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annotate man/mule.texi @ 31321:648bbc1ab413
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author | Dave Love <fx@gnu.org> |
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date | Fri, 01 Sep 2000 14:06:45 +0000 |
parents | 55ce1d116cc7 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
31077 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1997, 1999, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
4 @node International, Major Modes, Frames, Top | |
5 @chapter International Character Set Support | |
6 @cindex MULE | |
7 @cindex international scripts | |
8 @cindex multibyte characters | |
9 @cindex encoding of characters | |
10 | |
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11 @cindex Celtic |
25829 | 12 @cindex Chinese |
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13 @cindex Cyrillic |
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14 @cindex Czech |
25829 | 15 @cindex Devanagari |
16 @cindex Hindi | |
17 @cindex Marathi | |
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18 @cindex Ethiopic |
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19 @cindex German |
25829 | 20 @cindex Greek |
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21 @cindex Hebrew |
25829 | 22 @cindex IPA |
23 @cindex Japanese | |
24 @cindex Korean | |
25 @cindex Lao | |
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26 @cindex Latin |
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27 @cindex Polish |
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28 @cindex Romanian |
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29 @cindex Slovak |
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30 @cindex Slovenian |
25829 | 31 @cindex Thai |
32 @cindex Tibetan | |
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33 @cindex Turkish |
25829 | 34 @cindex Vietnamese |
35 Emacs supports a wide variety of international character sets, | |
36 including European variants of the Latin alphabet, as well as Chinese, | |
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37 Cyrillic, Devanagari (Hindi and Marathi), Ethiopic, Greek, Hebrew, IPA, |
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38 Japanese, Korean, Lao, Thai, Tibetan, and Vietnamese scripts. These features |
25829 | 39 have been merged from the modified version of Emacs known as MULE (for |
40 ``MULti-lingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs'') | |
41 | |
42 @menu | |
43 * International Intro:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. | |
44 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. | |
45 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
46 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
47 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
48 * Multibyte Conversion:: How single-byte characters convert to multibyte. | |
49 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and | |
50 write files, and so on. | |
51 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
52 * Specify Coding:: Various ways to choose which conversion to use. | |
53 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts | |
54 that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
55 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
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56 * Single-Byte Character Support:: |
25829 | 57 You can pick one European character set |
58 to use without multibyte characters. | |
59 @end menu | |
60 | |
61 @node International Intro | |
62 @section Introduction to International Character Sets | |
63 | |
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64 The users of international character sets and scripts have established |
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65 many more-or-less standard coding systems for storing files. Emacs |
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66 internally uses a single multibyte character encoding, so that it can |
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67 intermix characters from all these scripts in a single buffer or string. |
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68 This encoding represents each non-ASCII character as a sequence of bytes |
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69 in the range 0200 through 0377. Emacs translates between the multibyte |
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70 character encoding and various other coding systems when reading and |
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71 writing files, when exchanging data with subprocesses, and (in some |
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72 cases) in the @kbd{C-q} command (@pxref{Multibyte Conversion}). |
25829 | 73 |
74 @kindex C-h h | |
75 @findex view-hello-file | |
76 The command @kbd{C-h h} (@code{view-hello-file}) displays the file | |
77 @file{etc/HELLO}, which shows how to say ``hello'' in many languages. | |
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78 This illustrates various scripts. If the font you're using doesn't have |
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79 characters for all those different languages, you will see some hollow |
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80 boxes instead of characters; see @ref{Fontsets}. |
25829 | 81 |
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82 @findex list-charset-chars |
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83 @cindex characters in a certain charset |
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84 The command @kbd{M-x list-charset-chars} prompts for a name of a |
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85 character set, and displays all the characters in that character set. |
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86 |
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87 @findex describe-character-set |
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88 @cindex character set, description |
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89 The command @kbd{M-x describe-character-set} prompts for a character |
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90 set name and displays information about that character set, including |
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91 its internal representation within Emacs. |
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92 |
25829 | 93 Keyboards, even in the countries where these character sets are used, |
94 generally don't have keys for all the characters in them. So Emacs | |
95 supports various @dfn{input methods}, typically one for each script or | |
96 language, to make it convenient to type them. | |
97 | |
98 @kindex C-x RET | |
99 The prefix key @kbd{C-x @key{RET}} is used for commands that pertain | |
100 to multibyte characters, coding systems, and input methods. | |
101 | |
102 @node Enabling Multibyte | |
103 @section Enabling Multibyte Characters | |
104 | |
105 You can enable or disable multibyte character support, either for | |
106 Emacs as a whole, or for a single buffer. When multibyte characters are | |
107 disabled in a buffer, then each byte in that buffer represents a | |
108 character, even codes 0200 through 0377. The old features for | |
109 supporting the European character sets, ISO Latin-1 and ISO Latin-2, | |
110 work as they did in Emacs 19 and also work for the other ISO 8859 | |
111 character sets. | |
112 | |
113 However, there is no need to turn off multibyte character support to | |
114 use ISO Latin; the Emacs multibyte character set includes all the | |
115 characters in these character sets, and Emacs can translate | |
116 automatically to and from the ISO codes. | |
117 | |
118 To edit a particular file in unibyte representation, visit it using | |
119 @code{find-file-literally}. @xref{Visiting}. To convert a buffer in | |
120 multibyte representation into a single-byte representation of the same | |
121 characters, the easiest way is to save the contents in a file, kill the | |
122 buffer, and find the file again with @code{find-file-literally}. You | |
123 can also use @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} | |
124 (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}) and specify @samp{raw-text} as | |
125 the coding system with which to find or save a file. @xref{Specify | |
126 Coding}. Finding a file as @samp{raw-text} doesn't disable format | |
127 conversion, uncompression and auto mode selection as | |
128 @code{find-file-literally} does. | |
129 | |
130 @vindex enable-multibyte-characters | |
131 @vindex default-enable-multibyte-characters | |
132 To turn off multibyte character support by default, start Emacs with | |
133 the @samp{--unibyte} option (@pxref{Initial Options}), or set the | |
29107 | 134 environment variable @env{EMACS_UNIBYTE}. You can also customize |
25829 | 135 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} or, equivalently, directly set the |
136 variable @code{default-enable-multibyte-characters} in your init file to | |
