Defining:: Things you should think about when you |
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378 define a variable. |
6451 | 379 * Accessing Variables:: Examining values of variables whose names |
380 are known only at run time. | |
381 * Setting Variables:: Storing new values in variables. | |
382 * Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values. | |
383 * Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer. | |
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384 * Frame-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one frame. |
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385 * Future Local Variables:: New kinds of local values we might add some day. |
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386 * File Local Variables:: Handling local variable lists in files. |
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387 * Variable Aliases:: Variables that are aliases for other variables. |
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388 * Variables with Restricted Values:: Non-constant variables whose value can |
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389 @emph{not} be an arbitrary Lisp object. |
6451 | 390 |
391 Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings | |
392 | |
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393 * Scope:: Scope means where in the program a value |
6451 | 394 is visible. Comparison with other languages. |
395 * Extent:: Extent means how long in time a value exists. | |
396 * Impl of Scope:: Two ways to implement dynamic scoping. | |
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397 * Using Scoping:: How to use dynamic scoping carefully and |
6451 | 398 avoid problems. |
399 | |
400 Buffer-Local Variables | |
401 | |
402 * Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts. | |
403 * Creating Buffer-Local:: Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings. | |
404 * Default Value:: The default value is seen in buffers | |
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405 that don't have their own buffer-local values. |
6451 | 406 |
407 Functions | |
408 | |
409 * What Is a Function:: Lisp functions vs primitives; terminology. | |
410 * Lambda Expressions:: How functions are expressed as Lisp objects. | |
411 * Function Names:: A symbol can serve as the name of a function. | |
412 * Defining Functions:: Lisp expressions for defining functions. | |
413 * Calling Functions:: How to use an existing function. | |
414 * Mapping Functions:: Applying a function to each element of a list, etc. | |
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415 * Anonymous Functions:: Lambda-expressions are functions with no names. |
6451 | 416 * Function Cells:: Accessing or setting the function definition |
417 of a symbol. | |
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418 * Obsolete Functions:: Declaring functions obsolete. |
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419 * Inline Functions:: Defining functions that the compiler will open code. |
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420 * Function Safety:: Determining whether a function is safe to call. |
6451 | 421 * Related Topics:: Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives |
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422 that have a special bearing on how |
6451 | 423 functions work. |
424 | |
425 Lambda Expressions | |
426 | |
427 * Lambda Components:: The parts of a lambda expression. | |
428 * Simple Lambda:: A simple example. | |
429 * Argument List:: Details and special features of argument lists. | |
430 * Function Documentation:: How to put documentation in a function. | |
431 | |
432 Macros | |
433 | |
434 * Simple Macro:: A basic example. | |
435 * Expansion:: How, when and why macros are expanded. | |
436 * Compiling Macros:: How macros are expanded by the compiler. | |
437 * Defining Macros:: How to write a macro definition. | |
438 * Backquote:: Easier construction of list structure. | |
439 * Problems with Macros:: Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times. | |
440 Don't hide the user's variables. | |
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441 * Indenting Macros:: Specifying how to indent macro calls. |
6451 | 442 |
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443 Writing Customization Definitions |
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444 |
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445 * Common Keywords:: Common keyword arguments for all kinds of |
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446 customization declarations. |
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447 * Group Definitions:: Writing customization group definitions. |
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448 * Variable Definitions:: Declaring user options. |
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449 * Customization Types:: Specifying the type of a user option. |
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450 |
6451 | 451 Loading |
452 | |
453 * How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others. | |
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454 * Library Search:: Finding a library to load. |
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455 * Loading Non-ASCII:: Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in Emacs Lisp files. |
6451 | 456 * Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload. |
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457 * Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice. |
12098 | 458 * Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded. |
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459 * Where Defined:: Finding which file defined a certain symbol. |
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460 * Unloading:: How to ``unload'' a library that was loaded. |
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461 * Hooks for Loading:: Providing code to be run when |
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462 particular libraries are loaded. |
6451 | 463 |
464 Byte Compilation | |
465 | |
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466 * Speed of Byte-Code:: An example of speedup from byte compilation. |
6451 | 467 * Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions. |
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468 * Docs and Compilation:: Dynamic loading of documentation strings. |
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469 * Dynamic Loading:: Dynamic loading of individual functions. |
