Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/programs.texi @ 70168:60bff6b0c656
(four_corners_best): New arg CORNERS specifies what pixels
to look at in case image has margin.
(x_create_bitmap_mask): Pass NULL for CORNERS to four_corners_best.
(image_background, image_background_transparent)
(x_build_heuristic_mask): Pass img->corners to four_corners_best.
(gif_load): Set img->corners according to image's margin spec.
Use img->corners values directly where applicable.
Save image extension data in img->data.lisp_val.
(gif_clear_image): New function to free img->data.lisp_val.
(gif_type): Use it instead of generic x_clear_image.
(Fimage_extension_data): New defun.
(syms_of_image): Defsubr it.
author | Kim F. Storm <storm@cua.dk> |
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date | Fri, 21 Apr 2006 14:07:05 +0000 |
parents | 121db3a5c7ba |
children | 284d18cd0af7 65ca8fb66a0d |
rev | line source |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000, |
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3 @c 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Programs, Building, Text, Top | |
6 @chapter Editing Programs | |
7 @cindex Lisp editing | |
8 @cindex C editing | |
9 @cindex program editing | |
10 | |
38867 | 11 Emacs provides many features to facilitate editing programs. Some |
12 of these features can | |
25829 | 13 |
14 @itemize @bullet | |
15 @item | |
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16 Find or move over top-level definitions (@pxref{Defuns}). |
25829 | 17 @item |
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18 Apply the usual indentation conventions of the language |
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19 (@pxref{Program Indent}). |
25829 | 20 @item |
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21 Balance parentheses (@pxref{Parentheses}). |
25829 | 22 @item |
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23 Insert, kill or align comments (@pxref{Comments}). |
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24 @item |
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25 Highlight program syntax (@pxref{Font Lock}). |
25829 | 26 @end itemize |
27 | |
38867 | 28 This chapter describes these features and many more. |
29 | |
25829 | 30 @menu |
31 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. | |
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32 * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts |
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33 of a program. |
25829 | 34 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. |
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35 * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses. |
25829 | 36 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. |
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37 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. |
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38 * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively. |
25829 | 39 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language. |
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40 * Glasses:: Making identifiersLikeThis more readable. |
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41 * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs. |
26264 | 42 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, |
25829 | 43 Java, and Pike modes. |
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44 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. |
25829 | 45 @end menu |
46 | |
47 @node Program Modes | |
48 @section Major Modes for Programming Languages | |
49 @cindex modes for programming languages | |
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50 |
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51 Emacs has specialized major modes for various programming languages. |
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52 @xref{Major Modes}. A programming language major mode typically |
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53 specifies the syntax of expressions, the customary rules for |
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54 indentation, how to do syntax highlighting for the language, and how |
38867 | 55 to find the beginning of a function definition. It often customizes |
56 or provides facilities for compiling and debugging programs as well. | |
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57 |
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58 Ideally, Emacs should provide a major mode for each programming |
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59 language that you might want to edit; if it doesn't have a mode for |
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60 your favorite language, you can contribute one. But often the mode |
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61 for one language can serve for other syntactically similar languages. |
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62 The major mode for language @var{l} is called @code{@var{l}-mode}, |
38867 | 63 and you can select it by typing @kbd{M-x @var{l}-mode @key{RET}}. |
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64 @xref{Choosing Modes}. |
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65 |
25829 | 66 @cindex Perl mode |
67 @cindex Icon mode | |
68 @cindex Makefile mode | |
69 @cindex Tcl mode | |
70 @cindex CPerl mode | |
26106 | 71 @cindex DSSSL mode |
72 @cindex Octave mode | |
73 @cindex Metafont mode | |
74 @cindex Modula2 mode | |
75 @cindex Prolog mode | |
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76 @cindex Python mode |
26106 | 77 @cindex Simula mode |
78 @cindex VHDL mode | |
79 @cindex M4 mode | |
80 @cindex Shell-script mode | |
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81 @cindex Delphi mode |
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82 @cindex PostScript mode |
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83 @cindex Conf mode |
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84 @cindex DNS mode |
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85 The existing programming language major modes include Lisp, Scheme (a |
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86 variant of Lisp) and the Scheme-based DSSSL expression language, Ada, |
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87 ASM, AWK, C, C++, Delphi (Object Pascal), Fortran (free format and fixed |
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88 format), Icon, IDL (CORBA), IDLWAVE, Java, Metafont (@TeX{}'s |
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89 companion for font creation), Modula2, Objective-C, Octave, Pascal, |
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90 Perl, Pike, PostScript, Prolog, Python, Simula, Tcl, and VHDL. An |
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91 alternative mode for Perl is called CPerl mode. Modes are available for |
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92 the scripting languages of the common GNU and Unix shells, VMS DCL, and |
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93 MS-DOS/MS-Windows @samp{BAT} files. There are also major modes for |
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94 editing makefiles, DNS master files, and various sorts of configuration |
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95 files. |
25829 | 96 |
97 @kindex DEL @r{(programming modes)} | |
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98 @findex c-electric-backspace |
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99 In most programming languages, indentation should vary from line to |
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100 line to illustrate the structure of the program. So the major modes |
38867 | 101 for programming languages arrange for @key{TAB} to update the |
102 indentation of the current line. They also rebind @key{DEL} to treat | |
103 a tab as if it were the equivalent number of spaces; this lets you | |
104 delete one column of indentation without worrying whether the | |
105 whitespace consists of spaces or tabs. Use @kbd{C-b C-d} to delete a | |
106 tab character before point, in these modes. | |
25829 | 107 |
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108 Separate manuals are available for the modes for Ada (@pxref{Top, , Ada |
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109 Mode, ada-mode, Ada Mode}), C/C++/Objective C/Java/Corba IDL/Pike/AWK |
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110 (@pxref{Top, , CC Mode, ccmode, CC Mode}) and the IDLWAVE modes |
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111 (@pxref{Top, , IDLWAVE, idlwave, IDLWAVE User Manual}). For Fortran |
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112 mode, @inforef{Fortran,, emacs-xtra}. |
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113 |
25829 | 114 @cindex mode hook |
115 @vindex c-mode-hook | |
116 @vindex lisp-mode-hook | |
117 @vindex emacs-lisp-mode-hook | |
118 @vindex lisp-interaction-mode-hook | |
119 @vindex scheme-mode-hook | |
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120 Turning on a major mode runs a normal hook called the @dfn{mode |
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121 hook}, which is the value of a Lisp variable. Each major mode has a |
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122 mode hook, and the hook's name is always made from the mode command's |
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123 name by adding @samp{-hook}. For example, turning on C mode runs the |
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124 hook @code{c-mode-hook}, while turning on Lisp mode runs the hook |
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125 @code{lisp-mode-hook}. The purpose of the mode hook is to give you a |
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126 place to set up customizations for that major mode. @xref{Hooks}. |
25829 | 127 |
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128 @node Defuns |
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129 @section Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns |
25829 | 130 |
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131 In Emacs, a major definition at the top level in the buffer, |
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132 something like a function, is called a @dfn{defun}. The name comes |
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133 from Lisp, but in Emacs we use it for all languages. |
25829 | 134 |
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135 @menu |
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136 * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter |
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137 starts a defun if it is at the left margin. |
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138 * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition. |
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139 * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus. |
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140 * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in. |
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141 @end menu |
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142 |
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143 @node Left Margin Paren |
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144 @subsection Left Margin Convention |
25829 | 145 |
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146 @cindex open-parenthesis in leftmost column |
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147 @cindex ( in leftmost column |
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148 Emacs assumes by default that any opening delimiter found at the |
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149 left margin is the start of a top-level definition, or defun. You can |
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150 override this default by setting this user option: |
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151 |
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152 @defvar open-paren-in-column-0-is-defun-start |
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153 If this user option is set to @code{t} (the default), opening |
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154 parentheses or braces at column zero always start defuns. When it's |
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155 @code{nil}, defuns are found by searching for parens or braces at the |
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156 outermost level. Some major modes, including C and related modes, set |
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157 @code{open-paren-in-column-0-is-defun-start} buffer-locally to |
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158 @code{nil} |
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159 @end defvar |
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160 |
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161 In modes where @code{open-paren-in-column-0-is-defun-start} is |
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162 @code{t}, @strong{don't put an opening delimiter at the left margin |
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163 unless it is a defun start}. For instance, never put an |
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164 open-parenthesis at the left margin in a Lisp file unless it is the |
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165 start of a top-level list. |
25829 | 166 |
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167 If you don't follow this convention, not only will you have trouble |
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168 when you explicitly use the commands for motion by defuns; other |
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169 features that use them will also give you trouble. This includes |
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170 the indentation commands (@pxref{Program Indent}) and Font Lock |
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171 mode (@pxref{Font Lock}). |
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173 The most likely problem case is when you want an opening delimiter |
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174 at the start of a line inside a string. To avoid trouble, put an |
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175 escape character (@samp{\}, in Emacs Lisp, @samp{/} in some other Lisp |
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176 dialects) before the opening delimiter. This will not affect the |
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177 contents of the string, but will prevent that opening delimiter from |
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178 starting a defun. Here's an example: |
25829 | 179 |
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180 @example |
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181 (insert "Foo: |
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182 \(bar) |
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183 ") |
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184 @end example |
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186 To help you catch violations of this convention, Font Lock mode |
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187 highlights confusing opening delimiters (those that ought to be |
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188 quoted) in bold red. |
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189 |
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190 In the earliest days, the original Emacs found defuns by moving |
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191 upward a level of parentheses or braces until there were no more |
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192 levels to go up. This always required scanning all the way back to |
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193 the beginning of the buffer, even for a small function. To speed up |
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194 the operation, we changed Emacs to assume that any opening delimiter |
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195 at the left margin is the start of a defun. This heuristic is nearly |
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196 always right, and avoids the need to scan back to the beginning of the |
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197 buffer. However, now that modern computers are so powerful, this |
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198 scanning is rarely slow enough to annoy, so we've provided a way to |
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199 disable the heuristic. |
25829 | 200 |
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201 @node Moving by Defuns |
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202 @subsection Moving by Defuns |
25829 | 203 @cindex defuns |
204 | |
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205 These commands move point or set up the region based on top-level |
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206 major definitions, also called @dfn{defuns}. |
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207 |
25829 | 208 @table @kbd |
209 @item C-M-a | |
210 Move to beginning of current or preceding defun | |
211 (@code{beginning-of-defun}). | |
212 @item C-M-e | |
213 Move to end of current or following defun (@code{end-of-defun}). | |
214 @item C-M-h | |
215 Put region around whole current or following defun (@code{mark-defun}). | |
216 @end table | |
217 | |
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218 @cindex move to beginning or end of function |
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219 @cindex function, move to beginning or end |
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220 @kindex C-M-a |
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221 @kindex C-M-e |
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222 @kindex C-M-h |
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223 @findex beginning-of-defun |
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224 @findex end-of-defun |
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225 @findex mark-defun |
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226 The commands to move to the beginning and end of the current defun |
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227 are @kbd{C-M-a} (@code{beginning-of-defun}) and @kbd{C-M-e} |
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228 (@code{end-of-defun}). If you repeat one of these commands, or use a |
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229 positive numeric argument, each repetition moves to the next defun in |
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230 the direction of motion. |
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231 |
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232 @kbd{C-M-a} with a negative argument @minus{}@var{n} moves forward |
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233 @var{n} times to the next beginning of a defun. This is not exactly |
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234 the same place that @kbd{C-M-e} with argument @var{n} would move to; |
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235 the end of this defun is not usually exactly the same place as the |
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236 beginning of the following defun. (Whitespace, comments, and perhaps |
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237 declarations can separate them.) Likewise, @kbd{C-M-e} with a |
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238 negative argument moves back to an end of a defun, which is not quite |
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239 the same as @kbd{C-M-a} with a positive argument. |
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240 |