137 have basically the same effect as @samp{--unibyte}. | |
138 | |
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139 @cindex Lisp files, and multibyte operation |
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140 @cindex multibyte operation, and Lisp files |
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141 @cindex unibyte operation, and Lisp files |
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142 @cindex init file, and non-ASCII characters |
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143 @cindex environment variables, and non-ASCII characters |
25829 | 144 Multibyte strings are not created during initialization from the |
145 values of environment variables, @file{/etc/passwd} entries etc.@: that | |
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146 contain non-ASCII 8-bit characters. However, Lisp files, when they are |
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147 loaded for running, and in particular the initialization file |
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148 @file{.emacs}, are normally read as multibyte---even with |
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149 @samp{--unibyte}. To avoid multibyte strings being generated by |
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150 non-ASCII characters in Lisp files, put @samp{-*-unibyte: t;-*-} in a |
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151 comment on the first line, or specify the coding system @samp{raw-text} |
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152 with @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c}. Do the same for initialization files for |
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153 packages like Gnus. |
25829 | 154 |
155 The mode line indicates whether multibyte character support is enabled | |
156 in the current buffer. If it is, there are two or more characters (most | |
157 often two dashes) before the colon near the beginning of the mode line. | |
158 When multibyte characters are not enabled, just one dash precedes the | |
159 colon. | |
160 | |
161 @node Language Environments | |
162 @section Language Environments | |
163 @cindex language environments | |
164 | |
165 All supported character sets are supported in Emacs buffers whenever | |
166 multibyte characters are enabled; there is no need to select a | |
167 particular language in order to display its characters in an Emacs | |
168 buffer. However, it is important to select a @dfn{language environment} | |
169 in order to set various defaults. The language environment really | |
170 represents a choice of preferred script (more or less) rather than a | |
171 choice of language. | |
172 | |
173 The language environment controls which coding systems to recognize | |
174 when reading text (@pxref{Recognize Coding}). This applies to files, | |
175 incoming mail, netnews, and any other text you read into Emacs. It may | |
176 also specify the default coding system to use when you create a file. | |
177 Each language environment also specifies a default input method. | |
178 | |
179 @findex set-language-environment | |
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180 @vindex current-language-environment |
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181 To select a language environment, customize the option |
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182 @code{current-language-environment} or use the command @kbd{M-x |
25829 | 183 set-language-environment}. It makes no difference which buffer is |
184 current when you use this command, because the effects apply globally to | |
185 the Emacs session. The supported language environments include: | |
186 | |
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187 @cindex euro sign |
25829 | 188 @quotation |
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189 Chinese-BIG5, Chinese-CNS, Chinese-GB, Cyrillic-ALT, Cyrillic-ISO, |
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190 Cyrillic-KOI8, Czech, Devanagari, English, Ethiopic, German, Greek, |
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191 Hebrew, IPA, Japanese, Korean, Lao, Latin-1, Latin-2, Latin-3, Latin-4, |
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192 Latin-5, Latin-8 (Celtic), Latin-9 (updated Latin-1, with the Euro |
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193 sign), Polish, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Thai, Tibetan, Turkish, and |
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194 Vietnamese. |
25829 | 195 @end quotation |
196 | |
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197 @findex set-locale-environment |
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198 @vindex locale-language-names |
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199 @vindex locale-charset-language-names |
25829 | 200 Some operating systems let you specify the language you are using by |
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201 setting the locale environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE}, |
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202 and @env{LANG}; the first of these which is nonempty specifies your |
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203 locale. Emacs handles this during startup by invoking the |
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204 @code{set-locale-environment} function, which matches your locale |
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205 against entries in the value of the variable |
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206 @code{locale-language-names} and selects the corresponding language |
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207 environment if a match is found. But if your locale also matches an |
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208 entry in the variable @code{locale-charset-language-names}, this entry |
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209 is preferred if its character set disagrees. For example, suppose the |
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210 locale @samp{en_GB.ISO8859-15} matches @code{"Latin-1"} in |
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211 @code{locale-language-names} and @code{"Latin-9"} in |
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212 @code{locale-charset-language-names}; since these two language |
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213 environments' character sets disagree, Emacs uses @code{"Latin-9"}. |
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214 |
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215 If all goes well, the @code{set-locale-environment} function selects |
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216 the language environment, since language is part of locale. It also |
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217 adjusts the display table and terminal coding system, the locale coding |
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218 system, and the preferred coding system as needed for the locale. |
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219 |
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220 Since the @code{set-locale-environment} function is automatically |
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221 invoked during startup, you normally do not need to invoke it yourself. |
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222 However, if you modify the @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE}, or @env{LANG} |
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223 environment variables, you may want to invoke the |
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224 @code{set-locale-environment} function afterwards. |
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225 |
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226 @findex set-locale-environment |
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227 @vindex locale-preferred-coding-systems |
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228 The @code{set-locale-environment} function normally uses the preferred |
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229 coding system established by the language environment to decode system |
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230 messages. But if your locale matches an entry in the variable |
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231 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, Emacs uses the corresponding |
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232 coding system instead. For example, if the locale @samp{ja_JP.PCK} |
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233 matches @code{japanese-shift-jis} in |
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234 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, Emacs uses that encoding even |
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235 though it might normally use @code{japanese-iso-8bit}. |
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236 |
