annotate man/msdog.texi @ 33620:62859e71806e EMACS_PRETEST_21_0_91

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author Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
date Sun, 19 Nov 2000 15:30:07 +0000
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1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
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4 @node MS-DOS, Manifesto, Antinews, Top
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5 @appendix Emacs and MS-DOS
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6 @cindex MS-DOG
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7 @cindex MS-DOS peculiarities
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8
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9 This section briefly describes the peculiarities of using Emacs under
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10 the MS-DOS ``operating system'' (also known as ``MS-DOG''). If you
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11 build Emacs for MS-DOS, the binary will also run on Windows 3.X, Windows
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12 NT, Windows 9X, or OS/2 as a DOS application; the information in this
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13 chapter applies for all of those systems, if you use an Emacs that was
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14 built for MS-DOS.
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15
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16 Note that it is possible to build Emacs specifically for Windows NT or
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17 Windows 9X. If you do that, most of this chapter does not apply;
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18 instead, you get behavior much closer to what is documented in the rest
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19 of the manual, including support for long file names, multiple frames,
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20 scroll bars, mouse menus, and subprocesses. However, the section on
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21 text files and binary files does still apply. There are also two
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22 sections at the end of this chapter which apply specifically for Windows
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23 NT and 9X.
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24
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25 @menu
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26 * Input: MS-DOS Input. Keyboard and mouse usage on MS-DOS.
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27 * Display: MS-DOS Display. Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS.
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28 * Files: MS-DOS File Names. File name conventions on MS-DOS.
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29 * Text and Binary:: Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines.
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30 * Printing: MS-DOS Printing. How to specify the printer on MS-DOS.
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31 * I18N: MS-DOS and MULE. Support for internationalization on MS-DOS.
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32 * Processes: MS-DOS Processes. Running subprocesses on MS-DOS.
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33 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows.
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34 * Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does.
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35 @end menu
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36
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37 @node MS-DOS Input
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38 @section Keyboard and Mouse on MS-DOS
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39
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40 @cindex Meta (under MS-DOS)
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41 @cindex Hyper (under MS-DOS)
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42 @cindex Super (under MS-DOS)
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43 @vindex dos-super-key
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44 @vindex dos-hyper-key
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45 The PC keyboard maps use the left @key{ALT} key as the @key{META} key.
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46 You have two choices for emulating the @key{SUPER} and @key{HYPER} keys:
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47 choose either the right @key{CTRL} key or the right @key{ALT} key by
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48 setting the variables @code{dos-hyper-key} and @code{dos-super-key} to 1
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49 or 2 respectively. If neither @code{dos-super-key} nor
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50 @code{dos-hyper-key} is 1, then by default the right @key{ALT} key is
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51 also mapped to the @key{META} key. However, if the MS-DOS international
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52 keyboard support program @file{KEYB.COM} is installed, Emacs will
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53 @emph{not} map the right @key{ALT} to @key{META}, since it is used for
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54 accessing characters like @kbd{~} and @kbd{@@} on non-US keyboard
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55 layouts; in this case, you may only use the left @key{ALT} as @key{META}
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56 key.
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57
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58 @kindex C-j @r{(MS-DOS)}
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59 @vindex dos-keypad-mode
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60 The variable @code{dos-keypad-mode} is a flag variable that controls
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61 what key codes are returned by keys in the numeric keypad. You can also
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62 define the keypad @key{ENTER} key to act like @kbd{C-j}, by putting the
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63 following line into your @file{_emacs} file:
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64
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65 @smallexample
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66 ;; Make the Enter key from the Numeric keypad act as C-j.
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67 (define-key function-key-map [kp-enter] [?\C-j])
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68 @end smallexample
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69
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70 @kindex DEL @r{(MS-DOS)}
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71 @kindex BS @r{(MS-DOS)}
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72 The key that is called @key{DEL} in Emacs (because that's how it is
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73 designated on most workstations) is known as @key{BS} (backspace) on a
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74 PC. That is why the PC-specific terminal initialization remaps the
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75 @key{BS} key to act as @key{DEL}; the @key{DEL} key is remapped to act
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76 as @kbd{C-d} for the same reasons.
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77
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78 @kindex C-g @r{(MS-DOS)}
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79 @kindex C-BREAK @r{(MS-DOS)}
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80 @cindex quitting on MS-DOS
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81 Emacs built for MS-DOS recognizes @kbd{C-@key{BREAK}} as a quit
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82 character, just like @kbd{C-g}. This is because Emacs cannot detect
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83 that you have typed @kbd{C-g} until it is ready for more input. As a
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84 consequence, you cannot use @kbd{C-g} to stop a running command
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85 (@pxref{Quitting}). By contrast, @kbd{C-@key{BREAK}} @emph{is} detected
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86 as soon as you type it (as @kbd{C-g} is on other systems), so it can be
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87 used to stop a running command and for emergency escape
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88 (@pxref{Emergency Escape}).
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89
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90 @cindex mouse support under MS-DOS
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91 Emacs on MS-DOS supports a mouse (on the default terminal only).
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92 The mouse commands work as documented, including those that use menus
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93 and the menu bar (@pxref{Menu Bar}). Scroll bars don't work in
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94 MS-DOS Emacs. PC mice usually have only two buttons; these act as
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95 @kbd{Mouse-1} and @kbd{Mouse-2}, but if you press both of them
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96 together, that has the effect of @kbd{Mouse-3}. If the mouse does have
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97 3 buttons, Emacs detects that at startup, and all the 3 buttons function
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98 normally, as on X.
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99
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100 Help strings for menu-bar and pop-up menus are displayed in the echo
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101 area when the mouse pointer moves across the menu items.
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102 Highlighting of mouse-sensitive text (@pxref{Mouse References}) is also
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103 supported.