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470 * Eval During Compile:: Code to be evaluated when you compile. |
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471 * Compiler Errors:: Handling compiler error messages. |
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472 * Byte-Code Objects:: The data type used for byte-compiled functions. |
6451 | 473 * Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code. |
474 | |
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475 Advising Emacs Lisp Functions |
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476 |
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477 * Simple Advice:: A simple example to explain the basics of advice. |
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478 * Defining Advice:: Detailed description of @code{defadvice}. |
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479 * Around-Advice:: Wrapping advice around a function's definition. |
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480 * Computed Advice:: ...is to @code{defadvice} as @code{fset} is to @code{defun}. |
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481 * Activation of Advice:: Advice doesn't do anything until you activate it. |
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482 * Enabling Advice:: You can enable or disable each piece of advice. |
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483 * Preactivation:: Preactivation is a way of speeding up the |
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484 loading of compiled advice. |
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485 * Argument Access in Advice:: How advice can access the function's arguments. |
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486 * Advising Primitives:: Accessing arguments when advising a primitive. |
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487 * Combined Definition:: How advice is implemented. |
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488 |
6451 | 489 Debugging Lisp Programs |
490 | |
491 * Debugger:: How the Emacs Lisp debugger is implemented. | |
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492 * Edebug:: A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger. |
6451 | 493 * Syntax Errors:: How to find syntax errors. |
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494 * Test Coverage:: Ensuring you have tested all branches in your code. |
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495 * Compilation Errors:: How to find errors that show up in |
6451 | 496 byte compilation. |
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497 |
6451 | 498 The Lisp Debugger |
499 | |
500 * Error Debugging:: Entering the debugger when an error happens. | |
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501 * Infinite Loops:: Stopping and debugging a program that doesn't exit. |
6451 | 502 * Function Debugging:: Entering it when a certain function is called. |
503 * Explicit Debug:: Entering it at a certain point in the program. | |
504 * Using Debugger:: What the debugger does; what you see while in it. | |
505 * Debugger Commands:: Commands used while in the debugger. | |
506 * Invoking the Debugger:: How to call the function @code{debug}. | |
507 * Internals of Debugger:: Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables. | |
508 | |
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509 Edebug |
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510 |
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511 * Using Edebug:: Introduction to use of Edebug. |
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512 * Instrumenting:: You must instrument your code |
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513 in order to debug it with Edebug. |
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514 * Edebug Execution Modes:: Execution modes, stopping more or less often. |
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515 * Jumping:: Commands to jump to a specified place. |
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516 * Edebug Misc:: Miscellaneous commands. |
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517 * Breakpoints:: Setting breakpoints to make the program stop. |
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518 * Trapping Errors:: Trapping errors with Edebug. |
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519 * Edebug Views:: Views inside and outside of Edebug. |
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520 * Edebug Eval:: Evaluating expressions within Edebug. |
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521 * Eval List:: Expressions whose values are displayed |
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522 each time you enter Edebug. |
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523 * Printing in Edebug:: Customization of printing. |
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524 * Trace Buffer:: How to produce trace output in a buffer. |
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525 * Coverage Testing:: How to test evaluation coverage. |
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526 * The Outside Context:: Data that Edebug saves and restores. |
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527 * Instrumenting Macro Calls:: Specifying how to handle macro calls. |
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528 * Edebug Options:: Option variables for customizing Edebug. |
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529 |
6451 | 530 Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax |
531 | |
532 * Excess Open:: How to find a spurious open paren or missing close. | |
533 * Excess Close:: How to find a spurious close paren or missing open. | |
534 | |
535 Reading and Printing Lisp Objects | |
536 | |
537 * Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing. | |
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538 * Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
6451 | 539 input streams. |
540 * Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text. | |
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541 * Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
6451 | 542 output streams. |
543 * Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text. | |
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544 * Output Variables:: Variables that control what the printing |
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545 functions do. |
6451 | 546 |
547 Minibuffers | |
548 | |
549 * Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers. | |