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241 @kindex C-M-h @r{(C mode)} |
25829 | 242 @findex c-mark-function |
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243 To operate on the current defun, use @kbd{C-M-h} (@code{mark-defun}) |
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244 which puts point at the beginning and mark at the end of the current |
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245 defun. This is the easiest way to get ready to kill the defun in |
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246 order to move it to a different place in the file. If you use the |
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247 command while point is between defuns, it uses the following defun. |
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248 Successive uses of @kbd{C-M-h}, or using it in Transient Mark mode |
68697 | 249 when the mark is active, extends the end of the region to include one |
250 more defun each time. | |
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251 |
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252 In C mode, @kbd{C-M-h} runs the function @code{c-mark-function}, |
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253 which is almost the same as @code{mark-defun}; the difference is that |
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254 it backs up over the argument declarations, function name and returned |
38867 | 255 data type so that the entire C function is inside the region. This is |
256 an example of how major modes adjust the standard key bindings so that | |
257 they do their standard jobs in a way better fitting a particular | |
258 language. Other major modes may replace any or all of these key | |
259 bindings for that purpose. | |
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260 |
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261 @node Imenu |
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262 @subsection Imenu |
38867 | 263 @cindex index of buffer definitions |
264 @cindex buffer definitions index | |
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265 @cindex tags |
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266 |
42675 | 267 The Imenu facility offers a way to find the major definitions in |
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268 a file by name. It is also useful in text formatter major modes, |
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269 where it treats each chapter, section, etc., as a definition. |
38867 | 270 (@xref{Tags}, for a more powerful feature that handles multiple files |
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271 together.) |
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272 |
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273 @findex imenu |
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274 If you type @kbd{M-x imenu}, it reads the name of a definition using |
38867 | 275 the minibuffer, then moves point to that definition. You can use |
276 completion to specify the name; the command always displays the whole | |
277 list of valid names. | |
25829 | 278 |
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279 @findex imenu-add-menubar-index |
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280 Alternatively, you can bind the command @code{imenu} to a mouse |
38867 | 281 click. Then it displays mouse menus for you to select a definition |
282 name. You can also add the buffer's index to the menu bar by calling | |
283 @code{imenu-add-menubar-index}. If you want to have this menu bar | |
284 item available for all buffers in a certain major mode, you can do | |
285 this by adding @code{imenu-add-menubar-index} to its mode hook. But | |
68697 | 286 if you have done that, you will have to wait a little while each time |
287 you visit a file in that mode, while Emacs finds all the definitions | |
288 in that buffer. | |
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289 |
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290 @vindex imenu-auto-rescan |
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291 When you change the contents of a buffer, if you add or delete |
38867 | 292 definitions, you can update the buffer's index based on the |
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293 new contents by invoking the @samp{*Rescan*} item in the menu. |
39063 | 294 Rescanning happens automatically if you set @code{imenu-auto-rescan} to |
295 a non-@code{nil} value. There is no need to rescan because of small | |
38867 | 296 changes in the text. |
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297 |
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298 @vindex imenu-sort-function |
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299 You can customize the way the menus are sorted by setting the |
38867 | 300 variable @code{imenu-sort-function}. By default, names are ordered as |
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301 they occur in the buffer; if you want alphabetic sorting, use the |
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302 symbol @code{imenu--sort-by-name} as the value. You can also |
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303 define your own comparison function by writing Lisp code. |
25829 | 304 |
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305 Imenu provides the information to guide Which Function mode |
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306 @ifnottex |
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307 (@pxref{Which Function}). |
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308 @end ifnottex |
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309 @iftex |
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310 (see below). |
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311 @end iftex |
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312 The Speedbar can also use it (@pxref{Speedbar}). |
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313 |
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314 @node Which Function |
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315 @subsection Which Function Mode |
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316 @cindex current function name in mode line |
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317 |
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318 Which Function mode is a minor mode that displays the current |
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319 function name in the mode line, updating it as you move around in a |
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320 buffer. |
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321 |
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322 @findex which-function-mode |
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323 @vindex which-func-modes |
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324 To enable (or disable) Which Function mode, use the command @kbd{M-x |
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325 which-function-mode}. This command is global; it applies to all |
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326 buffers, both existing ones and those yet to be created. However, it |
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327 takes effect only in certain major modes, those listed in the value of |
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328 @code{which-func-modes}. If the value is @code{t}, then Which Function |
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329 mode applies to all major modes that know how to support it---in other |
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330 words, all the major modes that support Imenu. |
25829 | 331 |
332 @node Program Indent | |
333 @section Indentation for Programs | |
334 @cindex indentation for programs | |
335 | |
336 The best way to keep a program properly indented is to use Emacs to | |
337 reindent it as you change it. Emacs has commands to indent properly | |
338 either a single line, a specified number of lines, or all of the lines | |
339 inside a single parenthetical grouping. | |
340 | |
341 @menu | |
342 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line. | |
343 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. | |
344 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. | |
345 * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes. | |
346 * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes. | |
347 @end menu | |
348 | |
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349 @cindex pretty-printer |
25829 | 350 Emacs also provides a Lisp pretty-printer in the library @code{pp}. |
351 This program reformats a Lisp object with indentation chosen to look nice. | |
352 | |
353 @node Basic Indent | |
354 @subsection Basic Program Indentation Commands | |
355 | |
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356 The basic indentation commands indent a single line according to the |
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357 usual conventions of the language you are editing. |
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358 |
25829 | 359 @table @kbd |
360 @item @key{TAB} | |
361 Adjust indentation of current line. | |
362 @item C-j | |
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363 Insert a newline, then adjust indentation of following line |
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364 (@code{newline-and-indent}). |
25829 | 365 @end table |
366 | |
367 @kindex TAB @r{(programming modes)} | |
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368 @findex c-indent-command |
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369 @findex indent-line-function |
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370 @findex indent-for-tab-command |
25829 | 371 The basic indentation command is @key{TAB}, which gives the current line |
372 the correct indentation as determined from the previous lines. The | |
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373 function that @key{TAB} runs depends on the major mode; it is |
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374 @code{lisp-indent-line} |
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375 in Lisp mode, @code{c-indent-command} in C mode, etc. These functions |
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376 understand the syntax and conventions of different languages, but they all do |
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377 conceptually the same job: @key{TAB} in any programming-language major mode |
25829 | 378 inserts or deletes whitespace at the beginning of the current line, |
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379 independent of where point is in the line. If point was inside the |
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380 whitespace at the beginning of the line, @key{TAB} puts it at the end of |
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381 that whitespace; otherwise, @key{TAB} keeps point fixed with respect to |
25829 | 382 the characters around it. |
383 | |
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384 Use @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} to insert a tab character at point. |
25829 | 385 |
386 @kindex C-j | |
387 @findex newline-and-indent | |
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388 When entering lines of new code, use @kbd{C-j} |
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389 (@code{newline-and-indent}), which inserts a newline and then adjusts |
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390 indentation after it. (It also deletes any trailing whitespace which |
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391 remains before the new newline.) Thus, @kbd{C-j} at the end of a line |
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392 creates a blank line with appropriate indentation. In programming |
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393 language modes, it is equivalent to @key{RET} @key{TAB}. |
25829 | 394 |
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395 @key{TAB} indents a line that starts within a parenthetical grouping |
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396 under the preceding line within the grouping, or the text after the |
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397 parenthesis. Therefore, if you manually give one of these lines a |
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398 nonstandard indentation, the lines below will tend to follow it. This |
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399 behavior is convenient in cases where you have overridden the standard |
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400 result of @key{TAB} because you find it unaesthetic for a particular |
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401 line. |
25829 | 402 |
68697 | 403 In some modes, an open-parenthesis, open-brace or other opening |
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404 delimiter at the left margin is assumed by Emacs (including the |
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405 indentation routines) to be the start of a function. This speeds up |
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406 indentation commands. If you will be editing text which contains |
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407 opening delimiters in column zero that aren't the beginning of a |
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408 functions, even inside strings or comments, you must set |
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409 @code{open-paren-in-column-0-is-defun-start}. @xref{Left Margin |
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410 Paren}, for more information on this. |
25829 | 411 |
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412 Normally, lines are indented with tabs and spaces. If you want Emacs |
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413 to use spaces only, set @code{indent-tabs-mode} (@pxref{Just Spaces}). |
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414 |
25829 | 415 @node Multi-line Indent |
416 @subsection Indenting Several Lines | |
417 | |
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418 When you wish to reindent several lines of code which have been |
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419 altered or moved to a different level in the parenthesis structure, |
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420 you have several commands available. |
25829 | 421 |
422 @table @kbd | |
423 @item C-M-q | |
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424 Reindent all the lines within one parenthetical grouping (@code{indent-pp-sexp}). |
38867 | 425 @item C-M-\ |
426 Reindent all lines in the region (@code{indent-region}). | |
25829 | 427 @item C-u @key{TAB} |
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428 Shift an entire parenthetical grouping rigidly sideways so that its |
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429 first line is properly indented. |
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430 @item M-x indent-code-rigidly |
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431 Shift all the lines in the region rigidly sideways, but do not alter |
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432 lines that start inside comments and strings. |
25829 | 433 @end table |
434 | |
435 @kindex C-M-q | |
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436 @findex indent-pp-sexp |
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437 You can reindent the contents of a single parenthetical grouping by |
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438 positioning point before the beginning of it and typing @kbd{C-M-q} |
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439 (@code{indent-pp-sexp} in Lisp mode, @code{c-indent-exp} in C mode; also |
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440 bound to other suitable commands in other modes). The indentation of |
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441 the line where the grouping starts is not changed; therefore this |
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442 changes only the relative indentation within the grouping, not its |
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443 overall indentation. To correct that as well, type @key{TAB} first. |
25829 | 444 |
38867 | 445 Another way to specify the range to be reindented is with the |
446 region. The command @kbd{C-M-\} (@code{indent-region}) applies | |
447 @key{TAB} to every line whose first character is between point and | |
448 mark. | |
449 | |
25829 | 450 @kindex C-u TAB |
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451 If you like the relative indentation within a grouping, but not the |
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452 indentation of its first line, you can type @kbd{C-u @key{TAB}} to |
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453 reindent the whole grouping as a rigid unit. (This works in Lisp |
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454 modes and C and related modes.) @key{TAB} with a numeric argument |
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455 reindents the current line as usual, then reindents by the same amount |
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456 all the lines in the parenthetical grouping starting on the current |
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457 line. It is clever, though, and does not alter lines that start |
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458 inside strings. Neither does it alter C preprocessor lines when in C |
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459 mode, but it does reindent any continuation lines that may be attached |
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460 to them. |
25829 | 461 |
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462 @findex indent-code-rigidly |
38867 | 463 You can also perform this operation on the region, using the command |
464 @kbd{M-x indent-code-rigidly}. It rigidly shifts all the lines in the | |
465 region sideways, like @code{indent-rigidly} does (@pxref{Indentation | |
466 Commands}). It doesn't alter the indentation of lines that start | |
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467 inside a string, unless the region also starts inside that string. |
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468 The prefix arg specifies the number of columns to indent. |
25829 | 469 |
470 @node Lisp Indent | |
471 @subsection Customizing Lisp Indentation | |
472 @cindex customizing Lisp indentation | |
473 | |
474 The indentation pattern for a Lisp expression can depend on the function | |
475 called by the expression. For each Lisp function, you can choose among | |
476 several predefined patterns of indentation, or define an arbitrary one with | |
477 a Lisp program. | |
478 | |
479 The standard pattern of indentation is as follows: the second line of the | |
480 expression is indented under the first argument, if that is on the same | |
481 line as the beginning of the expression; otherwise, the second line is | |
482 indented underneath the function name. Each following line is indented | |
483 under the previous line whose nesting depth is the same. | |
484 | |
485 @vindex lisp-indent-offset | |
486 If the variable @code{lisp-indent-offset} is non-@code{nil}, it overrides | |
487 the usual indentation pattern for the second line of an expression, so that | |
488 such lines are always indented @code{lisp-indent-offset} more columns than | |
489 the containing list. | |
490 | |
491 @vindex lisp-body-indent | |
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492 Certain functions override the standard pattern. Functions whose |
42675 | 493 names start with @code{def} treat the second lines as the start of |
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494 a @dfn{body}, by indenting the second line @code{lisp-body-indent} |
