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annotate lispref/nonascii.texi @ 26944:64597461b498
(pop3-movemail-file-coding-system): Doc fix.
(pop3-movemail): Replace binding of pop3-movemail-file-coding-system.
author | Dave Love <fx@gnu.org> |
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date | Sun, 19 Dec 1999 00:37:06 +0000 |
parents | ef5e7bbe6f19 |
children | f6b52258db6a |
rev | line source |
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21006 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
3 @c Copyright (C) 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. | |
5 @setfilename ../info/characters | |
6 @node Non-ASCII Characters, Searching and Matching, Text, Top | |
7 @chapter Non-ASCII Characters | |
8 @cindex multibyte characters | |
9 @cindex non-ASCII characters | |
10 | |
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11 This chapter covers the special issues relating to non-@sc{ascii} |
21006 | 12 characters and how they are stored in strings and buffers. |
13 | |
14 @menu | |
15 * Text Representations:: | |
16 * Converting Representations:: | |
17 * Selecting a Representation:: | |
18 * Character Codes:: | |
19 * Character Sets:: | |
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20 * Chars and Bytes:: |
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21 * Splitting Characters:: |
21006 | 22 * Scanning Charsets:: |
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23 * Translation of Characters:: |
21006 | 24 * Coding Systems:: |
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25 * Input Methods:: |
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26 * Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale. |
21006 | 27 @end menu |
28 | |
29 @node Text Representations | |
30 @section Text Representations | |
31 @cindex text representations | |
32 | |
33 Emacs has two @dfn{text representations}---two ways to represent text | |
34 in a string or buffer. These are called @dfn{unibyte} and | |
35 @dfn{multibyte}. Each string, and each buffer, uses one of these two | |
36 representations. For most purposes, you can ignore the issue of | |
37 representations, because Emacs converts text between them as | |
38 appropriate. Occasionally in Lisp programming you will need to pay | |
39 attention to the difference. | |
40 | |
41 @cindex unibyte text | |
42 In unibyte representation, each character occupies one byte and | |
43 therefore the possible character codes range from 0 to 255. Codes 0 | |
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44 through 127 are @sc{ascii} characters; the codes from 128 through 255 |
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45 are used for one non-@sc{ascii} character set (you can choose which |
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46 character set by setting the variable @code{nonascii-insert-offset}). |
21006 | 47 |
48 @cindex leading code | |
49 @cindex multibyte text | |
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50 @cindex trailing codes |
21006 | 51 In multibyte representation, a character may occupy more than one |
52 byte, and as a result, the full range of Emacs character codes can be | |
53 stored. The first byte of a multibyte character is always in the range | |
54 128 through 159 (octal 0200 through 0237). These values are called | |
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55 @dfn{leading codes}. The second and subsequent bytes of a multibyte |
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56 character are always in the range 160 through 255 (octal 0240 through |
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57 0377); these values are @dfn{trailing codes}. |
21006 | 58 |
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59 Some sequences of bytes do not form meaningful multibyte characters: |
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60 for example, a single isolated byte in the range 128 through 255 is |
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61 never meaningful. Such byte sequences are not entirely valid, and never |
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62 appear in proper multibyte text (since that consists of a sequence of |
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63 @emph{characters}); but they can appear as part of ``raw bytes'' |
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64 (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). |
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65 |
21006 | 66 In a buffer, the buffer-local value of the variable |
67 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} specifies the representation used. | |
24952 | 68 The representation for a string is determined and recorded in the string |
69 when the string is constructed. | |
21006 | 70 |
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71 @defvar enable-multibyte-characters |
21006 | 72 @tindex enable-multibyte-characters |
73 This variable specifies the current buffer's text representation. | |
74 If it is non-@code{nil}, the buffer contains multibyte text; otherwise, | |
75 it contains unibyte text. | |
76 | |
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77 You cannot set this variable directly; instead, use the function |
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78 @code{set-buffer-multibyte} to change a buffer's representation. |
21006 | 79 @end defvar |
80 | |
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81 @defvar default-enable-multibyte-characters |
21006 | 82 @tindex default-enable-multibyte-characters |
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83 This variable's value is entirely equivalent to @code{(default-value |
21006 | 84 'enable-multibyte-characters)}, and setting this variable changes that |
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85 default value. Setting the local binding of |
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86 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} in a specific buffer is not allowed, |
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87 but changing the default value is supported, and it is a reasonable |
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88 thing to do, because it has no effect on existing buffers. |
21006 | 89 |
90 The @samp{--unibyte} command line option does its job by setting the | |
91 default value to @code{nil} early in startup. | |
92 @end defvar | |
93 | |
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94 @defun position-bytes position |
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95 @tindex position-bytes |
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96 Return the byte-position corresponding to buffer position @var{position} |
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97 in the current buffer. |
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98 @end defun |
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99 |
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100 @defun byte-to-position byte-position |
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101 @tindex byte-to-position |
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102 Return the buffer position corresponding to byte-position |
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103 @var{byte-position} in the current buffer. |
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104 @end defun |
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105 |
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106 @defun multibyte-string-p string |
21006 | 107 @tindex multibyte-string-p |
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108 Return @code{t} if @var{string} is a multibyte string. |
21006 | 109 @end defun |
110 | |
111 @node Converting Representations | |
112 @section Converting Text Representations | |
113 | |
114 Emacs can convert unibyte text to multibyte; it can also convert | |
115 multibyte text to unibyte, though this conversion loses information. In | |
116 general these conversions happen when inserting text into a buffer, or | |
117 when putting text from several strings together in one string. You can | |
118 also explicitly convert a string's contents to either representation. | |
119 | |
120 Emacs chooses the representation for a string based on the text that | |
121 it is constructed from. The general rule is to convert unibyte text to | |
122 multibyte text when combining it with other multibyte text, because the | |
123 multibyte representation is more general and can hold whatever | |
124 characters the unibyte text has. | |
125 | |
126 When inserting text into a buffer, Emacs converts the text to the | |
127 buffer's representation, as specified by | |
128 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} in that buffer. In particular, when | |
129 you insert multibyte text into a unibyte buffer, Emacs converts the text | |
130 to unibyte, even though this conversion cannot in general preserve all | |
131 the characters that might be in the multibyte text. The other natural | |
132 alternative, to convert the buffer contents to multibyte, is not | |
133 acceptable because the buffer's representation is a choice made by the | |
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134 user that cannot be overridden automatically. |
21006 | 135 |
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136 Converting unibyte text to multibyte text leaves @sc{ascii} characters |
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137 unchanged, and likewise 128 through 159. It converts the non-@sc{ascii} |
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138 codes 160 through 255 by adding the value @code{nonascii-insert-offset} |
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139 to each character code. By setting this variable, you specify which |
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140 character set the unibyte characters correspond to (@pxref{Character |
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141 Sets}). For example, if @code{nonascii-insert-offset} is 2048, which is |
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142 @code{(- (make-char 'latin-iso8859-1) 128)}, then the unibyte |
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143 non-@sc{ascii} characters correspond to Latin 1. If it is 2688, which |
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144 is @code{(- (make-char 'greek-iso8859-7) 128)}, then they correspond to |
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145 Greek letters. |
21006 | 146 |
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147 Converting multibyte text to unibyte is simpler: it discards all but |
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148 the low 8 bits of each character code. If @code{nonascii-insert-offset} |
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149 has a reasonable value, corresponding to the beginning of some character |
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150 set, this conversion is the inverse of the other: converting unibyte |
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151 text to multibyte and back to unibyte reproduces the original unibyte |
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152 text. |
21006 | 153 |
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154 @defvar nonascii-insert-offset |
21006 | 155 @tindex nonascii-insert-offset |
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156 This variable specifies the amount to add to a non-@sc{ascii} character |
21006 | 157 when converting unibyte text to multibyte. It also applies when |
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158 @code{self-insert-command} inserts a character in the unibyte |
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159 non-@sc{ascii} range, 128 through 255. However, the function |
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160 @code{insert-char} does not perform this conversion. |
21006 | 161 |
162 The right value to use to select character set @var{cs} is @code{(- | |
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163 (make-char @var{cs}) 128)}. If the value of |
21006 | 164 @code{nonascii-insert-offset} is zero, then conversion actually uses the |
165 value for the Latin 1 character set, rather than zero. | |
166 @end defvar | |
167 | |
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168 @defvar nonascii-translation-table |
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169 @tindex nonascii-translation-table |
21006 | 170 This variable provides a more general alternative to |
171 @code{nonascii-insert-offset}. You can use it to specify independently | |
172 how to translate each code in the range of 128 through 255 into a | |
173 multibyte character. The value should be a vector, or @code{nil}. | |
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174 If this is non-@code{nil}, it overrides @code{nonascii-insert-offset}. |
21006 | 175 @end defvar |
176 | |
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177 @defun string-make-unibyte string |
21006 | 178 @tindex string-make-unibyte |