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104
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105 @cindex mouse, set number of buttons
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106 @findex msdos-set-mouse-buttons
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107 Some versions of mouse drivers don't report the number of mouse
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108 buttons correctly. For example, mice with a wheel report that they have
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109 3 buttons, but only 2 of them are passed to Emacs; the clicks on the
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110 wheel, which serves as the middle button, are not passed. In these
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111 cases, you can use the @kbd{M-x msdos-set-mouse-buttons} command to set
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112 the notion of number of buttons used by Emacs. This command prompts for
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113 the number of buttons, and forces Emacs to behave as if your mouse had
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114 that number of buttons. You could make such a setting permanent by
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115 adding this fragment to your @file{_emacs} init file:
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116
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117 @example
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118 ;; Force Emacs to behave as if the mouse had
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119 ;; only 2 buttons
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120 (msdos-set-mouse-buttons 2)
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121 @end example
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122
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123 @cindex Windows clipboard support
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124 Emacs built for MS-DOS supports clipboard operations when it runs on
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125 Windows. Commands that put text on the kill ring, or yank text from the
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126 ring, check the Windows clipboard first, just as Emacs does on X Windows
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127 (@pxref{Mouse Commands}). Only the primary selection and the cut buffer
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128 are supported by MS-DOS Emacs on Windows; the secondary selection always
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129 appears as empty.
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130
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131 Due to the way clipboard access is implemented by Windows, the
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132 length of text you can put into the clipboard is limited by the amount
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133 of free DOS memory that is available to Emacs. Usually, up to 620KB of
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134 text can be put into the clipboard, but this limit depends on the system
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135 configuration and is lower if you run Emacs as a subprocess of
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136 another program. If the killed text does not fit, Emacs prints a
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137 message saying so, and does not put the text into the clipboard.
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138
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139 Null characters also cannot be put into the Windows clipboard. If the
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140 killed text includes null characters, Emacs does not put such text into
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141 the clipboard, and prints in the echo area a message to that effect.
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142
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143 @vindex dos-display-scancodes
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144 The variable @code{dos-display-scancodes}, when non-@code{nil},
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145 directs Emacs to display the ASCII value and the keyboard scan code of
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146 each keystroke; this feature serves as a complement to the
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147 @code{view-lossage} command, for debugging.
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148
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149 @node MS-DOS Display
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150 @section Display on MS-DOS
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151 @cindex faces under MS-DOS
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152 @cindex fonts, emulating under MS-DOS
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153
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154 Display on MS-DOS cannot use font variants, like bold or italic,
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155 but it does support
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156 multiple faces, each of which can specify a foreground and a background
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157 color. Therefore, you can get the full functionality of Emacs packages
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158 that use fonts (such as @code{font-lock}, Enriched Text mode, and
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159 others) by defining the relevant faces to use different colors. Use the
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160 @code{list-colors-display} command (@pxref{Frame Parameters}) and the
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161 @code{list-faces-display} command (@pxref{Faces}) to see what colors and
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162 faces are available and what they look like.
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163
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164 The section @ref{MS-DOS and MULE}, later in this chapter, describes
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165 how Emacs displays glyphs and characters which aren't supported by the
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166 native font built into the DOS display.
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167
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168 @cindex cursor shape on MS-DOS
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169 When Emacs starts, it changes the cursor shape to a solid box. This
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170 is for compatibility with the Unix version, where the box cursor is the
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171 default. This default shape can be changed to a bar by specifying the
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172 @code{cursor-type} parameter in the variable @code{default-frame-alist}
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173 (@pxref{Creating Frames}). The MS-DOS terminal doesn't support a
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174 vertical-bar cursor, so the bar cursor is horizontal, and the
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175 @code{@var{width}} parameter, if specified by the frame parameters,
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176 actually determines its height. As an extension, the bar cursor
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177 specification can include the starting scan line of the cursor as well
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178 as its width, like this:
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179
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180 @example
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181 '(cursor-type bar @var{width} . @var{start})
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182 @end example
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183
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184 @noindent
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185 In addition, if the @var{width} parameter is negative, the cursor bar
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186 begins at the top of the character cell.
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187
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188 @cindex frames on MS-DOS
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189 Multiple frames (@pxref{Frames}) are supported on MS-DOS, but they all
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190 overlap, so you only see a single frame at any given moment. That
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191 single visible frame occupies the entire screen. When you run Emacs
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192 from MS-Windows DOS box, you can make the visible frame smaller than
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193 the full screen, but Emacs still cannot display more than a single
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194 frame at a time.
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195
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196 @cindex frame size under MS-DOS
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197 @findex mode4350
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198 @findex mode25
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199 The @code{mode4350} command switches the display to 43 or 50
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200 lines, depending on your hardware; the @code{mode25} command switches
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201 to the default 80x25 screen size.
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202
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203 By default, Emacs only knows how to set screen sizes of 80 columns by
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204 25, 28, 35, 40, 43 or 50 rows. However, if your video adapter has
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205 special video modes that will switch the display to other sizes, you can
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206 have Emacs support those too. When you ask Emacs to switch the frame to
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207 @var{n} rows by @var{m} columns dimensions, it checks if there is a
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208 variable called @code{screen-dimensions-@var{n}x@var{m}}, and if so,
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209 uses its value (which must be an integer) as the video mode to switch
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210 to. (Emacs switches to that video mode by calling the BIOS @code{Set
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211 Video Mode} function with the value of
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212 @code{screen-dimensions-@var{n}x@var{m}} in the @code{AL} register.)
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213 For example, suppose your adapter will switch to 66x80 dimensions when
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214 put into video mode 85. Then you can make Emacs support this screen
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215 size by putting the following into your @file{_emacs} file:
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216
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217 @example
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218 (setq screen-dimensions-66x80 85)
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219 @end example
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220
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221 Since Emacs on MS-DOS can only set the frame size to specific
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222 supported dimensions, it cannot honor every possible frame resizing
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223 request. When an unsupported size is requested, Emacs chooses the next
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224 larger supported size beyond the specified size. For example, if you
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225 ask for 36x80 frame, you will get 40x80 instead.