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495 additional columns beyond the open-parenthesis that starts the |
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496 expression. |
25829 | 497 |
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498 @cindex @code{lisp-indent-function} property |
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499 You can override the standard pattern in various ways for individual |
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500 functions, according to the @code{lisp-indent-function} property of |
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501 the function name. Normally you would use this for macro definitions |
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502 and specify it using the @code{declare} construct (@pxref{Defining |
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503 Macros,,, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}). |
25829 | 504 |
505 @node C Indent | |
506 @subsection Commands for C Indentation | |
507 | |
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508 Here are special features for indentation in C mode and related modes: |
25829 | 509 |
510 @table @code | |
511 @item C-c C-q | |
512 @kindex C-c C-q @r{(C mode)} | |
513 @findex c-indent-defun | |
514 Reindent the current top-level function definition or aggregate type | |
515 declaration (@code{c-indent-defun}). | |
516 | |
517 @item C-M-q | |
518 @kindex C-M-q @r{(C mode)} | |
519 @findex c-indent-exp | |
520 Reindent each line in the balanced expression that follows point | |
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521 (@code{c-indent-exp}). A prefix argument inhibits warning messages |
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522 about invalid syntax. |
25829 | 523 |
524 @item @key{TAB} | |
525 @findex c-indent-command | |
526 Reindent the current line, and/or in some cases insert a tab character | |
527 (@code{c-indent-command}). | |
528 | |
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529 @vindex c-tab-always-indent |
25829 | 530 If @code{c-tab-always-indent} is @code{t}, this command always reindents |
531 the current line and does nothing else. This is the default. | |
532 | |
533 If that variable is @code{nil}, this command reindents the current line | |
534 only if point is at the left margin or in the line's indentation; | |
535 otherwise, it inserts a tab (or the equivalent number of spaces, | |
536 if @code{indent-tabs-mode} is @code{nil}). | |
537 | |
538 Any other value (not @code{nil} or @code{t}) means always reindent the | |
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539 line, and also insert a tab if within a comment or a string. |
25829 | 540 @end table |
541 | |
542 To reindent the whole current buffer, type @kbd{C-x h C-M-\}. This | |
543 first selects the whole buffer as the region, then reindents that | |
544 region. | |
545 | |
546 To reindent the current block, use @kbd{C-M-u C-M-q}. This moves | |
547 to the front of the block and then reindents it all. | |
548 | |
549 @node Custom C Indent | |
550 @subsection Customizing C Indentation | |
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551 @cindex style (for indentation) |
25829 | 552 |
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553 C mode and related modes use a flexible mechanism for customizing |
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554 indentation. C mode indents a source line in two steps: first it |
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555 classifies the line syntactically according to its contents and |
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556 context; second, it determines the indentation offset associated by |
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557 your selected @dfn{style} with the syntactic construct and adds this |
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558 onto the indentation of the @dfn{anchor statement}. |
25829 | 559 |
560 @table @kbd | |
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561 @item C-c . @key{RET} @var{style} @key{RET} |
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562 Select a predefined style @var{style} (@code{c-set-style}). |
25829 | 563 @end table |
564 | |
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565 A @dfn{style} is a named collection of customizations that can be |
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566 used in C mode and the related modes. @ref{Styles,,, ccmode, The CC |
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567 Mode Manual}, for a complete description. Emacs comes with several |
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568 predefined styles, including @code{gnu}, @code{k&r}, @code{bsd}, |
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569 @code{stroustrup}, @code{linux}, @code{python}, @code{java}, |
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570 @code{whitesmith}, @code{ellemtel}, and @code{awk}. Some of these |
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571 styles are primarily intended for one language, but any of them can be |
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572 used with any of the languages supported by these modes. To find out |
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573 what a style looks like, select it and reindent some code, e.g., by |
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574 typing @key{C-M-q} at the start of a function definition. |
25829 | 575 |
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576 @kindex C-c . @r{(C mode)} |
25829 | 577 @findex c-set-style |
68697 | 578 To choose a style for the current buffer, use the command @w{@kbd{C-c |
579 .}}. Specify a style name as an argument (case is not significant). | |
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580 This command affects the current buffer only, and it affects only |
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581 future invocations of the indentation commands; it does not reindent |
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582 the code already in the buffer. To reindent the whole buffer in the |
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583 new style, you can type @kbd{C-x h C-M-\}. |
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584 |
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585 @vindex c-default-style |
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586 You can also set the variable @code{c-default-style} to specify the |
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587 default style for various major modes. Its value should be either the |
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588 style's name (a string) or an alist, in which each element specifies |
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589 one major mode and which indentation style to use for it. For |
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590 example, |
25829 | 591 |
592 @example | |
593 (setq c-default-style | |
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594 '((java-mode . "java") (awk-mode . "awk") (other . "gnu"))) |
25829 | 595 @end example |
596 | |
597 @noindent | |
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598 specifies explicit choices for Java and AWK modes, and the default |
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599 @samp{gnu} style for the other C-like modes. (These settings are |
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600 actually the defaults.) This variable takes effect when you select |
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601 one of the C-like major modes; thus, if you specify a new default |
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602 style for Java mode, you can make it take effect in an existing Java |
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603 mode buffer by typing @kbd{M-x java-mode} there. |
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604 |
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605 The @code{gnu} style specifies the formatting recommended by the GNU |
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606 Project for C; it is the default, so as to encourage use of our |
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607 recommended style. |
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608 |
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609 @xref{Indentation Engine Basics,,, ccmode, the CC Mode Manual}, and |
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610 @ref{Customizing Indentation,,, ccmode, the CC Mode Manual}, for more |
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611 information on customizing indentation for C and related modes, |
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612 including how to override parts of an existing style and how to define |
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613 your own styles. |
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614 |
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615 @node Parentheses |
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616 @section Commands for Editing with Parentheses |
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617 |
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618 @findex check-parens |
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619 @cindex unbalanced parentheses and quotes |
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620 This section describes the commands and features that take advantage |
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621 of the parenthesis structure in a program, or help you keep it |
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622 balanced. |
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623 |
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624 When talking about these facilities, the term ``parenthesis'' also |
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625 includes braces, brackets, or whatever delimiters are defined to match |
38867 | 626 in pairs. The major mode controls which delimiters are significant, |
627 through the syntax table (@pxref{Syntax}). In Lisp, only parentheses | |
628 count; in C, these commands apply to braces and brackets too. | |
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629 |
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630 You can use @kbd{M-x check-parens} to find any unbalanced |
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631 parentheses and unbalanced string quotes in the buffer. |
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632 |
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633 @menu |
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634 * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. |
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635 * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across |
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636 in the structure of parentheses. |
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637 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. |
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638 @end menu |
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639 |
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640 @node Expressions |
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641 @subsection Expressions with Balanced Parentheses |
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642 |
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643 @cindex sexp |
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644 @cindex expression |
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645 @cindex balanced expression |
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646 These commands deal with balanced expressions, also called |
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647 @dfn{sexps}@footnote{The word ``sexp'' is used to refer to an |
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648 expression in Lisp.}. |
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*** empty log message ***
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649 |
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650 @table @kbd |
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651 @item C-M-f |
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652 Move forward over a balanced expression (@code{forward-sexp}). |
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653 @item C-M-b |
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654 Move backward over a balanced expression (@code{backward-sexp}). |
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655 @item C-M-k |
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656 Kill balanced expression forward (@code{kill-sexp}). |
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657 @item C-M-t |
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658 Transpose expressions (@code{transpose-sexps}). |
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659 @item C-M-@@ |
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660 @itemx C-M-@key{SPC} |
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661 Put mark after following expression (@code{mark-sexp}). |
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662 @end table |
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663 |
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664 Each programming language major mode customizes the definition of |
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665 balanced expressions to suit that language. Balanced expressions |
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666 typically include symbols, numbers, and string constants, as well as |
38867 | 667 any pair of matching delimiters and their contents. Some languages |
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668 have obscure forms of expression syntax that nobody has bothered to |
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669 implement in Emacs. |
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670 |
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671 @cindex Control-Meta |
38867 | 672 By convention, the keys for these commands are all Control-Meta |
673 characters. They usually act on expressions just as the corresponding | |
674 Meta characters act on words. For instance, the command @kbd{C-M-b} | |
675 moves backward over a balanced expression, just as @kbd{M-b} moves | |
676 back over a word. | |
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677 |
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678 @kindex C-M-f |
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679 @kindex C-M-b |
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680 @findex forward-sexp |
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681 @findex backward-sexp |
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682 To move forward over a balanced expression, use @kbd{C-M-f} |
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683 (@code{forward-sexp}). If the first significant character after point |
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684 is an opening delimiter (@samp{(} in Lisp; @samp{(}, @samp{[} or |
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685 @samp{@{} in C), @kbd{C-M-f} moves past the matching closing |
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686 delimiter. If the character begins a symbol, string, or number, |
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687 @kbd{C-M-f} moves over that. |
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688 |
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689 The command @kbd{C-M-b} (@code{backward-sexp}) moves backward over a |
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690 balanced expression. The detailed rules are like those above for |
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691 @kbd{C-M-f}, but with directions reversed. If there are prefix |
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692 characters (single-quote, backquote and comma, in Lisp) preceding the |
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693 expression, @kbd{C-M-b} moves back over them as well. The balanced |
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694 expression commands move across comments as if they were whitespace, |
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695 in most modes. |
25829 | 696 |
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697 @kbd{C-M-f} or @kbd{C-M-b} with an argument repeats that operation the |
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698 specified number of times; with a negative argument, it moves in the |
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699 opposite direction. |
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700 |
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701 @cindex killing expressions |
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702 @kindex C-M-k |
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703 @findex kill-sexp |
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704 Killing a whole balanced expression can be done with @kbd{C-M-k} |
51451
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705 (@code{kill-sexp}). @kbd{C-M-k} kills the characters that @kbd{C-M-f} |
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706 would move over. |
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707 |
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708 @cindex transposition of expressions |
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709 @kindex C-M-t |
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710 @findex transpose-sexps |
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711 A somewhat random-sounding command which is nevertheless handy is |
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712 @kbd{C-M-t} (@code{transpose-sexps}), which drags the previous |
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713 balanced expression across the next one. An argument serves as a |
67676
76931aba1936
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Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
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714 repeat count, moving the previous expression over that many following |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
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715 ones. A negative argument drags the previous balanced expression |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
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716 backwards across those before it (thus canceling out the effect of |
76931aba1936
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Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
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717 @kbd{C-M-t} with a positive argument). An argument of zero, rather |
76931aba1936
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718 than doing nothing, transposes the balanced expressions ending at or |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
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|
719 after point and the mark. |
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720 |
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721 @kindex C-M-@@ |
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722 @kindex C-M-@key{SPC} |
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723 @findex mark-sexp |
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724 To set the region around the next balanced expression in the buffer, |
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725 use @kbd{C-M-@@} (@code{mark-sexp}), which sets mark at the same place |
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726 that @kbd{C-M-f} would move to. @kbd{C-M-@@} takes arguments like |
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727 @kbd{C-M-f}. In particular, a negative argument is useful for putting |
60112
7cb4576800fa
(Program Modes): Mention Python mode.