179 This function converts the text of @var{string} to unibyte | |
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180 representation, if it isn't already, and returns the result. If |
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181 @var{string} is a unibyte string, it is returned unchanged. |
21006 | 182 @end defun |
183 | |
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184 @defun string-make-multibyte string |
21006 | 185 @tindex string-make-multibyte |
186 This function converts the text of @var{string} to multibyte | |
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187 representation, if it isn't already, and returns the result. If |
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188 @var{string} is a multibyte string, it is returned unchanged. |
21006 | 189 @end defun |
190 | |
191 @node Selecting a Representation | |
192 @section Selecting a Representation | |
193 | |
194 Sometimes it is useful to examine an existing buffer or string as | |
195 multibyte when it was unibyte, or vice versa. | |
196 | |
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197 @defun set-buffer-multibyte multibyte |
21006 | 198 @tindex set-buffer-multibyte |
199 Set the representation type of the current buffer. If @var{multibyte} | |
200 is non-@code{nil}, the buffer becomes multibyte. If @var{multibyte} | |
201 is @code{nil}, the buffer becomes unibyte. | |
202 | |
203 This function leaves the buffer contents unchanged when viewed as a | |
204 sequence of bytes. As a consequence, it can change the contents viewed | |
205 as characters; a sequence of two bytes which is treated as one character | |
206 in multibyte representation will count as two characters in unibyte | |
207 representation. | |
208 | |
209 This function sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to record which | |
210 representation is in use. It also adjusts various data in the buffer | |
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211 (including overlays, text properties and markers) so that they cover the |
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212 same text as they did before. |
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213 |
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214 You cannot use @code{set-buffer-multibyte} on an indirect buffer, |
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215 because indirect buffers always inherit the representation of the |
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216 base buffer. |
21006 | 217 @end defun |
218 | |
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219 @defun string-as-unibyte string |
21006 | 220 @tindex string-as-unibyte |
221 This function returns a string with the same bytes as @var{string} but | |
222 treating each byte as a character. This means that the value may have | |
223 more characters than @var{string} has. | |
224 | |
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225 If @var{string} is already a unibyte string, then the value is |
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226 @var{string} itself. |
21006 | 227 @end defun |
228 | |
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229 @defun string-as-multibyte string |
21006 | 230 @tindex string-as-multibyte |
231 This function returns a string with the same bytes as @var{string} but | |
232 treating each multibyte sequence as one character. This means that the | |
233 value may have fewer characters than @var{string} has. | |
234 | |
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235 If @var{string} is already a multibyte string, then the value is |
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236 @var{string} itself. |
21006 | 237 @end defun |
238 | |
239 @node Character Codes | |
240 @section Character Codes | |
241 @cindex character codes | |
242 | |
243 The unibyte and multibyte text representations use different character | |
244 codes. The valid character codes for unibyte representation range from | |
245 0 to 255---the values that can fit in one byte. The valid character | |
246 codes for multibyte representation range from 0 to 524287, but not all | |
247 values in that range are valid. In particular, the values 128 through | |
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248 255 are not legitimate in multibyte text (though they can occur in ``raw |
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249 bytes''; @pxref{Explicit Encoding}). Only the @sc{ascii} codes 0 |
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250 through 127 are fully legitimate in both representations. |
21006 | 251 |
252 @defun char-valid-p charcode | |
253 This returns @code{t} if @var{charcode} is valid for either one of the two | |
254 text representations. | |
255 | |
256 @example | |
257 (char-valid-p 65) | |
258 @result{} t | |
259 (char-valid-p 256) | |
260 @result{} nil | |
261 (char-valid-p 2248) | |
262 @result{} t | |
263 @end example | |
264 @end defun | |
265 | |
266 @node Character Sets | |
267 @section Character Sets | |
268 @cindex character sets | |
269 | |
270 Emacs classifies characters into various @dfn{character sets}, each of | |
271 which has a name which is a symbol. Each character belongs to one and | |
272 only one character set. | |
273 | |
274 In general, there is one character set for each distinct script. For | |
275 example, @code{latin-iso8859-1} is one character set, | |
276 @code{greek-iso8859-7} is another, and @code{ascii} is another. An | |
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277 Emacs character set can hold at most 9025 characters; therefore, in some |
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278 cases, characters that would logically be grouped together are split |
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279 into several character sets. For example, one set of Chinese |
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280 characters, generally known as Big 5, is divided into two Emacs |
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281 character sets, @code{chinese-big5-1} and @code{chinese-big5-2}. |
21006 | 282 |
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283 @defun charsetp object |
21006 | 284 @tindex charsetp |
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285 Returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a symbol that names a character set, |
21006 | 286 @code{nil} otherwise. |
287 @end defun | |
288 | |
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289 @defun charset-list |
21006 | 290 @tindex charset-list |
291 This function returns a list of all defined character set names. | |
292 @end defun | |
293 | |
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294 @defun char-charset character |
21006 | 295 @tindex char-charset |
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296 This function returns the name of the character set that @var{character} |
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297 belongs to. |
21006 | 298 @end defun |
299 | |
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300 @defun charset-plist charset |
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301 @tindex charset-plist |
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302 This function returns the charset property list of the character set |
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303 @var{charset}. Although @var{charset} is a symbol, this is not the same |
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304 as the property list of that symbol. Charset properties are used for |
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305 special purposes within Emacs; for example, @code{x-charset-registry} |
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306 helps determine which fonts to use (@pxref{Font Selection}). |
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307 @end defun |
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308 |
21006 | 309 @node Chars and Bytes |
310 @section Characters and Bytes | |
311 @cindex bytes and characters | |
312 | |
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313 @cindex introduction sequence |
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314 @cindex dimension (of character set) |
21006 | 315 In multibyte representation, each character occupies one or more |
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316 bytes. Each character set has an @dfn{introduction sequence}, which is |
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317 normally one or two bytes long. (Exception: the @sc{ascii} character |
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318 set has a zero-length introduction sequence.) The introduction sequence |
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319 is the beginning of the byte sequence for any character in the character |
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320 set. The rest of the character's bytes distinguish it from the other |
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321 characters in the same character set. Depending on the character set, |
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322 there are either one or two distinguishing bytes; the number of such |
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323 bytes is called the @dfn{dimension} of the character set. |
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324 |
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325 @defun charset-dimension charset |
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326 @tindex charset-dimension |
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327 This function returns the dimension of @var{charset}; at present, the |
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328 dimension is always 1 or 2. |
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329 @end defun |
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330 |
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331 @defun charset-bytes charset |
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332 @tindex charset-bytes |
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333 This function returns the number of bytes used to represent a character |
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334 in character set @var{charset}. |
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335 @end defun |
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336 |
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337 This is the simplest way to determine the byte length of a character |
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338 set's introduction sequence: |
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339 |
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340 @example |
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341 (- (charset-bytes @var{charset}) |
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342 (charset-dimension @var{charset})) |
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343 @end example |
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344 |
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345 @node Splitting Characters |
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346 @section Splitting Characters |
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347 |
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348 The functions in this section convert between characters and the byte |
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349 values used to represent them. For most purposes, there is no need to |
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350 be concerned with the sequence of bytes used to represent a character, |
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351 because Emacs translates automatically when necessary. |
21006 | 352 |
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353 @defun split-char character |
21006 | 354 @tindex split-char |
355 Return a list containing the name of the character set of | |
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356 @var{character}, followed by one or two byte values (integers) which |
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357 identify @var{character} within that character set. The number of byte |
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358 values is the character set's dimension. |
21006 | 359 |
360 @example | |
361 (split-char 2248) | |
362 @result{} (latin-iso8859-1 72) | |
363 (split-char 65) | |
364 @result{} (ascii 65) | |
365 @end example | |
366 | |
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367 Unibyte non-@sc{ascii} characters are considered as part of |
21006 | 368 the @code{ascii} character set: |
369 | |
370 @example | |
371 (split-char 192) | |
372 @result{} (ascii 192) | |
373 @end example | |
374 @end defun | |
375 | |
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376 @defun make-char charset &rest byte-values |
21006 | 377 @tindex make-char |
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378 This function returns the character in character set @var{charset} |
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379 identified by @var{byte-values}. This is roughly the inverse of |