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226
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227 The variables @code{screen-dimensions-@var{n}x@var{m}} are used only
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228 when they exactly match the specified size; the search for the next
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229 larger supported size ignores them. In the above example, even if your
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230 VGA supports 38x80 dimensions and you define a variable
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231 @code{screen-dimensions-38x80} with a suitable value, you will still get
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232 40x80 screen when you ask for a 36x80 frame. If you want to get the
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233 38x80 size in this case, you can do it by setting the variable named
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234 @code{screen-dimensions-36x80} with the same video mode value as
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235 @code{screen-dimensions-38x80}.
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236
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237 Changing frame dimensions on MS-DOS has the effect of changing all the
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238 other frames to the new dimensions.
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239
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240 @node MS-DOS File Names
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241 @section File Names on MS-DOS
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242 @cindex file names under MS-DOS
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243 @cindex init file, default name under MS-DOS
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244
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245 MS-DOS normally uses a backslash, @samp{\}, to separate name units
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246 within a file name, instead of the slash used on other systems. Emacs
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247 on MS-DOS permits use of either slash or backslash, and also knows
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248 about drive letters in file names.
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249
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250 On MS-DOS, file names are case-insensitive and limited to eight
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251 characters, plus optionally a period and three more characters. Emacs
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252 knows enough about these limitations to handle file names that were
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253 meant for other operating systems. For instance, leading dots @samp{.}
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254 in file names are invalid in MS-DOS, so Emacs transparently converts
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255 them to underscores @samp{_}; thus your default init file (@pxref{Init
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256 File}) is called @file{_emacs} on MS-DOS. Excess characters before or
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257 after the period are generally ignored by MS-DOS itself; thus, if you
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258 visit the file @file{LongFileName.EvenLongerExtension}, you will
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259 silently get @file{longfile.eve}, but Emacs will still display the long
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260 file name on the mode line. Other than that, it's up to you to specify
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261 file names which are valid under MS-DOS; the transparent conversion as
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262 described above only works on file names built into Emacs.
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263
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264 @cindex backup file names on MS-DOS
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265 The above restrictions on the file names on MS-DOS make it almost
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266 impossible to construct the name of a backup file (@pxref{Backup
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267 Names}) without losing some of the original file name characters. For
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268 example, the name of a backup file for @file{docs.txt} is
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269 @file{docs.tx~} even if single backup is used.
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270
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271 @cindex file names under Windows 95/NT
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272 @cindex long file names in DOS box under Windows 95/NT
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273 If you run Emacs as a DOS application under Windows 9X, you can
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274 turn on support for long file names. If you do that, Emacs doesn't
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275 truncate file names or convert them to lower case; instead, it uses the
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276 file names that you specify, verbatim. To enable long file name
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277 support, set the environment variable @env{LFN} to @samp{y} before
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278 starting Emacs. Unfortunately, Windows NT doesn't allow DOS programs to
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279 access long file names, so Emacs built for MS-DOS will only see their
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280 short 8+3 aliases.
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281
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282 @cindex @env{HOME} directory under MS-DOS
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283 MS-DOS has no notion of home directory, so Emacs on MS-DOS pretends
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284 that the directory where it is installed is the value of @env{HOME}
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285 environment variable. That is, if your Emacs binary,
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286 @file{emacs.exe}, is in the directory @file{c:/utils/emacs/bin}, then
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287 Emacs acts as if @env{HOME} were set to @samp{c:/utils/emacs}. In
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288 particular, that is where Emacs looks for the init file @file{_emacs}.
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289 With this in mind, you can use @samp{~} in file names as an alias for
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290 the home directory, as you would in Unix. You can also set @env{HOME}
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291 variable in the environment before starting Emacs; its value will then
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292 override the above default behavior.
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293
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294 Emacs on MS-DOS handles the directory name @file{/dev} specially,
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295 because of a feature in the emulator libraries of DJGPP that pretends
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296 I/O devices have names in that directory. We recommend that you avoid
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297 using an actual directory named @file{/dev} on any disk.
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298
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299 @node Text and Binary
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300 @section Text Files and Binary Files
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301 @cindex text and binary files on MS-DOS/MS-Windows
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302
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303 GNU Emacs uses newline characters to separate text lines. This is the
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304 convention used on Unix, on which GNU Emacs was developed, and on GNU
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305 systems since they are modeled on Unix.
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306
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307 @cindex end-of-line conversion on MS-DOS/MS-Windows
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308 MS-DOS and MS-Windows normally use carriage-return linefeed, a
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309 two-character sequence, to separate text lines. (Linefeed is the same
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310 character as newline.) Therefore, convenient editing of typical files
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311 with Emacs requires conversion of these end-of-line (EOL) sequences.
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312 And that is what Emacs normally does: it converts carriage-return
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313 linefeed into newline when reading files, and converts newline into
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314 carriage-return linefeed when writing files. The same mechanism that
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315 handles conversion of international character codes does this conversion
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316 also (@pxref{Coding Systems}).
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317
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318 @cindex cursor location, on MS-DOS
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319 @cindex point location, on MS-DOS
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320 One consequence of this special format-conversion of most files is
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321 that character positions as reported by Emacs (@pxref{Position Info}) do
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322 not agree with the file size information known to the operating system.
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323
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324 In addition, if Emacs recognizes from a file's contents that it uses
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325 newline rather than carriage-return linefeed as its line separator, it
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326 does not perform EOL conversion when reading or writing that file. Thus,
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327 you can read and edit files from Unix or GNU systems on MS-DOS with no
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328 special effort, and they will be left with their Unix-style EOLs.
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329
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330 The mode line indicates whether end-of-line translation was used for
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331 the current buffer. If MS-DOS end-of-line translation is in use for the
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332 buffer, a backslash @samp{\} is displayed after the coding system
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333 mnemonic near the beginning of the mode line (@pxref{Mode Line}). If no
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334 EOL translation was performed, the string @samp{(Unix)} is displayed
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335 instead of the backslash, to alert you that the file's EOL format is not
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336 the usual carriage-return linefeed.