550 * Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string. | |
551 * Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression. | |
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552 * Minibuffer History:: Recording previous minibuffer inputs |
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553 so the user can reuse them. |
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554 * Initial Input:: Specifying initial contents for the minibuffer. |
6451 | 555 * Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion. |
556 * Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer. | |
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557 * Multiple Queries:: Asking a series of similar questions. |
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558 * Reading a Password:: Reading a password from the terminal. |
6451 | 559 * Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables. |
560 | |
561 Completion | |
562 | |
563 * Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings. | |
564 (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.) | |
565 * Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion. | |
566 * Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion. | |
567 * High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion | |
568 (reading buffer name, file name, etc.) | |
569 * Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names. | |
570 * Programmed Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
571 | |
572 Command Loop | |
573 | |
574 * Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands. | |
575 * Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments. | |
576 * Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments. | |
577 * Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine. | |
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578 * Adjusting Point:: Adjustment of point after a command. |
6451 | 579 * Input Events:: What input looks like when you read it. |
580 * Reading Input:: How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse. | |
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581 * Special Events:: Events processed immediately and individually. |
6451 | 582 * Waiting:: Waiting for user input or elapsed time. |
583 * Quitting:: How @kbd{C-g} works. How to catch or defer quitting. | |
584 * Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work. | |
585 * Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit, | |
586 and why you usually shouldn't. | |
587 * Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands. | |
588 * Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed. | |
589 * Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented. | |
590 | |
591 Defining Commands | |
592 | |
593 * Using Interactive:: General rules for @code{interactive}. | |
594 * Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments | |
595 in various ways. | |
596 * Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments. | |
597 | |
598 Keymaps | |
599 | |
600 * Keymap Terminology:: Definitions of terms pertaining to keymaps. | |
601 * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object. | |
602 * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps. | |
603 * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings | |
604 of another keymap. | |
605 * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition. | |
606 * Active Keymaps:: Each buffer has a local keymap | |
607 to override the standard (global) bindings. | |
25875 | 608 Each minor mode can also override them. |
6451 | 609 * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works. |
610 * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup. | |
611 * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap. | |
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612 * Remapping Commands:: Bindings that translate one command to another. |
6451 | 613 * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys. |
614 * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help. | |
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615 * Menu Keymaps:: A keymap can define a menu for X |
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616 or for use from the terminal. |
6451 | 617 |
618 Major and Minor Modes | |
619 | |
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620 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that |
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621 provides hooks. |
6451 | 622 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes. |
623 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes. | |
624 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line. | |
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625 * Imenu:: How a mode can provide a menu |
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626 of definitions in the buffer. |
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627 * Font Lock Mode:: How modes can highlight text according to syntax. |
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628 * Desktop Save Mode:: How modes can have buffer state saved between |
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629 Emacs sessions. |
6451 | 630 |
631 Major Modes | |
632 | |
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633 * Major Mode Basics:: |
6451 | 634 * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc. |
635 * Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes. | |
636 * Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically. | |
637 * Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode. | |
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638 * Derived Modes:: Defining a new major mode based on another major |
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639 mode. |
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640 * Generic Modes:: Defining a simple major mode that supports |
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641 comment syntax and Font Lock mode. |
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642 * Mode Hooks:: Hooks run at the end of major mode functions. |
6451 | 643 |
644 Minor Modes | |
645 | |
646 * Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode. | |
647 * Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap. | |
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648 * Defining Minor Modes:: A convenient facility for defining minor modes. |
6451 | 649 |
650 Mode Line Format | |
651 | |
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652 * Mode Line Basics:: |
6451 | 653 * Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line. |
654 * Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure. | |
