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annotate lispref/text.texi @ 8580:648f78c8ecf5
Fixed bug in tcl-guess-application.
author | Tom Tromey <tromey@redhat.com> |
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date | Sun, 21 Aug 1994 20:33:05 +0000 |
parents | bc548090f760 |
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6558 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. | |
5 @setfilename ../info/text | |
6 @node Text, Searching and Matching, Markers, Top | |
7 @chapter Text | |
8 @cindex text | |
9 | |
10 This chapter describes the functions that deal with the text in a | |
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11 buffer. Most examine, insert, or delete text in the current buffer, |
6558 | 12 often in the vicinity of point. Many are interactive. All the |
13 functions that change the text provide for undoing the changes | |
14 (@pxref{Undo}). | |
15 | |
16 Many text-related functions operate on a region of text defined by two | |
17 buffer positions passed in arguments named @var{start} and @var{end}. | |
18 These arguments should be either markers (@pxref{Markers}) or numeric | |
19 character positions (@pxref{Positions}). The order of these arguments | |
20 does not matter; it is all right for @var{start} to be the end of the | |
21 region and @var{end} the beginning. For example, @code{(delete-region 1 | |
22 10)} and @code{(delete-region 10 1)} are equivalent. An | |
23 @code{args-out-of-range} error is signaled if either @var{start} or | |
24 @var{end} is outside the accessible portion of the buffer. In an | |
25 interactive call, point and the mark are used for these arguments. | |
26 | |
27 @cindex buffer contents | |
28 Throughout this chapter, ``text'' refers to the characters in the | |
29 buffer. | |
30 | |
31 @menu | |
32 * Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point. | |
33 * Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion. | |
34 * Comparing Text:: Comparing substrings of buffers. | |
35 * Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer. | |
36 * Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text. | |
37 * Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer. | |
38 * User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text. | |
39 * The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for later use. | |
40 * Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer. | |
41 * Maintaining Undo:: How to enable and disable undo information. | |
42 How to control how much information is kept. | |
43 * Filling:: Functions for explicit filling. | |
44 * Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines. | |
45 * Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer. | |
46 * Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them. | |
47 * Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation. | |
48 * Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer. | |
49 * Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters. | |
50 * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears. | |
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51 * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer. |
6558 | 52 * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing the text or |
53 position stored in a register. | |
54 * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed. | |
55 @end menu | |
56 | |
57 @node Near Point | |
58 @section Examining Text Near Point | |
59 | |
60 Many functions are provided to look at the characters around point. | |
61 Several simple functions are described here. See also @code{looking-at} | |
62 in @ref{Regexp Search}. | |
63 | |
64 @defun char-after position | |
65 This function returns the character in the current buffer at (i.e., | |
66 immediately after) position @var{position}. If @var{position} is out of | |
67 range for this purpose, either before the beginning of the buffer, or at | |
68 or beyond the end, then the value is @code{nil}. | |
69 | |
70 In the following example, assume that the first character in the | |
71 buffer is @samp{@@}: | |
72 | |
73 @example | |
74 @group | |
75 (char-to-string (char-after 1)) | |
76 @result{} "@@" | |
77 @end group | |
78 @end example | |
79 @end defun | |
80 | |
81 @defun following-char | |
82 This function returns the character following point in the current | |
83 buffer. This is similar to @code{(char-after (point))}. However, if | |
84 point is at the end of the buffer, then @code{following-char} returns 0. | |
85 | |
86 Remember that point is always between characters, and the terminal | |
87 cursor normally appears over the character following point. Therefore, | |
88 the character returned by @code{following-char} is the character the | |
89 cursor is over. | |
90 | |
91 In this example, point is between the @samp{a} and the @samp{c}. | |
92 | |
93 @example | |
94 @group | |
95 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
96 Gentlemen may cry ``Pea@point{}ce! Peace!,'' | |
97 but there is no peace. | |
98 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
99 @end group | |
100 | |
101 @group | |
102 (char-to-string (preceding-char)) | |
103 @result{} "a" | |
104 (char-to-string (following-char)) | |
105 @result{} "c" | |
106 @end group | |
107 @end example | |
108 @end defun | |
109 | |
110 @defun preceding-char | |
111 This function returns the character preceding point in the current | |
112 buffer. See above, under @code{following-char}, for an example. If | |
113 point is at the beginning of the buffer, @code{preceding-char} returns | |
114 0. | |
115 @end defun | |
116 | |
117 @defun bobp | |
118 This function returns @code{t} if point is at the beginning of the | |
119 buffer. If narrowing is in effect, this means the beginning of the | |
120 accessible portion of the text. See also @code{point-min} in | |
121 @ref{Point}. | |
122 @end defun | |
123 | |
124 @defun eobp | |
125 This function returns @code{t} if point is at the end of the buffer. | |
126 If narrowing is in effect, this means the end of accessible portion of | |
127 the text. See also @code{point-max} in @xref{Point}. | |
128 @end defun | |
129 | |
130 @defun bolp | |
131 This function returns @code{t} if point is at the beginning of a line. | |
132 @xref{Text Lines}. The beginning of the buffer (or its accessible | |
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133 portion) always counts as the beginning of a line. |
6558 | 134 @end defun |
135 | |
136 @defun eolp | |
137 This function returns @code{t} if point is at the end of a line. The | |
138 end of the buffer (or of its accessible portion) is always considered | |
139 the end of a line. | |
140 @end defun | |
141 | |
142 @node Buffer Contents | |
143 @section Examining Buffer Contents | |
144 | |
145 This section describes two functions that allow a Lisp program to | |
146 convert any portion of the text in the buffer into a string. | |
147 | |
148 @defun buffer-substring start end | |
149 This function returns a string containing a copy of the text of the | |
150 region defined by positions @var{start} and @var{end} in the current | |
151 buffer. If the arguments are not positions in the accessible portion of | |
152 the buffer, @code{buffer-substring} signals an @code{args-out-of-range} | |
153 error. | |
154 | |
155 It is not necessary for @var{start} to be less than @var{end}; the | |
156 arguments can be given in either order. But most often the smaller | |
157 argument is written first. | |
158 | |
159 @example | |
160 @group | |
161 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
162 This is the contents of buffer foo | |
163 | |
164 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
165 @end group | |
166 | |
167 @group | |
168 (buffer-substring 1 10) | |
169 @result{} "This is t" | |
170 @end group | |
171 @group | |
172 (buffer-substring (point-max) 10) | |
173 @result{} "he contents of buffer foo | |
174 " | |
175 @end group | |
176 @end example | |
177 @end defun | |
178 | |
179 @defun buffer-string | |
180 This function returns the contents of the accessible portion of the | |
181 current buffer as a string. This is the portion between | |
182 @code{(point-min)} and @code{(point-max)} (@pxref{Narrowing}). | |
183 | |
184 @example | |
185 @group | |
186 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
187 This is the contents of buffer foo | |
188 | |
189 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
190 | |
191 (buffer-string) | |
192 @result{} "This is the contents of buffer foo | |
193 " | |
194 @end group | |
195 @end example | |
196 @end defun | |
197 | |
198 @node Comparing Text | |
199 @section Comparing Text | |
200 @cindex comparing buffer text | |
201 | |
202 This function lets you compare portions of the text in a buffer, without | |
203 copying them into strings first. | |
204 | |
205 @defun compare-buffer-substrings buffer1 start1 end1 buffer2 start2 end2 | |
206 This function lets you compare two substrings of the same buffer or two | |
207 different buffers. The first three arguments specify one substring, | |
208 giving a buffer and two positions within the buffer. The last three | |
209 arguments specify the other substring in the same way. You can use | |
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210 @code{nil} for @var{buffer1}, @var{buffer2}, or both to stand for the |
6558 | 211 current buffer. |
212 | |
213 The value is negative if the first substring is less, positive if the | |
214 first is greater, and zero if they are equal. The absolute value of | |
215 the result is one plus the index of the first differing characters | |
216 within the substrings. | |
217 | |
218 This function ignores case when comparing characters | |
219 if @code{case-fold-search} is non-@code{nil}. | |
220 | |
221 Suppose the current buffer contains the text @samp{foobarbar | |
222 haha!rara!}; then in this example the two substrings are @samp{rbar } | |
223 and @samp{rara!}. The value is 2 because the first substring is greater | |
224 at the second character. | |
225 | |
226 @example | |
227 (compare-buffer-substring nil 6 11 nil 16 21) | |
228 @result{} 2 | |
229 @end example | |
230 | |
231 This function does not exist in Emacs version 18 and earlier. | |
232 @end defun | |
233 | |
234 @node Insertion | |
235 @section Insertion | |
236 @cindex insertion of text | |
237 @cindex text insertion | |
238 | |
239 @dfn{Insertion} means adding new text to a buffer. The inserted text | |
240 goes at point---between the character before point and the character | |
241 after point. | |
242 | |
243 Insertion relocates markers that point at positions after the | |
244 insertion point, so that they stay with the surrounding text | |
245 (@pxref{Markers}). When a marker points at the place of insertion, | |
246 insertion normally doesn't relocate the marker, so that it points to the | |
247 beginning of the inserted text; however, certain special functions such | |
248 as @code{insert-before-markers} relocate such markers to point after the | |
249 inserted text. | |
250 | |
251 @cindex insertion before point | |
252 @cindex before point, insertion | |
253 Some insertion functions leave point before the inserted text, while | |
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254 other functions leave it after. We call the former insertion @dfn{after |
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255 point} and the latter insertion @dfn{before point}. |
6558 | 256 |
257 Insertion functions signal an error if the current buffer is | |
258 read-only. | |
259 | |
260 @defun insert &rest args | |
261 This function inserts the strings and/or characters @var{args} into the | |
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262 current buffer, at point, moving point forward. In other words, it |
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263 inserts the text before point. An error is signaled unless all |
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264 @var{args} are either strings or characters. The value is @code{nil}. |
6558 | 265 @end defun |
266 | |
267 @defun insert-before-markers &rest args | |
268 This function inserts the strings and/or characters @var{args} into the | |
269 current buffer, at point, moving point forward. An error is signaled | |
270 unless all @var{args} are either strings or characters. The value is | |
271 @code{nil}. | |
272 | |
273 This function is unlike the other insertion functions in that it | |
274 relocates markers initially pointing at the insertion point, to point | |
275 after the inserted text. | |
276 @end defun | |
277 | |
278 @defun insert-char character count | |
279 This function inserts @var{count} instances of @var{character} into the | |
280 current buffer before point. The argument @var{count} must be a number, | |
281 and @var{character} must be a character. The value is @code{nil}. | |
282 @c It's unfortunate that count comes second. Not like make-string, etc. | |
283 @end defun | |
284 | |
285 @defun insert-buffer-substring from-buffer-or-name &optional start end | |
286 This function inserts a portion of buffer @var{from-buffer-or-name} | |
287 (which must already exist) into the current buffer before point. The | |
288 text inserted is the region from @var{start} and @var{end}. (These | |
289 arguments default to the beginning and end of the accessible portion of | |
290 that buffer.) This function returns @code{nil}. | |
291 | |
292 In this example, the form is executed with buffer @samp{bar} as the | |
293 current buffer. We assume that buffer @samp{bar} is initially empty. | |
294 | |
295 @example | |
296 @group | |
297 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
298 We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all | |
299 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
300 @end group | |
301 | |
302 @group | |
303 (insert-buffer-substring "foo" 1 20) | |
304 @result{} nil | |
305 | |
306 ---------- Buffer: bar ---------- | |
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307 We hold these truth@point{} |
6558 | 308 ---------- Buffer: bar ---------- |
309 @end group | |
310 @end example | |
311 @end defun | |
312 | |
313 @xref{Sticky Properties}, for other insertion functions that inherit | |
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314 text properties from the nearby text in addition to inserting it. |
6558 | 315 |
316 @node Commands for Insertion | |
317 @section User-Level Insertion Commands | |
318 | |
319 This section describes higher-level commands for inserting text, | |
320 commands intended primarily for the user but useful also in Lisp | |
321 programs. | |
322 | |
323 @deffn Command insert-buffer from-buffer-or-name | |
324 This command inserts the entire contents of @var{from-buffer-or-name} | |
325 (which must exist) into the current buffer after point. It leaves | |
326 the mark after the inserted text. The value is @code{nil}. | |
327 @end deffn | |
328 | |
329 @deffn Command self-insert-command count | |
330 @cindex character insertion | |
331 @cindex self-insertion | |
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332 This command inserts the last character typed; it does so @var{count} |