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337
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338 @cindex DOS-to-Unix conversion of files
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339 @pindex dos2unix
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340 End-of-line conversion is part of the general coding system conversion
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341 mechanism, so the way to control whether to treat a text file as
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342 DOS-style or Unix-style is with the commands for specifying a coding
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343 system (@pxref{Specify Coding}). For example, @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c unix
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344 @key{RET} C-x C-f foobar.txt} visits the file @file{foobar.txt} without
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345 converting the EOLs; if that file has carriage-return linefeed pairs at
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346 the end of its lines, Emacs will display @samp{^M} at the end of each
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347 line. Similarly, you can force Emacs to save a buffer with specific EOL
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348 format with the @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f} command. For example, to save a
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349 buffer with Unix EOL format, type @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f unix @key{RET}
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350 C-x C-s}. Thus, visiting a file with DOS EOL conversion, then saving it
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351 with Unix EOL format effectively converts the file to Unix text style,
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352 like the popular program @code{dos2unix} does.
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353
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354 @cindex untranslated file system
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355 @findex add-untranslated-filesystem
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356 When you use NFS or Samba to access file systems that reside on
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357 computers using Unix or GNU systems, Emacs should not perform
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358 end-of-line translation on any files in these file systems--not even
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359 when you create a new file. To request this, designate these file
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360 systems as @dfn{untranslated} file systems by calling the function
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361 @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}. It takes one argument: the file
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362 system name, including a drive letter and optionally a directory. For
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363 example,
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364
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365 @example
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366 (add-untranslated-filesystem "Z:")
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367 @end example
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368
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369 @noindent
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370 designates drive Z as an untranslated file system, and
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371
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372 @example
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373 (add-untranslated-filesystem "Z:\\foo")
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374 @end example
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375
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376 @noindent
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377 designates directory @file{\foo} on drive Z as an untranslated file
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378 system.
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379
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380 Most often you would use @code{add-untranslated-filesystem} in your
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381 @file{_emacs} file, or in @file{site-start.el} so that all the users at
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382 your site get the benefit of it.
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383
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384 @findex remove-untranslated-filesystem
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385 To countermand the effect of @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}, use
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386 the function @code{remove-untranslated-filesystem}. This function takes
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387 one argument, which should be a string just like the one that was used
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388 previously with @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}.
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389
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390 Designating a file system as untranslated does @strong{not} disable
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391 code conversions as specified by the coding systems set up by your
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392 language environment, it only affects the EOL conversions, by forcing
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393 Emacs to create new files with Unix-style newline-only EOLs.
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394
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395 @vindex file-name-buffer-file-type-alist
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396 @cindex binary files, on MS-DOS/MS-Windows
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397 Some kinds of files should not be converted at all, because their
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398 contents are not really text. Therefore, Emacs on MS-DOS distinguishes
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399 certain files as @dfn{binary files}. (This distinction is not part of
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400 MS-DOS; it is made by Emacs only.) Binary files include executable
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401 programs, compressed archives, etc. Emacs uses the file name to decide
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402 whether to treat a file as binary: the variable
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403 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} defines the file-name patterns
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404 that indicate binary files. If a file name matches one of the patterns
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405 for binary files (those whose associations are of the type
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406 @code{(@var{pattern} . t)}, Emacs reads and writes that file using the
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407 @code{no-conversion} coding system (@pxref{Coding Systems}) which turns
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408 off @emph{all} coding-system conversions, not only the EOL conversion.
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409 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} also includes file-name patterns
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410 for files which are known to be DOS-style text files with
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411 carriage-return linefeed EOL format, such as @file{CONFIG.SYS}; Emacs
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412 always writes those files with DOS-style EOLs.
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413
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414 If a file which belongs to an untranslated file system matches one of
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415 the file-name patterns in @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist}, the
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416 EOL conversion is determined by @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist}.
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417
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418 @findex find-file-text
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419 @findex find-file-binary
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420 You can visit a file and specify whether to treat it as text or binary
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421 using the commands @code{find-file-text} and @code{find-file-binary}.
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422 @code{find-file-text} specifies DOS EOL conversions, but leaves the
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423 other coding conversions unspecified (Emacs determines the required
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424 conversions via the usual defaults and coding-detection mechanisms). On
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425 the other hand, @code{find-file-binary} turns off @emph{all}
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426 coding-system conversions.
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427
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428 @findex find-file-literally@r{, and binary files}
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429 The @code{find-file-text} and @code{find-file-binary} commands are
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430 only available when Emacs runs on MS-DOS or MS-Windows. The command
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431 @code{find-file-literally}, which is available on all platforms,
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432 produces the same effect as @code{find-file-binary}.
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433
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434 @node MS-DOS Printing
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435 @section Printing and MS-DOS
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436
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437 Printing commands, such as @code{lpr-buffer} (@pxref{Hardcopy}) and
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4e05d28c0a39 PostScript <- Postscript.
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438 @code{ps-print-buffer} (@pxref{PostScript}) can work in MS-DOS and
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diff changeset
439 MS-Windows by sending the output to one of the printer ports, if a
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440 Unix-style @code{lpr} program is unavailable. This behaviour is
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
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441 controlled by the same variables that control printing with @code{lpr}
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442 on Unix (@pxref{Hardcopy}, @pxref{PostScript Variables}), but the
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443 defaults for these variables on MS-DOS and MS-Windows are not the same
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444 as the defaults on Unix.
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445
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446 @vindex printer-name @r{(MS-DOS)}
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447 If you want to use your local printer, printing on it in the usual DOS
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
448 manner, then set the Lisp variable @code{lpr-command} to @code{""} (its
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
449 default value) and @code{printer-name} to the name of the printer
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
450 port---for example, @code{"PRN"}, the usual local printer port (that's
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
451 the default), or @code{"LPT2"}, or @code{"COM1"} for a serial printer.