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380 @code{split-char}. Normally, you should specify either one or two |
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381 @var{byte-values}, according to the dimension of @var{charset}. For |
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382 example, |
21006 | 383 |
384 @example | |
385 (make-char 'latin-iso8859-1 72) | |
386 @result{} 2248 | |
387 @end example | |
388 @end defun | |
389 | |
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390 @cindex generic characters |
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391 If you call @code{make-char} with no @var{byte-values}, the result is |
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392 a @dfn{generic character} which stands for @var{charset}. A generic |
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393 character is an integer, but it is @emph{not} valid for insertion in the |
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394 buffer as a character. It can be used in @code{char-table-range} to |
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395 refer to the whole character set (@pxref{Char-Tables}). |
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396 @code{char-valid-p} returns @code{nil} for generic characters. |
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397 For example: |
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398 |
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399 @example |
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400 (make-char 'latin-iso8859-1) |
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401 @result{} 2176 |
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402 (char-valid-p 2176) |
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403 @result{} nil |
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404 (split-char 2176) |
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405 @result{} (latin-iso8859-1 0) |
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406 @end example |
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407 |
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408 @node Scanning Charsets |
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409 @section Scanning for Character Sets |
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410 |
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411 Sometimes it is useful to find out which character sets appear in a |
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412 part of a buffer or a string. One use for this is in determining which |
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413 coding systems (@pxref{Coding Systems}) are capable of representing all |
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414 of the text in question. |
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415 |
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416 @defun find-charset-region beg end &optional translation |
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417 @tindex find-charset-region |
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418 This function returns a list of the character sets that appear in the |
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419 current buffer between positions @var{beg} and @var{end}. |
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420 |
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421 The optional argument @var{translation} specifies a translation table to |
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422 be used in scanning the text (@pxref{Translation of Characters}). If it |
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423 is non-@code{nil}, then each character in the region is translated |
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424 through this table, and the value returned describes the translated |
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425 characters instead of the characters actually in the buffer. |
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426 |
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427 In two peculiar cases, the value includes the symbol @code{unknown}: |
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428 |
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429 @itemize @bullet |
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430 @item |
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431 When a unibyte buffer contains non-@sc{ascii} characters. |
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432 |
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433 @item |
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434 When a multibyte buffer contains invalid byte-sequences (raw bytes). |
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435 @xref{Explicit Encoding}. |
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436 @end itemize |
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437 @end defun |
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438 |
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439 @defun find-charset-string string &optional translation |
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440 @tindex find-charset-string |
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441 This function returns a list of the character sets that appear in the |
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442 string @var{string}. It is just like @code{find-charset-region}, except |
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443 that it applies to the contents of @var{string} instead of part of the |
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444 current buffer. |
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445 @end defun |
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446 |
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447 @node Translation of Characters |
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448 @section Translation of Characters |
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449 @cindex character translation tables |
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450 @cindex translation tables |
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451 |
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452 A @dfn{translation table} specifies a mapping of characters |
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453 into characters. These tables are used in encoding and decoding, and |
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454 for other purposes. Some coding systems specify their own particular |
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455 translation tables; there are also default translation tables which |
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456 apply to all other coding systems. |
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457 |
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458 @defun make-translation-table &rest translations |
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459 This function returns a translation table based on the argument |
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460 @var{translations}. Each element of |
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461 @var{translations} should be a list of the form @code{(@var{from} |
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462 . @var{to})}; this says to translate the character @var{from} into |
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463 @var{to}. |
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464 |
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465 You can also map one whole character set into another character set with |
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466 the same dimension. To do this, you specify a generic character (which |
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467 designates a character set) for @var{from} (@pxref{Splitting Characters}). |
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468 In this case, @var{to} should also be a generic character, for another |
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469 character set of the same dimension. Then the translation table |
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470 translates each character of @var{from}'s character set into the |
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471 corresponding character of @var{to}'s character set. |
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472 @end defun |
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473 |
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474 In decoding, the translation table's translations are applied to the |
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475 characters that result from ordinary decoding. If a coding system has |
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476 property @code{character-translation-table-for-decode}, that specifies |
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477 the translation table to use. Otherwise, if |
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478 @code{standard-translation-table-for-decode} is non-@code{nil}, decoding |
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479 uses that table. |
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480 |
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481 In encoding, the translation table's translations are applied to the |
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482 characters in the buffer, and the result of translation is actually |
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483 encoded. If a coding system has property |
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484 @code{character-translation-table-for-encode}, that specifies the |
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485 translation table to use. Otherwise the variable |
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486 @code{standard-translation-table-for-encode} specifies the translation |
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487 table. |
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488 |
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489 @defvar standard-translation-table-for-decode |
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490 This is the default translation table for decoding, for |
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491 coding systems that don't specify any other translation table. |
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492 @end defvar |
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493 |
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494 @defvar standard-translation-table-for-encode |
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495 This is the default translation table for encoding, for |
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496 coding systems that don't specify any other translation table. |
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497 @end defvar |
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498 |
21006 | 499 @node Coding Systems |
500 @section Coding Systems | |
501 | |
502 @cindex coding system | |
503 When Emacs reads or writes a file, and when Emacs sends text to a | |
504 subprocess or receives text from a subprocess, it normally performs | |
505 character code conversion and end-of-line conversion as specified | |
506 by a particular @dfn{coding system}. | |
507 | |
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508 How to define a coding system is an arcane matter, and is not |
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509 documented here. |
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510 |
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511 @menu |
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512 * Coding System Basics:: |
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513 * Encoding and I/O:: |
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514 * Lisp and Coding Systems:: |
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515 * User-Chosen Coding Systems:: |
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516 * Default Coding Systems:: |
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517 * Specifying Coding Systems:: |
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518 * Explicit Encoding:: |
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519 * Terminal I/O Encoding:: |
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520 * MS-DOS File Types:: |
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521 @end menu |
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522 |
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523 @node Coding System Basics |
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524 @subsection Basic Concepts of Coding Systems |
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525 |
21006 | 526 @cindex character code conversion |
527 @dfn{Character code conversion} involves conversion between the encoding | |