655 * %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line. | |
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656 * Properties in Mode:: Using text properties in the mode line. |
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657 * Header Lines:: Like a mode line, but at the top. |
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658 * Emulating Mode Line:: Formatting text as the mode line would. |
6451 | 659 |
660 Documentation | |
661 | |
662 * Documentation Basics:: Good style for doc strings. | |
663 Where to put them. How Emacs stores them. | |
664 * Accessing Documentation:: How Lisp programs can access doc strings. | |
665 * Keys in Documentation:: Substituting current key bindings. | |
666 * Describing Characters:: Making printable descriptions of | |
667 non-printing characters and key sequences. | |
668 * Help Functions:: Subroutines used by Emacs help facilities. | |
669 | |
670 Files | |
671 | |
672 * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing. | |
673 * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files. | |
674 * Reading from Files:: Reading files into other buffers. | |
675 * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers. | |
676 * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent | |
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677 simultaneous editing by two people. |
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678 * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files. |
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679 * Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc. |
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680 * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names. |
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681 * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory. |
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682 * Create/Delete Dirs:: Creating and Deleting Directories. |
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683 * Magic File Names:: Defining "magic" special handling |
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684 for certain file names. |
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685 * Format Conversion:: Conversion to and from various file formats. |
6451 | 686 |
687 Visiting Files | |
688 | |
689 * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting. | |
690 * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use. | |
691 | |
692 Information about Files | |
693 | |
694 * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable? | |
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695 * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A symbolic link? |
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696 * Truenames:: Eliminating symbolic links from a file name. |
6451 | 697 * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc. |
698 | |
699 File Names | |
700 | |
701 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest. | |
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702 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a |
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703 current directory. |
6451 | 704 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory |
705 is different from its name as a file. | |
706 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones. | |
707 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files. | |
708 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
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709 * Standard File Names:: If your package uses a fixed file name, |
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710 how to handle various operating systems simply. |
6451 | 711 |
712 Backups and Auto-Saving | |
713 | |
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714 * Backup Files:: How backup files are made; how their names |
6451 | 715 are chosen. |
716 * Auto-Saving:: How auto-save files are made; how their | |
717 names are chosen. | |
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718 * Reverting:: @code{revert-buffer}, and how to customize |
6451 | 719 what it does. |
720 | |
721 Backup Files | |
722 | |
723 * Making Backups:: How Emacs makes backup files, and when. | |
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724 * Rename or Copy:: Two alternatives: renaming the old file |
6451 | 725 or copying it. |
726 * Numbered Backups:: Keeping multiple backups for each source file. | |
727 * Backup Names:: How backup file names are computed; customization. | |
728 | |
729 Buffers | |
730 | |
731 * Buffer Basics:: What is a buffer? | |
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732 * Current Buffer:: Designating a buffer as current |
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733 so primitives will access its contents. |
6451 | 734 * Buffer Names:: Accessing and changing buffer names. |
735 * Buffer File Name:: The buffer file name indicates which file | |
736 is visited. | |
737 * Buffer Modification:: A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved. | |
738 * Modification Time:: Determining whether the visited file was changed | |
739 ``behind Emacs's back''. | |
740 * Read Only Buffers:: Modifying text is not allowed in a | |
741 read-only buffer. | |
742 * The Buffer List:: How to look at all the existing buffers. | |
743 * Creating Buffers:: Functions that create buffers. | |
744 * Killing Buffers:: Buffers exist until explicitly killed. | |
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745 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares text with some |
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746 other buffer. |
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747 * Buffer Gap:: The gap in the buffer. |
6451 | 748 |
749 Windows | |
750 | |
751 * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows. | |
752 * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows. | |
753 * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows. | |
754 * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in. | |
755 * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows. | |
756 * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer. | |
757 * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-lever functions for displaying a buffer | |
758 and choosing a window for it. | |
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759 * Choosing Window:: How to choose a window for displaying a buffer. |
6451 | 760 * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point. |
761 * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text | |