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237 The environment chosen from the locale when Emacs starts is |
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238 overidden by any explicit use of the command |
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239 @code{set-language-environment} or customization of |
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240 @code{current-language-environment} in your init file. |
25829 | 241 |
242 @kindex C-h L | |
243 @findex describe-language-environment | |
244 To display information about the effects of a certain language | |
245 environment @var{lang-env}, use the command @kbd{C-h L @var{lang-env} | |
246 @key{RET}} (@code{describe-language-environment}). This tells you which | |
247 languages this language environment is useful for, and lists the | |
248 character sets, coding systems, and input methods that go with it. It | |
249 also shows some sample text to illustrate scripts used in this language | |
250 environment. By default, this command describes the chosen language | |
251 environment. | |
252 | |
253 @vindex set-language-environment-hook | |
254 You can customize any language environment with the normal hook | |
255 @code{set-language-environment-hook}. The command | |
256 @code{set-language-environment} runs that hook after setting up the new | |
257 language environment. The hook functions can test for a specific | |
258 language environment by checking the variable | |
259 @code{current-language-environment}. | |
260 | |
261 @vindex exit-language-environment-hook | |
262 Before it starts to set up the new language environment, | |
263 @code{set-language-environment} first runs the hook | |
264 @code{exit-language-environment-hook}. This hook is useful for undoing | |
265 customizations that were made with @code{set-language-environment-hook}. | |
266 For instance, if you set up a special key binding in a specific language | |
267 environment using @code{set-language-environment-hook}, you should set | |
268 up @code{exit-language-environment-hook} to restore the normal binding | |
269 for that key. | |
270 | |
271 @node Input Methods | |
272 @section Input Methods | |
273 | |
274 @cindex input methods | |
275 An @dfn{input method} is a kind of character conversion designed | |
276 specifically for interactive input. In Emacs, typically each language | |
277 has its own input method; sometimes several languages which use the same | |
278 characters can share one input method. A few languages support several | |
279 input methods. | |
280 | |
281 The simplest kind of input method works by mapping ASCII letters into | |
282 another alphabet. This is how the Greek and Russian input methods work. | |
283 | |
284 A more powerful technique is composition: converting sequences of | |
285 characters into one letter. Many European input methods use composition | |
286 to produce a single non-ASCII letter from a sequence that consists of a | |
287 letter followed by accent characters (or vice versa). For example, some | |
288 methods convert the sequence @kbd{a'} into a single accented letter. | |
289 These input methods have no special commands of their own; all they do | |
290 is compose sequences of printing characters. | |
291 | |
292 The input methods for syllabic scripts typically use mapping followed | |
293 by composition. The input methods for Thai and Korean work this way. | |
294 First, letters are mapped into symbols for particular sounds or tone | |
295 marks; then, sequences of these which make up a whole syllable are | |
296 mapped into one syllable sign. | |
297 | |
298 Chinese and Japanese require more complex methods. In Chinese input | |
299 methods, first you enter the phonetic spelling of a Chinese word (in | |
300 input method @code{chinese-py}, among others), or a sequence of portions | |
301 of the character (input methods @code{chinese-4corner} and | |
302 @code{chinese-sw}, and others). Since one phonetic spelling typically | |
303 corresponds to many different Chinese characters, you must select one of | |
304 the alternatives using special Emacs commands. Keys such as @kbd{C-f}, | |
305 @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-n}, @kbd{C-p}, and digits have special definitions in | |
306 this situation, used for selecting among the alternatives. @key{TAB} | |
307 displays a buffer showing all the possibilities. | |
308 | |
309 In Japanese input methods, first you input a whole word using | |
310 phonetic spelling; then, after the word is in the buffer, Emacs converts | |
311 it into one or more characters using a large dictionary. One phonetic | |
312 spelling corresponds to many differently written Japanese words, so you | |
313 must select one of them; use @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} to cycle through | |
314 the alternatives. | |
315 | |
316 Sometimes it is useful to cut off input method processing so that the | |
317 characters you have just entered will not combine with subsequent | |
318 characters. For example, in input method @code{latin-1-postfix}, the | |
319 sequence @kbd{e '} combines to form an @samp{e} with an accent. What if | |
320 you want to enter them as separate characters? | |
321 | |
322 One way is to type the accent twice; that is a special feature for | |
323 entering the separate letter and accent. For example, @kbd{e ' '} gives | |
324 you the two characters @samp{e'}. Another way is to type another letter | |
325 after the @kbd{e}---something that won't combine with that---and | |
326 immediately delete it. For example, you could type @kbd{e e @key{DEL} | |
327 '} to get separate @samp{e} and @samp{'}. | |
328 | |
329 Another method, more general but not quite as easy to type, is to use | |
330 @kbd{C-\ C-\} between two characters to stop them from combining. This | |
331 is the command @kbd{C-\} (@code{toggle-input-method}) used twice. | |
332 @ifinfo | |
333 @xref{Select Input Method}. | |
334 @end ifinfo | |
335 | |
336 @kbd{C-\ C-\} is especially useful inside an incremental search, | |
337 because it stops waiting for more characters to combine, and starts | |
338 searching for what you have already entered. | |
339 | |
340 @vindex input-method-verbose-flag | |
341 @vindex input-method-highlight-flag | |
342 The variables @code{input-method-highlight-flag} and | |
343 @code{input-method-verbose-flag} control how input methods explain what | |
344 is happening. If @code{input-method-highlight-flag} is non-@code{nil}, | |
345 the partial sequence is highlighted in the buffer. If | |
346 @code{input-method-verbose-flag} is non-@code{nil}, the list of possible | |
347 characters to type next is displayed in the echo area (but not when you | |
348 are in the minibuffer). | |
349 | |
31077 | 350 @cindex Leim package |
351 Input methods are implemented in the separate Leim package, which must | |
352 be installed with Emacs. | |
353 | |
25829 | 354 @node Select Input Method |
355 @section Selecting an Input Method | |
356 | |
357 @table @kbd | |
358 @item C-\ | |
359 Enable or disable use of the selected input method. | |
360 | |
361 @item C-x @key{RET} C-\ @var{method} @key{RET} | |
362 Select a new input method for the current buffer. | |
363 | |
364 @item C-h I @var{method} @key{RET} | |
365 @itemx C-h C-\ @var{method} @key{RET} | |
366 @findex describe-input-method | |
367 @kindex C-h I | |
368 @kindex C-h C-\ | |
369 Describe the input method @var{method} (@code{describe-input-method}). | |
31204 | 370 By default, it describes the current input method (if any). This |
371 description should give you the full details of how to use any | |
31270 | 372 particular input method. |
25829 | 373 |
374 @item M-x list-input-methods | |
375 Display a list of all the supported input methods. | |
376 @end table | |
377 | |
378 @findex set-input-method | |
379 @vindex current-input-method | |
380 @kindex C-x RET C-\ | |
381 To choose an input method for the current buffer, use @kbd{C-x | |
382 @key{RET} C-\} (@code{set-input-method}). This command reads the | |
383 input method name with the minibuffer; the name normally starts with the | |
384 language environment that it is meant to be used with. The variable | |
385 @code{current-input-method} records which input method is selected. | |
386 | |
387 @findex toggle-input-method | |
388 @kindex C-\ | |
389 Input methods use various sequences of ASCII characters to stand for | |
390 non-ASCII characters. Sometimes it is useful to turn off the input | |
391 method temporarily. To do this, type @kbd{C-\} | |
392 (@code{toggle-input-method}). To reenable the input method, type | |
393 @kbd{C-\} again. | |
394 | |
395 If you type @kbd{C-\} and you have not yet selected an input method, | |
396 it prompts for you to specify one. This has the same effect as using | |
397 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} C-\} to specify an input method. | |
398 | |
399 @vindex default-input-method | |
400 Selecting a language environment specifies a default input method for | |
401 use in various buffers. When you have a default input method, you can | |
