Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/fixit.texi @ 43977:633c9f5b4b14
(describe-char-after): Use `internal-describe-syntax-value' again.
author | Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca> |
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date | Sun, 17 Mar 2002 21:51:26 +0000 |
parents | 5c282c7df1cf |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. | |
4 @node Fixit, Files, Search, Top | |
5 @chapter Commands for Fixing Typos | |
6 @cindex typos, fixing | |
7 @cindex mistakes, correcting | |
8 | |
9 In this chapter we describe the commands that are especially useful for | |
10 the times when you catch a mistake in your text just after you have made | |
11 it, or change your mind while composing text on the fly. | |
12 | |
13 The most fundamental command for correcting erroneous editing is the | |
14 undo command, @kbd{C-x u} or @kbd{C-_}. This command undoes a single | |
15 command (usually), a part of a command (in the case of | |
16 @code{query-replace}), or several consecutive self-inserting characters. | |
17 Consecutive repetitions of @kbd{C-_} or @kbd{C-x u} undo earlier and | |
18 earlier changes, back to the limit of the undo information available. | |
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19 @xref{Undo}, for more information. |
25829 | 20 |
21 @menu | |
22 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text. | |
23 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
24 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. | |
25 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file. | |
26 @end menu | |
27 | |
28 @node Kill Errors | |
29 @section Killing Your Mistakes | |
30 | |
31 @table @kbd | |
32 @item @key{DEL} | |
33 Delete last character (@code{delete-backward-char}). | |
34 @item M-@key{DEL} | |
35 Kill last word (@code{backward-kill-word}). | |
36 @item C-x @key{DEL} | |
37 Kill to beginning of sentence (@code{backward-kill-sentence}). | |
38 @end table | |
39 | |
40 The @key{DEL} character (@code{delete-backward-char}) is the most | |
41 important correction command. It deletes the character before point. | |
42 When @key{DEL} follows a self-inserting character command, you can think | |
43 of it as canceling that command. However, avoid the mistake of thinking | |
44 of @key{DEL} as a general way to cancel a command! | |
45 | |
46 When your mistake is longer than a couple of characters, it might be | |
47 more convenient to use @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} or @kbd{C-x @key{DEL}}. | |
48 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} kills back to the start of the last word, and @kbd{C-x | |
49 @key{DEL}} kills back to the start of the last sentence. @kbd{C-x | |
50 @key{DEL}} is particularly useful when you change your mind about the | |
51 phrasing of the text you are writing. @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} and @kbd{C-x | |
52 @key{DEL}} save the killed text for @kbd{C-y} and @kbd{M-y} to | |
53 retrieve. @xref{Yanking}.@refill | |
54 | |
55 @kbd{M-@key{DEL}} is often useful even when you have typed only a few | |
56 characters wrong, if you know you are confused in your typing and aren't | |
57 sure exactly what you typed. At such a time, you cannot correct with | |
58 @key{DEL} except by looking at the screen to see what you did. Often it | |
59 requires less thought to kill the whole word and start again. | |
60 | |
61 @node Transpose | |
62 @section Transposing Text | |
63 | |
64 @table @kbd | |
65 @item C-t | |
66 Transpose two characters (@code{transpose-chars}). | |
67 @item M-t | |
68 Transpose two words (@code{transpose-words}). | |
69 @item C-M-t | |
70 Transpose two balanced expressions (@code{transpose-sexps}). | |
71 @item C-x C-t | |
72 Transpose two lines (@code{transpose-lines}). | |
73 @end table | |
74 | |
75 @kindex C-t | |
76 @findex transpose-chars | |
77 The common error of transposing two characters can be fixed, when they | |
78 are adjacent, with the @kbd{C-t} command (@code{transpose-chars}). Normally, | |
79 @kbd{C-t} transposes the two characters on either side of point. When | |
80 given at the end of a line, rather than transposing the last character of | |
81 the line with the newline, which would be useless, @kbd{C-t} transposes the | |