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762 is on-screen in the window. |
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763 * Textual Scrolling:: Moving text up and down through the window. |
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764 * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving the contents up and down on the window. |
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765 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving the contents sideways on the window. |
6451 | 766 * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window. |
767 * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window. | |
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768 * Coordinates and Windows:: Converting coordinates to windows. |
6451 | 769 * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen. |
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770 * Window Hooks:: Hooks for scrolling, window size changes, |
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771 redisplay going past a certain point, |
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772 or window configuration changes. |
6451 | 773 |
12098 | 774 Frames |
775 | |
776 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional frames. | |
777 * Multiple Displays:: Creating frames on other X displays. | |
778 * Frame Parameters:: Controlling frame size, position, font, etc. | |
779 * Frame Titles:: Automatic updating of frame titles. | |
780 * Deleting Frames:: Frames last until explicitly deleted. | |
781 * Finding All Frames:: How to examine all existing frames. | |
782 * Frames and Windows:: A frame contains windows; | |
783 display of text always works through windows. | |
784 * Minibuffers and Frames:: How a frame finds the minibuffer to use. | |
785 * Input Focus:: Specifying the selected frame. | |
786 * Visibility of Frames:: Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons. | |
787 * Raising and Lowering:: Raising a frame makes it hide other X windows; | |
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788 lowering it puts it underneath the others. |
12098 | 789 * Frame Configurations:: Saving the state of all frames. |
790 * Mouse Tracking:: Getting events that say when the mouse moves. | |
791 * Mouse Position:: Asking where the mouse is, or moving it. | |
792 * Pop-Up Menus:: Displaying a menu for the user to select from. | |
793 * Dialog Boxes:: Displaying a box to ask yes or no. | |
794 * Pointer Shapes:: Specifying the shape of the mouse pointer. | |
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795 * Window System Selections::Transferring text to and from other windows. |
12098 | 796 * Color Names:: Getting the definitions of color names. |
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797 * Text Terminal Colors:: Defining colors for text-only terminals. |
12098 | 798 * Resources:: Getting resource values from the server. |
27476 | 799 * Display Feature Testing:: Determining the features of a terminal. |
12098 | 800 |
6451 | 801 Positions |
802 | |
803 * Point:: The special position where editing takes place. | |
804 * Motion:: Changing point. | |
805 * Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes. | |
806 * Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer. | |
807 | |
808 Motion | |
809 | |
810 * Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters. | |
811 * Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words. | |
812 * Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer. | |
813 * Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text. | |
814 * Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed. | |
815 * List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps. | |
816 * Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set. | |
817 | |
818 Markers | |
819 | |
820 * Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates. | |
821 * Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker. | |
822 * Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places. | |
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823 * Information from Markers::Finding the marker's buffer or character |
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824 position. |
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825 * Marker Insertion Types:: Two ways a marker can relocate when you |
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826 insert where it points. |
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827 * Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position. |
6451 | 828 * The Mark:: How ``the mark'' is implemented with a marker. |
829 * The Region:: How to access ``the region''. | |
830 | |
831 Text | |
832 | |
833 * Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point. | |
834 * Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion. | |
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835 * Comparing Text:: Comparing substrings of buffers. |
6451 | 836 * Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer. |
837 * Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text. | |
838 * Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer. | |
839 * User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text. | |
840 * The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for | |
841 later use. | |
842 * Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer. | |
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843 * Maintaining Undo:: How to enable and disable undo information. |
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844 How to control how much information is kept. |
6451 | 845 * Filling:: Functions for explicit filling. |
12098 | 846 * Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands. |
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847 * Adaptive Fill:: Adaptive Fill mode chooses a fill prefix |
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848 from context. |
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849 * Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines. |
6451 | 850 * Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer. |
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851 * Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them. |
6451 | 852 * Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation. |
853 * Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer. | |
15725 | 854 * Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters. |
6451 | 855 * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears. |
15725 | 856 * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer. |