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
452 You can also set @code{printer-name} to a file name, in which case
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
453 ``printed'' output is actually appended to that file. If you set
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
454 @code{printer-name} to @code{"NUL"}, printed output is silently
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parents:
diff changeset
455 discarded (sent to the system null device).
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parents:
diff changeset
456
24096
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
457 On MS-Windows, when the Windows network software is installed, you can
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
458 also use a printer shared by another machine by setting
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
459 @code{printer-name} to the UNC share name for that printer--for example,
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
460 @code{"//joes_pc/hp4si"}. (It doesn't matter whether you use forward
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
461 slashes or backslashes here.) To find out the names of shared printers,
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
462 run the command @samp{net view} at a DOS command prompt to obtain a list
24731
d305965638f7 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 24723
diff changeset
463 of servers, and @samp{net view @var{server-name}} to see the names of printers
24096
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
464 (and directories) shared by that server.
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
465
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
466 If you set @code{printer-name} to a file name, it's best to use an
24095
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parents:
diff changeset
467 absolute file name. Emacs changes the working directory according to
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
468 the default directory of the current buffer, so if the file name in
24096
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
469 @code{printer-name} is relative, you will end up with several such
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
470 files, each one in the directory of the buffer from which the printing
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
471 was done.
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parents:
diff changeset
472
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parents:
diff changeset
473 @findex print-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)}
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parents:
diff changeset
474 @findex print-region @r{(MS-DOS)}
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parents:
diff changeset
475 @vindex lpr-headers-switches @r{(MS-DOS)}
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parents:
diff changeset
476 The commands @code{print-buffer} and @code{print-region} call the
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
477 @code{pr} program, or use special switches to the @code{lpr} program, to
24096
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
478 produce headers on each printed page. MS-DOS and MS-Windows don't
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
479 normally have these programs, so by default, the variable
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
480 @code{lpr-headers-switches} is set so that the requests to print page
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
481 headers are silently ignored. Thus, @code{print-buffer} and
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
482 @code{print-region} produce the same output as @code{lpr-buffer} and
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
483 @code{lpr-region}, respectively. If you do have a suitable @code{pr}
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
484 program (for example, from GNU Textutils), set
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
485 @code{lpr-headers-switches} to @code{nil}; Emacs will then call
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parents:
diff changeset
486 @code{pr} to produce the page headers, and print the resulting output as
24096
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
487 specified by @code{printer-name}.
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parents:
diff changeset
488
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parents:
diff changeset
489 @vindex print-region-function @r{(MS-DOS)}
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
490 @cindex lpr usage under MS-DOS
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
491 @vindex lpr-command @r{(MS-DOS)}
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
492 @vindex lpr-switches @r{(MS-DOS)}
24096
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
493 Finally, if you do have an @code{lpr} work-alike, you can set the
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
494 variable @code{lpr-command} to @code{"lpr"}. Then Emacs will use
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
495 @code{lpr} for printing, as on other systems. (If the name of the
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
496 program isn't @code{lpr}, set @code{lpr-command} to specify where to
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
497 find it.) The variable @code{lpr-switches} has its standard meaning
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
498 when @code{lpr-command} is not @code{""}. If the variable
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
499 @code{printer-name} has a string value, it is used as the value for the
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
500 @code{-P} option to @code{lpr}, as on Unix.
24095
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parents:
diff changeset
501
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
502 @findex ps-print-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)}
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
503 @findex ps-spool-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)}
24715
384b7e895346 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 24615
diff changeset
504 @vindex ps-printer-name @r{(MS-DOS)}
24095
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
505 @vindex ps-lpr-command @r{(MS-DOS)}
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
506 @vindex ps-lpr-switches @r{(MS-DOS)}
24096
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
507 A parallel set of variables, @code{ps-lpr-command},
27213
4e05d28c0a39 PostScript <- Postscript.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 24731
diff changeset
508 @code{ps-lpr-switches}, and @code{ps-printer-name} (@pxref{PostScript
24564
099921772183 Minor change.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 24113
diff changeset
509 Variables}), defines how PostScript files should be printed. These
24096
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
510 variables are used in the same way as the corresponding variables
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
511 described above for non-PostScript printing. Thus, the value of
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
512 @code{ps-printer-name} is used as the name of the device (or file) to
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
513 which PostScript output is sent, just as @code{printer-name} is used for
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
514 non-PostScript printing. (There are two distinct sets of variables in
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
515 case you have two printers attached to two different ports, and only one
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
516 of them is a PostScript printer.)
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
517
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
518 The default value of the variable @code{ps-lpr-command} is @code{""},
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
519 which causes PostScript output to be sent to the printer port specified
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
520 by @code{ps-printer-name}, but @code{ps-lpr-command} can also be set to
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
521 the name of a program which will accept PostScript files. Thus, if you
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
522 have a non-PostScript printer, you can set this variable to the name of
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
523 a PostScript interpreter program (such as Ghostscript). Any switches
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
524 that need to be passed to the interpreter program are specified using
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
525 @code{ps-lpr-switches}. (If the value of @code{ps-printer-name} is a
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
526 string, it will be added to the list of switches as the value for the
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
527 @code{-P} option. This is probably only useful if you are using
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
528 @code{lpr}, so when using an interpreter typically you would set
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
529 @code{ps-printer-name} to something other than a string so it is
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
530 ignored.)
24095
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
531
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
532 For example, to use Ghostscript for printing on an Epson printer
24715
384b7e895346 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 24615
diff changeset
533 connected to the @samp{LPT2} port, put this in your @file{_emacs} file:
24095
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
534
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
535 @example
24096
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
536 (setq ps-printer-name t) ; Ghostscript doesn't understand -P
24095
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
537 (setq ps-lpr-command "c:/gs/gs386")
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
538 (setq ps-lpr-switches '("-q" "-dNOPAUSE"
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
539 "-sDEVICE=epson"
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
540 "-r240x72"
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
541 "-sOutputFile=LPT2"
24096
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
542 "-Ic:/gs"))
24095
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
543 @end example
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
544
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
545 @noindent
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
546 (This assumes that Ghostscript is installed in the @file{"c:/gs"}
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
547 directory.)