82 last two characters on the line. So, if you catch your transposition error | |
83 right away, you can fix it with just a @kbd{C-t}. If you don't catch it so | |
38954 | 84 fast, you must move the cursor back between the two transposed |
85 characters before you type @kbd{C-t}. If you transposed a space with | |
86 the last character of the word before it, the word motion commands are | |
87 a good way of getting there. Otherwise, a reverse search (@kbd{C-r}) | |
88 is often the best way. @xref{Search}. | |
25829 | 89 |
90 @kindex C-x C-t | |
91 @findex transpose-lines | |
92 @kindex M-t | |
93 @findex transpose-words | |
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94 @c Don't index C-M-t and transpose-sexps here, they are indexed in |
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95 @c programs.texi, in the "List Commands" node. |
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96 @c @kindex C-M-t |
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97 @c @findex transpose-sexps |
37120 | 98 @kbd{M-t} transposes the word before point with the word after point |
99 (@code{transpose-words}). It moves point forward over a word, | |
100 dragging the word preceding or containing point forward as well. The | |
101 punctuation characters between the words do not move. For example, | |
102 @w{@samp{FOO, BAR}} transposes into @w{@samp{BAR, FOO}} rather than | |
103 @samp{@w{BAR FOO,}}. | |
25829 | 104 |
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105 @kbd{C-M-t} (@code{transpose-sexps}) is a similar command for |
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106 transposing two expressions (@pxref{Expressions}), and @kbd{C-x C-t} |
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107 (@code{transpose-lines}) exchanges lines. They work like @kbd{M-t} |
38745 | 108 except as regards what units of text they transpose. |
25829 | 109 |
110 A numeric argument to a transpose command serves as a repeat count: it | |
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111 tells the transpose command to move the character (word, expression, line) |
25829 | 112 before or containing point across several other characters (words, |
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113 expressions, lines). For example, @kbd{C-u 3 C-t} moves the character before |
25829 | 114 point forward across three other characters. It would change |
115 @samp{f@point{}oobar} into @samp{oobf@point{}ar}. This is equivalent to | |
116 repeating @kbd{C-t} three times. @kbd{C-u - 4 M-t} moves the word | |
117 before point backward across four words. @kbd{C-u - C-M-t} would cancel | |
118 the effect of plain @kbd{C-M-t}.@refill | |
119 | |
120 A numeric argument of zero is assigned a special meaning (because | |
121 otherwise a command with a repeat count of zero would do nothing): to | |
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122 transpose the character (word, expression, line) ending after point |
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123 with the one ending after the mark. |
25829 | 124 |
125 @node Fixing Case | |
126 @section Case Conversion | |
127 | |
128 @table @kbd | |
129 @item M-- M-l | |
130 Convert last word to lower case. Note @kbd{Meta--} is Meta-minus. | |
131 @item M-- M-u | |
132 Convert last word to all upper case. | |
133 @item M-- M-c | |
134 Convert last word to lower case with capital initial. | |
135 @end table | |
136 | |
137 @kindex M-@t{-} M-l | |
138 @kindex M-@t{-} M-u | |
139 @kindex M-@t{-} M-c | |
140 A very common error is to type words in the wrong case. Because of this, | |
141 the word case-conversion commands @kbd{M-l}, @kbd{M-u} and @kbd{M-c} have a | |
142 special feature when used with a negative argument: they do not move the | |
143 cursor. As soon as you see you have mistyped the last word, you can simply | |
144 case-convert it and go on typing. @xref{Case}.@refill | |
145 | |
146 @node Spelling | |
147 @section Checking and Correcting Spelling | |
148 @cindex spelling, checking and correcting | |
149 @cindex checking spelling | |
150 @cindex correcting spelling | |
151 | |
152 This section describes the commands to check the spelling of a single | |
153 word or of a portion of a buffer. These commands work with the spelling | |