6451 | 857 * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing |
858 the text or position stored in a register. | |
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859 * Base 64:: Conversion to or from base 64 encoding. |
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860 * MD5 Checksum:: Compute the MD5 ``message digest''/``checksum''. |
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861 * Atomic Changes:: Installing several buffer changes ``atomically''. |
15725 | 862 * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed. |
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863 |
6451 | 864 The Kill Ring |
865 | |
866 * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring. | |
867 * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text. | |
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868 * Yanking:: How yanking is done. |
6451 | 869 * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring. |
12067 | 870 * Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access. |
6451 | 871 * Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill-ring data. |
872 | |
873 Indentation | |
874 | |
875 * Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation. | |
876 * Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes. | |
877 * Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region. | |
878 * Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines. | |
879 * Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops. | |
880 * Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character. | |
881 | |
15725 | 882 Text Properties |
883 | |
884 * Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character. | |
885 * Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text. | |
886 * Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value. | |
887 * Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings. | |
888 * Format Properties:: Properties for representing formatting of text. | |
889 * Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from | |
890 neighboring text. | |
891 * Saving Properties:: Saving text properties in files, and reading | |
892 them back. | |
893 * Lazy Properties:: Computing text properties in a lazy fashion | |
894 only when text is examined. | |
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895 * Clickable Text:: Using text properties to make regions of text |
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896 do something when you click on them. |
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897 * Links and Mouse-1:: How to make @key{Mouse-1} follow a link. |
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898 * Fields:: The @code{field} property defines |
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899 fields within the buffer. |
15725 | 900 * Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use |
901 Lisp-visible text intervals. | |
902 | |
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903 Non-ASCII Characters |
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904 |
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905 * Text Representations:: Unibyte and multibyte representations |
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906 * Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa. |
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907 * Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi. |
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908 * Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to |
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909 codes of individual characters. |
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910 * Character Sets:: The space of possible characters codes |
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911 is divided into various character sets. |
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912 * Chars and Bytes:: More information about multibyte encodings. |
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913 * Splitting Characters:: Converting a character to its byte sequence. |
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914 * Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer? |
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915 * Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion. |
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916 * Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files. |
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917 * Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various |
40834 | 918 non-ASCII characters without special keyboards. |
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919 * Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale. |
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920 |
6451 | 921 Searching and Matching |
922 | |
923 * String Search:: Search for an exact match. | |
924 * Regular Expressions:: Describing classes of strings. | |
925 * Regexp Search:: Searching for a match for a regexp. | |
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926 * POSIX Regexps:: Searching POSIX-style for the longest match. |
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927 * Search and Replace:: Internals of @code{query-replace}. |
6451 | 928 * Match Data:: Finding out which part of the text matched |
929 various parts of a regexp, after regexp search. | |
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930 * Searching and Case:: Case-independent or case-significant searching. |
6451 | 931 * Standard Regexps:: Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,... |
932 | |
933 Regular Expressions | |
934 | |
935 * Syntax of Regexps:: Rules for writing regular expressions. | |
936 * Regexp Example:: Illustrates regular expression syntax. | |
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937 * Regexp Functions:: Functions for operating on regular expressions. |
6451 | 938 |
939 Syntax Tables | |
940 | |
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941 * Syntax Basics:: Basic concepts of syntax tables. |
6451 | 942 * Syntax Descriptors:: How characters are classified. |
943 * Syntax Table Functions:: How to create, examine and alter syntax tables. | |
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944 * Syntax Properties:: Overriding syntax with text properties. |
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945 * Motion and Syntax:: Moving over characters with certain syntaxes. |
6451 | 946 * Parsing Expressions:: Parsing balanced expressions |
947 using the syntax table. | |
948 * Standard Syntax Tables:: Syntax tables used by various major modes. | |