402 select it in the current buffer by typing @kbd{C-\}. The variable | |
403 @code{default-input-method} specifies the default input method | |
404 (@code{nil} means there is none). | |
405 | |
406 @findex quail-set-keyboard-layout | |
407 Some input methods for alphabetic scripts work by (in effect) | |
408 remapping the keyboard to emulate various keyboard layouts commonly used | |
409 for those scripts. How to do this remapping properly depends on your | |
410 actual keyboard layout. To specify which layout your keyboard has, use | |
411 the command @kbd{M-x quail-set-keyboard-layout}. | |
412 | |
413 @findex list-input-methods | |
414 To display a list of all the supported input methods, type @kbd{M-x | |
415 list-input-methods}. The list gives information about each input | |
416 method, including the string that stands for it in the mode line. | |
417 | |
418 @node Multibyte Conversion | |
419 @section Unibyte and Multibyte Non-ASCII characters | |
420 | |
421 When multibyte characters are enabled, character codes 0240 (octal) | |
422 through 0377 (octal) are not really legitimate in the buffer. The valid | |
423 non-ASCII printing characters have codes that start from 0400. | |
424 | |
425 If you type a self-inserting character in the invalid range 0240 | |
426 through 0377, Emacs assumes you intended to use one of the ISO | |
427 Latin-@var{n} character sets, and converts it to the Emacs code | |
428 representing that Latin-@var{n} character. You select @emph{which} ISO | |
429 Latin character set to use through your choice of language environment | |
430 @iftex | |
431 (see above). | |
432 @end iftex | |
433 @ifinfo | |
434 (@pxref{Language Environments}). | |
435 @end ifinfo | |
436 If you do not specify a choice, the default is Latin-1. | |
437 | |
438 The same thing happens when you use @kbd{C-q} to enter an octal code | |
439 in this range. | |
440 | |
441 @node Coding Systems | |
442 @section Coding Systems | |
443 @cindex coding systems | |
444 | |
445 Users of various languages have established many more-or-less standard | |
446 coding systems for representing them. Emacs does not use these coding | |
447 systems internally; instead, it converts from various coding systems to | |
448 its own system when reading data, and converts the internal coding | |
449 system to other coding systems when writing data. Conversion is | |
450 possible in reading or writing files, in sending or receiving from the | |
451 terminal, and in exchanging data with subprocesses. | |
452 | |
453 Emacs assigns a name to each coding system. Most coding systems are | |
454 used for one language, and the name of the coding system starts with the | |
455 language name. Some coding systems are used for several languages; | |
456 their names usually start with @samp{iso}. There are also special | |
457 coding systems @code{no-conversion}, @code{raw-text} and | |
458 @code{emacs-mule} which do not convert printing characters at all. | |
459 | |
460 @cindex end-of-line conversion | |
461 In addition to converting various representations of non-ASCII | |
462 characters, a coding system can perform end-of-line conversion. Emacs | |
463 handles three different conventions for how to separate lines in a file: | |
464 newline, carriage-return linefeed, and just carriage-return. | |
465 | |
466 @table @kbd | |
467 @item C-h C @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
468 Describe coding system @var{coding}. | |
469 | |
470 @item C-h C @key{RET} | |
471 Describe the coding systems currently in use. | |
472 | |
473 @item M-x list-coding-systems | |
474 Display a list of all the supported coding systems. | |
475 @end table | |
476 | |
477 @kindex C-h C | |
478 @findex describe-coding-system | |
479 The command @kbd{C-h C} (@code{describe-coding-system}) displays | |
480 information about particular coding systems. You can specify a coding | |
481 system name as argument; alternatively, with an empty argument, it | |
482 describes the coding systems currently selected for various purposes, | |
483 both in the current buffer and as the defaults, and the priority list | |
484 for recognizing coding systems (@pxref{Recognize Coding}). | |
485 | |
486 @findex list-coding-systems | |
487 To display a list of all the supported coding systems, type @kbd{M-x | |
488 list-coding-systems}. The list gives information about each coding | |
489 system, including the letter that stands for it in the mode line | |
490 (@pxref{Mode Line}). | |
491 | |
492 @cindex end-of-line conversion | |
493 @cindex MS-DOS end-of-line conversion | |
494 @cindex Macintosh end-of-line conversion | |
495 Each of the coding systems that appear in this list---except for | |
496 @code{no-conversion}, which means no conversion of any kind---specifies | |
497 how and whether to convert printing characters, but leaves the choice of | |
498 end-of-line conversion to be decided based on the contents of each file. | |
499 For example, if the file appears to use the sequence carriage-return | |
500 linefeed to separate lines, DOS end-of-line conversion will be used. | |
501 | |
502 Each of the listed coding systems has three variants which specify | |
503 exactly what to do for end-of-line conversion: | |
504 | |
505 @table @code | |
506 @item @dots{}-unix | |
507 Don't do any end-of-line conversion; assume the file uses | |
508 newline to separate lines. (This is the convention normally used | |
509 on Unix and GNU systems.) | |
510 | |
511 @item @dots{}-dos | |
512 Assume the file uses carriage-return linefeed to separate lines, and do | |
513 the appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on | |
514 Microsoft systems.@footnote{It is also specified for MIME `text/*' | |
515 bodies and in other network transport contexts. It is different | |
516 from the SGML reference syntax record-start/record-end format which | |
517 Emacs doesn't support directly.}) | |
518 | |
519 @item @dots{}-mac | |
520 Assume the file uses carriage-return to separate lines, and do the | |
521 appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on the | |
522 Macintosh system.) | |
523 @end table | |
524 | |
525 These variant coding systems are omitted from the | |
526 @code{list-coding-systems} display for brevity, since they are entirely | |
527 predictable. For example, the coding system @code{iso-latin-1} has | |
528 variants @code{iso-latin-1-unix}, @code{iso-latin-1-dos} and | |
529 @code{iso-latin-1-mac}. | |
530 | |
531 The coding system @code{raw-text} is good for a file which is mainly | |
532 ASCII text, but may contain byte values above 127 which are not meant to | |
533 encode non-ASCII characters. With @code{raw-text}, Emacs copies those | |
534 byte values unchanged, and sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to | |
535 @code{nil} in the current buffer so that they will be interpreted | |
536 properly. @code{raw-text} handles end-of-line conversion in the usual | |
537 way, based on the data encountered, and has the usual three variants to | |
538 specify the kind of end-of-line conversion to use. | |
539 | |
540 In contrast, the coding system @code{no-conversion} specifies no | |
541 character code conversion at all---none for non-ASCII byte values and | |
542 none for end of line. This is useful for reading or writing binary | |
543 files, tar files, and other files that must be examined verbatim. It, | |
544 too, sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{nil}. | |
545 | |
546 The easiest way to edit a file with no conversion of any kind is with | |
547 the @kbd{M-x find-file-literally} command. This uses | |
548 @code{no-conversion}, and also suppresses other Emacs features that | |
549 might convert the file contents before you see them. @xref{Visiting}. | |
550 | |
551 The coding system @code{emacs-mule} means that the file contains | |
552 non-ASCII characters stored with the internal Emacs encoding. It | |
553 handles end-of-line conversion based on the data encountered, and has | |
554 the usual three variants to specify the kind of end-of-line conversion. | |
555 | |
556 @node Recognize Coding | |
557 @section Recognizing Coding Systems | |
558 | |
559 Most of the time, Emacs can recognize which coding system to use for | |
560 any given file---once you have specified your preferences. | |
561 | |
562 Some coding systems can be recognized or distinguished by which byte | |
563 sequences appear in the data. However, there are coding systems that | |
564 cannot be distinguished, not even potentially. For example, there is no | |
565 way to distinguish between Latin-1 and Latin-2; they use the same byte | |
566 values with different meanings. | |
567 | |
568 Emacs handles this situation by means of a priority list of coding | |
569 systems. Whenever Emacs reads a file, if you do not specify the coding | |
570 system to use, Emacs checks the data against each coding system, | |
571 starting with the first in priority and working down the list, until it | |
572 finds a coding system that fits the data. Then it converts the file | |