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728 the mark at the beginning of the previous balanced expression. The |
67676
76931aba1936
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parents:
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729 alias @kbd{C-M-@key{SPC}} is equivalent to @kbd{C-M-@@}. When you |
76931aba1936
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730 repeat this command, or use it in Transient Mark mode when the mark is |
68697 | 731 active, it extends the end of the region by one sexp each time. |
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732 |
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733 In languages that use infix operators, such as C, it is not possible |
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734 to recognize all balanced expressions as such because there can be |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
735 multiple possibilities at a given position. For example, C mode does |
6b14cc47a4f2
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736 not treat @samp{foo + bar} as a single expression, even though it |
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737 @emph{is} one C expression; instead, it recognizes @samp{foo} as one |
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738 expression and @samp{bar} as another, with the @samp{+} as punctuation |
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739 between them. Both @samp{foo + bar} and @samp{foo} are legitimate |
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740 choices for ``the expression following point'' when point is at the |
38867 | 741 @samp{f}, so the expression commands must perforce choose one or the |
742 other to operate on. Note that @samp{(foo + bar)} is recognized as a | |
743 single expression in C mode, because of the parentheses. | |
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744 |
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745 @node Moving by Parens |
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746 @subsection Moving in the Parenthesis Structure |
25829 | 747 |
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748 @cindex parenthetical groupings |
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749 @cindex parentheses, moving across |
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750 @cindex matching parenthesis and braces, moving to |
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751 @cindex braces, moving across |
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752 @cindex list commands |
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753 The Emacs commands for handling parenthetical groupings see nothing |
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754 except parentheses (or whatever characters must balance in the |
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755 language you are working with), and the escape characters that might |
6b14cc47a4f2
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756 be used to quote those. They are mainly intended for editing |
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757 programs, but can be useful for editing any text that has parentheses. |
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758 They are sometimes called ``list'' commands because in Lisp these |
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759 groupings are lists. |
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760 |
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761 @table @kbd |
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762 @item C-M-n |
6b14cc47a4f2
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763 Move forward over a parenthetical group (@code{forward-list}). |
6b14cc47a4f2
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764 @item C-M-p |
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765 Move backward over a parenthetical group (@code{backward-list}). |
38212
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766 @item C-M-u |
6b14cc47a4f2
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767 Move up in parenthesis structure (@code{backward-up-list}). |
6b14cc47a4f2
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768 @item C-M-d |
6b14cc47a4f2
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769 Move down in parenthesis structure (@code{down-list}). |
6b14cc47a4f2
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770 @end table |
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771 |
6b14cc47a4f2
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772 @kindex C-M-n |
6b14cc47a4f2
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773 @kindex C-M-p |
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774 @findex forward-list |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
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775 @findex backward-list |
6b14cc47a4f2
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parents:
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changeset
|
776 The ``list'' commands @kbd{C-M-n} (@code{forward-list}) and |
6b14cc47a4f2
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parents:
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|
777 @kbd{C-M-p} (@code{backward-list}) move over one (or @var{n}) |
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778 parenthetical groupings, skipping blithely over any amount of text |
6b14cc47a4f2
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779 that doesn't include meaningful parentheses (symbols, strings, etc.). |
6b14cc47a4f2
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780 |
6b14cc47a4f2
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781 @kindex C-M-u |
6b14cc47a4f2
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782 @findex backward-up-list |
6b14cc47a4f2
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783 @kbd{C-M-n} and @kbd{C-M-p} try to stay at the same level in the |
6b14cc47a4f2
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784 parenthesis structure. To move @emph{up} one (or @var{n}) levels, use |
6b14cc47a4f2
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785 @kbd{C-M-u} (@code{backward-up-list}). @kbd{C-M-u} moves backward up |
6b14cc47a4f2
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786 past one unmatched opening delimiter. A positive argument serves as a |
6b14cc47a4f2
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787 repeat count; a negative argument reverses the direction of motion, so |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
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788 that the command moves forward and up one or more levels. |
38212
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789 |
68697 | 790 @kindex C-M-d |
791 @findex down-list | |
38212
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792 To move @emph{down} in the parenthesis structure, use @kbd{C-M-d} |
6b14cc47a4f2
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793 (@code{down-list}). In Lisp mode, where @samp{(} is the only opening |
6b14cc47a4f2
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794 delimiter, this is nearly the same as searching for a @samp{(}. An |
6b14cc47a4f2
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795 argument specifies the number of levels to go down. |
25829 | 796 |
797 @node Matching | |
38212
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798 @subsection Automatic Display Of Matching Parentheses |
25829 | 799 @cindex matching parentheses |
800 @cindex parentheses, displaying matches | |
801 | |
802 The Emacs parenthesis-matching feature is designed to show | |
38212
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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803 automatically how parentheses (and other matching delimiters) match in |
6b14cc47a4f2
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parents:
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804 the text. Whenever you type a self-inserting character that is a |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
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805 closing delimiter, the cursor moves momentarily to the location of the |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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806 matching opening delimiter, provided that is on the screen. If it is |
38867 | 807 not on the screen, Emacs displays some of the text near it in the echo |
808 area. Either way, you can tell which grouping you are closing off. | |
25829 | 809 |
38212
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810 If the opening delimiter and closing delimiter are mismatched---such |
6b14cc47a4f2
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811 as in @samp{[x)}---a warning message is displayed in the echo area. |
25829 | 812 |
813 @vindex blink-matching-paren | |
814 @vindex blink-matching-paren-distance | |
815 @vindex blink-matching-delay | |
59461
26a204697252
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816 Three variables control parenthesis match display: |
26a204697252
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817 |
26a204697252
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818 @code{blink-matching-paren} turns the feature on or off: @code{nil} |
38212
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819 disables it, but the default is @code{t} to enable match display. |
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820 |
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821 @code{blink-matching-delay} says how many seconds to leave the |
38212
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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822 cursor on the matching opening delimiter, before bringing it back to |
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823 the real location of point; the default is 1, but on some systems it |
ec15967a5cf7
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parents:
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824 is useful to specify a fraction of a second. |
ec15967a5cf7
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825 |
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826 @code{blink-matching-paren-distance} specifies how many characters |
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827 back to search to find the matching opening delimiter. If the match |
38287 | 828 is not found in that distance, scanning stops, and nothing is displayed. |
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829 This is to prevent the scan for the matching delimiter from wasting |
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830 lots of time when there is no match. The default is 25600. |
25829 | 831 |
832 @cindex Show Paren mode | |
34122
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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833 @cindex highlighting matching parentheses |
25829 | 834 @findex show-paren-mode |
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835 Show Paren mode provides a more powerful kind of automatic matching. |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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836 Whenever point is after a closing delimiter, that delimiter and its |
6b14cc47a4f2
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837 matching opening delimiter are both highlighted; otherwise, if point |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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838 is before an opening delimiter, the matching closing delimiter is |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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839 highlighted. (There is no need to highlight the opening delimiter in |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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840 that case, because the cursor appears on top of that character.) Use |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
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|
841 the command @kbd{M-x show-paren-mode} to enable or disable this mode. |
34122
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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842 |
68697 | 843 Show Paren mode uses the faces @code{show-paren-match} and |
844 @code{show-paren-mismatch} to highlight parentheses; you can customize | |
845 them to control how highlighting looks. @xref{Face Customization}. | |
25829 | 846 |
847 @node Comments | |
848 @section Manipulating Comments | |
849 @cindex comments | |
850 | |
851 Because comments are such an important part of programming, Emacs | |
47502
e8faddf96f0f
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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852 provides special commands for editing and inserting comments. It can |
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Add ref for Flyspell Prog mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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853 also do spell checking on comments with Flyspell Prog mode |
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854 (@pxref{Spelling}). |
25829 | 855 |
856 @menu | |
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857 * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. |
38212
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858 * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments. |
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859 * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features. |
25829 | 860 @end menu |
861 | |
862 @node Comment Commands | |
863 @subsection Comment Commands | |
864 @cindex indentation for comments | |
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865 @cindex alignment for comments |
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866 |
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867 The comment commands in this table insert, kill and align comments. |
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868 They are described in this section and following sections. |
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869 |
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870 @table @asis |
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871 @item @kbd{M-;} |
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872 Insert or realign comment on current line; alternatively, comment or |
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873 uncomment the region (@code{comment-dwim}). |
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874 @item @kbd{C-u M-;} |
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875 Kill comment on current line (@code{comment-kill}). |
56086
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876 @item @kbd{C-x ;} |
38018
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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877 Set comment column (@code{comment-set-column}). |
56086
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878 @item @kbd{C-M-j} |
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879 @itemx @kbd{M-j} |
25829 | 880 Like @key{RET} followed by inserting and aligning a comment |
67676
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Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
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881 (@code{comment-indent-new-line}). @xref{Multi-Line Comments}. |
56086
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882 @item @kbd{M-x comment-region} |
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883 @itemx @kbd{C-c C-c} (in C-like modes) |
25829 | 884 Add or remove comment delimiters on all the lines in the region. |
885 @end table | |
886 | |
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887 @kindex M-; |
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888 @findex comment-dwim |
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889 The command to create or align a comment is @kbd{M-;} |
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890 (@code{comment-dwim}). The word ``dwim'' is an acronym for ``Do What |
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891 I Mean''; it indicates that this command can be used for many |
d3f65290e6b2
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892 different jobs relating to comments, depending on the situation where |
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893 you use it. |
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894 |
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895 If there is no comment already on the line, @kbd{M-;} inserts a new |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
896 comment, aligned at a specific column called the @dfn{comment column}. |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
897 The new comment begins with the string Emacs thinks comments should |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
898 start with (the value of @code{comment-start}; see below). Point is |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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diff
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|
899 after that string, so you can insert the text of the comment right |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
900 away. If the major mode has specified a string to terminate comments, |
68697 | 901 @kbd{M-;} inserts that after point, to keep the syntax valid. |
36183
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
902 |
68697 | 903 If the text of the line extends past the comment column, this |
69840
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|
904 command aligns the comment start string to a suitable boundary |
68697 | 905 (usually, at least one space is inserted). |
36183
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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906 |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
907 You can also use @kbd{M-;} to align an existing comment. If a line |
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|
908 already contains the comment-start string, @kbd{M-;} realigns it to |
36183
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
909 the conventional alignment and moves point after it. (Exception: |
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|
910 comments starting in column 0 are not moved.) Even when an existing |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
911 comment is properly aligned, @kbd{M-;} is still useful for moving |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
912 directly to the start of the text inside the comment. |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
913 |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
914 @findex comment-kill |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
915 @kindex C-u M-; |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
916 @kbd{C-u M-;} kills any comment on the current line, along with the |
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|
917 whitespace before it. To reinsert the comment on another line, move |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
918 to the end of that line, do @kbd{C-y}, and then do @kbd{M-;} to |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
919 realign it. |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
920 |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
921 Note that @kbd{C-u M-;} is not a distinct key; it is @kbd{M-;} |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
922 (@code{comment-dwim}) with a prefix argument. That command is |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
923 programmed so that when it receives a prefix argument it calls |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
924 @code{comment-kill}. However, @code{comment-kill} is a valid command |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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diff
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|
925 in its own right, and you can bind it directly to a key if you wish. |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
926 |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
927 @kbd{M-;} does two other jobs when used with an active region in |
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
928 Transient Mark mode (@pxref{Transient Mark}). Then it either adds or |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
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|
929 removes comment delimiters on each line of the region. (If every line |
d3f65290e6b2
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|
930 is a comment, it removes comment delimiters from each; otherwise, it |
d3f65290e6b2
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|
931 adds comment delimiters to each.) If you are not using Transient Mark |
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|
932 mode, then you should use the commands @code{comment-region} and |
68697 | 933 @code{uncomment-region} to do these jobs (@pxref{Multi-Line Comments}), |
934 or else enable Transient Mark mode momentarily (@pxref{Momentary Mark}). | |
36183
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|
935 A prefix argument used in these circumstances specifies how many |
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|
936 comment delimiters to add or how many to delete. |
25829 | 937 |
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938 Some major modes have special rules for aligning certain kinds of |
25829 | 939 comments in certain contexts. For example, in Lisp code, comments which |
940 start with two semicolons are indented as if they were lines of code, | |
941 instead of at the comment column. Comments which start with three | |
942 semicolons are supposed to start at the left margin. Emacs understands | |