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333 times, before point, and returns @code{nil}. Most printing characters |
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334 are bound to this command. In routine use, @code{self-insert-command} |
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335 is the most frequently called function in Emacs, but programs rarely use |
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336 it except to install it on a keymap. |
6558 | 337 |
338 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument. | |
339 | |
340 This function calls @code{auto-fill-function} if the current column number | |
341 is greater than the value of @code{fill-column} and the character | |
342 inserted is a space (@pxref{Auto Filling}). | |
343 | |
344 @c Cross refs reworded to prevent overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92 | |
345 This function performs abbrev expansion if Abbrev mode is enabled and | |
346 the inserted character does not have word-constituent | |
347 syntax. (@xref{Abbrevs}, and @ref{Syntax Class Table}.) | |
348 | |
349 This function is also responsible for calling | |
350 @code{blink-paren-function} when the inserted character has close | |
351 parenthesis syntax (@pxref{Blinking}). | |
352 @end deffn | |
353 | |
354 @deffn Command newline &optional number-of-newlines | |
355 This command inserts newlines into the current buffer before point. | |
356 If @var{number-of-newlines} is supplied, that many newline characters | |
357 are inserted. | |
358 | |
359 @cindex newline and Auto Fill mode | |
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360 This function calls @code{auto-fill-function} if the current column |
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361 number is greater than the value of @code{fill-column} and |
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362 @var{number-of-newlines} is @code{nil}. Typically what |
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363 @code{auto-fill-function} does is insert a newline; thus, the overall |
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364 result in this case is to insert two newlines at different places: one |
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365 at point, and another earlier in the line. @code{newline} does not |
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366 auto-fill if @var{number-of-newlines} is non-@code{nil}. |
6558 | 367 |
368 The value returned is @code{nil}. In an interactive call, @var{count} | |
369 is the numeric prefix argument. | |
370 @end deffn | |
371 | |
372 @deffn Command split-line | |
373 This command splits the current line, moving the portion of the line | |
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374 after point down vertically so that it is on the next line directly |
6558 | 375 below where it was before. Whitespace is inserted as needed at the |
376 beginning of the lower line, using the @code{indent-to} function. | |
377 @code{split-line} returns the position of point. | |
378 | |
379 Programs hardly ever use this function. | |
380 @end deffn | |
381 | |
382 @defvar overwrite-mode | |
383 This variable controls whether overwrite mode is in effect: a | |
384 non-@code{nil} value enables the mode. It is automatically made | |
385 buffer-local when set in any fashion. | |
386 @end defvar | |
387 | |
388 @node Deletion | |
389 @section Deletion of Text | |
390 | |
391 @cindex deletion vs killing | |
392 Deletion means removing part of the text in a buffer, without saving | |
393 it in the kill ring (@pxref{The Kill Ring}). Deleted text can't be | |
394 yanked, but can be reinserted using the undo mechanism (@pxref{Undo}). | |
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395 Some deletion functions do save text in the kill ring in some special |
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396 cases. |
6558 | 397 |
398 All of the deletion functions operate on the current buffer, and all | |
399 return a value of @code{nil}. | |
400 | |
401 @defun erase-buffer | |
402 This function deletes the entire text of the current buffer, leaving it | |
403 empty. If the buffer is read-only, it signals a @code{buffer-read-only} | |
404 error. Otherwise, it deletes the text without asking for any | |
405 confirmation. It returns @code{nil}. | |
406 | |
407 Normally, deleting a large amount of text from a buffer inhibits further | |
408 auto-saving of that buffer ``because it has shrunk''. However, | |
409 @code{erase-buffer} does not do this, the idea being that the future | |
410 text is not really related to the former text, and its size should not | |
411 be compared with that of the former text. | |
412 @end defun | |
413 | |
414 @deffn Command delete-region start end | |
415 This command deletes the text in the current buffer in the region | |
416 defined by @var{start} and @var{end}. The value is @code{nil}. | |
417 @end deffn | |
418 | |
419 @deffn Command delete-char count &optional killp | |
420 This command deletes @var{count} characters directly after point, or | |
421 before point if @var{count} is negative. If @var{killp} is | |
422 non-@code{nil}, then it saves the deleted characters in the kill ring. | |
423 | |
424 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument, and | |
425 @var{killp} is the unprocessed prefix argument. Therefore, if a prefix | |
426 argument is supplied, the text is saved in the kill ring. If no prefix | |
427 argument is supplied, then one character is deleted, but not saved in | |
428 the kill ring. | |
429 | |
430 The value returned is always @code{nil}. | |
431 @end deffn | |
432 | |
433 @deffn Command delete-backward-char count &optional killp | |
434 @cindex delete previous char | |
435 This command deletes @var{count} characters directly before point, or | |
436 after point if @var{count} is negative. If @var{killp} is | |
437 non-@code{nil}, then it saves the deleted characters in the kill ring. | |
438 | |
439 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument, and | |
440 @var{killp} is the unprocessed prefix argument. Therefore, if a prefix | |
441 argument is supplied, the text is saved in the kill ring. If no prefix | |
442 argument is supplied, then one character is deleted, but not saved in | |
443 the kill ring. | |
444 | |
445 The value returned is always @code{nil}. | |
446 @end deffn | |
447 | |
448 @deffn Command backward-delete-char-untabify count &optional killp | |
449 @cindex tab deletion | |
450 This command deletes @var{count} characters backward, changing tabs | |
451 into spaces. When the next character to be deleted is a tab, it is | |
452 first replaced with the proper number of spaces to preserve alignment | |
453 and then one of those spaces is deleted instead of the tab. If | |
454 @var{killp} is non-@code{nil}, then the command saves the deleted | |
455 characters in the kill ring. | |
456 | |
457 Conversion of tabs to spaces happens only if @var{count} is positive. | |
458 If it is negative, exactly @minus{}@var{count} characters after point | |
459 are deleted. | |
460 | |
461 In an interactive call, @var{count} is the numeric prefix argument, and | |
462 @var{killp} is the unprocessed prefix argument. Therefore, if a prefix | |
463 argument is supplied, the text is saved in the kill ring. If no prefix | |
464 argument is supplied, then one character is deleted, but not saved in | |
465 the kill ring. | |
466 | |
467 The value returned is always @code{nil}. | |
468 @end deffn | |
469 | |
470 @node User-Level Deletion | |
471 @section User-Level Deletion Commands | |
472 | |
473 This section describes higher-level commands for deleting text, | |
474 commands intended primarily for the user but useful also in Lisp | |
475 programs. | |
476 | |
477 @deffn Command delete-horizontal-space | |
478 @cindex deleting whitespace | |
479 This function deletes all spaces and tabs around point. It returns | |
480 @code{nil}. | |
481 | |
482 In the following examples, we call @code{delete-horizontal-space} four | |
483 times, once on each line, with point between the second and third | |
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484 characters on the line each time. |
6558 | 485 |
486 @example | |
487 @group | |
488 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
489 I @point{}thought | |
490 I @point{} thought | |
491 We@point{} thought | |
492 Yo@point{}u thought | |
493 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
494 @end group | |
495 | |
496 @group | |
497 (delete-horizontal-space) ; @r{Four times.} | |
498 @result{} nil | |
499 | |
500 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
501 Ithought | |
502 Ithought | |
503 Wethought | |
504 You thought | |
505 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
506 @end group | |
507 @end example | |
508 @end deffn | |
509 | |
510 @deffn Command delete-indentation &optional join-following-p | |
511 This function joins the line point is on to the previous line, deleting | |
512 any whitespace at the join and in some cases replacing it with one | |
513 space. If @var{join-following-p} is non-@code{nil}, | |
514 @code{delete-indentation} joins this line to the following line | |
515 instead. The value is @code{nil}. | |
516 | |
517 If there is a fill prefix, and the second of the lines being joined | |
518 starts with the prefix, then @code{delete-indentation} deletes the | |
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519 fill prefix before joining the lines. @xref{Filling}. |
6558 | 520 |
521 In the example below, point is located on the line starting | |
522 @samp{events}, and it makes no difference if there are trailing spaces | |
523 in the preceding line. | |
524 | |
525 @smallexample | |
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526 @group |
6558 | 527 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- |
528 When in the course of human | |
529 @point{} events, it becomes necessary | |
530 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
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531 @end group |
6558 | 532 |
533 (delete-indentation) | |
534 @result{} nil | |
535 | |
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536 @group |
6558 | 537 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- |
538 When in the course of human@point{} events, it becomes necessary | |
539 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
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540 @end group |
6558 | 541 @end smallexample |
542 | |
543 After the lines are joined, the function @code{fixup-whitespace} is | |
544 responsible for deciding whether to leave a space at the junction. | |
545 @end deffn | |
546 | |
547 @defun fixup-whitespace | |
548 This function replaces all the white space surrounding point with either | |
549 one space or no space, according to the context. It returns @code{nil}. | |
550 | |
551 At the beginning or end of a line, the appropriate amount of space is | |
552 none. Before a character with close parenthesis syntax, or after a | |
553 character with open parenthesis or expression-prefix syntax, no space is | |
554 also appropriate. Otherwise, one space is appropriate. @xref{Syntax | |
555 Class Table}. | |
556 | |
557 In the example below, @code{fixup-whitespace} is called the first time | |
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558 with point before the word @samp{spaces} in the first line. For the |
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559 second invocation, point is directly after the @samp{(}. |
6558 | 560 |
561 @smallexample | |
562 @group | |
563 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
564 This has too many @point{}spaces | |
565 This has too many spaces at the start of (@point{} this list) | |
566 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
567 @end group | |
568 | |
569 @group | |
570 (fixup-whitespace) | |
571 @result{} nil | |
572 (fixup-whitespace) | |
573 @result{} nil | |
574 @end group | |
575 | |
576 @group | |
577 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
578 This has too many spaces | |
579 This has too many spaces at the start of (this list) | |
580 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
581 @end group | |
582 @end smallexample | |
583 @end defun | |
584 | |
585 @deffn Command just-one-space | |
586 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el | |
587 This command replaces any spaces and tabs around point with a single | |
588 space. It returns @code{nil}. | |
589 @end deffn | |
590 | |
591 @deffn Command delete-blank-lines | |
592 This function deletes blank lines surrounding point. If point is on a | |
593 blank line with one or more blank lines before or after it, then all but | |
594 one of them are deleted. If point is on an isolated blank line, then it | |
595 is deleted. If point is on a nonblank line, the command deletes all | |
596 blank lines following it. | |
597 | |
598 A blank line is defined as a line containing only tabs and spaces. | |
599 | |
600 @code{delete-blank-lines} returns @code{nil}. | |
601 @end deffn | |
602 | |
603 @node The Kill Ring | |
604 @section The Kill Ring | |
605 @cindex kill ring | |
606 | |
607 @dfn{Kill} functions delete text like the deletion functions, but save | |
608 it so that the user can reinsert it by @dfn{yanking}. Most of these | |
609 functions have @samp{kill-} in their name. By contrast, the functions | |
610 whose names start with @samp{delete-} normally do not save text for | |
611 yanking (though they can still be undone); these are ``deletion'' | |
612 functions. | |
613 | |
614 Most of the kill commands are primarily for interactive use, and are | |
615 not described here. What we do describe are the functions provided for | |
616 use in writing such commands. You can use these functions to write | |
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617 commands for killing text. When you need to delete text for internal |
6558 | 618 purposes within a Lisp function, you should normally use deletion |
619 functions, so as not to disturb the kill ring contents. | |
620 @xref{Deletion}. | |
621 | |
622 Killed text is saved for later yanking in the @dfn{kill ring}. This | |
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623 is a list that holds a number of recent kills, not just the last text |
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624 kill. We call this a ``ring'' because yanking treats it as having |
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625 elements in a cyclic order. The list is kept in the variable |
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626 @code{kill-ring}, and can be operated on with the usual functions for |
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627 lists; there are also specialized functions, described in this section, |
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628 that treat it as a ring. |
6558 | 629 |
630 Some people think this use of the word ``kill'' is unfortunate, since | |
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631 it refers to operations that specifically @emph{do not} destroy the |
6558 | 632 entities ``killed''. This is in sharp contrast to ordinary life, in |