573 contents assuming that they are represented in this coding system. | |
574 | |
575 The priority list of coding systems depends on the selected language | |
576 environment (@pxref{Language Environments}). For example, if you use | |
577 French, you probably want Emacs to prefer Latin-1 to Latin-2; if you use | |
578 Czech, you probably want Latin-2 to be preferred. This is one of the | |
579 reasons to specify a language environment. | |
580 | |
581 @findex prefer-coding-system | |
582 However, you can alter the priority list in detail with the command | |
583 @kbd{M-x prefer-coding-system}. This command reads the name of a coding | |
584 system from the minibuffer, and adds it to the front of the priority | |
585 list, so that it is preferred to all others. If you use this command | |
586 several times, each use adds one element to the front of the priority | |
587 list. | |
588 | |
589 If you use a coding system that specifies the end-of-line conversion | |
590 type, such as @code{iso-8859-1-dos}, what that means is that Emacs | |
591 should attempt to recognize @code{iso-8859-1} with priority, and should | |
592 use DOS end-of-line conversion in case it recognizes @code{iso-8859-1}. | |
593 | |
594 @vindex file-coding-system-alist | |
595 Sometimes a file name indicates which coding system to use for the | |
596 file. The variable @code{file-coding-system-alist} specifies this | |
597 correspondence. There is a special function | |
598 @code{modify-coding-system-alist} for adding elements to this list. For | |
599 example, to read and write all @samp{.txt} files using the coding system | |
600 @code{china-iso-8bit}, you can execute this Lisp expression: | |
601 | |
602 @smallexample | |
603 (modify-coding-system-alist 'file "\\.txt\\'" 'china-iso-8bit) | |
604 @end smallexample | |
605 | |
606 @noindent | |
607 The first argument should be @code{file}, the second argument should be | |
608 a regular expression that determines which files this applies to, and | |
609 the third argument says which coding system to use for these files. | |
610 | |
611 @vindex inhibit-eol-conversion | |
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612 @cindex DOS-style end-of-line display |
25829 | 613 Emacs recognizes which kind of end-of-line conversion to use based on |
614 the contents of the file: if it sees only carriage-returns, or only | |
615 carriage-return linefeed sequences, then it chooses the end-of-line | |
616 conversion accordingly. You can inhibit the automatic use of | |
617 end-of-line conversion by setting the variable @code{inhibit-eol-conversion} | |
618 to non-@code{nil}. | |
619 | |
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620 @vindex inhibit-iso-escape-detection |
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621 @cindex escape sequences in files |
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622 By default, the automatic detection of coding system is sensitive to |
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623 escape sequences. If Emacs sees a sequence of characters that begin |
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624 with an @key{ESC} character, and the sequence is valid as an ISO-2022 |
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625 code, the code is determined as one of ISO-2022 encoding, and the file |
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626 is decoded by the corresponding coding system |
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627 (e.g. @code{iso-2022-7bit}). |
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628 |
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629 However, there may be cases that you want to read escape sequences in |
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630 a file as is. In such a case, you can set th variable |
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631 @code{inhibit-iso-escape-detection} to non-@code{nil}. Then the code |
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632 detection will ignore any escape sequences, and so no file is detected |
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633 as being encoded in some of ISO-2022 encoding. The result is that all |
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634 escape sequences become visible in a buffer. |
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635 |
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636 The default value of @code{inhibit-iso-escape-detection} is |
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637 @code{nil}, and it is strongly recommended not to change it. That's |
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638 because many Emacs Lisp source files that contain non-ASCII characters |
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639 are encoded in the coding system @code{iso-2022-7bit} in the Emacs |
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640 distribution, and they won't be decoded correctly when you visit those |
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641 files if you suppress the escape sequence detection. |
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642 |
25829 | 643 @vindex coding |
644 You can specify the coding system for a particular file using the | |
645 @samp{-*-@dots{}-*-} construct at the beginning of a file, or a local | |
646 variables list at the end (@pxref{File Variables}). You do this by | |
647 defining a value for the ``variable'' named @code{coding}. Emacs does | |
648 not really have a variable @code{coding}; instead of setting a variable, | |
649 it uses the specified coding system for the file. For example, | |
650 @samp{-*-mode: C; coding: latin-1;-*-} specifies use of the Latin-1 | |
651 coding system, as well as C mode. If you specify the coding explicitly | |
652 in the file, that overrides @code{file-coding-system-alist}. | |
653 | |
654 @vindex auto-coding-alist | |
655 The variable @code{auto-coding-alist} is the strongest way to specify | |
656 the coding system for certain patterns of file names; this variable even | |
657 overrides @samp{-*-coding:-*-} tags in the file itself. Emacs uses this | |
658 feature for tar and archive files, to prevent Emacs from being confused | |
659 by a @samp{-*-coding:-*-} tag in a member of the archive and thinking it | |
660 applies to the archive file as a whole. | |
661 | |
662 @vindex buffer-file-coding-system | |
663 Once Emacs has chosen a coding system for a buffer, it stores that | |
664 coding system in @code{buffer-file-coding-system} and uses that coding | |
665 system, by default, for operations that write from this buffer into a | |
666 file. This includes the commands @code{save-buffer} and | |
667 @code{write-region}. If you want to write files from this buffer using | |
668 a different coding system, you can specify a different coding system for | |
669 the buffer using @code{set-buffer-file-coding-system} (@pxref{Specify | |
670 Coding}). | |
671 | |
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672 While editing a file, you will sometimes insert characters which |
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673 cannot be encoded with the coding system stored in |
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674 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}. For example, suppose you start with |
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675 an ASCII file and insert a few Latin-1 characters into it. Or you could |
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676 edit a text file in Polish encoded in @code{iso-8859-2} and add to it |
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677 translations of several Polish words into Russian. When you save the |
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678 buffer, Emacs can no longer use the previous value of the buffer's |
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679 coding system, because the characters you added cannot be encoded by |
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680 that coding system. |
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681 |
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682 When that happens, Emacs tries the most-preferred coding system (set |
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683 by @kbd{M-x prefer-coding-system} or @kbd{M-x |
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684 set-language-environment}), and if that coding system can safely encode |
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685 all of the characters in the buffer, Emacs uses it, and stores its value |
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686 in @code{buffer-file-coding-system}. Otherwise, Emacs pops up a window |
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687 with a list of coding systems suitable for encoding the buffer, and |
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688 prompts you to choose one of those coding systems. |
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689 |