943 these conventions by indenting a double-semicolon comment using @key{TAB}, | |
944 and by not changing the indentation of a triple-semicolon comment at all. | |
945 | |
946 @example | |
947 ;; This function is just an example | |
948 ;;; Here either two or three semicolons are appropriate. | |
949 (defun foo (x) | |
950 ;;; And now, the first part of the function: | |
951 ;; The following line adds one. | |
952 (1+ x)) ; This line adds one. | |
953 @end example | |
954 | |
68697 | 955 For C-like modes, you can configure the exact effect of @kbd{M-;} |
956 more flexibly than for most buffers by setting the variables | |
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957 @code{c-indent-comment-alist} and |
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958 @code{c-indent-comments-syntactically-p}. For example, on a line |
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|
959 ending in a closing brace, @kbd{M-;} puts the comment one space after |
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|
960 the brace rather than at @code{comment-column}. For full details see |
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|
961 @ref{Comment Commands,,, ccmode, The CC Mode Manual}. |
25829 | 962 |
963 @node Multi-Line Comments | |
964 @subsection Multiple Lines of Comments | |
965 | |
966 @kindex C-M-j | |
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|
967 @kindex M-j |
25829 | 968 @cindex blank lines in programs |
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969 @findex comment-indent-new-line |
67676
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970 |
25829 | 971 If you are typing a comment and wish to continue it on another line, |
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|
972 you can use the command @kbd{C-M-j} or @kbd{M-j} |
67683
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|
973 (@code{comment-indent-new-line}). If @code{comment-multi-line} |
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|
974 (@pxref{Options for Comments}) is non-@code{nil}, it moves to a new |
6fc6fd3c71cd
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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67676
diff
changeset
|
975 line within the comment. Otherwise it closes the comment and starts a |
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
976 new comment on a new line. When Auto Fill mode is on, going past the |
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
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diff
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|
977 fill column while typing a comment causes the comment to be continued |
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(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
978 in just this fashion. |
25829 | 979 |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
980 @kindex C-c C-c (C mode) |
25829 | 981 @findex comment-region |
982 To turn existing lines into comment lines, use the @kbd{M-x | |
68697 | 983 comment-region} command (or type @kbd{C-c C-c} in C-like modes). It |
67676
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Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
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changeset
|
984 adds comment delimiters to the lines that start in the region, thus |
76931aba1936
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changeset
|
985 commenting them out. With a negative argument, it does the |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
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|
986 opposite---it deletes comment delimiters from the lines in the region. |
25829 | 987 |
988 With a positive argument, @code{comment-region} duplicates the last | |
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|
989 character of the comment start sequence it adds; the argument |
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|
990 specifies how many copies of the character to insert. Thus, in Lisp |
d138b536fbe5
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parents:
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|
991 mode, @kbd{C-u 2 M-x comment-region} adds @samp{;;} to each line. |
d138b536fbe5
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diff
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|
992 Duplicating the comment delimiter is a way of calling attention to the |
d138b536fbe5
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diff
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|
993 comment. It can also affect how the comment is aligned or indented. |
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changeset
|
994 In Lisp, for proper indentation, you should use an argument of two or |
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diff
changeset
|
995 three, if between defuns; if within a defun, it must be three. |
25829 | 996 |
67676
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|
997 You can configure C Mode such that when you type a @samp{/} at the |
76931aba1936
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|
998 start of a line in a multi-line block comment, this closes the |
76931aba1936
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Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
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|
999 comment. Enable the @code{comment-close-slash} clean-up for this. |
76931aba1936
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1000 @xref{Clean-ups,,, ccmode, The CC Mode Manual}. |
76931aba1936
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1001 |
25829 | 1002 @node Options for Comments |
1003 @subsection Options Controlling Comments | |
1004 | |
1005 @vindex comment-column | |
1006 @kindex C-x ; | |
38018
f802bdff6c2c
Update various command names and variable defaults.
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|
1007 @findex comment-set-column |
56086
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1008 The @dfn{comment column}, the column at which Emacs tries to place |
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1009 comments, is stored in the variable @code{comment-column}. You can |
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1010 set it to a number explicitly. Alternatively, the command @kbd{C-x ;} |
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1011 (@code{comment-set-column}) sets the comment column to the column |
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1012 point is at. @kbd{C-u C-x ;} sets the comment column to match the |
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1013 last comment before point in the buffer, and then does a @kbd{M-;} to |
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1014 align the current line's comment under the previous one. |
25829 | 1015 |
1016 The variable @code{comment-column} is per-buffer: setting the variable | |
1017 in the normal fashion affects only the current buffer, but there is a | |
1018 default value which you can change with @code{setq-default}. | |
1019 @xref{Locals}. Many major modes initialize this variable for the | |
1020 current buffer. | |
1021 | |
1022 @vindex comment-start-skip | |
1023 The comment commands recognize comments based on the regular | |
1024 expression that is the value of the variable @code{comment-start-skip}. | |
1025 Make sure this regexp does not match the null string. It may match more | |
1026 than the comment starting delimiter in the strictest sense of the word; | |
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|
1027 for example, in C mode the value of the variable is |
f802bdff6c2c
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1028 @c This stops M-q from breaking the line inside that @code. |
56086
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1029 @code{@w{"/\\*+ *\\|//+ *"}}, which matches extra stars and spaces |
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|
1030 after the @samp{/*} itself, and accepts C++ style comments also. |
25829 | 1031 (Note that @samp{\\} is needed in Lisp syntax to include a @samp{\} in |
1032 the string, which is needed to deny the first star its special meaning | |
64920
e736a91dd7b5
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64890
diff
changeset
|
1033 in regexp syntax. @xref{Regexp Backslash}.) |
25829 | 1034 |
1035 @vindex comment-start | |
1036 @vindex comment-end | |
1037 When a comment command makes a new comment, it inserts the value of | |
1038 @code{comment-start} to begin it. The value of @code{comment-end} is | |
67513
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|
1039 inserted after point, so that it will follow the text that you will |
375a247b599e
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|
1040 insert into the comment. When @code{comment-end} is non-empty, it |
375a247b599e
(Options for Comments): Comment-end starts with space.
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1041 should start with a space. For example, in C mode, |
375a247b599e
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|
1042 @code{comment-start} has the value @w{@code{"/* "}} and |
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|
1043 @code{comment-end} has the value @w{@code{" */"}}. |
25829 | 1044 |
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1045 @vindex comment-padding |
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1046 The variable @code{comment-padding} specifies how many spaces |
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1047 @code{comment-region} should insert on each line between the comment |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1048 delimiter and the line's original text. The default is 1, to insert |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1049 one space. @code{nil} means 0. Alternatively, @code{comment-padding} |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1050 can hold the actual string to insert. |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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35477
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|
1051 |
25829 | 1052 @vindex comment-multi-line |
1053 The variable @code{comment-multi-line} controls how @kbd{C-M-j} | |
56086
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1054 (@code{indent-new-comment-line}) behaves when used inside a comment. |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1055 Specifically, when @code{comment-multi-line} is @code{nil}, the |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
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|
1056 command inserts a comment terminator, begins a new line, and finally |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
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|
1057 inserts a comment starter. Otherwise it does not insert the |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1058 terminator and starter, so it effectively continues the current |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1059 comment across multiple lines. In languages that allow multi-line |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1060 comments, the choice of value for this variable is a matter of taste. |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
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diff
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|
1061 The default for this variable depends on the major mode. |
25829 | 1062 |
41495 | 1063 @vindex comment-indent-function |
25829 | 1064 The variable @code{comment-indent-function} should contain a function |
69840
d138b536fbe5
(Comments, Comment Commands, Options for Comments, Multi-Line Comments):
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
69833
diff
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|
1065 that will be called to compute the alignment for a newly inserted |
25829 | 1066 comment or for aligning an existing comment. It is set differently by |
1067 various major modes. The function is called with no arguments, but with | |
1068 point at the beginning of the comment, or at the end of a line if a new | |
1069 comment is to be inserted. It should return the column in which the | |
1070 comment ought to start. For example, in Lisp mode, the indent hook | |
1071 function bases its decision on how many semicolons begin an existing | |
1072 comment, and on the code in the preceding lines. | |
1073 | |
38212
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1074 @node Documentation |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1075 @section Documentation Lookup |
25829 | 1076 |
38212
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Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1077 Emacs provides several features you can use to look up the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1078 documentation of functions, variables and commands that you plan to |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1079 use in your program. |
25829 | 1080 |
38212
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1081 @menu |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1082 * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1083 in Info files. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1084 * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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changeset
|
1085 * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1086 @end menu |
25829 | 1087 |
38212
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Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1088 @node Info Lookup |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1089 @subsection Info Documentation Lookup |
27221
4a723a7bc25a
Mention outline-minor-mode, check-parens,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
26462
diff
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|
1090 |
38212
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1091 @findex info-lookup-symbol |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1092 @findex info-lookup-file |
56164
f5e9166d3954
(Info Lookup): Fix keybinding for
Jesper Harder <harder@ifa.au.dk>
parents:
56086
diff
changeset
|
1093 @kindex C-h S |
68697 | 1094 For many major modes, that apply to languages that have |
1095 documentation in Info, you can use @kbd{C-h S} | |
1096 (@code{info-lookup-symbol}) to view the Info documentation for a | |
1097 symbol used in the program. You specify the symbol with the | |
1098 minibuffer; the default is the symbol appearing in the buffer at | |
1099 point. For example, in C mode this looks for the symbol in the C | |
1100 Library Manual. The command only works if the appropriate manual's | |
1101 Info files are installed. | |
25829 | 1102 |
38212
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Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1103 The major mode determines where to look for documentation for the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1104 symbol---which Info files to look in, and which indices to search. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1105 You can also use @kbd{M-x info-lookup-file} to look for documentation |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1106 for a file name. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1107 |
68697 | 1108 If you use @kbd{C-h S} in a major mode that does not support it, |
1109 it asks you to specify the ``symbol help mode''. You should enter | |
1110 a command such as @code{c-mode} that would select a major | |
1111 mode which @kbd{C-h S} does support. | |
38212
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Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1112 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1113 @node Man Page |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1114 @subsection Man Page Lookup |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1115 |
38867 | 1116 @cindex manual page |
1117 On Unix, the main form of on-line documentation was the @dfn{manual | |
68697 | 1118 page} or @dfn{man page}. In the GNU operating system, we aim to |
38867 | 1119 replace man pages with better-organized manuals that you can browse |
1120 with Info (@pxref{Misc Help}). This process is not finished, so it is | |
1121 still useful to read manual pages. | |
25829 | 1122 |
38212
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1123 @findex manual-entry |
38867 | 1124 You can read the man page for an operating system command, library |
56086
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1125 function, or system call, with the @kbd{M-x man} command. It |
38867 | 1126 runs the @code{man} program to format the man page; if the system |
1127 permits, it runs @code{man} asynchronously, so that you can keep on | |
1128 editing while the page is being formatted. (On MS-DOS and MS-Windows | |
1129 3, you cannot edit while Emacs waits for @code{man} to finish.) The | |
1130 result goes in a buffer named @samp{*Man @var{topic}*}. These buffers | |
1131 use a special major mode, Man mode, that facilitates scrolling and | |
1132 jumping to other manual pages. For details, type @kbd{C-h m} while in | |
1133 a man page buffer. | |
38212
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1134 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1135 @cindex sections of manual pages |
38867 | 1136 Each man page belongs to one of ten or more @dfn{sections}, each |
1137 named by a digit or by a digit and a letter. Sometimes there are | |
1138 multiple man pages with the same name in different sections. To read | |
1139 a man page from a specific section, type | |
38212
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1140 @samp{@var{topic}(@var{section})} or @samp{@var{section} @var{topic}} |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1141 when @kbd{M-x manual-entry} prompts for the topic. For example, to |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1142 read the man page for the C library function @code{chmod} (as opposed |
38867 | 1143 to a command of the same name), type @kbd{M-x manual-entry @key{RET} |
68697 | 1144 chmod(2) @key{RET}}. (@code{chmod} is a system call, so it is in |
1145 section @samp{2}.) | |
38212
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1146 |
38667
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38323
diff
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|
1147 @vindex Man-switches |
38212
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1148 If you do not specify a section, the results depend on how the |
38667
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38323
diff
changeset
|
1149 @code{man} program works on your system. Some of them display only |
38212
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1150 the first man page they find. Others display all man pages that have |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1151 the specified name, so you can move between them with the @kbd{M-n} |
38667
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38323
diff
changeset
|
1152 and @kbd{M-p} keys@footnote{On some systems, the @code{man} program |
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38323
diff
changeset
|
1153 accepts a @samp{-a} command-line option which tells it to display all |
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38323
diff
changeset
|
1154 the man pages for the specified topic. If you want this behavior, you |
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38323
diff
changeset
|
1155 can add this option to the value of the variable @code{Man-switches}.}. |
6ed2cc05e016
(Man Page): Mention the -a switch to `man' in a footnote.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
38323
diff
changeset
|
1156 The mode line shows how many manual pages are present in the Man buffer. |
38212
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Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1157 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1158 @vindex Man-fontify-manpage-flag |
38867 | 1159 By default, Emacs highlights the text in man pages. For a long man |
1160 page, highlighting can take substantial time. You can turn off | |
1161 highlighting of man pages by setting the variable | |
1162 @code{Man-fontify-manpage-flag} to @code{nil}. | |
38212
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|
1163 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1164 @findex Man-fontify-manpage |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1165 If you insert the text of a man page into an Emacs buffer in some |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1166 other fashion, you can use the command @kbd{M-x Man-fontify-manpage} to |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
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|
1167 perform the same conversions that @kbd{M-x manual-entry} does. |
25829 | 1168 |
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|
1169 @findex woman |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff
changeset
|
1170 @cindex manual pages, on MS-DOS/MS-Windows |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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|
1171 An alternative way of reading manual pages is the @kbd{M-x woman} |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1172 command@footnote{The name of the command, @code{woman}, is an acronym |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1173 for ``w/o (without) man,'' since it doesn't use the @code{man} |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1174 program.}. Unlike @kbd{M-x man}, it does not run any external |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1175 programs to format and display the man pages; instead it does the job |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1176 in Emacs Lisp, so it works on systems such as MS-Windows, where the |
59371
364d233a8dc3
Minor typos corrected, and some small re-wording.