528 used inside Emacs and some other encoding. Emacs supports many | |
529 different encodings, in that it can convert to and from them. For | |
530 example, it can convert text to or from encodings such as Latin 1, Latin | |
531 2, Latin 3, Latin 4, Latin 5, and several variants of ISO 2022. In some | |
532 cases, Emacs supports several alternative encodings for the same | |
533 characters; for example, there are three coding systems for the Cyrillic | |
534 (Russian) alphabet: ISO, Alternativnyj, and KOI8. | |
535 | |
536 Most coding systems specify a particular character code for | |
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537 conversion, but some of them leave the choice unspecified---to be chosen |
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538 heuristically for each file, based on the data. |
21006 | 539 |
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540 @cindex end of line conversion |
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541 @dfn{End of line conversion} handles three different conventions used |
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542 on various systems for representing end of line in files. The Unix |
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543 convention is to use the linefeed character (also called newline). The |
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544 DOS convention is to use a carriage-return and a linefeed at the end of |
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545 a line. The Mac convention is to use just carriage-return. |
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546 |
21006 | 547 @cindex base coding system |
548 @cindex variant coding system | |
549 @dfn{Base coding systems} such as @code{latin-1} leave the end-of-line | |
550 conversion unspecified, to be chosen based on the data. @dfn{Variant | |
551 coding systems} such as @code{latin-1-unix}, @code{latin-1-dos} and | |
552 @code{latin-1-mac} specify the end-of-line conversion explicitly as | |
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553 well. Most base coding systems have three corresponding variants whose |
21006 | 554 names are formed by adding @samp{-unix}, @samp{-dos} and @samp{-mac}. |
555 | |
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556 The coding system @code{raw-text} is special in that it prevents |
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557 character code conversion, and causes the buffer visited with that |
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558 coding system to be a unibyte buffer. It does not specify the |
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559 end-of-line conversion, allowing that to be determined as usual by the |
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560 data, and has the usual three variants which specify the end-of-line |
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561 conversion. @code{no-conversion} is equivalent to @code{raw-text-unix}: |
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562 it specifies no conversion of either character codes or end-of-line. |
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563 |
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564 The coding system @code{emacs-mule} specifies that the data is |
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565 represented in the internal Emacs encoding. This is like |
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566 @code{raw-text} in that no code conversion happens, but different in |
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567 that the result is multibyte data. |
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568 |
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569 @defun coding-system-get coding-system property |
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570 @tindex coding-system-get |
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571 This function returns the specified property of the coding system |
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572 @var{coding-system}. Most coding system properties exist for internal |
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573 purposes, but one that you might find useful is @code{mime-charset}. |
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574 That property's value is the name used in MIME for the character coding |
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575 which this coding system can read and write. Examples: |
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576 |
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577 @example |
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578 (coding-system-get 'iso-latin-1 'mime-charset) |
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579 @result{} iso-8859-1 |
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580 (coding-system-get 'iso-2022-cn 'mime-charset) |
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581 @result{} iso-2022-cn |
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582 (coding-system-get 'cyrillic-koi8 'mime-charset) |
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583 @result{} koi8-r |
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584 @end example |
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585 |
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586 The value of the @code{mime-charset} property is also defined |
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587 as an alias for the coding system. |
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588 @end defun |
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589 |
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590 @node Encoding and I/O |
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591 @subsection Encoding and I/O |
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592 |
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593 The principal purpose of coding systems is for use in reading and |
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594 writing files. The function @code{insert-file-contents} uses |
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595 a coding system for decoding the file data, and @code{write-region} |
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596 uses one to encode the buffer contents. |
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597 |
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598 You can specify the coding system to use either explicitly |
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599 (@pxref{Specifying Coding Systems}), or implicitly using the defaulting |
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600 mechanism (@pxref{Default Coding Systems}). But these methods may not |
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601 completely specify what to do. For example, they may choose a coding |
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602 system such as @code{undefined} which leaves the character code |
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603 conversion to be determined from the data. In these cases, the I/O |
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604 operation finishes the job of choosing a coding system. Very often |
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605 you will want to find out afterwards which coding system was chosen. |
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606 |
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607 @defvar buffer-file-coding-system |
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608 @tindex buffer-file-coding-system |
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609 This variable records the coding system that was used for visiting the |
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610 current buffer. It is used for saving the buffer, and for writing part |
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611 of the buffer with @code{write-region}. When those operations ask the |
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612 user to specify a different coding system, |
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613 @code{buffer-file-coding-system} is updated to the coding system |
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614 specified. |
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615 |
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616 However, @code{buffer-file-coding-system} does not affect sending text |
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617 to a subprocess. |
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618 @end defvar |
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619 |
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620 @defvar save-buffer-coding-system |
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621 @tindex save-buffer-coding-system |
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622 This variable specifies the coding system for saving the buffer---but it |
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623 is not used for @code{write-region}. |
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624 |
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625 When a command to save the buffer starts out to use |
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626 @code{save-buffer-coding-system}, and that coding system cannot handle |
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627 the actual text in the buffer, the command asks the user to choose |
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628 another coding system. After that happens, the command also updates |
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629 @code{save-buffer-coding-system} to represent the coding system that the |
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630 user specified. |
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631 @end defvar |
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632 |
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633 @defvar last-coding-system-used |
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634 @tindex last-coding-system-used |
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635 I/O operations for files and subprocesses set this variable to the |
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636 coding system name that was used. The explicit encoding and decoding |
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637 functions (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}) set it too. |
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638 |
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639 @strong{Warning:} Since receiving subprocess output sets this variable, |
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640 it can change whenever Emacs waits; therefore, you should copy the |
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641 value shortly after the function call that stores the value you are |
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642 interested in. |
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643 @end defvar |
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644 |
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645 The variable @code{selection-coding-system} specifies how to encode |
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646 selections for the window system. @xref{Window System Selections}. |
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647 |
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648 @node Lisp and Coding Systems |
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649 @subsection Coding Systems in Lisp |
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650 |
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651 Here are the Lisp facilities for working with coding systems: |
21006 | 652 |
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653 @defun coding-system-list &optional base-only |
21006 | 654 @tindex coding-system-list |
655 This function returns a list of all coding system names (symbols). If | |
656 @var{base-only} is non-@code{nil}, the value includes only the | |
657 base coding systems. Otherwise, it includes variant coding systems as well. | |
658 @end defun | |
659 | |
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660 @defun coding-system-p object |
21006 | 661 @tindex coding-system-p |
662 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a coding system | |
663 name. | |
664 @end defun | |
665 | |
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666 @defun check-coding-system coding-system |
21006 | 667 @tindex check-coding-system |
668 This function checks the validity of @var{coding-system}. | |
669 If that is valid, it returns @var{coding-system}. | |
670 Otherwise it signals an error with condition @code{coding-system-error}. | |
671 @end defun | |
672 | |
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673 @defun coding-system-change-eol-conversion coding-system eol-type |
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674 @tindex coding-system-change-eol-conversion |