633 which death is permanent and ``killed'' entities do not come back to | |
634 life. Therefore, other metaphors have been proposed. For example, the | |
635 term ``cut ring'' makes sense to people who, in pre-computer days, used | |
636 scissors and paste to cut up and rearrange manuscripts. However, it | |
637 would be difficult to change the terminology now. | |
638 | |
639 @menu | |
640 * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring. | |
641 * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text. | |
642 * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring. | |
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643 * Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access. |
6558 | 644 * Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill-ring data. |
645 @end menu | |
646 | |
647 @node Kill Ring Concepts | |
648 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
649 @subsection Kill Ring Concepts | |
650 | |
651 The kill ring records killed text as strings in a list, most recent | |
652 first. A short kill ring, for example, might look like this: | |
653 | |
654 @example | |
655 ("some text" "a different piece of text" "even older text") | |
656 @end example | |
657 | |
658 @noindent | |
659 When the list reaches @code{kill-ring-max} entries in length, adding a | |
660 new entry automatically deletes the last entry. | |
661 | |
662 When kill commands are interwoven with other commands, each kill | |
663 command makes a new entry in the kill ring. Multiple kill commands in | |
664 succession build up a single entry in the kill ring, which would be | |
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665 yanked as a unit; the second and subsequent consecutive kill commands |
6558 | 666 add text to the entry made by the first one. |
667 | |
668 For yanking, one entry in the kill ring is designated the ``front'' of | |
669 the ring. Some yank commands ``rotate'' the ring by designating a | |
670 different element as the ``front.'' But this virtual rotation doesn't | |
671 change the list itself---the most recent entry always comes first in the | |
672 list. | |
673 | |
674 @node Kill Functions | |
675 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
676 @subsection Functions for Killing | |
677 | |
678 @code{kill-region} is the usual subroutine for killing text. Any | |
679 command that calls this function is a ``kill command'' (and should | |
680 probably have @samp{kill} in its name). @code{kill-region} puts the | |
681 newly killed text in a new element at the beginning of the kill ring or | |
682 adds it to the most recent element. It uses the @code{last-command} | |
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683 variable to determine whether the previous command was a kill command, |
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684 and if so appends the killed text to the most recent entry. |
6558 | 685 |
686 @deffn Command kill-region start end | |
687 This function kills the text in the region defined by @var{start} and | |
688 @var{end}. The text is deleted but saved in the kill ring. The value | |
689 is always @code{nil}. | |
690 | |
691 In an interactive call, @var{start} and @var{end} are point and | |
692 the mark. | |
693 | |
694 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
695 If the buffer is read-only, @code{kill-region} modifies the kill ring | |
696 just the same, then signals an error without modifying the buffer. This | |
697 is convenient because it lets the user use all the kill commands to copy | |
698 text into the kill ring from a read-only buffer. | |
699 @end deffn | |
700 | |
701 @deffn Command copy-region-as-kill start end | |
702 This command saves the region defined by @var{start} and @var{end} on | |
703 the kill ring, but does not delete the text from the buffer. It returns | |
704 @code{nil}. It also indicates the extent of the text copied by moving | |
705 the cursor momentarily, or by displaying a message in the echo area. | |
706 | |
707 Don't call @code{copy-region-as-kill} in Lisp programs unless you aim to | |
708 support Emacs 18. For Emacs 19, it is better to use @code{kill-new} or | |
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709 @code{kill-append} instead. @xref{Low-Level Kill Ring}. |
6558 | 710 @end deffn |
711 | |
712 @node Yank Commands | |
713 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
714 @subsection Functions for Yanking | |
715 | |
716 @dfn{Yanking} means reinserting an entry of previously killed text | |
717 from the kill ring. | |
718 | |
719 @deffn Command yank &optional arg | |
720 @cindex inserting killed text | |
721 This command inserts before point the text in the first entry in the | |
722 kill ring. It positions the mark at the beginning of that text, and | |
723 point at the end. | |
724 | |
725 If @var{arg} is a list (which occurs interactively when the user | |
726 types @kbd{C-u} with no digits), then @code{yank} inserts the text as | |
727 described above, but puts point before the yanked text and puts the mark | |
728 after it. | |
729 | |
730 If @var{arg} is a number, then @code{yank} inserts the @var{arg}th most | |
731 recently killed text---the @var{arg}th element of the kill ring list. | |
732 | |
733 @code{yank} does not alter the contents of the kill ring or rotate it. | |
734 It returns @code{nil}. | |
735 @end deffn | |
736 | |
737 @deffn Command yank-pop arg | |
738 This command replaces the just-yanked entry from the kill ring with a | |
739 different entry from the kill ring. | |
740 | |
741 This is allowed only immediately after a @code{yank} or another | |
742 @code{yank-pop}. At such a time, the region contains text that was just | |
743 inserted by yanking. @code{yank-pop} deletes that text and inserts in | |
744 its place a different piece of killed text. It does not add the deleted | |
745 text to the kill ring, since it is already in the kill ring somewhere. | |
746 | |
747 If @var{arg} is @code{nil}, then the replacement text is the previous | |
748 element of the kill ring. If @var{arg} is numeric, the replacement is | |
749 the @var{arg}th previous kill. If @var{arg} is negative, a more recent | |
750 kill is the replacement. | |
751 | |
752 The sequence of kills in the kill ring wraps around, so that after the | |
753 oldest one comes the newest one, and before the newest one goes the | |
754 oldest. | |
755 | |
756 The value is always @code{nil}. | |
757 @end deffn | |
758 | |
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759 @node Low-Level Kill Ring |
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760 @subsection Low-Level Kill Ring |
6558 | 761 |
762 These functions and variables provide access to the kill ring at a lower | |
763 level, but still convenient for use in Lisp programs. They take care of | |
764 interaction with X Window selections. They do not exist in Emacs | |
765 version 18. | |
766 | |
767 @defun current-kill n &optional do-not-move | |
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768 The function @code{current-kill} rotates the yanking pointer which |
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769 designates the ``front'' of the kill ring by @var{n} places (from newer |
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770 kills to older ones), and returns the text at that place in the ring. |
6558 | 771 |
772 If the optional second argument @var{do-not-move} is non-@code{nil}, | |
773 then @code{current-kill} doesn't alter the yanking pointer; it just | |
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774 returns the @var{n}th kill, counting from the current yanking pointer. |
6558 | 775 |
776 If @var{n} is zero, indicating a request for the latest kill, | |
777 @code{current-kill} calls the value of | |
778 @code{interprogram-paste-function} (documented below) before consulting | |
779 the kill ring. | |
780 @end defun | |
781 | |
782 @defun kill-new string | |
783 This function puts the text @var{string} into the kill ring as a new | |
784 entry at the front of the ring. It discards the oldest entry if | |
785 appropriate. It also invokes the value of | |
786 @code{interprogram-cut-function} (see below). | |
787 @end defun | |
788 | |
789 @defun kill-append string before-p | |
790 This function appends the text @var{string} to the first entry in the | |
791 kill ring. Normally @var{string} goes at the end of the entry, but if | |
792 @var{before-p} is non-@code{nil}, it goes at the beginning. This | |
793 function also invokes the value of @code{interprogram-cut-function} (see | |
794 below). | |
795 @end defun | |
796 | |
797 @defvar interprogram-paste-function | |
798 This variable provides a way of transferring killed text from other | |
799 programs, when you are using a window system. Its value should be | |
800 @code{nil} or a function of no arguments. | |
801 | |
802 If the value is a function, @code{current-kill} calls it to get the | |
803 ``most recent kill''. If the function returns a non-@code{nil} value, | |
804 then that value is used as the ``most recent kill''. If it returns | |
805 @code{nil}, then the first element of @code{kill-ring} is used. | |
806 | |
807 The normal use of this hook is to get the X server's primary selection | |
808 as the most recent kill, even if the selection belongs to another X | |
809 client. @xref{X Selections}. | |
810 @end defvar | |
811 | |
812 @defvar interprogram-cut-function | |
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813 This variable provides a way of communicating killed text to other |
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814 programs, when you are using a window system. Its value should be |
6558 | 815 @code{nil} or a function of one argument. |
816 | |
817 If the value is a function, @code{kill-new} and @code{kill-append} call | |
818 it with the new first element of the kill ring as an argument. | |
819 | |
820 The normal use of this hook is to set the X server's primary selection | |
821 to the newly killed text. | |
822 @end defvar | |
823 | |
824 @node Internals of Kill Ring | |
825 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
826 @subsection Internals of the Kill Ring | |
827 | |
828 The variable @code{kill-ring} holds the kill ring contents, in the | |
829 form of a list of strings. The most recent kill is always at the front | |
830 of the list. | |
831 | |
832 The @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} variable points to a link in the | |
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833 kill ring list, whose @sc{car} is the text to yank next. We say it |
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834 identifies the ``front'' of the ring. Moving |
6558 | 835 @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} to a different link is called |
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836 @dfn{rotating the kill ring}. We call the kill ring a ``ring'' because |
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837 the functions that move the yank pointer wrap around from the end of the |
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838 list to the beginning, or vice-versa. Rotation of the kill ring is |
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839 virtual; it does not change the value of @code{kill-ring}. |
6558 | 840 |
841 Both @code{kill-ring} and @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} are Lisp | |
842 variables whose values are normally lists. The word ``pointer'' in the | |
843 name of the @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} indicates that the variable's | |
844 purpose is to identify one element of the list for use by the next yank | |
845 command. | |
846 | |
847 The value of @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} is always @code{eq} to one | |
848 of the links in the kill ring list. The element it identifies is the | |
849 @sc{car} of that link. Kill commands, which change the kill ring, also | |
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850 set this variable to the value of @code{kill-ring}. The effect is to |
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851 rotate the ring so that the newly killed text is at the front. |
6558 | 852 |
853 Here is a diagram that shows the variable @code{kill-ring-yank-pointer} | |
854 pointing to the second entry in the kill ring @code{("some text" "a | |
855 different piece of text" "yet older text")}. | |
856 | |
857 @example | |
858 @group | |
859 kill-ring kill-ring-yank-pointer | |
860 | | | |
861 | ___ ___ ---> ___ ___ ___ ___ | |
862 --> |___|___|------> |___|___|--> |___|___|--> nil | |
863 | | | | |
864 | | | | |
865 | | -->"yet older text" | |
866 | | | |
867 | --> "a different piece of text" | |
868 | | |
869 --> "some text" | |
870 @end group | |
871 @end example | |
872 | |
873 @noindent | |
874 This state of affairs might occur after @kbd{C-y} (@code{yank}) | |
875 immediately followed by @kbd{M-y} (@code{yank-pop}). | |
876 | |
877 @defvar kill-ring | |
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878 This variable holds the list of killed text sequences, most recently |
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879 killed first. |
6558 | 880 @end defvar |
881 | |
882 @defvar kill-ring-yank-pointer | |
883 This variable's value indicates which element of the kill ring is at the | |
884 ``front'' of the ring for yanking. More precisely, the value is a tail | |
885 of the value of @code{kill-ring}, and its @sc{car} is the kill string | |
886 that @kbd{C-y} should yank. | |
887 @end defvar | |
888 | |
889 @defopt kill-ring-max | |
890 The value of this variable is the maximum length to which the kill | |
891 ring can grow, before elements are thrown away at the end. The default | |
892 value for @code{kill-ring-max} is 30. | |
893 @end defopt | |
894 | |
895 @node Undo | |
896 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
897 @section Undo | |
898 @cindex redo | |
899 | |
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900 Most buffers have an @dfn{undo list}, which records all changes made |
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901 to the buffer's text so that they can be undone. (The buffers that |
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902 don't have one are usually special-purpose buffers for which Emacs |
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903 assumes that undoing is not useful.) All the primitives that modify the |
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904 text in the buffer automatically add elements to the front of the undo |
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905 list, which is in the variable @code{buffer-undo-list}. |
6558 | 906 |
907 @defvar buffer-undo-list | |
908 This variable's value is the undo list of the current buffer. | |
909 A value of @code{t} disables the recording of undo information. | |
910 @end defvar | |
911 | |
912 Here are the kinds of elements an undo list can have: | |
913 | |
914 @table @code | |
915 @item @var{integer} | |
916 This kind of element records a previous value of point. Ordinary cursor | |
917 motion does not get any sort of undo record, but deletion commands use | |