Stephen Eglen <stephen@gnu.org>
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56809
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|
1177 @code{man} program (and other programs it uses) are not generally |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1178 available. |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
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|
1179 |
a94c26975e95
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1180 @kbd{M-x woman} prompts for a name of a manual page, and provides |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
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1181 completion based on the list of manual pages that are installed on |
a94c26975e95
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|
1182 your machine; the list of available manual pages is computed |
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|
1183 automatically the first time you invoke @code{woman}. The word at |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1184 point in the current buffer is used to suggest the default for the |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
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|
1185 name the manual page. |
25829 | 1186 |
38212
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|
1187 With a numeric argument, @kbd{M-x woman} recomputes the list of the |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1188 manual pages used for completion. This is useful if you add or delete |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1189 manual pages. |
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Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1190 |
6b14cc47a4f2
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changeset
|
1191 If you type a name of a manual page and @kbd{M-x woman} finds that |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1192 several manual pages by the same name exist in different sections, it |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1193 pops up a window with possible candidates asking you to choose one of |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1194 them. |
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|
1195 |
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|
1196 For more information about setting up and using @kbd{M-x woman}, see |
6b14cc47a4f2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
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|
1197 @ref{Top, WoMan, Browse UN*X Manual Pages WithOut Man, woman, The WoMan |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1198 Manual}. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1199 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
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|
1200 @node Lisp Doc |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1201 @subsection Emacs Lisp Documentation Lookup |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1202 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1203 As you edit Lisp code to be run in Emacs, you can use the commands |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1204 @kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}) and @kbd{C-h v} |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1205 (@code{describe-variable}) to view documentation of functions and |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1206 variables that you want to use. These commands use the minibuffer to |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1207 read the name of a function or variable to document, and display the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1208 documentation in a window. Their default arguments are based on the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1209 code in the neighborhood of point. For @kbd{C-h f}, the default is |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1210 the function called in the innermost list containing point. @kbd{C-h |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1211 v} uses the symbol name around or adjacent to point as its default. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1212 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1213 @cindex Eldoc mode |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1214 @findex eldoc-mode |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1215 A more automatic but less powerful method is Eldoc mode. This minor |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1216 mode constantly displays in the echo area the argument list for the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1217 function being called at point. (In other words, it finds the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1218 function call that point is contained in, and displays the argument |
59461
26a204697252
Re-read for factual correctness; some lisp functions had changed, and
Stephen Eglen <stephen@gnu.org>
parents:
59371
diff
changeset
|
1219 list of that function.) If point is over a documented variable, it |
62482
8db373573379
(Lisp Doc): Eldoc mode shows only the first line of a variable's docstring.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61133
diff
changeset
|
1220 shows the first line of the variable's docstring. Eldoc mode applies |
8db373573379
(Lisp Doc): Eldoc mode shows only the first line of a variable's docstring.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61133
diff
changeset
|
1221 in Emacs Lisp and Lisp Interaction modes, and perhaps a few others |
8db373573379
(Lisp Doc): Eldoc mode shows only the first line of a variable's docstring.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61133
diff
changeset
|
1222 that provide special support for looking up doc strings. Use the |
8db373573379
(Lisp Doc): Eldoc mode shows only the first line of a variable's docstring.
Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu>
parents:
61133
diff
changeset
|
1223 command @kbd{M-x eldoc-mode} to enable or disable this feature. |
25829 | 1224 |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1225 @node Hideshow |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1226 @section Hideshow minor mode |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1227 |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1228 @findex hs-minor-mode |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1229 Hideshow minor mode provides selective display of portions of a |
38212
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1230 program, known as @dfn{blocks}. You can use @kbd{M-x hs-minor-mode} |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1231 to enable or disable this mode, or add @code{hs-minor-mode} to the |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1232 mode hook for certain major modes in order to enable it automatically |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1233 for those modes. |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1234 |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1235 Just what constitutes a block depends on the major mode. In C mode |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1236 or C++ mode, they are delimited by braces, while in Lisp mode and |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1237 similar modes they are delimited by parentheses. Multi-line comments |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1238 also count as blocks. |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1239 |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1240 @findex hs-hide-all |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1241 @findex hs-hide-block |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1242 @findex hs-show-all |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1243 @findex hs-show-block |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1244 @findex hs-show-region |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1245 @findex hs-hide-level |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1246 @findex hs-minor-mode |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1247 @kindex C-c @@ C-h |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1248 @kindex C-c @@ C-s |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1249 @kindex C-c @@ C-M-h |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1250 @kindex C-c @@ C-M-s |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1251 @kindex C-c @@ C-r |
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1252 @kindex C-c @@ C-l |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1253 @kindex S-Mouse-2 |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1254 @table @kbd |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1255 @item C-c @@ C-h |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1256 Hide the current block (@code{hs-hide-block}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1257 @item C-c @@ C-s |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1258 Show the current block (@code{hs-show-block}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1259 @item C-c @@ C-c |
59371
364d233a8dc3
Minor typos corrected, and some small re-wording.
Stephen Eglen <stephen@gnu.org>
parents:
56809
diff
changeset
|
1260 Either hide or show the current block (@code{hs-toggle-hiding}). |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1261 @item S-Mouse-2 |
59371
364d233a8dc3
Minor typos corrected, and some small re-wording.
Stephen Eglen <stephen@gnu.org>
parents:
56809
diff
changeset
|
1262 Either hide or show the block you click on (@code{hs-mouse-toggle-hiding}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1263 @item C-c @@ C-M-h |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1264 Hide all top-level blocks (@code{hs-hide-all}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1265 @item C-c @@ C-M-s |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1266 Show everything in the buffer (@code{hs-show-all}). |
37997
c329103798cc
(Hideshow): Fix the docs of keybindings which used a single `@'.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents:
37978
diff
changeset
|
1267 @item C-c @@ C-l |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1268 Hide all blocks @var{n} levels below this block |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1269 (@code{hs-hide-level}). |
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1270 @end table |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1271 |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1272 @vindex hs-hide-comments-when-hiding-all |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1273 @vindex hs-isearch-open |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1274 @vindex hs-special-modes-alist |
59798
0816b427495a
Don't say just "option" when talking about variables.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59475
diff
changeset
|
1275 These variables exist for customizing Hideshow mode. |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1276 |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1277 @table @code |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1278 @item hs-hide-comments-when-hiding-all |
36183
d3f65290e6b2
Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
35477
diff
changeset
|
1279 Non-@code{nil} says that @kbd{hs-hide-all} should hide comments too. |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1280 |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1281 @item hs-isearch-open |
68697 | 1282 Specifies what kind of hidden blocks incremental search should make |
1283 visible. The value should be one of these four symbols: | |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1284 |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1285 @table @code |
38946
9a1045bcf43c
Update values of hs-isearch-open.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38871
diff
changeset
|
1286 @item code |
9a1045bcf43c
Update values of hs-isearch-open.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38871
diff
changeset
|
1287 Open only code blocks. |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1288 @item comment |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1289 Open only comments. |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1290 @item t |
38946
9a1045bcf43c
Update values of hs-isearch-open.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38871
diff
changeset
|
1291 Open both code blocks and comments. |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1292 @item nil |
38946
9a1045bcf43c
Update values of hs-isearch-open.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38871
diff
changeset
|
1293 Open neither code blocks nor comments. |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1294 @end table |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1295 |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1296 @item hs-special-modes-alist |
38867 | 1297 A list of elements, each specifying how to initialize Hideshow |
38231
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1298 variables for one major mode. See the variable's documentation string |
a94c26975e95
Explain purpose of mode hooks.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38212
diff
changeset
|
1299 for more information. |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1300 @end table |
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
27221
diff
changeset
|
1301 |
38212
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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changeset
|
1302 @node Symbol Completion |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1303 @section Completion for Symbol Names |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1304 @cindex completion (symbol names) |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1305 |
38867 | 1306 In Emacs, completion is something you normally do in the minibuffer. |
1307 But one kind of completion is available in all buffers: completion for | |
1308 symbol names. | |
38212
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1309 |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
38164
diff
changeset
|
1310 @kindex M-TAB |
38867 | 1311 The character @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} runs a command to complete the |
1312 partial symbol before point against the set of meaningful symbol | |
1313 names. This command inserts at point any additional characters that | |
60112
7cb4576800fa
(Program Modes): Mention Python mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59798
diff
changeset
|
1314 it can determine from the partial name. (If your window manager |
60434
e6fb531ca25b
(Symbol Completion): C-M-i like M-TAB.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
60112
diff
changeset
|
1315 defines @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} to switch windows, you can type |
e6fb531ca25b
(Symbol Completion): C-M-i like M-TAB.