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675 This function returns a coding system which is like @var{coding-system} |
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676 except for its eol conversion, which is specified by @code{eol-type}. |
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677 @var{eol-type} should be @code{unix}, @code{dos}, @code{mac}, or |
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678 @code{nil}. If it is @code{nil}, the returned coding system determines |
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679 the end-of-line conversion from the data. |
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680 @end defun |
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681 |
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682 @defun coding-system-change-text-conversion eol-coding text-coding |
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683 @tindex coding-system-change-text-conversion |
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684 This function returns a coding system which uses the end-of-line |
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685 conversion of @var{eol-coding}, and the text conversion of |
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686 @var{text-coding}. If @var{text-coding} is @code{nil}, it returns |
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687 @code{undecided}, or one of its variants according to @var{eol-coding}. |
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688 @end defun |
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689 |
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690 @defun find-coding-systems-region from to |
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691 @tindex find-coding-systems-region |
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692 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to |
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693 encode a text between @var{from} and @var{to}. All coding systems in |
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694 the list can safely encode any multibyte characters in that portion of |
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695 the text. |
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696 |
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697 If the text contains no multibyte characters, the function returns the |
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698 list @code{(undecided)}. |
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699 @end defun |
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700 |
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701 @defun find-coding-systems-string string |
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702 @tindex find-coding-systems-string |
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703 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to |
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704 encode the text of @var{string}. All coding systems in the list can |
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705 safely encode any multibyte characters in @var{string}. If the text |
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706 contains no multibyte characters, this returns the list |
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707 @code{(undecided)}. |
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708 @end defun |
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709 |
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710 @defun find-coding-systems-for-charsets charsets |
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711 @tindex find-coding-systems-for-charsets |
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712 This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to |
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713 encode all the character sets in the list @var{charsets}. |
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714 @end defun |
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715 |
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716 @defun detect-coding-region start end &optional highest |
21006 | 717 @tindex detect-coding-region |
718 This function chooses a plausible coding system for decoding the text | |
719 from @var{start} to @var{end}. This text should be ``raw bytes'' | |
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720 (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). |
21006 | 721 |
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722 Normally this function returns a list of coding systems that could |
21006 | 723 handle decoding the text that was scanned. They are listed in order of |
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724 decreasing priority. But if @var{highest} is non-@code{nil}, then the |
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725 return value is just one coding system, the one that is highest in |
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726 priority. |
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727 |
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728 If the region contains only @sc{ascii} characters, the value |
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729 is @code{undecided} or @code{(undecided)}. |
21006 | 730 @end defun |
731 | |
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732 @defun detect-coding-string string highest |
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733 @tindex detect-coding-string |
21006 | 734 This function is like @code{detect-coding-region} except that it |
735 operates on the contents of @var{string} instead of bytes in the buffer. | |
736 @end defun | |
737 | |
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738 @xref{Process Information}, for how to examine or set the coding |
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739 systems used for I/O to a subprocess. |
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740 |
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741 @node User-Chosen Coding Systems |
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742 @subsection User-Chosen Coding Systems |
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743 |
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744 @tindex select-safe-coding-system |
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745 @defun select-safe-coding-system from to &optional preferred-coding-system |
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746 This function selects a coding system for encoding the text between |
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747 @var{from} and @var{to}, asking the user to choose if necessary. |
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748 |
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749 The optional argument @var{preferred-coding-system} specifies a coding |
22267
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750 system to try first. If that one can handle the text in the specified |
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751 region, then it is used. If this argument is omitted, the current |
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752 buffer's value of @code{buffer-file-coding-system} is tried first. |
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753 |
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754 If the region contains some multibyte characters that the preferred |
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755 coding system cannot encode, this function asks the user to choose from |
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756 a list of coding systems which can encode the text, and returns the |
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757 user's choice. |
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758 |
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759 One other kludgy feature: if @var{from} is a string, the string is the |
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760 target text, and @var{to} is ignored. |
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761 @end defun |
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762 |
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763 Here are two functions you can use to let the user specify a coding |
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764 system, with completion. @xref{Completion}. |
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765 |
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766 @defun read-coding-system prompt &optional default |
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767 @tindex read-coding-system |
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768 This function reads a coding system using the minibuffer, prompting with |
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769 string @var{prompt}, and returns the coding system name as a symbol. If |
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770 the user enters null input, @var{default} specifies which coding system |
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771 to return. It should be a symbol or a string. |
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772 @end defun |
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773 |
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774 @defun read-non-nil-coding-system prompt |
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775 @tindex read-non-nil-coding-system |
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776 This function reads a coding system using the minibuffer, prompting with |
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777 string @var{prompt}, and returns the coding system name as a symbol. If |
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778 the user tries to enter null input, it asks the user to try again. |
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779 @xref{Coding Systems}. |
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780 @end defun |
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781 |
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782 @node Default Coding Systems |
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783 @subsection Default Coding Systems |
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784 |
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785 This section describes variables that specify the default coding |
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786 system for certain files or when running certain subprograms, and the |
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787 function that I/O operations use to access them. |
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788 |
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789 The idea of these variables is that you set them once and for all to the |
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790 defaults you want, and then do not change them again. To specify a |
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791 particular coding system for a particular operation in a Lisp program, |
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792 don't change these variables; instead, override them using |
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793 @code{coding-system-for-read} and @code{coding-system-for-write} |
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794 (@pxref{Specifying Coding Systems}). |
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795 |
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796 @defvar file-coding-system-alist |
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797 @tindex file-coding-system-alist |
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798 This variable is an alist that specifies the coding systems to use for |
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799 reading and writing particular files. Each element has the form |
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800 @code{(@var{pattern} . @var{coding})}, where @var{pattern} is a regular |
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801 expression that matches certain file names. The element applies to file |
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802 names that match @var{pattern}. |
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803 |
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804 The @sc{cdr} of the element, @var{coding}, should be either a coding |
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805 system, a cons cell containing two coding systems, or a function name (a |
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806 symbol with a function definition). If @var{coding} is a coding system, |
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807 that coding system is used for both reading the file and writing it. If |
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808 @var{coding} is a cons cell containing two coding systems, its @sc{car} |