918 these entries to record where point was before the command. | |
919 | |
920 @item (@var{beg} . @var{end}) | |
921 This kind of element indicates how to delete text that was inserted. | |
922 Upon insertion, the text occupied the range @var{beg}--@var{end} in the | |
923 buffer. | |
924 | |
925 @item (@var{pos} . @var{deleted}) | |
926 This kind of element indicates how to reinsert text that was deleted. | |
927 The deleted text itself is the string @var{deleted}. The place to | |
928 reinsert it is @var{pos}. | |
929 | |
930 @item (t @var{high} . @var{low}) | |
931 This kind of element indicates that an unmodified buffer became | |
932 modified. The elements @var{high} and @var{low} are two integers, each | |
933 recording 16 bits of the visited file's modification time as of when it | |
934 was previously visited or saved. @code{primitive-undo} uses those | |
935 values to determine whether to mark the buffer as unmodified once again; | |
936 it does so only if the file's modification time matches those numbers. | |
937 | |
938 @item (nil @var{property} @var{value} @var{beg} . @var{end}) | |
939 This kind of element records a change in a text property. | |
940 Here's how you might undo the change: | |
941 | |
942 @example | |
943 (put-text-property @var{beg} @var{end} @var{property} @var{value}) | |
944 @end example | |
945 | |
946 @item nil | |
947 This element is a boundary. The elements between two boundaries are | |
948 called a @dfn{change group}; normally, each change group corresponds to | |
949 one keyboard command, and undo commands normally undo an entire group as | |
950 a unit. | |
951 @end table | |
952 | |
953 @defun undo-boundary | |
954 This function places a boundary element in the undo list. The undo | |
955 command stops at such a boundary, and successive undo commands undo | |
956 to earlier and earlier boundaries. This function returns @code{nil}. | |
957 | |
958 The editor command loop automatically creates an undo boundary between | |
959 keystroke commands. Thus, each undo normally undoes the effects of one | |
960 command. Calling this function explicitly is useful for splitting the | |
961 effects of a command into more than one unit. For example, | |
962 @code{query-replace} calls this function after each replacement so that | |
963 the user can undo individual replacements one by one. | |
964 @end defun | |
965 | |
966 @defun primitive-undo count list | |
967 This is the basic function for undoing elements of an undo list. | |
968 It undoes the first @var{count} elements of @var{list}, returning | |
969 the rest of @var{list}. You could write this function in Lisp, | |
970 but it is convenient to have it in C. | |
971 | |
972 @code{primitive-undo} adds elements to the buffer's undo list when it | |
973 changes the buffer. Undo commands avoid confusion by saving the undo | |
974 list value at the beginning of a sequence of undo operations. Then the | |
975 undo operations use and update the saved value. The new elements added | |
976 by undoing are not part of the saved value, so they don't interfere with | |
977 continuing to undo. | |
978 @end defun | |
979 | |
980 @node Maintaining Undo | |
981 @section Maintaining Undo Lists | |
982 | |
983 This section describes how to enable and disable undo information for | |
984 a given buffer. It also explains how the undo list is truncated | |
985 automatically so it doesn't get too big. | |
986 | |
987 Recording of undo information in a newly created buffer is normally | |
988 enabled to start with; but if the buffer name starts with a space, the | |
989 undo recording is initially disabled. You can explicitly enable or | |
990 disable undo recording with the following two functions, or by setting | |
991 @code{buffer-undo-list} yourself. | |
992 | |
993 @deffn Command buffer-enable-undo &optional buffer-or-name | |
994 This command enables recording undo information for buffer | |
995 @var{buffer-or-name}, so that subsequent changes can be undone. If no | |
996 argument is supplied, then the current buffer is used. This function | |
997 does nothing if undo recording is already enabled in the buffer. It | |
998 returns @code{nil}. | |
999 | |
1000 In an interactive call, @var{buffer-or-name} is the current buffer. | |
1001 You cannot specify any other buffer. | |
1002 @end deffn | |
1003 | |
1004 @defun buffer-disable-undo &optional buffer | |
1005 @defunx buffer-flush-undo &optional buffer | |
1006 @cindex disable undo | |
1007 This function discards the undo list of @var{buffer}, and disables | |
1008 further recording of undo information. As a result, it is no longer | |
1009 possible to undo either previous changes or any subsequent changes. If | |
1010 the undo list of @var{buffer} is already disabled, this function | |
1011 has no effect. | |
1012 | |
1013 This function returns @code{nil}. It cannot be called interactively. | |
1014 | |
1015 The name @code{buffer-flush-undo} is not considered obsolete, but the | |
1016 preferred name @code{buffer-disable-undo} is new as of Emacs versions | |
1017 19. | |
1018 @end defun | |
1019 | |
1020 As editing continues, undo lists get longer and longer. To prevent | |
1021 them from using up all available memory space, garbage collection trims | |
1022 them back to size limits you can set. (For this purpose, the ``size'' | |
1023 of an undo list measures the cons cells that make up the list, plus the | |
1024 strings of deleted text.) Two variables control the range of acceptable | |
1025 sizes: @code{undo-limit} and @code{undo-strong-limit}. | |
1026 | |
1027 @defvar undo-limit | |
1028 This is the soft limit for the acceptable size of an undo list. The | |
1029 change group at which this size is exceeded is the last one kept. | |
1030 @end defvar | |
1031 | |
1032 @defvar undo-strong-limit | |
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1033 This is the upper limit for the acceptable size of an undo list. The |
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1034 change group at which this size is exceeded is discarded itself (along |
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1035 with all older change groups). There is one exception: the very latest |
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1036 change group is never discarded separate no matter how big it is. |
6558 | 1037 @end defvar |
1038 | |
1039 @node Filling | |
1040 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1041 @section Filling | |
1042 @cindex filling, explicit | |
1043 | |
1044 @dfn{Filling} means adjusting the lengths of lines (by moving the line | |
1045 breaks) so that they are nearly (but no greater than) a specified | |
1046 maximum width. Additionally, lines can be @dfn{justified}, which means | |
1047 that spaces are inserted between words to make the line exactly the | |
1048 specified width. The width is controlled by the variable | |
1049 @code{fill-column}. For ease of reading, lines should be no longer than | |
1050 70 or so columns. | |
1051 | |
1052 You can use Auto Fill mode (@pxref{Auto Filling}) to fill text | |
1053 automatically as you insert it, but changes to existing text may leave | |
1054 it improperly filled. Then you must fill the text explicitly. | |
1055 | |
1056 Most of the functions in this section return values that are not | |
1057 meaningful. | |
1058 | |
1059 @deffn Command fill-paragraph justify-flag | |
1060 @cindex filling a paragraph | |
1061 This command fills the paragraph at or after point. If | |
1062 @var{justify-flag} is non-@code{nil}, each line is justified as well. | |
1063 It uses the ordinary paragraph motion commands to find paragraph | |
1064 boundaries. @xref{Paragraphs,,, emacs, The Emacs Manual}. | |
1065 @end deffn | |
1066 | |
1067 @deffn Command fill-region start end &optional justify-flag | |
1068 This command fills each of the paragraphs in the region from @var{start} | |
1069 to @var{end}. It justifies as well if @var{justify-flag} is | |
1070 non-@code{nil}. | |
1071 | |
1072 The variable @code{paragraph-separate} controls how to distinguish | |
1073 paragraphs. @xref{Standard Regexps}. | |
1074 @end deffn | |
1075 | |
1076 @deffn Command fill-individual-paragraphs start end &optional justify-flag mail-flag | |
1077 This command fills each paragraph in the region according to its | |
1078 individual fill prefix. Thus, if the lines of a paragraph were indented | |
1079 with spaces, the filled paragraph will remain indented in the same | |
1080 fashion. | |
1081 | |
1082 The first two arguments, @var{start} and @var{end}, are the beginning | |
1083 and end of the region to be filled. The third and fourth arguments, | |
1084 @var{justify-flag} and @var{mail-flag}, are optional. If | |
1085 @var{justify-flag} is non-@code{nil}, the paragraphs are justified as | |
1086 well as filled. If @var{mail-flag} is non-@code{nil}, it means the | |
1087 function is operating on a mail message and therefore should not fill | |
1088 the header lines. | |
1089 | |
1090 Ordinarily, @code{fill-individual-paragraphs} regards each change in | |
1091 indentation as starting a new paragraph. If | |
1092 @code{fill-individual-varying-indent} is non-@code{nil}, then only | |
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1093 separator lines separate paragraphs. That mode can handle indented |
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1094 paragraphs with additional indentation on the first line. |
6558 | 1095 @end deffn |
1096 | |
1097 @defopt fill-individual-varying-indent | |
1098 This variable alters the action of @code{fill-individual-paragraphs} as | |
1099 described above. | |
1100 @end defopt | |
1101 | |
1102 @deffn Command fill-region-as-paragraph start end &optional justify-flag | |
1103 This command considers a region of text as a paragraph and fills it. If | |
1104 the region was made up of many paragraphs, the blank lines between | |
1105 paragraphs are removed. This function justifies as well as filling when | |
1106 @var{justify-flag} is non-@code{nil}. In an interactive call, any | |
1107 prefix argument requests justification. | |
1108 | |
1109 In Adaptive Fill mode, which is enabled by default, | |
1110 @code{fill-region-as-paragraph} on an indented paragraph when there is | |
1111 no fill prefix uses the indentation of the second line of the paragraph | |
1112 as the fill prefix. | |
1113 @end deffn | |
1114 | |
1115 @deffn Command justify-current-line | |
1116 This command inserts spaces between the words of the current line so | |
1117 that the line ends exactly at @code{fill-column}. It returns | |
1118 @code{nil}. | |
1119 @end deffn | |
1120 | |
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1121 @defopt fill-prefix |
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1122 This variable specifies a string of text that appears at the beginning |
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1123 of normal text lines and should be disregarded when filling them. Any |
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1124 line that fails to start with the fill prefix is considered the start of |
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1125 a paragraph; so is any line that starts with the fill prefix followed by |
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1126 additional whitespace. Lines that start with the fill prefix but no |
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1127 additional whitespace are ordinary text lines that can be filled |
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1128 together. The resulting filled lines also start with the fill prefix. |
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1129 @end defopt |
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1130 |
6558 | 1131 @defopt fill-column |
1132 This buffer-local variable specifies the maximum width of filled | |
1133 lines. Its value should be an integer, which is a number of columns. | |
1134 All the filling, justification and centering commands are affected by | |
1135 this variable, including Auto Fill mode (@pxref{Auto Filling}). | |
1136 | |
1137 As a practical matter, if you are writing text for other people to | |
1138 read, you should set @code{fill-column} to no more than 70. Otherwise | |
1139 the line will be too long for people to read comfortably, and this can | |
1140 make the text seem clumsy. | |
1141 @end defopt | |
1142 | |
1143 @defvar default-fill-column | |
1144 The value of this variable is the default value for @code{fill-column} in | |
1145 buffers that do not override it. This is the same as | |
1146 @code{(default-value 'fill-column)}. | |
1147 | |
1148 The default value for @code{default-fill-column} is 70. | |
1149 @end defvar | |
1150 | |
1151 @node Auto Filling | |
1152 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1153 @section Auto Filling | |
1154 @cindex filling, automatic | |
1155 @cindex Auto Fill mode | |
1156 | |
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1157 Auto Fill mode is a minor mode that fills lines automatically as text |
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1158 as inserted. This section describes the hook used by Auto Fill mode. |
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1159 For a description of functions that you can call explicitly to fill and |
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1160 justify existing text, see @ref{Filling}. |
6558 | 1161 |
1162 @defvar auto-fill-function | |
1163 The value of this variable should be a function (of no arguments) to | |
1164 be called after self-inserting a space at a column beyond | |
1165 @code{fill-column}. It may be @code{nil}, in which case nothing | |
1166 special is done. | |
1167 | |
1168 The value of @code{auto-fill-function} is @code{do-auto-fill} when | |
1169 Auto-Fill mode is enabled. That is a function whose sole purpose is to | |
1170 implement the usual strategy for breaking a line. | |
1171 | |
1172 @quotation | |
1173 In older Emacs versions, this variable was named @code{auto-fill-hook}, | |
1174 but since it is not called with the standard convention for hooks, it | |
1175 was renamed to @code{auto-fill-function} in version 19. | |
1176 @end quotation | |
1177 @end defvar | |
1178 | |
1179 @node Sorting | |
1180 @section Sorting Text | |
1181 @cindex sorting text | |
1182 | |
1183 The sorting functions described in this section all rearrange text in | |
1184 a buffer. This is in contrast to the function @code{sort}, which | |
1185 rearranges the order of the elements of a list (@pxref{Rearrangement}). | |
1186 The values returned by these functions are not meaningful. | |
1187 | |
1188 @defun sort-subr reverse nextrecfun endrecfun &optional startkeyfun endkeyfun | |
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1189 This function is the general text-sorting routine that divides a buffer |
6558 | 1190 into records and sorts them. Most of the commands in this section use |
1191 this function. | |
1192 | |
1193 To understand how @code{sort-subr} works, consider the whole accessible | |
1194 portion of the buffer as being divided into disjoint pieces called | |
1195 @dfn{sort records}. The records may or may not be contiguous; they may | |