949 * Syntax Table Internals:: How syntax table information is stored. | |
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950 * Categories:: Another way of classifying character syntax. |
6451 | 951 |
952 Syntax Descriptors | |
953 | |
954 * Syntax Class Table:: Table of syntax classes. | |
955 * Syntax Flags:: Additional flags each character can have. | |
956 | |
957 Abbrevs And Abbrev Expansion | |
958 | |
959 * Abbrev Mode:: Setting up Emacs for abbreviation. | |
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960 * Abbrev Tables:: Creating and working with abbrev tables. |
6451 | 961 * Defining Abbrevs:: Specifying abbreviations and their expansions. |
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962 * Abbrev Files:: Saving abbrevs in files. |
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963 * Abbrev Expansion:: Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines. |
6451 | 964 * Standard Abbrev Tables:: Abbrev tables used by various major modes. |
965 | |
966 Processes | |
967 | |
968 * Subprocess Creation:: Functions that start subprocesses. | |
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969 * Shell Arguments:: Quoting an argument to pass it to a shell. |
6451 | 970 * Synchronous Processes:: Details of using synchronous subprocesses. |
971 * Asynchronous Processes:: Starting up an asynchronous subprocess. | |
972 * Deleting Processes:: Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess. | |
973 * Process Information:: Accessing run-status and other attributes. | |
974 * Input to Processes:: Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess. | |
975 * Signals to Processes:: Stopping, continuing or interrupting | |
976 an asynchronous subprocess. | |
977 * Output from Processes:: Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess. | |
978 * Sentinels:: Sentinels run when process run-status changes. | |
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979 * Query Before Exit:: Whether to query if exiting will kill a process. |
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980 * Transaction Queues:: Transaction-based communication with subprocesses. |
12098 | 981 * Network:: Opening network connections. |
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982 * Network Servers:: Network servers let Emacs accept net connections. |
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983 * Datagrams:: UDP network connections. |
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984 * Low-Level Network:: Lower-level but more general function |
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985 to create connections and servers. |
6451 | 986 |
987 Receiving Output from Processes | |
988 | |
989 * Process Buffers:: If no filter, output is put in a buffer. | |
990 * Filter Functions:: Filter functions accept output from the process. | |
52157 | 991 * Decoding Output:: Filters can get unibyte or multibyte strings. |
6451 | 992 * Accepting Output:: How to wait until process output arrives. |
993 | |
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994 Emacs Display |
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995 |
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996 * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it. |
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997 * Forcing Redisplay:: Forcing redisplay. |
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998 * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines. |
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999 * The Echo Area:: Where messages are displayed. |
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1000 * Warnings:: Displaying warning messages for the user. |
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1001 * Progress:: Informing user about progress of a long operation. |
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1002 * Invisible Text:: Hiding part of the buffer text. |
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1003 * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text. |
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1004 * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically. |
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1005 * Overlays:: Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer. |
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1006 * Width:: How wide a character or string is on the screen. |
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1007 * Line Height:: Controlling the height of lines. |
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1008 * Faces:: A face defines a graphics style |
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1009 for text characters: font, colors, etc. |
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1010 * Fringes:: Controlling window fringes. |
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1011 * Scroll Bars:: Controlling vertical scroll bars. |
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1012 * Pointer Shape:: Controlling the mouse pointer shape. |
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1013 * Display Property:: Enabling special display features. |
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1014 * Images:: Displaying images in Emacs buffers. |
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1015 * Buttons:: Adding clickable buttons to Emacs buffers. |
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1016 * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis. |
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1017 * Inverse Video:: Specifying how the screen looks. |
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1018 * Usual Display:: The usual conventions for displaying nonprinting chars. |
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1019 * Display Tables:: How to specify other conventions. |
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1020 * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user. |
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1021 * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used. |
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1022 |
6451 | 1023 Operating System Interface |
1024 | |
1025 * Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs start-up processing. | |
1026 * Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary). | |
1027 * System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system. | |
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1028 * User Identification:: Finding the name and user id of the user. |