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690 If you insert characters which cannot be encoded by the buffer's |
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691 coding system while editing a mail message, Emacs behaves a bit |
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692 differently. It additionally checks whether the most-preferred coding |
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693 system is recommended for use in MIME messages; if it isn't, Emacs tells |
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694 you that the most-preferred coding system is not recommended and prompts |
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695 you for another coding system. This is so you won't inadvertently send |
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696 a message encoded in a way that your recipient's mail software will have |
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697 difficulty decoding. (If you do want to use the most-preferred coding |
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698 system, you can type its name to Emacs prompt anyway.) |
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699 |
25829 | 700 @vindex sendmail-coding-system |
701 When you send a message with Mail mode (@pxref{Sending Mail}), Emacs has | |
702 four different ways to determine the coding system to use for encoding | |
703 the message text. It tries the buffer's own value of | |
704 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, if that is non-@code{nil}. Otherwise, | |
705 it uses the value of @code{sendmail-coding-system}, if that is | |
706 non-@code{nil}. The third way is to use the default coding system for | |
707 new files, which is controlled by your choice of language environment, | |
708 if that is non-@code{nil}. If all of these three values are @code{nil}, | |
709 Emacs encodes outgoing mail using the Latin-1 coding system. | |
710 | |
711 @vindex rmail-decode-mime-charset | |
712 When you get new mail in Rmail, each message is translated | |
713 automatically from the coding system it is written in---as if it were a | |
714 separate file. This uses the priority list of coding systems that you | |
715 have specified. If a MIME message specifies a character set, Rmail | |
716 obeys that specification, unless @code{rmail-decode-mime-charset} is | |
717 @code{nil}. | |
718 | |
719 @vindex rmail-file-coding-system | |
720 For reading and saving Rmail files themselves, Emacs uses the coding | |
721 system specified by the variable @code{rmail-file-coding-system}. The | |
722 default value is @code{nil}, which means that Rmail files are not | |
723 translated (they are read and written in the Emacs internal character | |
724 code). | |
725 | |
726 @node Specify Coding | |
727 @section Specifying a Coding System | |
728 | |
729 In cases where Emacs does not automatically choose the right coding | |
730 system, you can use these commands to specify one: | |
731 | |
732 @table @kbd | |
733 @item C-x @key{RET} f @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
734 Use coding system @var{coding} for the visited file | |
735 in the current buffer. | |
736 | |
737 @item C-x @key{RET} c @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
738 Specify coding system @var{coding} for the immediately following | |
739 command. | |
740 | |
741 @item C-x @key{RET} k @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
742 Use coding system @var{coding} for keyboard input. | |
743 | |
744 @item C-x @key{RET} t @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
745 Use coding system @var{coding} for terminal output. | |
746 | |
747 @item C-x @key{RET} p @var{input-coding} @key{RET} @var{output-coding} @key{RET} | |
748 Use coding systems @var{input-coding} and @var{output-coding} for | |
749 subprocess input and output in the current buffer. | |
750 | |
751 @item C-x @key{RET} x @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
752 Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring selections to and from | |
753 other programs through the window system. | |
754 | |
755 @item C-x @key{RET} X @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
756 Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring @emph{one} | |
757 selection---the next one---to or from the window system. | |
758 @end table | |
759 | |
760 @kindex C-x RET f | |
761 @findex set-buffer-file-coding-system | |
762 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f} (@code{set-buffer-file-coding-system}) | |
763 specifies the file coding system for the current buffer---in other | |
764 words, which coding system to use when saving or rereading the visited | |
765 file. You specify which coding system using the minibuffer. Since this | |
766 command applies to a file you have already visited, it affects only the | |
767 way the file is saved. | |
768 | |
769 @kindex C-x RET c | |
770 @findex universal-coding-system-argument | |
771 Another way to specify the coding system for a file is when you visit | |
772 the file. First use the command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} | |
773 (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}); this command uses the | |
774 minibuffer to read a coding system name. After you exit the minibuffer, | |
775 the specified coding system is used for @emph{the immediately following | |
776 command}. | |
777 | |
778 So if the immediately following command is @kbd{C-x C-f}, for example, | |
779 it reads the file using that coding system (and records the coding | |
780 system for when the file is saved). Or if the immediately following | |
781 command is @kbd{C-x C-w}, it writes the file using that coding system. | |
782 Other file commands affected by a specified coding system include | |
783 @kbd{C-x C-i} and @kbd{C-x C-v}, as well as the other-window variants of | |
784 @kbd{C-x C-f}. | |
785 | |
786 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} also affects commands that start subprocesses, | |
787 including @kbd{M-x shell} (@pxref{Shell}). | |
788 | |
789 However, if the immediately following command does not use the coding | |
790 system, then @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} ultimately has no effect. | |
791 | |
792 An easy way to visit a file with no conversion is with the @kbd{M-x | |
793 find-file-literally} command. @xref{Visiting}. | |
794 | |
795 @vindex default-buffer-file-coding-system | |
796 The variable @code{default-buffer-file-coding-system} specifies the | |
797 choice of coding system to use when you create a new file. It applies | |
798 when you find a new file, and when you create a buffer and then save it | |
799 in a file. Selecting a language environment typically sets this | |
800 variable to a good choice of default coding system for that language | |
801 environment. | |
802 | |
803 @kindex C-x RET t | |
804 @findex set-terminal-coding-system | |
805 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} t} (@code{set-terminal-coding-system}) | |
806 specifies the coding system for terminal output. If you specify a | |
807 character code for terminal output, all characters output to the | |
808 terminal are translated into that coding system. | |
809 | |
810 This feature is useful for certain character-only terminals built to | |
811 support specific languages or character sets---for example, European | |
812 terminals that support one of the ISO Latin character sets. You need to | |
813 specify the terminal coding system when using multibyte text, so that | |
814 Emacs knows which characters the terminal can actually handle. | |
815 | |
816 By default, output to the terminal is not translated at all, unless | |
817 Emacs can deduce the proper coding system from your terminal type. | |
818 | |
819 @kindex C-x RET k | |
820 @findex set-keyboard-coding-system | |
821 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} k} (@code{set-keyboard-coding-system}) | |
822 specifies the coding system for keyboard input. Character-code | |
823 translation of keyboard input is useful for terminals with keys that | |
824 send non-ASCII graphic characters---for example, some terminals designed | |
825 for ISO Latin-1 or subsets of it. | |
826 | |
827 By default, keyboard input is not translated at all. | |
828 | |
829 There is a similarity between using a coding system translation for | |
830 keyboard input, and using an input method: both define sequences of | |
831 keyboard input that translate into single characters. However, input | |
832 methods are designed to be convenient for interactive use by humans, and | |
833 the sequences that are translated are typically sequences of ASCII | |
834 printing characters. Coding systems typically translate sequences of | |
835 non-graphic characters. | |
836 | |
837 @kindex C-x RET x | |
838 @kindex C-x RET X | |
839 @findex set-selection-coding-system | |
840 @findex set-next-selection-coding-system | |
841 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} x} (@code{set-selection-coding-system}) | |
842 specifies the coding system for sending selected text to the window | |