1196 not overlap. A portion of each sort record (perhaps all of it) is | |
1197 designated as the sort key. Sorting rearranges the records in order by | |
1198 their sort keys. | |
1199 | |
1200 Usually, the records are rearranged in order of ascending sort key. | |
1201 If the first argument to the @code{sort-subr} function, @var{reverse}, | |
1202 is non-@code{nil}, the sort records are rearranged in order of | |
1203 descending sort key. | |
1204 | |
1205 The next four arguments to @code{sort-subr} are functions that are | |
1206 called to move point across a sort record. They are called many times | |
1207 from within @code{sort-subr}. | |
1208 | |
1209 @enumerate | |
1210 @item | |
1211 @var{nextrecfun} is called with point at the end of a record. This | |
1212 function moves point to the start of the next record. The first record | |
1213 is assumed to start at the position of point when @code{sort-subr} is | |
1214 called. Therefore, you should usually move point to the beginning of | |
1215 the buffer before calling @code{sort-subr}. | |
1216 | |
1217 This function can indicate there are no more sort records by leaving | |
1218 point at the end of the buffer. | |
1219 | |
1220 @item | |
1221 @var{endrecfun} is called with point within a record. It moves point to | |
1222 the end of the record. | |
1223 | |
1224 @item | |
1225 @var{startkeyfun} is called to move point from the start of a record to | |
1226 the start of the sort key. This argument is optional; if it is omitted, | |
1227 the whole record is the sort key. If supplied, the function should | |
1228 either return a non-@code{nil} value to be used as the sort key, or | |
1229 return @code{nil} to indicate that the sort key is in the buffer | |
1230 starting at point. In the latter case, @var{endkeyfun} is called to | |
1231 find the end of the sort key. | |
1232 | |
1233 @item | |
1234 @var{endkeyfun} is called to move point from the start of the sort key | |
1235 to the end of the sort key. This argument is optional. If | |
1236 @var{startkeyfun} returns @code{nil} and this argument is omitted (or | |
1237 @code{nil}), then the sort key extends to the end of the record. There | |
1238 is no need for @var{endkeyfun} if @var{startkeyfun} returns a | |
1239 non-@code{nil} value. | |
1240 @end enumerate | |
1241 | |
1242 As an example of @code{sort-subr}, here is the complete function | |
1243 definition for @code{sort-lines}: | |
1244 | |
1245 @example | |
1246 @group | |
1247 ;; @r{Note that the first two lines of doc string} | |
1248 ;; @r{are effectively one line when viewed by a user.} | |
1249 (defun sort-lines (reverse beg end) | |
1250 "Sort lines in region alphabetically. | |
1251 Called from a program, there are three arguments: | |
1252 @end group | |
1253 @group | |
1254 REVERSE (non-nil means reverse order), | |
1255 and BEG and END (the region to sort)." | |
1256 (interactive "P\nr") | |
1257 (save-restriction | |
1258 (narrow-to-region beg end) | |
1259 (goto-char (point-min)) | |
1260 (sort-subr reverse | |
1261 'forward-line | |
1262 'end-of-line))) | |
1263 @end group | |
1264 @end example | |
1265 | |
1266 Here @code{forward-line} moves point to the start of the next record, | |
1267 and @code{end-of-line} moves point to the end of record. We do not pass | |
1268 the arguments @var{startkeyfun} and @var{endkeyfun}, because the entire | |
1269 record is used as the sort key. | |
1270 | |
1271 The @code{sort-paragraphs} function is very much the same, except that | |
1272 its @code{sort-subr} call looks like this: | |
1273 | |
1274 @example | |
1275 @group | |
1276 (sort-subr reverse | |
1277 (function | |
1278 (lambda () | |
1279 (skip-chars-forward "\n \t\f"))) | |
1280 'forward-paragraph) | |
1281 @end group | |
1282 @end example | |
1283 @end defun | |
1284 | |
1285 @deffn Command sort-regexp-fields reverse record-regexp key-regexp start end | |
1286 This command sorts the region between @var{start} and @var{end} | |
1287 alphabetically as specified by @var{record-regexp} and @var{key-regexp}. | |
1288 If @var{reverse} is a negative integer, then sorting is in reverse | |
1289 order. | |
1290 | |
1291 Alphabetical sorting means that two sort keys are compared by | |
1292 comparing the first characters of each, the second characters of each, | |
1293 and so on. If a mismatch is found, it means that the sort keys are | |
1294 unequal; the sort key whose character is less at the point of first | |
1295 mismatch is the lesser sort key. The individual characters are compared | |
1296 according to their numerical values. Since Emacs uses the @sc{ASCII} | |
1297 character set, the ordering in that set determines alphabetical order. | |
1298 @c version 19 change | |
1299 | |
1300 The value of the @var{record-regexp} argument specifies how to divide | |
1301 the buffer into sort records. At the end of each record, a search is | |
1302 done for this regular expression, and the text that matches it is the | |
1303 next record. For example, the regular expression @samp{^.+$}, which | |
1304 matches lines with at least one character besides a newline, would make | |
1305 each such line into a sort record. @xref{Regular Expressions}, for a | |
1306 description of the syntax and meaning of regular expressions. | |
1307 | |
1308 The value of the @var{key-regexp} argument specifies what part of each | |
1309 record is the sort key. The @var{key-regexp} could match the whole | |
1310 record, or only a part. In the latter case, the rest of the record has | |
1311 no effect on the sorted order of records, but it is carried along when | |
1312 the record moves to its new position. | |
1313 | |
1314 The @var{key-regexp} argument can refer to the text matched by a | |
1315 subexpression of @var{record-regexp}, or it can be a regular expression | |
1316 on its own. | |
1317 | |
1318 If @var{key-regexp} is: | |
1319 | |
1320 @table @asis | |
1321 @item @samp{\@var{digit}} | |
1322 then the text matched by the @var{digit}th @samp{\(...\)} parenthesis | |
1323 grouping in @var{record-regexp} is the sort key. | |
1324 | |
1325 @item @samp{\&} | |
1326 then the whole record is the sort key. | |
1327 | |
1328 @item a regular expression | |
1329 then @code{sort-regexp-fields} searches for a match for the regular | |
1330 expression within the record. If such a match is found, it is the sort | |
1331 key. If there is no match for @var{key-regexp} within a record then | |
1332 that record is ignored, which means its position in the buffer is not | |
1333 changed. (The other records may move around it.) | |
1334 @end table | |
1335 | |
1336 For example, if you plan to sort all the lines in the region by the | |
1337 first word on each line starting with the letter @samp{f}, you should | |
1338 set @var{record-regexp} to @samp{^.*$} and set @var{key-regexp} to | |
1339 @samp{\<f\w*\>}. The resulting expression looks like this: | |
1340 | |
1341 @example | |
1342 @group | |
1343 (sort-regexp-fields nil "^.*$" "\\<f\\w*\\>" | |
1344 (region-beginning) | |
1345 (region-end)) | |
1346 @end group | |
1347 @end example | |
1348 | |
1349 If you call @code{sort-regexp-fields} interactively, it prompts for | |
1350 @var{record-regexp} and @var{key-regexp} in the minibuffer. | |
1351 @end deffn | |
1352 | |
1353 @deffn Command sort-lines reverse start end | |
1354 This command alphabetically sorts lines in the region between | |
1355 @var{start} and @var{end}. If @var{reverse} is non-@code{nil}, the sort | |
1356 is in reverse order. | |
1357 @end deffn | |
1358 | |
1359 @deffn Command sort-paragraphs reverse start end | |
1360 This command alphabetically sorts paragraphs in the region between | |
1361 @var{start} and @var{end}. If @var{reverse} is non-@code{nil}, the sort | |
1362 is in reverse order. | |
1363 @end deffn | |
1364 | |
1365 @deffn Command sort-pages reverse start end | |
1366 This command alphabetically sorts pages in the region between | |
1367 @var{start} and @var{end}. If @var{reverse} is non-@code{nil}, the sort | |
1368 is in reverse order. | |
1369 @end deffn | |
1370 | |
1371 @deffn Command sort-fields field start end | |
1372 This command sorts lines in the region between @var{start} and | |
1373 @var{end}, comparing them alphabetically by the @var{field}th field | |
1374 of each line. Fields are separated by whitespace and numbered starting | |
1375 from 1. If @var{field} is negative, sorting is by the | |
1376 @w{@minus{}@var{field}th} field from the end of the line. This command | |
1377 is useful for sorting tables. | |
1378 @end deffn | |
1379 | |
1380 @deffn Command sort-numeric-fields field start end | |
1381 This command sorts lines in the region between @var{start} and | |
1382 @var{end}, comparing them numerically by the @var{field}th field of each | |
1383 line. The specified field must contain a number in each line of the | |
1384 region. Fields are separated by whitespace and numbered starting from | |
1385 1. If @var{field} is negative, sorting is by the | |
1386 @w{@minus{}@var{field}th} field from the end of the line. This command | |
1387 is useful for sorting tables. | |
1388 @end deffn | |
1389 | |
1390 @deffn Command sort-columns reverse &optional beg end | |
1391 This command sorts the lines in the region between @var{beg} and | |
1392 @var{end}, comparing them alphabetically by a certain range of columns. | |
1393 The column positions of @var{beg} and @var{end} bound the range of | |
1394 columns to sort on. | |
1395 | |
1396 If @var{reverse} is non-@code{nil}, the sort is in reverse order. | |
1397 | |
1398 One unusual thing about this command is that the entire line | |
1399 containing position @var{beg}, and the entire line containing position | |
1400 @var{end}, are included in the region sorted. | |
1401 | |
1402 Note that @code{sort-columns} uses the @code{sort} utility program, | |
1403 and so cannot work properly on text containing tab characters. Use | |
1404 @kbd{M-x @code{untabify}} to convert tabs to spaces before sorting. | |
1405 | |
1406 The @code{sort-columns} function did not work on VMS prior to Emacs 19. | |
1407 @end deffn | |
1408 | |
1409 @node Columns | |
1410 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1411 @section Counting Columns | |
1412 @cindex columns | |
1413 @cindex counting columns | |
1414 @cindex horizontal position | |
1415 | |
1416 The column functions convert between a character position (counting | |
1417 characters from the beginning of the buffer) and a column position | |
1418 (counting screen characters from the beginning of a line). | |
1419 | |
1420 A character counts according to the number of columns it occupies on | |
1421 the screen. This means control characters count as occupying 2 or 4 | |
1422 columns, depending upon the value of @code{ctl-arrow}, and tabs count as | |
1423 occupying a number of columns that depends on the value of | |
1424 @code{tab-width} and on the column where the tab begins. @xref{Usual Display}. | |
1425 | |
1426 Column number computations ignore the width of the window and the | |
1427 amount of horizontal scrolling. Consequently, a column value can be | |
1428 arbitrarily high. The first (or leftmost) column is numbered 0. | |
1429 | |
1430 @defun current-column | |
1431 This function returns the horizontal position of point, measured in | |
1432 columns, counting from 0 at the left margin. The column position is the | |
1433 sum of the widths of all the displayed representations of the characters | |
1434 between the start of the current line and point. | |
1435 | |
1436 For an example of using @code{current-column}, see the description of | |
1437 @code{count-lines} in @ref{Text Lines}. | |
1438 @end defun | |
1439 | |
1440 @defun move-to-column column &optional force | |
1441 This function moves point to @var{column} in the current line. The | |
1442 calculation of @var{column} takes into account the widths of the | |
1443 displayed representations of the characters between the start of the | |
1444 line and point. | |
1445 | |
1446 If column @var{column} is beyond the end of the line, point moves to the | |
1447 end of the line. If @var{column} is negative, point moves to the | |
1448 beginning of the line. | |
1449 | |
1450 If it is impossible to move to column @var{column} because that is in | |
1451 the middle of a multicolumn character such as a tab, point moves to the | |
1452 end of that character. However, if @var{force} is non-@code{nil}, and | |
1453 @var{column} is in the middle of a tab, then @code{move-to-column} | |
1454 converts the tab into spaces so that it can move precisely to column | |
1455 @var{column}. Other multicolumn characters can cause anomalies despite | |
1456 @var{force}, since there is no way to split them. | |
1457 | |
1458 The argument @var{force} also has an effect if the line isn't long | |
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1459 enough to reach column @var{column}; in that case, it says to add |
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1460 whitespace at the end of the line to reach that column. |
6558 | 1461 |
1462 If @var{column} is not an integer, an error is signaled. | |
1463 | |
1464 The return value is the column number actually moved to. | |
1465 @end defun | |
1466 | |
1467 @node Indentation | |
1468 @section Indentation | |
1469 @cindex indentation | |
1470 | |
1471 The indentation functions are used to examine, move to, and change | |
1472 whitespace that is at the beginning of a line. Some of the functions | |
1473 can also change whitespace elsewhere on a line. Columns and indentation | |
1474 count from zero at the left margin. | |
1475 | |
1476 @menu | |
1477 * Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation. | |
1478 * Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes. | |
1479 * Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region. | |
1480 * Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines. | |
1481 * Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops. | |
1482 * Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character. | |
1483 @end menu | |
1484 | |
1485 @node Primitive Indent | |
1486 @subsection Indentation Primitives | |
1487 | |
1488 This section describes the primitive functions used to count and | |
1489 insert indentation. The functions in the following sections use these | |
1490 primitives. | |
1491 | |
1492 @defun current-indentation | |
1493 @comment !!Type Primitive Function | |
1494 @comment !!SourceFile indent.c | |
1495 This function returns the indentation of the current line, which is | |
1496 the horizontal position of the first nonblank character. If the | |
1497 contents are entirely blank, then this is the horizontal position of the | |
1498 end of the line. | |
1499 @end defun | |
1500 | |
1501 @deffn Command indent-to column &optional minimum | |
1502 @comment !!Type Primitive Function | |
1503 @comment !!SourceFile indent.c | |
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1504 This function indents from point with tabs and spaces until @var{column} |
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1505 is reached. If @var{minimum} is specified and non-@code{nil}, then at |
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1506 least that many spaces are inserted even if this requires going beyond |