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
548
24096
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
549 @vindex dos-printer
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
550 @vindex dos-ps-printer
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
551 For backwards compatibility, the value of @code{dos-printer}
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
552 (@code{dos-ps-printer}), if it has a value, overrides the value of
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
553 @code{printer-name} (@code{ps-printer-name}), on MS-DOS and MS-Windows
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
554 only.
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
555
083c21910c49 (MS-DOS Printing): Rewrite section.
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents: 24095
diff changeset
556
24095
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
557 @node MS-DOS and MULE
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
558 @section International Support on MS-DOS
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
559 @cindex international support @r{(MS-DOS)}
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
560
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
561 Emacs on MS-DOS supports the same international character sets as it
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
562 does on Unix and other platforms (@pxref{International}), including
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
563 coding systems for converting between the different character sets.
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
564 However, due to incompatibilities between MS-DOS/MS-Windows and Unix,
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
565 there are several DOS-specific aspects of this support that users should
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
566 be aware of. This section describes these aspects.
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
567
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
568 @table @kbd
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
569 @item M-x dos-codepage-setup
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
570 Set up Emacs display and coding systems as appropriate for the current
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
571 DOS codepage.
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
572
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
573 @item M-x codepage-setup
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
574 Create a coding system for a certain DOS codepage.
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
575 @end table
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
576
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
577 @cindex codepage, MS-DOS
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
578 @cindex DOS codepages
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
579 MS-DOS is designed to support one character set of 256 characters at
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
580 any given time, but gives you a variety of character sets to choose
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
581 from. The alternative character sets are known as @dfn{DOS codepages}.
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
582 Each codepage includes all 128 ASCII characters, but the other 128
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
583 characters (codes 128 through 255) vary from one codepage to another.
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
584 Each DOS codepage is identified by a 3-digit number, such as 850, 862,
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
585 etc.
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
586
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
587 In contrast to X Windows, which lets you use several fonts at the same
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
588 time, MS-DOS doesn't allow use of several codepages in a single session.
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
589 Instead, MS-DOS loads a single codepage at system startup, and you must
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
590 reboot MS-DOS to change it@footnote{Normally, one particular codepage is
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
591 burnt into the display memory, while other codepages can be installed by
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
592 modifying system configuration files, such as @file{CONFIG.SYS}, and
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
593 rebooting.}. Much the same limitation applies when you run DOS
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parents:
diff changeset
594 executables on other systems such as MS-Windows.
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parents:
diff changeset
595
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parents:
diff changeset
596 @cindex unibyte operation @r{(MS-DOS)}
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parents:
diff changeset
597 If you invoke Emacs on MS-DOS with the @samp{--unibyte} option
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
598 (@pxref{Initial Options}), Emacs does not perform any conversion of
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
599 non-ASCII characters. Instead, it reads and writes any non-ASCII
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parents:
diff changeset
600 characters verbatim, and sends their 8-bit codes to the display
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parents:
diff changeset
601 verbatim. Thus, unibyte Emacs on MS-DOS supports the current codepage,
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
602 whatever it may be, but cannot even represent any other characters.
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parents:
diff changeset
603
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parents:
diff changeset
604 @vindex dos-codepage
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parents:
diff changeset
605 For multibyte operation on MS-DOS, Emacs needs to know which
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
606 characters the chosen DOS codepage can display. So it queries the
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
607 system shortly after startup to get the chosen codepage number, and
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
608 stores the number in the variable @code{dos-codepage}. Some systems
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
609 return the default value 437 for the current codepage, even though the
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parents:
diff changeset
610 actual codepage is different. (This typically happens when you use the
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
611 codepage built into the display hardware.) You can specify a different
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parents:
diff changeset
612 codepage for Emacs to use by setting the variable @code{dos-codepage} in
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
613 your init file.
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parents:
diff changeset
614
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parents:
diff changeset
615 @cindex language environment, automatic selection on @r{MS-DOS}
24615
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24594
diff changeset
616 Multibyte Emacs supports only certain DOS codepages: those which can
24594
2105eae5069b Describe Far-Eastern DOS terminal support.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24564
diff changeset
617 display Far-Eastern scripts, like the Japanese codepage 932, and those
2105eae5069b Describe Far-Eastern DOS terminal support.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24564
diff changeset
618 that encode a single ISO 8859 character set.
2105eae5069b Describe Far-Eastern DOS terminal support.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24564
diff changeset
619
2105eae5069b Describe Far-Eastern DOS terminal support.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24564
diff changeset
620 The Far-Eastern codepages can directly display one of the MULE
2105eae5069b Describe Far-Eastern DOS terminal support.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24564
diff changeset
621 character sets for these countries, so Emacs simply sets up to use the
2105eae5069b Describe Far-Eastern DOS terminal support.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24564
diff changeset
622 appropriate terminal coding system that is supported by the codepage.
2105eae5069b Describe Far-Eastern DOS terminal support.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24564
diff changeset
623 The special features described in the rest of this section mostly
2105eae5069b Describe Far-Eastern DOS terminal support.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24564
diff changeset
624 pertain to codepages that encode ISO 8859 character sets.