843 system, and for receiving the text of selections made in other | |
844 applications. This command applies to all subsequent selections, until | |
845 you override it by using the command again. The command @kbd{C-x | |
846 @key{RET} X} (@code{set-next-selection-coding-system}) specifies the | |
847 coding system for the next selection made in Emacs or read by Emacs. | |
848 | |
849 @kindex C-x RET p | |
850 @findex set-buffer-process-coding-system | |
851 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} p} (@code{set-buffer-process-coding-system}) | |
852 specifies the coding system for input and output to a subprocess. This | |
853 command applies to the current buffer; normally, each subprocess has its | |
854 own buffer, and thus you can use this command to specify translation to | |
855 and from a particular subprocess by giving the command in the | |
856 corresponding buffer. | |
857 | |
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858 The default for translation of process input and output depends on the |
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859 current language environment. |
25829 | 860 |
861 @vindex file-name-coding-system | |
862 The variable @code{file-name-coding-system} specifies a coding system | |
863 to use for encoding file names. If you set the variable to a coding | |
864 system name (as a Lisp symbol or a string), Emacs encodes file names | |
865 using that coding system for all file operations. This makes it | |
866 possible to use non-ASCII characters in file names---or, at least, those | |
867 non-ASCII characters which the specified coding system can encode. | |
868 | |
869 If @code{file-name-coding-system} is @code{nil}, Emacs uses a default | |
870 coding system determined by the selected language environment. In the | |
871 default language environment, any non-ASCII characters in file names are | |
872 not encoded specially; they appear in the file system using the internal | |
873 Emacs representation. | |
874 | |
875 @strong{Warning:} if you change @code{file-name-coding-system} (or the | |
876 language environment) in the middle of an Emacs session, problems can | |
877 result if you have already visited files whose names were encoded using | |
878 the earlier coding system and cannot be encoded (or are encoded | |
879 differently) under the new coding system. If you try to save one of | |
880 these buffers under the visited file name, saving may use the wrong file | |
881 name, or it may get an error. If such a problem happens, use @kbd{C-x | |
882 C-w} to specify a new file name for that buffer. | |
883 | |
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884 @vindex locale-coding-system |
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885 The variable @code{locale-coding-system} specifies a coding system to |
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886 use when encoding and decoding system strings such as system error |
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887 messages and @code{format-time-string} formats and time stamps. This |
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888 coding system should be compatible with the underlying system's coding |
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889 system, which is normally specified by the first environment variable in |
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890 the list @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE}, @env{LANG} whose value is |
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891 nonempty. |
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892 |
25829 | 893 @node Fontsets |
894 @section Fontsets | |
895 @cindex fontsets | |
896 | |
897 A font for X Windows typically defines shapes for one alphabet or | |
898 script. Therefore, displaying the entire range of scripts that Emacs | |
899 supports requires a collection of many fonts. In Emacs, such a | |
900 collection is called a @dfn{fontset}. A fontset is defined by a list of | |
901 fonts, each assigned to handle a range of character codes. | |
902 | |
903 Each fontset has a name, like a font. The available X fonts are | |
904 defined by the X server; fontsets, however, are defined within Emacs | |
905 itself. Once you have defined a fontset, you can use it within Emacs by | |
906 specifying its name, anywhere that you could use a single font. Of | |
907 course, Emacs fontsets can use only the fonts that the X server | |
908 supports; if certain characters appear on the screen as hollow boxes, | |
909 this means that the fontset in use for them has no font for those | |
910 characters. | |
911 | |
912 Emacs creates two fontsets automatically: the @dfn{standard fontset} | |
913 and the @dfn{startup fontset}. The standard fontset is most likely to | |
914 have fonts for a wide variety of non-ASCII characters; however, this is | |
915 not the default for Emacs to use. (By default, Emacs tries to find a | |
916 font which has bold and italic variants.) You can specify use of the | |
917 standard fontset with the @samp{-fn} option, or with the @samp{Font} X | |
918 resource (@pxref{Font X}). For example, | |
919 | |
920 @example | |
921 emacs -fn fontset-standard | |
922 @end example | |
923 | |
924 A fontset does not necessarily specify a font for every character | |
925 code. If a fontset specifies no font for a certain character, or if it | |
926 specifies a font that does not exist on your system, then it cannot | |
927 display that character properly. It will display that character as an | |
928 empty box instead. | |
929 | |
930 @vindex highlight-wrong-size-font | |
931 The fontset height and width are determined by the ASCII characters | |
932 (that is, by the font used for ASCII characters in that fontset). If | |
933 another font in the fontset has a different height, or a different | |
934 width, then characters assigned to that font are clipped to the | |
935 fontset's size. If @code{highlight-wrong-size-font} is non-@code{nil}, | |
936 a box is displayed around these wrong-size characters as well. | |
937 | |
938 @node Defining Fontsets | |
939 @section Defining fontsets | |
940 | |
941 @vindex standard-fontset-spec | |
942 @cindex standard fontset | |
943 Emacs creates a standard fontset automatically according to the value | |
944 of @code{standard-fontset-spec}. This fontset's name is | |
945 | |
946 @example | |
947 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-standard | |
948 @end example | |
949 | |
950 @noindent | |
951 or just @samp{fontset-standard} for short. | |
952 | |
953 Bold, italic, and bold-italic variants of the standard fontset are | |
954 created automatically. Their names have @samp{bold} instead of | |
955 @samp{medium}, or @samp{i} instead of @samp{r}, or both. | |
956 | |
957 @cindex startup fontset | |
958 If you specify a default ASCII font with the @samp{Font} resource or | |
959 the @samp{-fn} argument, Emacs generates a fontset from it | |
960 automatically. This is the @dfn{startup fontset} and its name is | |
961 @code{fontset-startup}. It does this by replacing the @var{foundry}, | |
962 @var{family}, @var{add_style}, and @var{average_width} fields of the | |
963 font name with @samp{*}, replacing @var{charset_registry} field with | |
964 @samp{fontset}, and replacing @var{charset_encoding} field with | |
965 @samp{startup}, then using the resulting string to specify a fontset. | |
966 | |
967 For instance, if you start Emacs this way, | |
968 | |
969 @example | |
970 emacs -fn "*courier-medium-r-normal--14-140-*-iso8859-1" | |
971 @end example | |
972 | |
973 @noindent | |
974 Emacs generates the following fontset and uses it for the initial X | |
975 window frame: | |
976 | |
977 @example | |
978 -*-*-medium-r-normal-*-14-140-*-*-*-*-fontset-startup | |
979 @end example | |
980 | |
981 With the X resource @samp{Emacs.Font}, you can specify a fontset name | |
982 just like an actual font name. But be careful not to specify a fontset | |
983 name in a wildcard resource like @samp{Emacs*Font}---that wildcard | |
984 specification applies to various other purposes, such as menus, and | |
985 menus cannot handle fontsets. | |
986 | |
987 You can specify additional fontsets using X resources named | |
988 @samp{Fontset-@var{n}}, where @var{n} is an integer starting from 0. | |
989 The resource value should have this form: | |
990 | |
991 @smallexample | |
992 @var{fontpattern}, @r{[}@var{charsetname}:@var{fontname}@r{]@dots{}} | |
993 @end smallexample | |
994 | |
995 @noindent | |
996 @var{fontpattern} should have the form of a standard X font name, except | |
997 for the last two fields. They should have the form | |
998 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. | |
999 | |
1000 The fontset has two names, one long and one short. The long name is | |
1001 @var{fontpattern}. The short name is @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. You | |
1002 can refer to the fontset by either name. | |
1003 | |
1004 The construct @samp{@var{charset}:@var{font}} specifies which font to | |
1005 use (in this fontset) for one particular character set. Here, | |