154 checker program Ispell, which is not part of Emacs. | |
155 @ifinfo | |
156 @xref{Top, Ispell, Overview ispell, ispell.info, The Ispell Manual}. | |
157 @end ifinfo | |
158 | |
159 @table @kbd | |
160 @item M-x flyspell-mode | |
161 Enable Flyspell mode, which highlights all misspelled words. | |
162 @item M-$ | |
163 Check and correct spelling of the word at point (@code{ispell-word}). | |
164 @item M-@key{TAB} | |
165 Complete the word before point based on the spelling dictionary | |
166 (@code{ispell-complete-word}). | |
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167 @item M-x ispell |
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168 Spell-check the active region or the current buffer. |
25829 | 169 @item M-x ispell-buffer |
170 Check and correct spelling of each word in the buffer. | |
171 @item M-x ispell-region | |
172 Check and correct spelling of each word in the region. | |
173 @item M-x ispell-message | |
174 Check and correct spelling of each word in a draft mail message, | |
175 excluding cited material. | |
176 @item M-x ispell-change-dictionary @key{RET} @var{dict} @key{RET} | |
177 Restart the Ispell process, using @var{dict} as the dictionary. | |
178 @item M-x ispell-kill-ispell | |
179 Kill the Ispell subprocess. | |
180 @end table | |
181 | |
182 @cindex Flyspell mode | |
183 @findex flyspell-mode | |
184 Flyspell mode is a fully-automatic way to check spelling as you edit | |
185 in Emacs. It operates by checking words as you change or insert them. | |
186 When it finds a word that it does not recognize, it highlights that | |
187 word. This does not interfere with your editing, but when you see the | |
188 highlighted word, you can move to it and fix it. Type @kbd{M-x | |
189 flyspell-mode} to enable or disable this mode in the current buffer. | |
190 | |
191 When Flyspell mode highlights a word as misspelled, you can click on | |
192 it with @kbd{Mouse-2} to display a menu of possible corrections and | |
193 actions. You can also correct the word by editing it manually in any | |
194 way you like. | |
195 | |
196 The other Emacs spell-checking features check or look up words when | |
197 you give an explicit command to do so. Checking all or part of the | |
198 buffer is useful when you have text that was written outside of this | |
199 Emacs session and might contain any number of misspellings. | |
200 | |
201 @kindex M-$ | |
202 @findex ispell-word | |
203 To check the spelling of the word around or next to point, and | |
204 optionally correct it as well, use the command @kbd{M-$} | |
205 (@code{ispell-word}). If the word is not correct, the command offers | |
206 you various alternatives for what to do about it. | |
207 | |
208 @findex ispell-buffer | |
209 @findex ispell-region | |
210 To check the entire current buffer, use @kbd{M-x ispell-buffer}. Use | |
211 @kbd{M-x ispell-region} to check just the current region. To check | |
212 spelling in an email message you are writing, use @kbd{M-x | |
38954 | 213 ispell-message}; that command checks the whole buffer, except for |
25829 | 214 material that is indented or appears to be cited from other messages. |
215 | |
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216 @findex ispell |
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217 @cindex spell-checking the active region |
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218 The @kbd{M-x ispell} command spell-checks the active region if the |
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219 Transient Mark mode is on (@pxref{Transient Mark}), otherwise it |
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220 spell-checks the current buffer. |
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221 |
25829 | 222 Each time these commands encounter an incorrect word, they ask you |
223 what to do. They display a list of alternatives, usually including | |
224 several ``near-misses''---words that are close to the word being | |
38954 | 225 checked. Then you must type a single-character response. Here are |
226 the valid responses: | |
25829 | 227 |
228 @table @kbd | |
229 @item @key{SPC} | |
230 Skip this word---continue to consider it incorrect, but don't change it | |
231 here. | |
232 | |
233 @item r @var{new} @key{RET} | |