2105eae5069b Describe Far-Eastern DOS terminal support.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24564
diff changeset
625
2105eae5069b Describe Far-Eastern DOS terminal support.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24564
diff changeset
626 For the codepages which correspond to one of the ISO character sets,
24615
393b5f9a3631 Fix wording for the last change.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24594
diff changeset
627 Emacs knows the character set name based on the codepage number. Emacs
393b5f9a3631 Fix wording for the last change.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24594
diff changeset
628 automatically creates a coding system to support reading and writing
393b5f9a3631 Fix wording for the last change.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24594
diff changeset
629 files that use the current codepage, and uses this coding system by
393b5f9a3631 Fix wording for the last change.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24594
diff changeset
630 default. The name of this coding system is @code{cp@var{nnn}}, where
393b5f9a3631 Fix wording for the last change.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24594
diff changeset
631 @var{nnn} is the codepage number.@footnote{The standard Emacs coding
393b5f9a3631 Fix wording for the last change.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24594
diff changeset
632 systems for ISO 8859 are not quite right for the purpose, because
393b5f9a3631 Fix wording for the last change.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24594
diff changeset
633 typically the DOS codepage does not match the standard ISO character
393b5f9a3631 Fix wording for the last change.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24594
diff changeset
634 codes. For example, the letter @samp{@,{c}} (@samp{c} with cedilla) has
393b5f9a3631 Fix wording for the last change.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24594
diff changeset
635 code 231 in the standard Latin-1 character set, but the corresponding
393b5f9a3631 Fix wording for the last change.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24594
diff changeset
636 DOS codepage 850 uses code 135 for this glyph.}
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637
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parents:
diff changeset
638 @cindex mode line @r{(MS-DOS)}
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
639 All the @code{cp@var{nnn}} coding systems use the letter @samp{D} (for
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
640 ``DOS'') as their mode-line mnemonic. Since both the terminal coding
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
641 system and the default coding system for file I/O are set to the proper
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
642 @code{cp@var{nnn}} coding system at startup, it is normal for the mode
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
643 line on MS-DOS to begin with @samp{-DD\-}. @xref{Mode Line}.
24594
2105eae5069b Describe Far-Eastern DOS terminal support.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24564
diff changeset
644 Far-Eastern DOS terminals do not use the @code{cp@var{nnn}} coding
2105eae5069b Describe Far-Eastern DOS terminal support.
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24564
diff changeset
645 systems, and thus their initial mode line looks like on Unix.
24095
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
646
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
647 Since the codepage number also indicates which script you are using,
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
648 Emacs automatically runs @code{set-language-environment} to select the
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
649 language environment for that script (@pxref{Language Environments}).
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
650
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
651 If a buffer contains a character belonging to some other ISO 8859
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
652 character set, not the one that the chosen DOS codepage supports, Emacs
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
653 displays it using a sequence of ASCII characters. For example, if the
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
654 current codepage doesn't have a glyph for the letter @samp{@`o} (small
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
655 @samp{o} with a grave accent), it is displayed as @samp{@{`o@}}, where
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
656 the braces serve as a visual indication that this is a single character.
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
657 (This may look awkward for some non-Latin characters, such as those from
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
658 Greek or Hebrew alphabets, but it is still readable by a person who
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
659 knows the language.) Even though the character may occupy several
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
660 columns on the screen, it is really still just a single character, and
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
661 all Emacs commands treat it as one.
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
662
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
663 @vindex dos-unsupported-character-glyph
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
664 Not all characters in DOS codepages correspond to ISO 8859
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
665 characters---some are used for other purposes, such as box-drawing
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
666 characters and other graphics. Emacs cannot represent these characters
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
667 internally, so when you read a file that uses these characters, they are
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
668 converted into a particular character code, specified by the variable
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
669 @code{dos-unsupported-character-glyph}.
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
670
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
671 Emacs supports many other characters sets aside from ISO 8859, but it
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
672 cannot display them on MS-DOS. So if one of these multibyte characters
24113
fd1968847853 (MS-DOS and MULE): dos-unsupported-character-glyph is
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24096
diff changeset
673 appears in a buffer, Emacs on MS-DOS displays them as specified by the
fd1968847853 (MS-DOS and MULE): dos-unsupported-character-glyph is
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24096
diff changeset
674 @code{dos-unsupported-character-glyph} variable; by default, this glyph
fd1968847853 (MS-DOS and MULE): dos-unsupported-character-glyph is
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24096
diff changeset
675 is an empty triangle. Use the @kbd{C-u C-x =} command to display the
fd1968847853 (MS-DOS and MULE): dos-unsupported-character-glyph is
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 24096
diff changeset
676 actual code and character set of such characters. @xref{Position Info}.
24095
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
677
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
678 @findex codepage-setup
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
679 By default, Emacs defines a coding system to support the current
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
680 codepage. To define a coding system for some other codepage (e.g., to
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
681 visit a file written on a DOS machine in another country), use the
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
682 @kbd{M-x codepage-setup} command. It prompts for the 3-digit code of
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
683 the codepage, with completion, then creates the coding system for the
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
684 specified codepage. You can then use the new coding system to read and
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
685 write files, but you must specify it explicitly for the file command
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
686 when you want to use it (@pxref{Specify Coding}).
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
687
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
688 These coding systems are also useful for visiting a file encoded using
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
689 a DOS codepage, using Emacs running on some other operating system.
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
690
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
691 @node MS-DOS Processes
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
692 @section Subprocesses on MS-DOS
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
693
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
694 @cindex compilation under MS-DOS
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
695 @cindex inferior processes under MS-DOS
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
696 @findex compile @r{(MS-DOS)}
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
697 @findex grep @r{(MS-DOS)}
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
698 Because MS-DOS is a single-process ``operating system,''
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
699 asynchronous subprocesses are not available. In particular, Shell
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
700 mode and its variants do not work. Most Emacs features that use
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
701 asynchronous subprocesses also don't work on MS-DOS, including
31060
d24cddac1e33 Document that ispell works, and mention Eshell as an alternative
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 31057
diff changeset
702 Shell mode and GUD. When in doubt, try and see; commands that
24095
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703 don't work print an error message saying that asynchronous processes
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
704 aren't supported.
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
705
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
706 Compilation under Emacs with @kbd{M-x compile}, searching files with
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
707 @kbd{M-x grep} and displaying differences between files with @kbd{M-x
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
708 diff} do work, by running the inferior processes synchronously. This
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
709 means you cannot do any more editing until the inferior process
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
710 finishes.