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1507 @var{column}. Otherwise the function does nothing if point is already |
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1508 beyond @var{column}. The value is the column at which the inserted |
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1509 indentation ends. |
6558 | 1510 @end deffn |
1511 | |
1512 @defopt indent-tabs-mode | |
1513 @comment !!SourceFile indent.c | |
1514 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, indentation functions can insert | |
1515 tabs as well as spaces. Otherwise, they insert only spaces. Setting | |
1516 this variable automatically makes it local to the current buffer. | |
1517 @end defopt | |
1518 | |
1519 @node Mode-Specific Indent | |
1520 @subsection Indentation Controlled by Major Mode | |
1521 | |
1522 An important function of each major mode is to customize the @key{TAB} | |
1523 key to indent properly for the language being edited. This section | |
1524 describes the mechanism of the @key{TAB} key and how to control it. | |
1525 The functions in this section return unpredictable values. | |
1526 | |
1527 @defvar indent-line-function | |
1528 This variable's value is the function to be used by @key{TAB} (and | |
1529 various commands) to indent the current line. The command | |
1530 @code{indent-according-to-mode} does no more than call this function. | |
1531 | |
1532 In Lisp mode, the value is the symbol @code{lisp-indent-line}; in C | |
1533 mode, @code{c-indent-line}; in Fortran mode, @code{fortran-indent-line}. | |
1534 In Fundamental mode, Text mode, and many other modes with no standard | |
1535 for indentation, the value is @code{indent-to-left-margin} (which is the | |
1536 default value). | |
1537 @end defvar | |
1538 | |
1539 @deffn Command indent-according-to-mode | |
1540 This command calls the function in @code{indent-line-function} to | |
1541 indent the current line in a way appropriate for the current major mode. | |
1542 @end deffn | |
1543 | |
1544 @deffn Command indent-for-tab-command | |
1545 This command calls the function in @code{indent-line-function} to indent | |
1546 the current line; except that if that function is | |
1547 @code{indent-to-left-margin}, it calls @code{insert-tab} instead. (That | |
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1548 is a trivial command that inserts a tab character.) |
6558 | 1549 @end deffn |
1550 | |
1551 @defun indent-to-left-margin | |
1552 This is the default @code{indent-line-function}, used in Fundamental | |
1553 mode, Text mode, etc. Its effect is to adjust the indentation at the | |
1554 beginning of the current line to the value specified by the variable | |
1555 @code{left-margin}. This may involve either inserting or deleting | |
1556 whitespace. | |
1557 @end defun | |
1558 | |
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1559 @defvar left-margin |
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1560 This variable specifies the column for @code{indent-to-left-margin} to |
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1561 indent to. In Fundamental mode, @key{LFD} indents to this column. This |
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1562 variable automatically becomes buffer-local when set in any fashion. |
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1563 @end defvar |
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1564 |
6558 | 1565 @deffn Command newline-and-indent |
1566 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el | |
1567 This function inserts a newline, then indents the new line (the one | |
1568 following the newline just inserted) according to the major mode. | |
1569 | |
1570 It does indentation by calling the current @code{indent-line-function}. | |
1571 In programming language modes, this is the same thing @key{TAB} does, | |
1572 but in some text modes, where @key{TAB} inserts a tab, | |
1573 @code{newline-and-indent} indents to the column specified by | |
1574 @code{left-margin}. | |
1575 @end deffn | |
1576 | |
1577 @deffn Command reindent-then-newline-and-indent | |
1578 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el | |
1579 This command reindents the current line, inserts a newline at point, | |
1580 and then reindents the new line (the one following the newline just | |
1581 inserted). | |
1582 | |
1583 This command does indentation on both lines according to the current | |
1584 major mode, by calling the current value of @code{indent-line-function}. | |
1585 In programming language modes, this is the same thing @key{TAB} does, | |
1586 but in some text modes, where @key{TAB} inserts a tab, | |
1587 @code{reindent-then-newline-and-indent} indents to the column specified | |
1588 by @code{left-margin}. | |
1589 @end deffn | |
1590 | |
1591 @node Region Indent | |
1592 @subsection Indenting an Entire Region | |
1593 | |
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1594 This section describes commands that indent all the lines in the |
6558 | 1595 region. They return unpredictable values. |
1596 | |
1597 @deffn Command indent-region start end to-column | |
1598 This command indents each nonblank line starting between @var{start} | |
1599 (inclusive) and @var{end} (exclusive). If @var{to-column} is | |
1600 @code{nil}, @code{indent-region} indents each nonblank line by calling | |
1601 the current mode's indentation function, the value of | |
1602 @code{indent-line-function}. | |
1603 | |
1604 If @var{to-column} is non-@code{nil}, it should be an integer | |
1605 specifying the number of columns of indentation; then this function | |
1606 gives each line exactly that much indentation, by either adding or | |
1607 deleting whitespace. | |
1608 | |
1609 If there is a fill prefix, @code{indent-region} indents each line | |
1610 by making it start with the fill prefix. | |
1611 @end deffn | |
1612 | |
1613 @defvar indent-region-function | |
1614 The value of this variable is a function that can be used by | |
1615 @code{indent-region} as a short cut. You should design the function so | |
1616 that it will produce the same results as indenting the lines of the | |
1617 region one by one, but presumably faster. | |
1618 | |
1619 If the value is @code{nil}, there is no short cut, and | |
1620 @code{indent-region} actually works line by line. | |
1621 | |
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1622 A short-cut function is useful in modes such as C mode and Lisp mode, |
6558 | 1623 where the @code{indent-line-function} must scan from the beginning of |
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1624 the function definition: applying it to each line would be quadratic in |
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1625 time. The short cut can update the scan information as it moves through |
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1626 the lines indenting them; this takes linear time. In a mode where |
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1627 indenting a line individually is fast, there is no need for a short cut. |
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1628 |
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1629 @code{indent-region} with a non-@code{nil} argument @var{to-column} has |
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1630 a different meaning and does not use this variable. |
6558 | 1631 @end defvar |
1632 | |
1633 @deffn Command indent-rigidly start end count | |
1634 @comment !!SourceFile indent.el | |
1635 This command indents all lines starting between @var{start} | |
1636 (inclusive) and @var{end} (exclusive) sideways by @var{count} columns. | |
1637 This ``preserves the shape'' of the affected region, moving it as a | |
1638 rigid unit. Consequently, this command is useful not only for indenting | |
1639 regions of unindented text, but also for indenting regions of formatted | |
1640 code. | |
1641 | |
1642 For example, if @var{count} is 3, this command adds 3 columns of | |
1643 indentation to each of the lines beginning in the region specified. | |
1644 | |
1645 In Mail mode, @kbd{C-c C-y} (@code{mail-yank-original}) uses | |
1646 @code{indent-rigidly} to indent the text copied from the message being | |
1647 replied to. | |
1648 @end deffn | |
1649 | |
1650 @defun indent-code-rigidly start end columns &optional nochange-regexp | |
1651 This is like @code{indent-rigidly}, except that it doesn't alter lines | |
1652 that start within strings or comments. | |
1653 | |
1654 In addition, it doesn't alter a line if @var{nochange-regexp} matches at | |
1655 the beginning of the line (if @var{nochange-regexp} is non-@code{nil}). | |
1656 @end defun | |
1657 | |
1658 @node Relative Indent | |
1659 @subsection Indentation Relative to Previous Lines | |
1660 | |
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1661 This section describes two commands that indent the current line |
6558 | 1662 based on the contents of previous lines. |
1663 | |
1664 @deffn Command indent-relative &optional unindented-ok | |
1665 This command inserts whitespace at point, extending to the same | |
1666 column as the next @dfn{indent point} of the previous nonblank line. An | |
1667 indent point is a non-whitespace character following whitespace. The | |
1668 next indent point is the first one at a column greater than the current | |
1669 column of point. For example, if point is underneath and to the left of | |
1670 the first non-blank character of a line of text, it moves to that column | |
1671 by inserting whitespace. | |
1672 | |
1673 If the previous nonblank line has no next indent point (i.e., none at a | |
1674 great enough column position), @code{indent-relative} either does | |
1675 nothing (if @var{unindented-ok} is non-@code{nil}) or calls | |
1676 @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. Thus, if point is underneath and to the right | |
1677 of the last column of a short line of text, this command ordinarily | |
1678 moves point to the next tab stop by inserting whitespace. | |
1679 | |
1680 The return value of @code{indent-relative} is unpredictable. | |
1681 | |
1682 In the following example, point is at the beginning of the second | |
1683 line: | |
1684 | |
1685 @example | |
1686 @group | |
1687 This line is indented twelve spaces. | |
1688 @point{}The quick brown fox jumped. | |
1689 @end group | |
1690 @end example | |
1691 | |
1692 @noindent | |
1693 Evaluation of the expression @code{(indent-relative nil)} produces the | |
1694 following: | |
1695 | |
1696 @example | |
1697 @group | |
1698 This line is indented twelve spaces. | |
1699 @point{}The quick brown fox jumped. | |
1700 @end group | |
1701 @end example | |
1702 | |
1703 In this example, point is between the @samp{m} and @samp{p} of | |
1704 @samp{jumped}: | |
1705 | |
1706 @example | |
1707 @group | |
1708 This line is indented twelve spaces. | |
1709 The quick brown fox jum@point{}ped. | |
1710 @end group | |
1711 @end example | |
1712 | |
1713 @noindent | |
1714 Evaluation of the expression @code{(indent-relative nil)} produces the | |
1715 following: | |
1716 | |
1717 @example | |
1718 @group | |
1719 This line is indented twelve spaces. | |
1720 The quick brown fox jum @point{}ped. | |
1721 @end group | |
1722 @end example | |
1723 @end deffn | |
1724 | |
1725 @deffn Command indent-relative-maybe | |
1726 @comment !!SourceFile indent.el | |
1727 This command indents the current line like the previous nonblank line. | |
1728 It calls @code{indent-relative} with @code{t} as the @var{unindented-ok} | |
1729 argument. The return value is unpredictable. | |
1730 | |
1731 If the previous nonblank line has no indent points beyond the current | |
1732 column, this command does nothing. | |
1733 @end deffn | |
1734 | |
1735 @node Indent Tabs | |
1736 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1737 @subsection Adjustable ``Tab Stops'' | |
1738 @cindex tabs stops for indentation | |
1739 | |
1740 This section explains the mechanism for user-specified ``tab stops'' | |
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1741 and the mechanisms that use and set them. The name ``tab stops'' is |
6558 | 1742 used because the feature is similar to that of the tab stops on a |
1743 typewriter. The feature works by inserting an appropriate number of | |
1744 spaces and tab characters to reach the next tab stop column; it does not | |
1745 affect the display of tab characters in the buffer (@pxref{Usual | |
1746 Display}). Note that the @key{TAB} character as input uses this tab | |
1747 stop feature only in a few major modes, such as Text mode. | |
1748 | |
1749 @deffn Command tab-to-tab-stop | |
1750 This command inserts spaces or tabs up to the next tab stop column | |
1751 defined by @code{tab-stop-list}. It searches the list for an element | |
1752 greater than the current column number, and uses that element as the | |
1753 column to indent to. It does nothing if no such element is found. | |
1754 @end deffn | |
1755 | |
1756 @defopt tab-stop-list | |
1757 This variable is the list of tab stop columns used by | |
1758 @code{tab-to-tab-stops}. The elements should be integers in increasing | |
1759 order. The tab stop columns need not be evenly spaced. | |
1760 | |
1761 Use @kbd{M-x edit-tab-stops} to edit the location of tab stops | |
1762 interactively. | |
1763 @end defopt | |
1764 | |
1765 @node Motion by Indent | |
1766 @subsection Indentation-Based Motion Commands | |
1767 | |
1768 These commands, primarily for interactive use, act based on the | |
1769 indentation in the text. | |
1770 | |
1771 @deffn Command back-to-indentation | |
1772 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el | |
1773 This command moves point to the first non-whitespace character in the | |
1774 current line (which is the line in which point is located). It returns | |
1775 @code{nil}. | |
1776 @end deffn | |
1777 | |
1778 @deffn Command backward-to-indentation arg | |
1779 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el | |
1780 This command moves point backward @var{arg} lines and then to the | |
1781 first nonblank character on that line. It returns @code{nil}. | |
1782 @end deffn | |
1783 | |
1784 @deffn Command forward-to-indentation arg | |
1785 @comment !!SourceFile simple.el | |
1786 This command moves point forward @var{arg} lines and then to the first | |
1787 nonblank character on that line. It returns @code{nil}. | |
1788 @end deffn | |
1789 | |
1790 @node Case Changes | |
1791 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1792 @section Case Changes | |
1793 @cindex case changes | |
1794 | |
1795 The case change commands described here work on text in the current | |
1796 buffer. @xref{Character Case}, for case conversion commands that work | |
1797 on strings and characters. @xref{Case Table}, for how to customize | |
1798 which characters are upper or lower case and how to convert them. | |
1799 | |
1800 @deffn Command capitalize-region start end | |
1801 This function capitalizes all words in the region defined by | |
1802 @var{start} and @var{end}. To capitalize means to convert each word's | |
1803 first character to upper case and convert the rest of each word to lower | |