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809 specifies the coding system for decoding, and its @sc{cdr} specifies the |
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810 coding system for encoding. |
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811 |
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812 If @var{coding} is a function name, the function must return a coding |
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813 system or a cons cell containing two coding systems. This value is used |
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814 as described above. |
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815 @end defvar |
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816 |
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817 @defvar process-coding-system-alist |
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818 @tindex process-coding-system-alist |
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819 This variable is an alist specifying which coding systems to use for a |
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820 subprocess, depending on which program is running in the subprocess. It |
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821 works like @code{file-coding-system-alist}, except that @var{pattern} is |
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822 matched against the program name used to start the subprocess. The coding |
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823 system or systems specified in this alist are used to initialize the |
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824 coding systems used for I/O to the subprocess, but you can specify |
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825 other coding systems later using @code{set-process-coding-system}. |
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826 @end defvar |
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827 |
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828 @strong{Warning:} Coding systems such as @code{undecided}, which |
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829 determine the coding system from the data, do not work entirely reliably |
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830 with asynchronous subprocess output. This is because Emacs handles |
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831 asynchronous subprocess output in batches, as it arrives. If the coding |
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832 system leaves the character code conversion unspecified, or leaves the |
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833 end-of-line conversion unspecified, Emacs must try to detect the proper |
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834 conversion from one batch at a time, and this does not always work. |
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835 |
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836 Therefore, with an asynchronous subprocess, if at all possible, use a |
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837 coding system which determines both the character code conversion and |
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838 the end of line conversion---that is, one like @code{latin-1-unix}, |
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839 rather than @code{undecided} or @code{latin-1}. |
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840 |
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841 @defvar network-coding-system-alist |
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842 @tindex network-coding-system-alist |
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843 This variable is an alist that specifies the coding system to use for |
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844 network streams. It works much like @code{file-coding-system-alist}, |
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845 with the difference that the @var{pattern} in an element may be either a |
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846 port number or a regular expression. If it is a regular expression, it |
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847 is matched against the network service name used to open the network |
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848 stream. |
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849 @end defvar |
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850 |
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851 @defvar default-process-coding-system |
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852 @tindex default-process-coding-system |
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853 This variable specifies the coding systems to use for subprocess (and |
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854 network stream) input and output, when nothing else specifies what to |
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855 do. |
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856 |
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857 The value should be a cons cell of the form @code{(@var{input-coding} |
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858 . @var{output-coding})}. Here @var{input-coding} applies to input from |
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859 the subprocess, and @var{output-coding} applies to output to it. |
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860 @end defvar |
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861 |
21006 | 862 @defun find-operation-coding-system operation &rest arguments |
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863 @tindex find-operation-coding-system |
21006 | 864 This function returns the coding system to use (by default) for |
865 performing @var{operation} with @var{arguments}. The value has this | |
866 form: | |
867 | |
868 @example | |
869 (@var{decoding-system} @var{encoding-system}) | |
870 @end example | |
871 | |
872 The first element, @var{decoding-system}, is the coding system to use | |
873 for decoding (in case @var{operation} does decoding), and | |
874 @var{encoding-system} is the coding system for encoding (in case | |
875 @var{operation} does encoding). | |
876 | |
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877 The argument @var{operation} should be a symbol, one of |
21006 | 878 @code{insert-file-contents}, @code{write-region}, @code{call-process}, |
879 @code{call-process-region}, @code{start-process}, or | |
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880 @code{open-network-stream}. These are the names of the Emacs I/O primitives |
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881 that can do coding system conversion. |
21006 | 882 |
883 The remaining arguments should be the same arguments that might be given | |
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884 to that I/O primitive. Depending on the primitive, one of those |
21006 | 885 arguments is selected as the @dfn{target}. For example, if |
886 @var{operation} does file I/O, whichever argument specifies the file | |
887 name is the target. For subprocess primitives, the process name is the | |
888 target. For @code{open-network-stream}, the target is the service name | |
889 or port number. | |
890 | |
891 This function looks up the target in @code{file-coding-system-alist}, | |
892 @code{process-coding-system-alist}, or | |
893 @code{network-coding-system-alist}, depending on @var{operation}. | |
894 @xref{Default Coding Systems}. | |
895 @end defun | |
896 | |
897 @node Specifying Coding Systems | |
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898 @subsection Specifying a Coding System for One Operation |
21006 | 899 |
900 You can specify the coding system for a specific operation by binding | |
901 the variables @code{coding-system-for-read} and/or | |
902 @code{coding-system-for-write}. | |
903 | |
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904 @defvar coding-system-for-read |
21006 | 905 @tindex coding-system-for-read |
906 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it specifies the coding system to | |
907 use for reading a file, or for input from a synchronous subprocess. | |
908 | |
909 It also applies to any asynchronous subprocess or network stream, but in | |
910 a different way: the value of @code{coding-system-for-read} when you | |
911 start the subprocess or open the network stream specifies the input | |
912 decoding method for that subprocess or network stream. It remains in | |
913 use for that subprocess or network stream unless and until overridden. | |
914 | |
915 The right way to use this variable is to bind it with @code{let} for a | |
916 specific I/O operation. Its global value is normally @code{nil}, and | |
917 you should not globally set it to any other value. Here is an example | |
918 of the right way to use the variable: | |
919 | |
920 @example | |
921 ;; @r{Read the file with no character code conversion.} | |
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922 ;; @r{Assume @sc{crlf} represents end-of-line.} |
21006 | 923 (let ((coding-system-for-write 'emacs-mule-dos)) |
924 (insert-file-contents filename)) | |
925 @end example | |
926 | |
927 When its value is non-@code{nil}, @code{coding-system-for-read} takes | |
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928 precedence over all other methods of specifying a coding system to use for |
21006 | 929 input, including @code{file-coding-system-alist}, |
930 @code{process-coding-system-alist} and | |
931 @code{network-coding-system-alist}. | |
932 @end defvar | |
933 | |
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934 @defvar coding-system-for-write |
21006 | 935 @tindex coding-system-for-write |
936 This works much like @code{coding-system-for-read}, except that it | |
937 applies to output rather than input. It affects writing to files, | |
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938 as well as sending output to subprocesses and net connections. |
21006 | 939 |
940 When a single operation does both input and output, as do | |
941 @code{call-process-region} and @code{start-process}, both | |
942 @code{coding-system-for-read} and @code{coding-system-for-write} | |
943 affect it. | |
944 @end defvar | |
945 | |
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946 @defvar inhibit-eol-conversion |
21006 | 947 @tindex inhibit-eol-conversion |
948 When this variable is non-@code{nil}, no end-of-line conversion is done, | |
949 no matter which coding system is specified. This applies to all the | |
950 Emacs I/O and subprocess primitives, and to the explicit encoding and | |
951 decoding functions (@pxref{Explicit Encoding}). | |
952 @end defvar | |
953 | |
954 @node Explicit Encoding | |
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955 @subsection Explicit Encoding and Decoding |
21006 | 956 @cindex encoding text |
957 @cindex decoding text | |
958 | |
959 All the operations that transfer text in and out of Emacs have the | |
960 ability to use a coding system to encode or decode the text. | |
961 You can also explicitly encode and decode text using the functions | |
962 in this section. | |
963 | |
964 @cindex raw bytes | |
965 The result of encoding, and the input to decoding, are not ordinary | |
966 text. They are ``raw bytes''---bytes that represent text in the same | |
967 way that an external file would. When a buffer contains raw bytes, it | |
968 is most natural to mark that buffer as using unibyte representation, | |
969 using @code{set-buffer-multibyte} (@pxref{Selecting a Representation}), | |
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970 but this is not required. If the buffer's contents are only temporarily |
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971 raw, leave the buffer multibyte, which will be correct after you decode |
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972 them. |
21006 | 973 |
974 The usual way to get raw bytes in a buffer, for explicit decoding, is | |
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975 to read them from a file with @code{insert-file-contents-literally} |
21006 | 976 (@pxref{Reading from Files}) or specify a non-@code{nil} @var{rawfile} |
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977 argument when visiting a file with @code{find-file-noselect}. |
21006 | 978 |
979 The usual way to use the raw bytes that result from explicitly | |
980 encoding text is to copy them to a file or process---for example, to | |
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981 write them with @code{write-region} (@pxref{Writing to Files}), and |
21006 | 982 suppress encoding for that @code{write-region} call by binding |
983 @code{coding-system-for-write} to @code{no-conversion}. | |
984 | |
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985 Raw bytes typically contain stray individual bytes with values in the |
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986 range 128 through 255, that are legitimate only as part of multibyte |
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987 sequences. Even if the buffer is multibyte, Emacs treats each such |