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
711
31060
d24cddac1e33 Document that ispell works, and mention Eshell as an alternative
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 31057
diff changeset
712 Spell checking also works, by means of special support for synchronous
d24cddac1e33 Document that ispell works, and mention Eshell as an alternative
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 31057
diff changeset
713 invocation of the @code{ispell} program. This is slower than the
d24cddac1e33 Document that ispell works, and mention Eshell as an alternative
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 31057
diff changeset
714 asynchronous invocation on Unix.
d24cddac1e33 Document that ispell works, and mention Eshell as an alternative
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 31057
diff changeset
715
d24cddac1e33 Document that ispell works, and mention Eshell as an alternative
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 31057
diff changeset
716 Instead of the Shell mode, which doesn't work on MS-DOS, you can use
d24cddac1e33 Document that ispell works, and mention Eshell as an alternative
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 31057
diff changeset
717 the @kbd{M-x eshell} command. This invokes the Eshell package that
d24cddac1e33 Document that ispell works, and mention Eshell as an alternative
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 31057
diff changeset
718 implements a Unix-like shell entirely in Emacs Lisp.
d24cddac1e33 Document that ispell works, and mention Eshell as an alternative
Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
parents: 31057
diff changeset
719
24095
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
720 By contrast, Emacs compiled as native Windows application
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
721 @strong{does} support asynchronous subprocesses. @xref{Windows
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722 Processes}.
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
724 @cindex printing under MS-DOS
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
725 Printing commands, such as @code{lpr-buffer} (@pxref{Hardcopy}) and
27213
4e05d28c0a39 PostScript <- Postscript.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents: 24731
diff changeset
726 @code{ps-print-buffer} (@pxref{PostScript}), work in MS-DOS by sending
24095
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727 the output to one of the printer ports. @xref{MS-DOS Printing}.
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
728
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729 When you run a subprocess synchronously on MS-DOS, make sure the
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730 program terminates and does not try to read keyboard input. If the
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731 program does not terminate on its own, you will be unable to terminate
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
732 it, because MS-DOS provides no general way to terminate a process.
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733 Pressing @kbd{C-c} or @kbd{C-@key{BREAK}} might sometimes help in these
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734 cases.
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736 Accessing files on other machines is not supported on MS-DOS. Other
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 network-oriented commands such as sending mail, Web browsing, remote
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738 login, etc., don't work either, unless network access is built into
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 MS-DOS with some network redirector.
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 @cindex directory listing on MS-DOS
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742 @vindex dired-listing-switches @r{(MS-DOS)}
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743 Dired on MS-DOS uses the @code{ls-lisp} package where other
8983dda2d520 Initial revision
Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
parents:
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744 platforms use the system @code{ls} command. Therefore, Dired on
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745 MS-DOS supports only some of the possible options you can mention in
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746 the @code{dired-listing-switches} variable. The options that work are
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747 @samp{-A}, @samp{-a}, @samp{-c}, @samp{-i}, @samp{-r}, @samp{-S},
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748 @samp{-s}, @samp{-t}, and @samp{-u}.
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749
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750 @node Windows Processes
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751 @section Subprocesses on Windows 95 and NT
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752
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753 Emacs compiled as a native Windows application (as opposed to the DOS
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754 version) includes full support for asynchronous subprocesses.
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755 In the Windows version, synchronous and asynchronous subprocesses work
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756 fine on both
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757 Windows 95 and Windows NT as long as you run only 32-bit Windows
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758 applications. However, when you run a DOS application in a subprocess,
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759 you may encounter problems or be unable to run the application at all;
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760 and if you run two DOS applications at the same time in two
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761 subprocesses, you may have to reboot your system.
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762
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763 Since the standard command interpreter (and most command line utilities)
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764 on Windows 95 are DOS applications, these problems are significant when
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765 using that system. But there's nothing we can do about them; only
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766 Microsoft can fix them.
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767
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768 If you run just one DOS application subprocess, the subprocess should
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769 work as expected as long as it is ``well-behaved'' and does not perform
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770 direct screen access or other unusual actions. If you have a CPU
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771 monitor application, your machine will appear to be 100% busy even when
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772 the DOS application is idle, but this is only an artifact of the way CPU
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773 monitors measure processor load.
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774
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775 You must terminate the DOS application before you start any other DOS
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776 application in a different subprocess. Emacs is unable to interrupt or
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777 terminate a DOS subprocess. The only way you can terminate such a
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778 subprocess is by giving it a command that tells its program to exit.
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779
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780 If you attempt to run two DOS applications at the same time in separate
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781 subprocesses, the second one that is started will be suspended until the
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782 first one finishes, even if either or both of them are asynchronous.
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783
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784 If you can go to the first subprocess, and tell it to exit, the second
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785 subprocess should continue normally. However, if the second subprocess
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786 is synchronous, Emacs itself will be hung until the first subprocess
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787 finishes. If it will not finish without user input, then you have no
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788 choice but to reboot if you are running on Windows 95. If you are
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789 running on Windows NT, you can use a process viewer application to kill
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790 the appropriate instance of ntvdm instead (this will terminate both DOS
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791 subprocesses).
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792
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793 If you have to reboot Windows 95 in this situation, do not use the
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794 @code{Shutdown} command on the @code{Start} menu; that usually hangs the
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795 system. Instead, type @kbd{CTL-ALT-@key{DEL}} and then choose
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796 @code{Shutdown}. That usually works, although it may take a few minutes
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797 to do its job.
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798
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799 @node Windows System Menu
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800 @section Using the System Menu on Windows
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801
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802 Emacs compiled as a native Windows application normally turns off the
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803 Windows feature that tapping the @key{ALT}
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804 key invokes the Windows menu. The reason is that the @key{ALT} also
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805 serves as @key{META} in Emacs. When using Emacs, users often press the
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806 @key{META} key temporarily and then change their minds; if this has the
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807 effect of bringing up the Windows menu, it alters the meaning of
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808 subsequent commands. Many users find this frustrating.
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809
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810 @vindex w32-pass-alt-to-system
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811 You can reenable Windows's default handling of tapping the @key{ALT} key
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812 by setting @code{w32-pass-alt-to-system} to a non-@code{nil} value.
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813