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1316 @kbd{@key{ESC} @key{TAB}} or @kbd{C-M-i}.) |
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1317 |
38867 | 1318 If the partial name in the buffer has multiple possible completions |
1319 that differ in the very next character, so that it is impossible to | |
1320 complete even one more character, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} displays a list of | |
1321 all possible completions in another window. | |
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|
1322 |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1323 @cindex tags-based completion |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1324 @cindex Info index completion |
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|
1325 @findex complete-symbol |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1326 In most programming language major modes, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} runs the |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1327 command @code{complete-symbol}, which provides two kinds of completion. |
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|
1328 Normally it does completion based on a tags table (@pxref{Tags}); with a |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1329 numeric argument (regardless of the value), it does completion based on |
6b14cc47a4f2
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1330 the names listed in the Info file indexes for your language. Thus, to |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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|
1331 complete the name of a symbol defined in your own program, use |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1332 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} with no argument; to complete the name of a standard |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1333 library function, use @kbd{C-u M-@key{TAB}}. Of course, Info-based |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1334 completion works only if there is an Info file for the standard library |
6b14cc47a4f2
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1335 functions of your language, and only if it is installed at your site. |
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|
1336 |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1337 @cindex Lisp symbol completion |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1338 @cindex completion (Lisp symbols) |
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|
1339 @findex lisp-complete-symbol |
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|
1340 In Emacs-Lisp mode, the name space for completion normally consists of |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1341 nontrivial symbols present in Emacs---those that have function |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1342 definitions, values or properties. However, if there is an |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1343 open-parenthesis immediately before the beginning of the partial symbol, |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1344 only symbols with function definitions are considered as completions. |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1345 The command which implements this is @code{lisp-complete-symbol}. |
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|
1346 |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1347 In Text mode and related modes, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} completes words |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1348 based on the spell-checker's dictionary. @xref{Spelling}. |
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|
1349 |
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Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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|
1350 @node Glasses |
6c6b0162bae2
Tidy up previous additions. List more languages. Glasses mode.
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1351 @section Glasses minor mode |
6c6b0162bae2
Tidy up previous additions. List more languages. Glasses mode.
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|
1352 @cindex Glasses mode |
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1353 @cindex identifiers, making long ones readable |
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parents:
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1354 @cindex StudlyCaps, making them readable |
30810
6c6b0162bae2
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Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1355 @findex glasses-mode |
6c6b0162bae2
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Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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|
1356 |
36183
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Clean up comment-dwim vs indent-for-comment, etc.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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1357 Glasses minor mode makes @samp{unreadableIdentifiersLikeThis} |
38867 | 1358 readable by altering the way they display. It knows two different |
1359 ways to do this: by displaying underscores between a lower-case letter | |
1360 and the following capital letter, and by emboldening the capital | |
1361 letters. It does not alter the buffer text, only the way they | |
1362 display, so you can use it even on read-only buffers. You can use the | |
1363 command @kbd{M-x glasses-mode} to enable or disable the mode in the | |
1364 current buffer; you can also add @code{glasses-mode} to the mode hook | |
1365 of the programming language major modes in which you normally want | |
49600
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Trailing whitespace deleted.
Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com>
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|
1366 to use Glasses mode. |
30810
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Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1367 |
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|
1368 @node Misc for Programs |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1369 @section Other Features Useful for Editing Programs |
36183
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|
1370 |
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1371 A number of Emacs commands that aren't designed specifically for |
38867 | 1372 editing programs are useful for that nonetheless. |
26292
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Last changes for etags (I hope).
Francesco Potortì <pot@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1373 |
38212
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|
1374 The Emacs commands that operate on words, sentences and paragraphs |
6b14cc47a4f2
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parents:
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|
1375 are useful for editing code. Most symbols names contain words |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1376 (@pxref{Words}); sentences can be found in strings and comments |
38867 | 1377 (@pxref{Sentences}). Paragraphs in the strict sense can be found in |
38212
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|
1378 program code (in long comments), but the paragraph commands are useful |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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|
1379 in other places too, because programming language major modes define |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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|
1380 paragraphs to begin and end at blank lines (@pxref{Paragraphs}). |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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|
1381 Judicious use of blank lines to make the program clearer will also |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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|
1382 provide useful chunks of text for the paragraph commands to work on. |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1383 Auto Fill mode, if enabled in a programming language major mode, |
6b14cc47a4f2
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|
1384 indents the new lines which it creates. |
25829 | 1385 |
38212
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|
1386 The selective display feature is useful for looking at the overall |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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|
1387 structure of a function (@pxref{Selective Display}). This feature |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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|
1388 hides the lines that are indented more than a specified amount. |
6b14cc47a4f2
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parents:
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|
1389 Programming modes often support Outline minor mode (@pxref{Outline |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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|
1390 Mode}). The Foldout package provides folding-editor features |
6b14cc47a4f2
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parents:
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|
1391 (@pxref{Foldout}). |
25829 | 1392 |
38212
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|
1393 The ``automatic typing'' features may be useful for writing programs. |
6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
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parents:
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|
1394 @xref{Top,,Autotyping, autotype, Autotyping}. |
25829 | 1395 |
1396 @node C Modes | |
1397 @section C and Related Modes | |
1398 @cindex C mode | |
1399 @cindex Java mode | |
1400 @cindex Pike mode | |
1401 @cindex IDL mode | |
1402 @cindex CORBA IDL mode | |
1403 @cindex Objective C mode | |
1404 @cindex C++ mode | |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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1405 @cindex AWK mode |
25829 | 1406 @cindex mode, Java |
1407 @cindex mode, C | |
56086
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
1408 @cindex mode, C++ |
25829 | 1409 @cindex mode, Objective C |
1410 @cindex mode, CORBA IDL | |
1411 @cindex mode, Pike | |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
1412 @cindex mode, AWK |
25829 | 1413 |
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|
1414 This section gives a brief description of the special features |
56086
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
1415 available in C, C++, Objective-C, Java, CORBA IDL, Pike and AWK modes. |
53386
8bacf8f6aa0c
(C Modes): Fix the xref.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@is.elta.co.il>
parents:
52401
diff
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|
1416 (These are called ``C mode and related modes.'') @xref{Top, , CC Mode, |
8bacf8f6aa0c
(C Modes): Fix the xref.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@is.elta.co.il>
parents:
52401
diff
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|
1417 ccmode, CC Mode}, for a more extensive description of these modes |
36183
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1418 and their special features. |
28329
6e740f27f255
(Programs): Mention outline features.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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|
1419 |
25829 | 1420 @menu |
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1421 * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc. |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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1422 * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent. |
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1423 * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command. |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
1424 * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, |
c5c08e52e9d6
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|
1425 and other neat features. |
25829 | 1426 @end menu |
1427 | |
1428 @node Motion in C | |
1429 @subsection C Mode Motion Commands | |
1430 | |
1431 This section describes commands for moving point, in C mode and | |
1432 related modes. | |
1433 | |
1434 @table @code | |
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1435 @item M-x c-beginning-of-defun |
c5c08e52e9d6
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1436 @itemx M-x c-end-of-defun |
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1437 @findex c-beginning-of-defun |
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1438 @findex c-end-of-defun |
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1439 Move point to the beginning or end of the current function or |
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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1440 top-level definition. These are found by searching for the least |
c5c08e52e9d6
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1441 enclosing braces. (By contrast, @code{beginning-of-defun} and |
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1442 @code{end-of-defun} search for braces in column zero.) If you are |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
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|
1443 editing code where the opening brace of a function isn't placed in |
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1444 column zero, you may wish to bind @code{C-M-a} and @code{C-M-e} to |
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1445 these commands. @xref{Moving by Defuns}. |
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1446 |
25829 | 1447 @item C-c C-u |
1448 @kindex C-c C-u @r{(C mode)} | |
1449 @findex c-up-conditional | |
1450 Move point back to the containing preprocessor conditional, leaving the | |
1451 mark behind. A prefix argument acts as a repeat count. With a negative | |
1452 argument, move point forward to the end of the containing | |
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1453 preprocessor conditional. |
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1454 |
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|
1455 @samp{#elif} is equivalent to @samp{#else} followed by @samp{#if}, so |
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1456 the function will stop at a @samp{#elif} when going backward, but not |
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1457 when going forward. |
25829 | 1458 |
1459 @item C-c C-p | |
1460 @kindex C-c C-p @r{(C mode)} | |
1461 @findex c-backward-conditional | |
1462 Move point back over a preprocessor conditional, leaving the mark | |
1463 behind. A prefix argument acts as a repeat count. With a negative | |
1464 argument, move forward. | |
1465 | |
1466 @item C-c C-n | |
1467 @kindex C-c C-n @r{(C mode)} | |
1468 @findex c-forward-conditional | |
1469 Move point forward across a preprocessor conditional, leaving the mark | |
1470 behind. A prefix argument acts as a repeat count. With a negative | |
1471 argument, move backward. | |
1472 | |
1473 @item M-a | |
56086
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1474 @kindex M-a (C mode) |
25829 | 1475 @findex c-beginning-of-statement |
1476 Move point to the beginning of the innermost C statement | |
1477 (@code{c-beginning-of-statement}). If point is already at the beginning | |
1478 of a statement, move to the beginning of the preceding statement. With | |
1479 prefix argument @var{n}, move back @var{n} @minus{} 1 statements. | |
1480 | |
56086
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1481 In comments or in strings which span more than one line, this command |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1482 moves by sentences instead of statements. |
25829 | 1483 |
1484 @item M-e | |
56086
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1485 @kindex M-e (C mode) |
25829 | 1486 @findex c-end-of-statement |
56086
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1487 Move point to the end of the innermost C statement or sentence; like |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1488 @kbd{M-a} except that it moves in the other direction |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1489 (@code{c-end-of-statement}). |
25829 | 1490 @end table |
1491 | |
1492 @node Electric C | |
1493 @subsection Electric C Characters | |
1494 | |
1495 In C mode and related modes, certain printing characters are | |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1496 @dfn{electric}---in addition to inserting themselves, they also |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1497 reindent the current line, and optionally also insert newlines. The |
60112
7cb4576800fa
(Program Modes): Mention Python mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59798
diff
changeset
|
1498 ``electric'' characters are @kbd{@{}, @kbd{@}}, @kbd{:}, @kbd{#}, |
7cb4576800fa
(Program Modes): Mention Python mode.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
59798
diff
changeset
|
1499 @kbd{;}, @kbd{,}, @kbd{<}, @kbd{>}, @kbd{/}, @kbd{*}, @kbd{(}, and |
67683
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67676
diff
changeset
|
1500 @kbd{)}. |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1501 |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1502 You might find electric indentation inconvenient if you are editing |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1503 chaotically indented code. If you are new to CC Mode, you might find |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1504 it disconcerting. You can toggle electric action with the command |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1505 @kbd{C-c C-l}; when it is enabled, @samp{/l} appears in the mode line |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1506 after the mode name: |
25829 | 1507 |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1508 @table @kbd |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1509 @item C-c C-l |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1510 @kindex C-c C-l @r{(C mode)} |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1511 @findex c-toggle-electric-state |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1512 Toggle electric action (@code{c-toggle-electric-state}). With a |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1513 prefix argument, this command enables electric action if the argument |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1514 is positive, disables it if it is negative. |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1515 @end table |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1516 |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1517 Electric characters insert newlines only when, in addition to the |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1518 electric state, the @dfn{auto-newline} feature is enabled (indicated |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1519 by @samp{/la} in the mode line after the mode name). You can turn |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1520 this feature on or off with the command @kbd{C-c C-a}: |