1804 case. The function returns @code{nil}. | |
1805 | |
1806 If one end of the region is in the middle of a word, the part of the | |
1807 word within the region is treated as an entire word. | |
1808 | |
1809 When @code{capitalize-region} is called interactively, @var{start} and | |
1810 @var{end} are point and the mark, with the smallest first. | |
1811 | |
1812 @example | |
1813 @group | |
1814 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1815 This is the contents of the 5th foo. | |
1816 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1817 @end group | |
1818 | |
1819 @group | |
1820 (capitalize-region 1 44) | |
1821 @result{} nil | |
1822 | |
1823 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1824 This Is The Contents Of The 5th Foo. | |
1825 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
1826 @end group | |
1827 @end example | |
1828 @end deffn | |
1829 | |
1830 @deffn Command downcase-region start end | |
1831 This function converts all of the letters in the region defined by | |
1832 @var{start} and @var{end} to lower case. The function returns | |
1833 @code{nil}. | |
1834 | |
1835 When @code{downcase-region} is called interactively, @var{start} and | |
1836 @var{end} are point and the mark, with the smallest first. | |
1837 @end deffn | |
1838 | |
1839 @deffn Command upcase-region start end | |
1840 This function converts all of the letters in the region defined by | |
1841 @var{start} and @var{end} to upper case. The function returns | |
1842 @code{nil}. | |
1843 | |
1844 When @code{upcase-region} is called interactively, @var{start} and | |
1845 @var{end} are point and the mark, with the smallest first. | |
1846 @end deffn | |
1847 | |
1848 @deffn Command capitalize-word count | |
1849 This function capitalizes @var{count} words after point, moving point | |
1850 over as it does. To capitalize means to convert each word's first | |
1851 character to upper case and convert the rest of each word to lower case. | |
1852 If @var{count} is negative, the function capitalizes the | |
1853 @minus{}@var{count} previous words but does not move point. The value | |
1854 is @code{nil}. | |
1855 | |
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1856 If point is in the middle of a word, the part of the word before point |
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1857 is ignored when moving forward. The rest is treated as an entire word. |
6558 | 1858 |
1859 When @code{capitalize-word} is called interactively, @var{count} is | |
1860 set to the numeric prefix argument. | |
1861 @end deffn | |
1862 | |
1863 @deffn Command downcase-word count | |
1864 This function converts the @var{count} words after point to all lower | |
1865 case, moving point over as it does. If @var{count} is negative, it | |
1866 converts the @minus{}@var{count} previous words but does not move point. | |
1867 The value is @code{nil}. | |
1868 | |
1869 When @code{downcase-word} is called interactively, @var{count} is set | |
1870 to the numeric prefix argument. | |
1871 @end deffn | |
1872 | |
1873 @deffn Command upcase-word count | |
1874 This function converts the @var{count} words after point to all upper | |
1875 case, moving point over as it does. If @var{count} is negative, it | |
1876 converts the @minus{}@var{count} previous words but does not move point. | |
1877 The value is @code{nil}. | |
1878 | |
1879 When @code{upcase-word} is called interactively, @var{count} is set to | |
1880 the numeric prefix argument. | |
1881 @end deffn | |
1882 | |
1883 @node Text Properties | |
1884 @section Text Properties | |
1885 @cindex text properties | |
1886 @cindex attributes of text | |
1887 @cindex properties of text | |
1888 | |
1889 Each character position in a buffer or a string can have a @dfn{text | |
1890 property list}, much like the property list of a symbol (@pxref{Property | |
1891 Lists}). The properties belong to a particular character at a | |
1892 particular place, such as, the letter @samp{T} at the beginning of this | |
1893 sentence or the first @samp{o} in @samp{foo}---if the same character | |
1894 occurs in two different places, the two occurrences generally have | |
1895 different properties. | |
1896 | |
1897 Each property has a name and a value. Both of these can be any Lisp | |
1898 object, but the name is normally a symbol. The usual way to access the | |
1899 property list is to specify a name and ask what value corresponds to it. | |
1900 | |
1901 If a character has a @code{category} property, we call it the | |
1902 @dfn{category} of the character. It should be a symbol. The properties | |
1903 of the symbol serve as defaults for the properties of the character. | |
1904 | |
1905 Copying text between strings and buffers preserves the properties | |
1906 along with the characters; this includes such diverse functions as | |
1907 @code{substring}, @code{insert}, and @code{buffer-substring}. | |
1908 | |
1909 @menu | |
1910 * Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character. | |
1911 * Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text. | |
1912 * Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value. | |
1913 * Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings. | |
1914 * Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from | |
1915 neighboring text. | |
1916 * Saving Properties:: Saving text properties in files, and reading | |
1917 them back. | |
1918 * Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use | |
1919 Lisp-visible text intervals. | |
1920 @end menu | |
1921 | |
1922 @node Examining Properties | |
1923 @subsection Examining Text Properties | |
1924 | |
1925 The simplest way to examine text properties is to ask for the value of | |
1926 a particular property of a particular character. For that, use | |
1927 @code{get-text-property}. Use @code{text-properties-at} to get the | |
1928 entire property list of a character. @xref{Property Search}, for | |
1929 functions to examine the properties of a number of characters at once. | |
1930 | |
1931 These functions handle both strings and buffers. Keep in mind that | |
1932 positions in a string start from 0, whereas positions in a buffer start | |
1933 from 1. | |
1934 | |
1935 @defun get-text-property pos prop &optional object | |
1936 This function returns the value of the @var{prop} property of the | |
1937 character after position @var{pos} in @var{object} (a buffer or | |
1938 string). The argument @var{object} is optional and defaults to the | |
1939 current buffer. | |
1940 | |
1941 If there is no @var{prop} property strictly speaking, but the character | |
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1942 has a category that is a symbol, then @code{get-text-property} returns |
6558 | 1943 the @var{prop} property of that symbol. |
1944 @end defun | |
1945 | |
1946 @defun get-char-property pos prop &optional object | |
1947 This function is like @code{get-text-property}, except that it checks | |
1948 overlays first and then text properties. @xref{Overlays}. | |
1949 | |
1950 The argument @var{object} may be a string, a buffer, or a window. If it | |
1951 is a window, then the buffer displayed in that window is used for text | |
1952 properties and overlays, but only the overlays active for that window | |
1953 are considered. If @var{object} is a buffer, then all overlays in that | |
1954 buffer are considered, as well as text properties. If @var{object} is a | |
1955 string, only text properties are considered, since strings never have | |
1956 overlays. | |
1957 @end defun | |
1958 | |
1959 @defun text-properties-at position &optional object | |
1960 This function returns the entire property list of the character at | |
1961 @var{position} in the string or buffer @var{object}. If @var{object} is | |
1962 @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
1963 @end defun | |
1964 | |
1965 @node Changing Properties | |
1966 @subsection Changing Text Properties | |
1967 | |
1968 The primitives for changing properties apply to a specified range of | |
1969 text. The function @code{set-text-properties} (see end of section) sets | |
1970 the entire property list of the text in that range; more often, it is | |
1971 useful to add, change, or delete just certain properties specified by | |
1972 name. | |
1973 | |
1974 Since text properties are considered part of the buffer's contents, and | |
1975 can affect how the buffer looks on the screen, any change in the text | |
1976 properties is considered a buffer modification. Buffer text property | |
1977 changes are undoable (@pxref{Undo}). | |
1978 | |
1979 @defun add-text-properties start end props &optional object | |
1980 This function modifies the text properties for the text between | |
1981 @var{start} and @var{end} in the string or buffer @var{object}. If | |
1982 @var{object} is @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
1983 | |
1984 The argument @var{props} specifies which properties to change. It | |
1985 should have the form of a property list (@pxref{Property Lists}): a list | |
1986 whose elements include the property names followed alternately by the | |
1987 corresponding values. | |
1988 | |
1989 The return value is @code{t} if the function actually changed some | |
1990 property's value; @code{nil} otherwise (if @var{props} is @code{nil} or | |
1991 its values agree with those in the text). | |
1992 | |
1993 For example, here is how to set the @code{comment} and @code{face} | |
1994 properties of a range of text: | |
1995 | |
1996 @example | |
1997 (add-text-properties @var{start} @var{end} | |
1998 '(comment t face highlight)) | |
1999 @end example | |
2000 @end defun | |
2001 | |
2002 @defun put-text-property start end prop value &optional object | |
2003 This function sets the @var{prop} property to @var{value} for the text | |
2004 between @var{start} and @var{end} in the string or buffer @var{object}. | |
2005 If @var{object} is @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
2006 @end defun | |
2007 | |
2008 @defun remove-text-properties start end props &optional object | |
2009 This function deletes specified text properties from the text between | |
2010 @var{start} and @var{end} in the string or buffer @var{object}. If | |
2011 @var{object} is @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
2012 | |
2013 The argument @var{props} specifies which properties to delete. It | |
2014 should have the form of a property list (@pxref{Property Lists}): a list | |
2015 whose elements are property names alternating with corresponding values. | |
2016 But only the names matter---the values that accompany them are ignored. | |
2017 For example, here's how to remove the @code{face} property. | |
2018 | |
2019 @example | |
2020 (remove-text-properties @var{start} @var{end} '(face nil)) | |
2021 @end example | |
2022 | |
2023 The return value is @code{t} if the function actually changed some | |
2024 property's value; @code{nil} otherwise (if @var{props} is @code{nil} or | |
2025 if no character in the specified text had any of those properties). | |
2026 @end defun | |
2027 | |
2028 @defun set-text-properties start end props &optional object | |
2029 This function completely replaces the text property list for the text | |
2030 between @var{start} and @var{end} in the string or buffer @var{object}. | |
2031 If @var{object} is @code{nil}, it defaults to the current buffer. | |
2032 | |
2033 The argument @var{props} is the new property list. It should be a list | |
2034 whose elements are property names alternating with corresponding values. | |
2035 | |
2036 After @code{set-text-properties} returns, all the characters in the | |
2037 specified range have identical properties. | |
2038 | |
2039 If @var{props} is @code{nil}, the effect is to get rid of all properties | |
2040 from the specified range of text. Here's an example: | |
2041 | |
2042 @example | |
2043 (set-text-properties @var{start} @var{end} nil) | |
2044 @end example | |
2045 @end defun | |
2046 | |
2047 @node Property Search | |
2048 @subsection Property Search Functions | |
2049 | |
2050 In typical use of text properties, most of the time several or many | |
2051 consecutive characters have the same value for a property. Rather than | |
2052 writing your programs to examine characters one by one, it is much | |
2053 faster to process chunks of text that have the same property value. | |
2054 | |
2055 Here are functions you can use to do this. In all cases, @var{object} | |
2056 defaults to the current buffer. | |
2057 | |
2058 For high performance, it's very important to use the @var{limit} | |
2059 argument to these functions, especially the ones that search for a | |
2060 single property---otherwise, they may spend a long time considering | |
2061 changes in other properties while scanning to the end of the buffer. | |
2062 | |
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2063 Remember that a position is always between two characters; the position |
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2064 returned by these functions is between two characters with different |
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2065 properties. |
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2066 |
6558 | 2067 @defun next-property-change pos &optional object limit |
2068 The function scans the text forward from position @var{pos} in the | |
2069 string or buffer @var{object} till it finds a change in some text | |
2070 property, then returns the position of the change. In other words, it | |
2071 returns the position of the first character beyond @var{pos} whose | |
2072 properties are not identical to those of the character just after | |
2073 @var{pos}. | |
2074 | |
2075 If @var{limit} is non-@code{nil}, then the scan ends at position | |
2076 @var{limit}. If there is no property change before that point, | |
2077 @code{next-property-change} returns @var{limit}. | |
2078 | |
2079 The value is @code{nil} if the properties remain unchanged all the way | |
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2080 to the end of @var{object} and @var{limit} is @code{nil}. If the value |
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2081 is non-@code{nil}, it is a position greater than or equal to @var{pos}. |
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2082 The value equals @var{pos} only when @var{limit} equals @var{pos}. |
6558 | 2083 |
2084 Here is an example of how to scan the buffer by chunks of text within | |
2085 which all properties are constant: | |
2086 | |
2087 @smallexample | |
2088 (while (not (eobp)) | |
2089 (let ((plist (text-properties-at (point))) | |
2090 (next-change | |
2091 (or (next-property-change (point) (current-buffer)) | |
2092 (point-max)))) | |
2093 @r{Process text from point to @var{next-change}@dots{}} | |
2094 (goto-char next-change))) | |
2095 @end smallexample | |
2096 @end defun | |
2097 | |
2098 @defun next-single-property-change pos prop &optional object limit | |
2099 The function scans the text forward from position @var{pos} in the | |
2100 string or buffer @var{object} till it finds a change in the @var{prop} | |
2101 property, then returns the position of the change. In other words, it | |