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988 individual byte as a character and uses the byte value as its character |
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989 code. In this way, character codes 128 through 255 can be found in a |
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990 multibyte buffer, even though they are not legitimate multibyte |
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991 character codes. |
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992 |
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993 Raw bytes sometimes contain overlong byte-sequences that look like a |
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994 proper multibyte character plus extra superfluous trailing codes. For |
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995 most purposes, Emacs treats such a sequence in a buffer or string as a |
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996 single character, and if you look at its character code, you get the |
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997 value that corresponds to the multibyte character |
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998 sequence---disregarding the extra trailing codes. This is not quite |
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999 clean, but raw bytes are used only in limited ways, so as a practical |
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1000 matter it is not worth the trouble to treat this case differently. |
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1001 |
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1002 When a multibyte buffer contains illegitimate byte sequences, |
24952 | 1003 sometimes insertion or deletion can cause them to coalesce into a |
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1004 legitimate multibyte character. For example, suppose the buffer |
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1005 contains the sequence 129 68 192, 68 being the character @samp{D}. If |
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1006 you delete the @samp{D}, the bytes 129 and 192 become adjacent, and thus |
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1007 become one multibyte character (Latin-1 A with grave accent). Point |
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1008 moves to one side or the other of the character, since it cannot be |
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1009 within a character. Don't be alarmed by this. |
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1010 |
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1011 Some really peculiar situations prevent proper coalescence. For |
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1012 example, if you narrow the buffer so that the accessible portion begins |
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1013 just before the @samp{D}, then delete the @samp{D}, the two surrounding |
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1014 bytes cannot coalesce because one of them is outside the accessible |
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1015 portion of the buffer. In this case, the deletion cannot be done, so |
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1016 @code{delete-region} signals an error. |
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1017 |
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1018 Here are the functions to perform explicit encoding or decoding. The |
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1019 decoding functions produce ``raw bytes''; the encoding functions are |
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1020 meant to operate on ``raw bytes''. All of these functions discard text |
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1021 properties. |
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1022 |
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1023 @defun encode-coding-region start end coding-system |
21006 | 1024 @tindex encode-coding-region |
1025 This function encodes the text from @var{start} to @var{end} according | |
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1026 to coding system @var{coding-system}. The encoded text replaces the |
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1027 original text in the buffer. The result of encoding is ``raw bytes,'' |
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1028 but the buffer remains multibyte if it was multibyte before. |
21006 | 1029 @end defun |
1030 | |
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1031 @defun encode-coding-string string coding-system |
21006 | 1032 @tindex encode-coding-string |
1033 This function encodes the text in @var{string} according to coding | |
1034 system @var{coding-system}. It returns a new string containing the | |
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1035 encoded text. The result of encoding is a unibyte string of ``raw bytes.'' |
21006 | 1036 @end defun |
1037 | |
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1038 @defun decode-coding-region start end coding-system |
21006 | 1039 @tindex decode-coding-region |
1040 This function decodes the text from @var{start} to @var{end} according | |
1041 to coding system @var{coding-system}. The decoded text replaces the | |
1042 original text in the buffer. To make explicit decoding useful, the text | |
1043 before decoding ought to be ``raw bytes.'' | |
1044 @end defun | |
1045 | |
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1046 @defun decode-coding-string string coding-system |
21006 | 1047 @tindex decode-coding-string |
1048 This function decodes the text in @var{string} according to coding | |
1049 system @var{coding-system}. It returns a new string containing the | |
1050 decoded text. To make explicit decoding useful, the contents of | |
1051 @var{string} ought to be ``raw bytes.'' | |
1052 @end defun | |
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1053 |
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1054 @node Terminal I/O Encoding |
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1055 @subsection Terminal I/O Encoding |
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1056 |
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1057 Emacs can decode keyboard input using a coding system, and encode |
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1058 terminal output. This is useful for terminals that transmit or display |
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1059 text using a particular encoding such as Latin-1. Emacs does not set |
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1060 @code{last-coding-system-used} for encoding or decoding for the |
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1061 terminal. |
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1062 |
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1063 @defun keyboard-coding-system |
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1064 @tindex keyboard-coding-system |
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1065 This function returns the coding system that is in use for decoding |
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1066 keyboard input---or @code{nil} if no coding system is to be used. |
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1067 @end defun |
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1068 |
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1069 @defun set-keyboard-coding-system coding-system |
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1070 @tindex set-keyboard-coding-system |
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1071 This function specifies @var{coding-system} as the coding system to |
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1072 use for decoding keyboard input. If @var{coding-system} is @code{nil}, |
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1073 that means do not decode keyboard input. |
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1074 @end defun |
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1075 |
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1076 @defun terminal-coding-system |
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1077 @tindex terminal-coding-system |
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1078 This function returns the coding system that is in use for encoding |
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1079 terminal output---or @code{nil} for no encoding. |
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1080 @end defun |
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1081 |
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1082 @defun set-terminal-coding-system coding-system |
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1083 @tindex set-terminal-coding-system |
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1084 This function specifies @var{coding-system} as the coding system to use |
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1085 for encoding terminal output. If @var{coding-system} is @code{nil}, |
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1086 that means do not encode terminal output. |
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1087 @end defun |
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1088 |
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1089 @node MS-DOS File Types |
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1090 @subsection MS-DOS File Types |
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1091 @cindex DOS file types |
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1092 @cindex MS-DOS file types |
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1093 @cindex Windows file types |
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1094 @cindex file types on MS-DOS and Windows |
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1095 @cindex text files and binary files |
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1096 @cindex binary files and text files |
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1097 |
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1098 On MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows, Emacs guesses the appropriate |
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1099 end-of-line conversion for a file by looking at the file's name. This |
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1100 feature classifies fils as @dfn{text files} and @dfn{binary files}. By |
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1101 ``binary file'' we mean a file of literal byte values that are not |
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1102 necessarily meant to be characters; Emacs does no end-of-line conversion |
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1103 and no character code conversion for them. On the other hand, the bytes |
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1104 in a text file are intended to represent characters; when you create a |
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1105 new file whose name implies that it is a text file, Emacs uses DOS |
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1106 end-of-line conversion. |
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1107 |
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1108 @defvar buffer-file-type |
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1109 This variable, automatically buffer-local in each buffer, records the |
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1110 file type of the buffer's visited file. When a buffer does not specify |
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1111 a coding system with @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, this variable is |
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1112 used to determine which coding system to use when writing the contents |
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1113 of the buffer. It should be @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary. |
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1114 If it is @code{t}, the coding system is @code{no-conversion}. |
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1115 Otherwise, @code{undecided-dos} is used. |
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1116 |
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1117 Normally this variable is set by visiting a file; it is set to |
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1118 @code{nil} if the file was visited without any actual conversion. |
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1119 @end defvar |
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1120 |
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1121 @defopt file-name-buffer-file-type-alist |
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1122 This variable holds an alist for recognizing text and binary files. |
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1123 Each element has the form (@var{regexp} . @var{type}), where |