25829 | 1521 |
1522 @table @kbd | |
1523 @item C-c C-a | |
1524 @kindex C-c C-a @r{(C mode)} | |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1525 @findex c-toggle-auto-newline |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1526 Toggle the auto-newline feature (@code{c-toggle-auto-newline}). With a |
25829 | 1527 prefix argument, this command turns the auto-newline feature on if the |
1528 argument is positive, and off if it is negative. | |
1529 @end table | |
1530 | |
67683
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67676
diff
changeset
|
1531 Usually the CC Mode style configures the exact circumstances in |
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67676
diff
changeset
|
1532 which Emacs inserts auto-newlines. You can also configure this |
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67676
diff
changeset
|
1533 directly. @xref{Custom Auto-newlines,,, ccmode, The CC Mode Manual}. |
25829 | 1534 |
1535 @node Hungry Delete | |
1536 @subsection Hungry Delete Feature in C | |
56086
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1537 @cindex hungry deletion (C Mode) |
25829 | 1538 |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1539 If you want to delete an entire block of whitespace at point, you |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1540 can use @dfn{hungry deletion}. This deletes all the contiguous |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1541 whitespace either before point or after point in a single operation. |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1542 @dfn{Whitespace} here includes tabs and newlines, but not comments or |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1543 preprocessor commands. |
25829 | 1544 |
1545 @table @kbd | |
68801
e759a2258b51
programs.texi ("Hungry Delete"): Correct the appellation of the backspace
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
68717
diff
changeset
|
1546 @item C-c C-@key{DEL} |
e759a2258b51
programs.texi ("Hungry Delete"): Correct the appellation of the backspace
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
68717
diff
changeset
|
1547 @itemx C-c @key{DEL} |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1548 @findex c-hungry-backspace |
68801
e759a2258b51
programs.texi ("Hungry Delete"): Correct the appellation of the backspace
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
68717
diff
changeset
|
1549 @kindex C-c C-@key{DEL} (C Mode) |
e759a2258b51
programs.texi ("Hungry Delete"): Correct the appellation of the backspace
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
68717
diff
changeset
|
1550 @kindex C-c @key{DEL} (C Mode) |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1551 @code{c-hungry-backspace}---Delete the entire block of whitespace |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1552 preceding point. |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1553 |
25829 | 1554 @item C-c C-d |
68801
e759a2258b51
programs.texi ("Hungry Delete"): Correct the appellation of the backspace
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
68717
diff
changeset
|
1555 @itemx C-c C-@key{DELETE} |
e759a2258b51
programs.texi ("Hungry Delete"): Correct the appellation of the backspace
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
68717
diff
changeset
|
1556 @itemx C-c @key{DELETE} |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1557 @findex c-hungry-delete-forward |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1558 @kindex C-c C-d (C Mode) |
68801
e759a2258b51
programs.texi ("Hungry Delete"): Correct the appellation of the backspace
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
68717
diff
changeset
|
1559 @kindex C-c C-@key{DELETE} (C Mode) |
e759a2258b51
programs.texi ("Hungry Delete"): Correct the appellation of the backspace
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
68717
diff
changeset
|
1560 @kindex C-c @key{DELETE} (C Mode) |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1561 @code{c-hungry-delete-forward}---Delete the entire block of whitespace |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1562 following point. |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1563 @end table |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1564 |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1565 As an alternative to the above commands, you can enable @dfn{hungry |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1566 delete mode}. When this feature is enabled (indicated by @samp{/h} in |
68818
353348d5ce78
(Defuns): Delete duplicate explanation of left-margin paren convention.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68801
diff
changeset
|
1567 the mode line after the mode name), a single @key{DEL} deletes all |
353348d5ce78
(Defuns): Delete duplicate explanation of left-margin paren convention.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68801
diff
changeset
|
1568 preceding whitespace, not just one space, and a single @kbd{C-c C-d} |
353348d5ce78
(Defuns): Delete duplicate explanation of left-margin paren convention.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
68801
diff
changeset
|
1569 (but @emph{not} plain @key{DELETE}) deletes all following whitespace. |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1570 |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1571 @table @kbd |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1572 @item M-x c-toggle-hungry-state |
25829 | 1573 @findex c-toggle-hungry-state |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1574 Toggle the hungry-delete feature |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1575 (@code{c-toggle-hungry-state})@footnote{This command had the binding |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1576 @kbd{C-c C-d} in earlier versions of Emacs. @kbd{C-c C-d} is now |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1577 bound to @code{c-hungry-delete-forward}.}. With a prefix argument, |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1578 this command turns the hungry-delete feature on if the argument is |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1579 positive, and off if it is negative. |
25829 | 1580 @end table |
1581 | |
1582 @vindex c-hungry-delete-key | |
1583 The variable @code{c-hungry-delete-key} controls whether the | |
1584 hungry-delete feature is enabled. | |
1585 | |
1586 @node Other C Commands | |
1587 @subsection Other Commands for C Mode | |
1588 | |
1589 @table @kbd | |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
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changeset
|
1590 @item C-c C-w |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1591 @itemx M-x c-subword-mode |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1592 @findex c-subword-mode |
67683
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(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67676
diff
changeset
|
1593 Enable (or disable) @dfn{subword mode}. In subword mode, Emacs's word |
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67676
diff
changeset
|
1594 commands then recognize upper case letters in |
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67676
diff
changeset
|
1595 @samp{StudlyCapsIdentifiers} as word boundaries. This is indicated by |
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67676
diff
changeset
|
1596 the flag @samp{/w} on the mode line after the mode name |
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67676
diff
changeset
|
1597 (e.g. @samp{C/law}). You can even use @kbd{M-x c-subword-mode} in |
6fc6fd3c71cd
(Electric C): Delete the info about newline control.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
67676
diff
changeset
|
1598 non-CC Mode buffers. |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1599 |
68697 | 1600 In the GNU project, we recommend using underscores to separate words |
1601 within an identifier in C or C++, rather than using case distinctions. | |
1602 | |
56086
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Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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54272
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changeset
|
1603 @item M-x c-context-line-break |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1604 @findex c-context-line-break |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1605 This command inserts a line break and indents the new line in a manner |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1606 appropriate to the context. In normal code, it does the work of |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1607 @kbd{C-j} (@code{newline-and-indent}), in a C preprocessor line it |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1608 additionally inserts a @samp{\} at the line break, and within comments |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1609 it's like @kbd{M-j} (@code{c-indent-new-comment-line}). |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1610 |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1611 @code{c-context-line-break} isn't bound to a key by default, but it |
c5c08e52e9d6
Update for CC Mode 5.30 and incidental amendments.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
54272
diff
changeset
|
1612 needs a binding to be useful. The following code will bind it to |
67676
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
67513
diff
changeset
|
1613 @kbd{C-j}. We use @code{c-initialization-hook} here to make sure |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
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changeset
|
1614 the keymap is loaded before we try to change it. |
76931aba1936
Amend the file for CC Mode 5.31. In particular, relax the injunction
Alan Mackenzie <acm@muc.de>
parents:
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changeset
|
1615 |
56086
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1616 @example |
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1617 (defun my-bind-clb () |
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1618 (define-key c-mode-base-map "\C-j" 'c-context-line-break)) |
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1619 (add-hook 'c-initialization-hook 'my-bind-clb) |
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1620 @end example |
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1621 |
25829 | 1622 @item C-M-h |
1623 Put mark at the end of a function definition, and put point at the | |
1624 beginning (@code{c-mark-function}). | |
1625 | |
1626 @item M-q | |
1627 @kindex M-q @r{(C mode)} | |
1628 @findex c-fill-paragraph | |
1629 Fill a paragraph, handling C and C++ comments (@code{c-fill-paragraph}). | |
1630 If any part of the current line is a comment or within a comment, this | |
1631 command fills the comment or the paragraph of it that point is in, | |
1632 preserving the comment indentation and comment delimiters. | |
1633 | |
1634 @item C-c C-e | |
1635 @cindex macro expansion in C | |
1636 @cindex expansion of C macros | |
1637 @findex c-macro-expand | |
1638 @kindex C-c C-e @r{(C mode)} | |
1639 Run the C preprocessor on the text in the region, and show the result, | |
1640 which includes the expansion of all the macro calls | |
1641 (@code{c-macro-expand}). The buffer text before the region is also | |
1642 included in preprocessing, for the sake of macros defined there, but the | |
1643 output from this part isn't shown. | |
1644 | |
1645 When you are debugging C code that uses macros, sometimes it is hard to | |
1646 figure out precisely how the macros expand. With this command, you | |
1647 don't have to figure it out; you can see the expansions. | |
1648 | |
1649 @item C-c C-\ | |
1650 @findex c-backslash-region | |
1651 @kindex C-c C-\ @r{(C mode)} | |
1652 Insert or align @samp{\} characters at the ends of the lines of the | |
1653 region (@code{c-backslash-region}). This is useful after writing or | |
1654 editing a C macro definition. | |
1655 | |
1656 If a line already ends in @samp{\}, this command adjusts the amount of | |
1657 whitespace before it. Otherwise, it inserts a new @samp{\}. However, | |
1658 the last line in the region is treated specially; no @samp{\} is | |
1659 inserted on that line, and any @samp{\} there is deleted. | |
1660 | |
1661 @item M-x cpp-highlight-buffer | |
1662 @cindex preprocessor highlighting | |
1663 @findex cpp-highlight-buffer | |
1664 Highlight parts of the text according to its preprocessor conditionals. | |
1665 This command displays another buffer named @samp{*CPP Edit*}, which | |
1666 serves as a graphic menu for selecting how to display particular kinds | |
1667 of conditionals and their contents. After changing various settings, | |
1668 click on @samp{[A]pply these settings} (or go to that buffer and type | |
1669 @kbd{a}) to rehighlight the C mode buffer accordingly. | |
1670 | |
1671 @item C-c C-s | |
1672 @findex c-show-syntactic-information | |
1673 @kindex C-c C-s @r{(C mode)} | |
1674 Display the syntactic information about the current source line | |
59461
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1675 (@code{c-show-syntactic-information}). This information directs how |
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1676 the line is indented. |
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1677 |
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1678 @item M-x cwarn-mode |
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1679 @itemx M-x global-cwarn-mode |
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1680 @findex cwarn-mode |
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1681 @findex global-cwarn-mode |
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1682 @vindex global-cwarn-mode |
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1683 @cindex CWarn mode |
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1684 @cindex suspicious constructions in C, C++ |
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1685 CWarn minor mode highlights certain suspicious C and C++ constructions: |
30810
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1686 |
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1687 @itemize @bullet{} |
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1688 @item |
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1689 Assignments inside expressions. |
30810
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1690 @item |
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1691 Semicolon following immediately after @samp{if}, @samp{for}, and @samp{while} |
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1692 (except after a @samp{do @dots{} while} statement); |
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1693 @item |
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1694 C++ functions with reference parameters. |
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1695 @end itemize |
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1696 |
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1697 @noindent |
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1698 You can enable the mode for one buffer with the command @kbd{M-x |
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1699 cwarn-mode}, or for all suitable buffers with the command @kbd{M-x |
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1700 global-cwarn-mode} or by customizing the variable |
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1701 @code{global-cwarn-mode}. You must also enable Font Lock mode to make |
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1702 it work. |
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1703 |
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1704 @item M-x hide-ifdef-mode |
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1705 @findex hide-ifdef-mode |
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1706 @cindex Hide-ifdef mode |
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1707 Hide-ifdef minor mode hides selected code within @samp{#if} and |
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1708 @samp{#ifdef} preprocessor blocks. See the documentation string of |
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1709 @code{hide-ifdef-mode} for more information. |
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1710 |
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1711 @item M-x ff-find-related-file |
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1712 @cindex related files |
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1713 @findex ff-find-related-file |
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1714 @vindex ff-related-file-alist |
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1715 Find a file ``related'' in a special way to the file visited by the |
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1716 current buffer. Typically this will be the header file corresponding |
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1717 to a C/C++ source file, or vice versa. The variable |
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1718 @code{ff-related-file-alist} specifies how to compute related file |
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1719 names. |
25829 | 1720 @end table |
1721 | |
1722 @node Asm Mode | |
1723 @section Asm Mode | |
1724 | |
1725 @cindex Asm mode | |
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1726 @cindex assembler mode |
25829 | 1727 Asm mode is a major mode for editing files of assembler code. It |
1728 defines these commands: | |
1729 | |
1730 @table @kbd | |
1731 @item @key{TAB} | |
1732 @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. | |
1733 @item C-j | |
1734 Insert a newline and then indent using @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. | |
1735 @item : | |
1736 Insert a colon and then remove the indentation from before the label | |
1737 preceding colon. Then do @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. | |
1738 @item ; | |
1739 Insert or align a comment. | |
1740 @end table | |
1741 | |
1742 The variable @code{asm-comment-char} specifies which character | |
1743 starts comments in assembler syntax. | |
52401 | 1744 |
1745 @ignore | |
1746 arch-tag: c7ee7409-40a4-45c7-bfb7-ae7f2c74d0c0 | |
1747 @end ignore |