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1029 * Time of Day:: Getting the current time. |
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1030 * Time Conversion:: Converting a time from numeric form to a string, or |
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1031 to calendrical data (or vice versa). |
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1032 * Processor Run Time:: Getting the run time used by Emacs. |
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1033 * Time Calculations:: Adding, subtracting, comparing times, etc. |
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1034 * Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function at a certain time. |
6451 | 1035 * Terminal Input:: Recording terminal input for debugging. |
1036 * Terminal Output:: Recording terminal output for debugging. | |
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1037 * Sound Output:: Playing sounds on the computer's speaker. |
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1038 * X11 Keysyms:: Operating on key symbols for X Windows |
6451 | 1039 * Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction. |
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1040 * Session Management:: Saving and restoring state with X Session Management. |
6451 | 1041 |
1042 Starting Up Emacs | |
1043 | |
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1044 * Startup Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at start-up. |
6451 | 1045 * Init File:: Details on reading the init file (@file{.emacs}). |
1046 * Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read. | |
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1047 * Command-Line Arguments:: How command line arguments are processed, |
6451 | 1048 and how you can customize them. |
1049 | |
1050 Getting out of Emacs | |
1051 | |
1052 * Killing Emacs:: Exiting Emacs irreversibly. | |
1053 * Suspending Emacs:: Exiting Emacs reversibly. | |
1054 | |
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1055 Tips and Conventions |
6451 | 1056 |
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1057 * Coding Conventions:: Conventions for clean and robust programs. |
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1058 * Compilation Tips:: Making compiled code run fast. |
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1059 * Documentation Tips:: Writing readable documentation strings. |
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1060 * Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments. |
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1061 * Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages. |
6451 | 1062 |
1063 GNU Emacs Internals | |
1064 | |
1065 * Building Emacs:: How to preload Lisp libraries into Emacs. | |
1066 * Pure Storage:: A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable. | |
1067 * Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used. | |
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1068 * Memory Usage:: Info about total size of Lisp objects made so far. |
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1069 * Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs. |
6451 | 1070 * Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes. |
1071 | |
1072 Object Internals | |
1073 | |
1074 * Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure. | |
1075 * Window Internals:: Components of a window structure. | |
1076 * Process Internals:: Components of a process structure. | |
1077 @end menu | |
1078 | |
1079 @include intro.texi | |
1080 @include objects.texi | |
1081 @include numbers.texi | |
1082 @include strings.texi | |
1083 | |
1084 @include lists.texi | |
1085 @include sequences.texi | |
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1086 @include hash.texi |
6451 | 1087 @include symbols.texi |
1088 @include eval.texi | |
1089 | |
1090 @include control.texi | |
1091 @include variables.texi | |
1092 @include functions.texi | |
1093 @include macros.texi | |
1094 | |
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1095 @include customize.texi |
6451 | 1096 @include loading.texi |
1097 @include compile.texi | |
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1098 @include advice.texi |
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1099 |
6451 | 1100 @include debugging.texi |
1101 @include streams.texi | |
1102 @include minibuf.texi | |
1103 @include commands.texi | |
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1104 |
6451 | 1105 @include keymaps.texi |
1106 @include modes.texi | |
1107 @include help.texi | |
1108 @include files.texi | |
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1109 |
6451 | 1110 @include backups.texi |
1111 @include buffers.texi | |
1112 @include windows.texi | |
1113 @include frames.texi | |
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1114 |
6451 | 1115 @include positions.texi |
1116 @include markers.texi | |
1117 @include text.texi | |
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1118 @include nonascii.texi |
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1119 |
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1120 @include searching.texi |
6451 | 1121 @include syntax.texi |
1122 @include abbrevs.texi | |
1123 @include processes.texi | |
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1124 |
6451 | 1125 @include display.texi |
26211 | 1126 @include os.texi |
6451 | 1127 |
1128 @c MOVE to Emacs Manual: include misc-modes.texi | |
1129 | |
1130 @c appendices | |
1131 | |
1132 @c REMOVE this: include non-hacker.texi | |
1133 | |
25875 | 1134 @include anti.texi |
29116 | 1135 @include doclicense.texi |
1136 @include gpl.texi | |
6451 | 1137 @include tips.texi |
1138 @include internals.texi | |
1139 @include errors.texi | |
1140 @include locals.texi | |
1141 @include maps.texi | |
1142 @include hooks.texi | |
1143 | |
1144 @include index.texi | |
1145 | |
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1146 @node New Symbols, , Index, Top |
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1147 @unnumbered New Symbols Since the Previous Edition |
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1148 |
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1149 @printindex tp |
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1150 |
6451 | 1151 @c Print the tables of contents |
1152 @summarycontents | |
1153 @contents | |
1154 @c That's all | |
1155 | |
1156 @bye | |
1157 | |
1158 | |
1159 These words prevent "local variables" above from confusing Emacs. | |
52401 | 1160 |
1161 @ignore | |
1162 arch-tag: f7e9a219-a0e1-4776-b631-08eaa1d49b34 | |
1163 @end ignore |