1006 @var{charset} is the name of a character set, and @var{font} is the | |
1007 font to use for that character set. You can use this construct any | |
1008 number of times in defining one fontset. | |
1009 | |
1010 For the other character sets, Emacs chooses a font based on | |
1011 @var{fontpattern}. It replaces @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} with values | |
1012 that describe the character set. For the ASCII character font, | |
1013 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} is replaced with @samp{ISO8859-1}. | |
1014 | |
1015 In addition, when several consecutive fields are wildcards, Emacs | |
1016 collapses them into a single wildcard. This is to prevent use of | |
1017 auto-scaled fonts. Fonts made by scaling larger fonts are not usable | |
1018 for editing, and scaling a smaller font is not useful because it is | |
1019 better to use the smaller font in its own size, which Emacs does. | |
1020 | |
1021 Thus if @var{fontpattern} is this, | |
1022 | |
1023 @example | |
1024 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24 | |
1025 @end example | |
1026 | |
1027 @noindent | |
1028 the font specification for ASCII characters would be this: | |
1029 | |
1030 @example | |
1031 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-ISO8859-1 | |
1032 @end example | |
1033 | |
1034 @noindent | |
1035 and the font specification for Chinese GB2312 characters would be this: | |
1036 | |
1037 @example | |
1038 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-* | |
1039 @end example | |
1040 | |
1041 You may not have any Chinese font matching the above font | |
1042 specification. Most X distributions include only Chinese fonts that | |
1043 have @samp{song ti} or @samp{fangsong ti} in @var{family} field. In | |
1044 such a case, @samp{Fontset-@var{n}} can be specified as below: | |
1045 | |
1046 @smallexample | |
1047 Emacs.Fontset-0: -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24,\ | |
1048 chinese-gb2312:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-* | |
1049 @end smallexample | |
1050 | |
1051 @noindent | |
1052 Then, the font specifications for all but Chinese GB2312 characters have | |
1053 @samp{fixed} in the @var{family} field, and the font specification for | |
1054 Chinese GB2312 characters has a wild card @samp{*} in the @var{family} | |
1055 field. | |
1056 | |
1057 @findex create-fontset-from-fontset-spec | |
1058 The function that processes the fontset resource value to create the | |
1059 fontset is called @code{create-fontset-from-fontset-spec}. You can also | |
1060 call this function explicitly to create a fontset. | |
1061 | |
1062 @xref{Font X}, for more information about font naming in X. | |
1063 | |
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1064 @node Single-Byte Character Support |
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1065 @section Single-byte Character Set Support |
25829 | 1066 |
1067 @cindex European character sets | |
1068 @cindex accented characters | |
1069 @cindex ISO Latin character sets | |
1070 @cindex Unibyte operation | |
1071 @vindex enable-multibyte-characters | |
1072 The ISO 8859 Latin-@var{n} character sets define character codes in | |
1073 the range 160 to 255 to handle the accented letters and punctuation | |
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1074 needed by various European languages (and some non-European ones). |
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1075 If you disable multibyte |
25829 | 1076 characters, Emacs can still handle @emph{one} of these character codes |
1077 at a time. To specify @emph{which} of these codes to use, invoke | |
1078 @kbd{M-x set-language-environment} and specify a suitable language | |
1079 environment such as @samp{Latin-@var{n}}. | |
1080 | |
1081 For more information about unibyte operation, see @ref{Enabling | |
1082 Multibyte}. Note particularly that you probably want to ensure that | |
1083 your initialization files are read as unibyte if they contain non-ASCII | |
1084 characters. | |
1085 | |
1086 @vindex unibyte-display-via-language-environment | |
1087 Emacs can also display those characters, provided the terminal or font | |
1088 in use supports them. This works automatically. Alternatively, if you | |
1089 are using a window system, Emacs can also display single-byte characters | |
1090 through fontsets, in effect by displaying the equivalent multibyte | |
1091 characters according to the current language environment. To request | |
1092 this, set the variable @code{unibyte-display-via-language-environment} | |
1093 to a non-@code{nil} value. | |
1094 | |
1095 @cindex @code{iso-ascii} library | |
1096 If your terminal does not support display of the Latin-1 character | |
1097 set, Emacs can display these characters as ASCII sequences which at | |
1098 least give you a clear idea of what the characters are. To do this, | |
1099 load the library @code{iso-ascii}. Similar libraries for other | |
1100 Latin-@var{n} character sets could be implemented, but we don't have | |
1101 them yet. | |
1102 | |
1103 @findex standard-display-8bit | |
1104 @cindex 8-bit display | |
1105 Normally non-ISO-8859 characters (between characters 128 and 159 | |
1106 inclusive) are displayed as octal escapes. You can change this for | |
1107 non-standard `extended' versions of ISO-8859 character sets by using the | |
1108 function @code{standard-display-8bit} in the @code{disp-table} library. | |
1109 | |
28552 | 1110 There are several ways you can input single-byte non-ASCII |
25829 | 1111 characters: |
1112 | |
1113 @itemize @bullet | |
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1114 @cindex 8-bit input |
25829 | 1115 @item |
1116 If your keyboard can generate character codes 128 and up, representing | |
31077 | 1117 non-ASCII characters, you can execute the following expression to enable |
1118 Emacs to understand them: | |
25829 | 1119 |
1120 @example | |
1121 (set-input-mode (car (current-input-mode)) | |
1122 (nth 1 (current-input-mode)) | |
1123 0) | |
1124 @end example | |
1125 | |
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1126 It is not necessary to do this under a window system which can |
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1127 distinguish 8-bit characters and Meta keys. If you do this on a normal |
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1128 terminal, you will probably need to use @kbd{ESC} to type Meta |
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1129 characters.@footnote{In some cases, such as the Linux console and |
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1130 @code{xterm}, you can arrange for Meta to be converted to @kbd{ESC} and |
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1131 still be able type 8-bit characters present directly on the keyboard or |
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1132 using @kbd{Compose} or @kbd{AltGr} keys.} @xref{User Input}. |
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1133 |
25829 | 1134 @item |
1135 You can use an input method for the selected language environment. | |
1136 @xref{Input Methods}. When you use an input method in a unibyte buffer, | |
1137 the non-ASCII character you specify with it is converted to unibyte. | |
1138 | |
1139 @kindex C-x 8 | |
1140 @cindex @code{iso-transl} library | |
31077 | 1141 @cindex compose character |
1142 @cindex dead character | |
25829 | 1143 @item |
1144 For Latin-1 only, you can use the | |
1145 key @kbd{C-x 8} as a ``compose character'' prefix for entry of | |
1146 non-ASCII Latin-1 printing characters. @kbd{C-x 8} is good for | |
1147 insertion (in the minibuffer as well as other buffers), for searching, | |
1148 and in any other context where a key sequence is allowed. | |
1149 | |
1150 @kbd{C-x 8} works by loading the @code{iso-transl} library. Once that | |
1151 library is loaded, the @key{ALT} modifier key, if you have one, serves | |
1152 the same purpose as @kbd{C-x 8}; use @key{ALT} together with an accent | |
1153 character to modify the following letter. In addition, if you have keys | |
1154 for the Latin-1 ``dead accent characters'', they too are defined to | |
1155 compose with the following character, once @code{iso-transl} is loaded. | |
28552 | 1156 Use @kbd{C-x 8 C-h} to list the available translations as mnemonic |
1157 command names. | |
1158 | |
31077 | 1159 @item |
28552 | 1160 @cindex @code{iso-acc} library |
31077 | 1161 @cindex ISO Accents mode |
1162 @findex iso-accents-mode | |
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1163 @cindex Latin-1, Latin-2 and Latin-3 input mode |
31204 | 1164 For Latin-1, Latin-2 and Latin-3, @kbd{M-x iso-accents-mode} installs a |
1165 minor mode which provides a facility like the @code{latin-1-prefix} | |
1166 input method but independent of the Leim package. This mode is | |
31205 | 1167 buffer-local. It can be customized for various languages with @kbd{M-x |
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1168 iso-accents-customize}. |
25829 | 1169 @end itemize |