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1124 @var{regexp} is matched against the file name, and @var{type} may be |
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1125 @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary, or a function to call to |
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1126 compute which. If it is a function, then it is called with a single |
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1127 argument (the file name) and should return @code{t} or @code{nil}. |
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1128 |
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1129 When running on MS-DOS or MS-Windows, Emacs checks this alist to decide |
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1130 which coding system to use when reading a file. For a text file, |
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1131 @code{undecided-dos} is used. For a binary file, @code{no-conversion} |
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1132 is used. |
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1133 |
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1134 If no element in this alist matches a given file name, then |
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1135 @code{default-buffer-file-type} says how to treat the file. |
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1136 @end defopt |
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1137 |
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1138 @defopt default-buffer-file-type |
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1139 This variable says how to handle files for which |
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1140 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} says nothing about the type. |
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1141 |
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1142 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then these files are treated as |
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1143 binary: the coding system @code{no-conversion} is used. Otherwise, |
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1144 nothing special is done for them---the coding system is deduced solely |
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1145 from the file contents, in the usual Emacs fashion. |
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1146 @end defopt |
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1147 |
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1148 @node Input Methods |
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1149 @section Input Methods |
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1150 @cindex input methods |
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1151 |
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1152 @dfn{Input methods} provide convenient ways of entering non-@sc{ascii} |
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1153 characters from the keyboard. Unlike coding systems, which translate |
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1154 non-@sc{ascii} characters to and from encodings meant to be read by |
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1155 programs, input methods provide human-friendly commands. (@xref{Input |
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1156 Methods,,, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for information on how users |
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1157 use input methods to enter text.) How to define input methods is not |
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1158 yet documented in this manual, but here we describe how to use them. |
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1159 |
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1160 Each input method has a name, which is currently a string; |
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1161 in the future, symbols may also be usable as input method names. |
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1162 |
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1163 @tindex current-input-method |
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1164 @defvar current-input-method |
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1165 This variable holds the name of the input method now active in the |
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1166 current buffer. (It automatically becomes local in each buffer when set |
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1167 in any fashion.) It is @code{nil} if no input method is active in the |
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1168 buffer now. |
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1169 @end defvar |
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1170 |
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1171 @tindex default-input-method |
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1172 @defvar default-input-method |
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1173 This variable holds the default input method for commands that choose an |
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1174 input method. Unlike @code{current-input-method}, this variable is |
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1175 normally global. |
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1176 @end defvar |
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1177 |
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1178 @tindex set-input-method |
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1179 @defun set-input-method input-method |
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1180 This function activates input method @var{input-method} for the current |
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1181 buffer. It also sets @code{default-input-method} to @var{input-method}. |
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1182 If @var{input-method} is @code{nil}, this function deactivates any input |
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1183 method for the current buffer. |
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1184 @end defun |
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1185 |
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1186 @tindex read-input-method-name |
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1187 @defun read-input-method-name prompt &optional default inhibit-null |
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1188 This function reads an input method name with the minibuffer, prompting |
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1189 with @var{prompt}. If @var{default} is non-@code{nil}, that is returned |
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1190 by default, if the user enters empty input. However, if |
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1191 @var{inhibit-null} is non-@code{nil}, empty input signals an error. |
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1192 |
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1193 The returned value is a string. |
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1194 @end defun |
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1195 |
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1196 @tindex input-method-alist |
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1197 @defvar input-method-alist |
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1198 This variable defines all the supported input methods. |
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1199 Each element defines one input method, and should have the form: |
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1200 |
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1201 @example |
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1202 (@var{input-method} @var{language-env} @var{activate-func} |
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1203 @var{title} @var{description} @var{args}...) |
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1204 @end example |
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1205 |
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1206 Here @var{input-method} is the input method name, a string; |
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1207 @var{language-env} is another string, the name of the language |
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1208 environment this input method is recommended for. (That serves only for |
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1209 documentation purposes.) |
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1210 |
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1211 @var{title} is a string to display in the mode line while this method is |
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1212 active. @var{description} is a string describing this method and what |
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1213 it is good for. |
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1214 |
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1215 @var{activate-func} is a function to call to activate this method. The |
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1216 @var{args}, if any, are passed as arguments to @var{activate-func}. All |
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1217 told, the arguments to @var{activate-func} are @var{input-method} and |
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1218 the @var{args}. |
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1219 @end defvar |
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1220 |
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1221 The fundamental interface to input methods is through the |
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1222 variable @code{input-method-function}. @xref{Reading One Event}. |
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1223 |
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1224 @node Locales |
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1225 @section Locales |
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1226 @cindex locale |
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1227 |
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1228 POSIX defines a concept of ``locales'' which control which language |
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1229 to use in language-related features. These Emacs variables control |
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1230 how Emacs interacts with these features. |
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1231 |
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1232 @defvar locale-coding-system |
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1233 @tindex locale-coding-system |
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1234 This variable specifies the coding system to use for decoding system |
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1235 error messages, for encoding the format argument to |
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1236 @code{format-time-string}, and for decoding the return value of |
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1237 @code{format-time-string}. |
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1238 @end defvar |
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1239 |
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1240 @defvar system-messages-locale |
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1241 @tindex system-messages-locale |
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1242 This variable specifies the locale to use for generating system error |
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1243 messages. Changing the locale can cause messages to come out in a |
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1244 different language or in a different orthorgraphy. If the variable is |
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1245 @code{nil}, the locale is specified by environment variables in the |
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1246 usual POSIX fashion. |
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1247 @end defvar |
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1248 |
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1249 @defvar system-time-locale |
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1250 @tindex system-time-locale |
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1251 This variable specifies the locale to use for formatting time values. |
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1252 Changing the locale can cause messages to appear according to the |
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1253 conventions of a different language. If the variable is @code{nil}, the |
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1254 locale is specified by environment variables in the usual POSIX fashion. |
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1255 @end defvar |