234 Replace the word (just this time) with @var{new}. | |
235 | |
236 @item R @var{new} @key{RET} | |
237 Replace the word with @var{new}, and do a @code{query-replace} so you | |
238 can replace it elsewhere in the buffer if you wish. | |
239 | |
240 @item @var{digit} | |
241 Replace the word (just this time) with one of the displayed | |
242 near-misses. Each near-miss is listed with a digit; type that digit to | |
243 select it. | |
244 | |
245 @item a | |
246 Accept the incorrect word---treat it as correct, but only in this | |
247 editing session. | |
248 | |
249 @item A | |
250 Accept the incorrect word---treat it as correct, but only in this | |
251 editing session and for this buffer. | |
252 | |
253 @item i | |
254 Insert this word in your private dictionary file so that Ispell will | |
38954 | 255 consider it correct from now on, even in future sessions. |
25829 | 256 |
257 @item u | |
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258 Insert the lower-case version of this word in your private dic@-tion@-ary |
25829 | 259 file. |
260 | |
261 @item m | |
262 Like @kbd{i}, but you can also specify dictionary completion | |
263 information. | |
264 | |
265 @item l @var{word} @key{RET} | |
266 Look in the dictionary for words that match @var{word}. These words | |
38954 | 267 become the new list of ``near-misses''; you can select one of them as |
268 the replacement by typing a digit. You can use @samp{*} in @var{word} as a | |
25829 | 269 wildcard. |
270 | |
271 @item C-g | |
272 Quit interactive spell checking. You can restart it again afterward | |
273 with @kbd{C-u M-$}. | |
274 | |
275 @item X | |
276 Same as @kbd{C-g}. | |
277 | |
278 @item x | |
279 Quit interactive spell checking and move point back to where it was | |
280 when you started spell checking. | |
281 | |
282 @item q | |
283 Quit interactive spell checking and kill the Ispell subprocess. | |
284 | |
285 @item C-l | |
286 Refresh the screen. | |
287 | |
288 @item C-z | |
289 This key has its normal command meaning (suspend Emacs or iconify this | |
290 frame). | |
291 @end table | |
292 | |
293 @findex ispell-complete-word | |
294 The command @code{ispell-complete-word}, which is bound to the key | |
295 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} in Text mode and related modes, shows a list of | |
296 completions based on spelling correction. Insert the beginning of a | |
297 word, and then type @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}; the command displays a completion | |
298 list window. To choose one of the completions listed, click | |
299 @kbd{Mouse-2} on it, or move the cursor there in the completions window | |
300 and type @key{RET}. @xref{Text Mode}. | |
301 | |
302 @ignore | |
303 @findex reload-ispell | |
304 The first time you use any of the spell checking commands, it starts | |
305 an Ispell subprocess. The first thing the subprocess does is read your | |
306 private dictionary, which defaults to the file @file{~/ispell.words}. | |
307 Words that you ``insert'' with the @kbd{i} command are added to that | |
308 file, but not right away---only at the end of the interactive | |
309 replacement procedure. Use the @kbd{M-x reload-ispell} command to | |
310 reload your private dictionary if you edit the file outside of Ispell. | |
311 @end ignore | |
312 | |
313 @cindex @code{ispell} program | |
314 @findex ispell-kill-ispell | |
315 Once started, the Ispell subprocess continues to run (waiting for | |
316 something to do), so that subsequent spell checking commands complete | |
317 more quickly. If you want to get rid of the Ispell process, use | |
318 @kbd{M-x ispell-kill-ispell}. This is not usually necessary, since the | |
319 process uses no time except when you do spelling correction. | |
320 | |
321 @vindex ispell-dictionary | |
322 Ispell uses two dictionaries: the standard dictionary and your private | |
323 dictionary. The variable @code{ispell-dictionary} specifies the file | |
324 name of the standard dictionary to use. A value of @code{nil} says to | |
325 use the default dictionary. The command @kbd{M-x | |
326 ispell-change-dictionary} sets this variable and then restarts the | |
327 Ispell subprocess, so that it will use a different dictionary. | |
328 |