2102 returns the position of the first character beyond @var{pos} whose | |
2103 @var{prop} property differs from that of the character just after | |
2104 @var{pos}. | |
2105 | |
2106 If @var{limit} is non-@code{nil}, then the scan ends at position | |
2107 @var{limit}. If there is no property change before that point, | |
2108 @code{next-single-property-change} returns @var{limit}. | |
2109 | |
2110 The value is @code{nil} if the property remains unchanged all the way to | |
2111 the end of @var{object} and @var{limit} is @code{nil}. If the value is | |
2112 non-@code{nil}, it is a position greater than or equal to @var{pos}; it | |
2113 equals @var{pos} only if @var{limit} equals @var{pos}. | |
2114 @end defun | |
2115 | |
2116 @defun previous-property-change pos &optional object limit | |
2117 This is like @code{next-property-change}, but scans back from @var{pos} | |
2118 instead of forward. If the value is non-@code{nil}, it is a position | |
2119 less than or equal to @var{pos}; it equals @var{pos} only if @var{limit} | |
2120 equals @var{pos}. | |
2121 @end defun | |
2122 | |
2123 @defun previous-single-property-change pos prop &optional object limit | |
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2124 This is like @code{next-single-property-change}, but scans back from |
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2125 @var{pos} instead of forward. If the value is non-@code{nil}, it is a |
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2126 position less than or equal to @var{pos}; it equals @var{pos} only if |
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2127 @var{limit} equals @var{pos}. |
6558 | 2128 @end defun |
2129 | |
2130 @defun text-property-any start end prop value &optional object | |
2131 This function returns non-@code{nil} if at least one character between | |
2132 @var{start} and @var{end} has a property @var{prop} whose value is | |
2133 @var{value}. More precisely, it returns the position of the first such | |
2134 character. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}. | |
2135 | |
2136 The optional fifth argument, @var{object}, specifies the string or | |
2137 buffer to scan. Positions are relative to @var{object}. The default | |
2138 for @var{object} is the current buffer. | |
2139 @end defun | |
2140 | |
2141 @defun text-property-not-all start end prop value &optional object | |
2142 This function returns non-@code{nil} if at least one character between | |
2143 @var{start} and @var{end} has a property @var{prop} whose value differs | |
2144 from @var{value}. More precisely, it returns the position of the | |
2145 first such character. Otherwise, it returns @code{nil}. | |
2146 | |
2147 The optional fifth argument, @var{object}, specifies the string or | |
2148 buffer to scan. Positions are relative to @var{object}. The default | |
2149 for @var{object} is the current buffer. | |
2150 @end defun | |
2151 | |
2152 @node Special Properties | |
2153 @subsection Properties with Special Meanings | |
2154 | |
2155 @table @code | |
2156 @cindex category of text character | |
2157 @kindex category @r{(text property)} | |
2158 @item category | |
2159 If a character has a @code{category} property, we call it the | |
2160 @dfn{category} of the character. It should be a symbol. The properties | |
2161 of the symbol serve as defaults for the properties of the character. | |
2162 | |
2163 @item face | |
2164 @cindex face codes of text | |
2165 @kindex face @r{(text property)} | |
2166 You can use the property @code{face} to control the font and color of | |
2167 text. @xref{Faces}, for more information. This feature is temporary; | |
2168 in the future, we may replace it with other ways of specifying how to | |
2169 display text. | |
2170 | |
2171 @item mouse-face | |
2172 @kindex mouse-face @r{(text property)} | |
2173 The property @code{mouse-face} is used instead of @code{face} when the | |
2174 mouse is on or near the character. For this purpose, ``near'' means | |
2175 that all text between the character and where the mouse is have the same | |
2176 @code{mouse-face} property value. | |
2177 | |
2178 @item local-map | |
2179 @cindex keymap of character | |
2180 @kindex local-map @r{(text property)} | |
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2181 You can specify a different keymap for a portion of the text by means of |
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2182 a @code{local-map} property. The property's value for the character |
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2183 after point, if non-@code{nil}, replaces the buffer's local map. |
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2184 @xref{Active Keymaps}. |
6558 | 2185 |
2186 @item read-only | |
2187 @cindex read-only character | |
2188 @kindex read-only @r{(text property)} | |
2189 If a character has the property @code{read-only}, then modifying that | |
2190 character is not allowed. Any command that would do so gets an error. | |
2191 | |
2192 Insertion next to a read-only character is an error if inserting | |
2193 ordinary text there would inherit the @code{read-only} property due to | |
2194 stickiness. Thus, you can control permission to insert next to | |
2195 read-only text by controlling the stickiness. @xref{Sticky Properties}. | |
2196 | |
2197 Since changing properties counts as modifying the buffer, it is not | |
2198 possible to remove a @code{read-only} property unless you know the | |
2199 special trick: bind @code{inhibit-read-only} to a non-@code{nil} value | |
2200 and then remove the property. @xref{Read Only Buffers}. | |
2201 | |
2202 @item invisible | |
2203 @kindex invisible @r{(text property)} | |
2204 A non-@code{nil} @code{invisible} property means a character does not | |
2205 appear on the screen. This works much like selective display. Details | |
2206 of this feature are likely to change in future versions, so check the | |
2207 @file{etc/NEWS} file in the version you are using. | |
2208 | |
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2209 @item intangible |
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2210 @kindex intangible @r{(text property)} |
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2211 A non-@code{nil} @code{intangible} property on a character prevents |
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2212 putting point before that character. If you try, point actually goes |
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2213 after the character (and after all succeeding intangible characters). |
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2214 |
6558 | 2215 @item modification-hooks |
2216 @cindex change hooks for a character | |
2217 @cindex hooks for changing a character | |
2218 @kindex modification-hooks @r{(text property)} | |
2219 If a character has the property @code{modification-hooks}, then its | |
2220 value should be a list of functions; modifying that character calls all | |
2221 of those functions. Each function receives two arguments: the beginning | |
2222 and end of the part of the buffer being modified. Note that if a | |
2223 particular modification hook function appears on several characters | |
2224 being modified by a single primitive, you can't predict how many times | |
2225 the function will be called. | |
2226 | |
2227 @item insert-in-front-hooks | |
2228 @itemx insert-behind-hooks | |
2229 @kindex insert-in-front-hooks @r{(text property)} | |
2230 @kindex insert-behind-hooks @r{(text property)} | |
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2231 The operation of inserting text in a buffer, after actually modifying |
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2232 the buffer, calls the functions listed in the |
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2233 @code{insert-in-front-hooks} property of the following character and in |
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2234 the @code{insert-behind-hooks} property of the preceding character. |
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2235 These functions receive two arguments, the beginning and end of the |
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2236 inserted text. |
6558 | 2237 |
2238 See also @ref{Change Hooks}, for other hooks that are called | |
2239 when you change text in a buffer. | |
2240 | |
2241 @item point-entered | |
2242 @itemx point-left | |
2243 @cindex hooks for motion of point | |
2244 @kindex point-entered @r{(text property)} | |
2245 @kindex point-left @r{(text property)} | |
2246 The special properties @code{point-entered} and @code{point-left} | |
2247 record hook functions that report motion of point. Each time point | |
2248 moves, Emacs compares these two property values: | |
2249 | |
2250 @itemize @bullet | |
2251 @item | |
2252 the @code{point-left} property of the character after the old location, | |
2253 and | |
2254 @item | |
2255 the @code{point-entered} property of the character after the new | |
2256 location. | |
2257 @end itemize | |
2258 | |
2259 @noindent | |
2260 If these two values differ, each of them is called (if not @code{nil}) | |
2261 with two arguments: the old value of point, and the new one. | |
2262 | |
2263 The same comparison is made for the characters before the old and new | |
2264 locations. The result may be to execute two @code{point-left} functions | |
2265 (which may be the same function) and/or two @code{point-entered} | |
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2266 functions (which may be the same function). In any case, all the |
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2267 @code{point-left} functions are called first, followed by all the |
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2268 @code{point-entered} functions. |
6558 | 2269 |
2270 A primitive function may examine characters at various positions | |
2271 without moving point to those positions. Only an actual change in the | |
2272 value of point runs these hook functions. | |
2273 @end table | |
2274 | |
2275 @defvar inhibit-point-motion-hooks | |
2276 When this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{point-left} and | |
2277 @code{point-entered} hooks are not run. | |
2278 @end defvar | |
2279 | |
2280 @node Sticky Properties | |
2281 @subsection Stickiness of Text Properties | |
2282 @cindex sticky text properties | |
2283 @cindex inheritance of text properties | |
2284 | |
2285 Self-inserting characters normally take on the same properties as the | |
2286 preceding character. This is called @dfn{inheritance} of properties. | |
2287 | |
2288 In a Lisp program, you can do insertion with inheritance or without, | |
2289 depending on your choice of insertion primitive. The ordinary text | |
2290 insertion functions such as @code{insert} do not inherit any properties. | |
2291 They insert text with precisely the properties of the string being | |
2292 inserted, and no others. This is correct for programs that copy text | |
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2293 from one context to another---for example, into or out of the kill ring. |
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2294 To insert with inheritance, use the special primitives described in this |
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2295 section. Self-inserting characters inherit properties because they work |
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2296 using these primitives. |
6558 | 2297 |
2298 When you do insertion with inheritance, @emph{which} properties are | |
2299 inherited depends on two specific properties: @code{front-sticky} and | |
2300 @code{rear-nonsticky}. | |
2301 | |
2302 Insertion after a character inherits those of its properties that are | |
2303 @dfn{rear-sticky}. Insertion before a character inherits those of its | |
2304 properties that are @dfn{front-sticky}. By default, a text property is | |
2305 rear-sticky but not front-sticky. Thus, the default is to inherit all | |
2306 the properties of the preceding character, and nothing from the | |
2307 following character. You can request different behavior by specifying | |
2308 the stickiness of certain properties. | |
2309 | |
2310 If a character's @code{front-sticky} property is @code{t}, then all | |
2311 its properties are front-sticky. If the @code{front-sticky} property is | |
2312 a list, then the sticky properties of the character are those whose | |
2313 names are in the list. For example, if a character has a | |
2314 @code{front-sticky} property whose value is @code{(face read-only)}, | |
2315 then insertion before the character can inherit its @code{face} property | |
2316 and its @code{read-only} property, but no others. | |
2317 | |
2318 The @code{rear-nonsticky} works the opposite way. Every property is | |
2319 rear-sticky by default, so the @code{rear-nonsticky} property says which | |
2320 properties are @emph{not} rear-sticky. If a character's | |
2321 @code{rear-nonsticky} property is @code{t}, then none of its properties | |
2322 are rear-sticky. If the @code{rear-nonsticky} property is a list, | |
2323 properties are rear-sticky @emph{unless} their names are in the list. | |
2324 | |
2325 When you insert text with inheritance, it inherits all the rear-sticky | |
2326 properties of the preceding character, and all the front-sticky | |
2327 properties of the following character. The previous character's | |
2328 properties take precedence when both sides offer different sticky values | |
2329 for the same property. | |
2330 | |
2331 Here are the functions that insert text with inheritance of properties: | |
2332 | |
2333 @defun insert-and-inherit &rest strings | |
2334 Insert the strings @var{strings}, just like the function @code{insert}, | |
2335 but inherit any sticky properties from the adjoining text. | |
2336 @end defun | |
2337 | |
2338 @defun insert-before-markers-and-inherit &rest strings | |
2339 Insert the strings @var{strings}, just like the function | |
2340 @code{insert-before-markers}, but inherit any sticky properties from the | |
2341 adjoining text. | |
2342 @end defun | |
2343 | |
2344 @node Saving Properties | |
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2345 @subsection Saving Text Properties in Files |
6558 | 2346 @cindex text properties in files |
2347 @cindex saving text properties | |
2348 | |
2349 You can save text properties in files, and restore text properties | |
2350 when inserting the files, using these two hooks: | |
2351 | |
2352 @defvar write-region-annotation-functions | |
2353 This variable's value is a list of functions for @code{write-region} to | |
2354 run to encode text properties in some fashion as annotations to the text | |
2355 being written in the file. @xref{Writing to Files}. | |
2356 | |
2357 Each function in the list is called with two arguments: the start and | |
2358 end of the region to be written. These functions should not alter the | |
2359 contents of the buffer. Instead, they should return lists indicating | |
2360 annotations to write in the file in addition to the text in the | |
2361 buffer. | |
2362 | |
2363 Each function should return a list of elements of the form | |
2364 @code{(@var{position} . @var{string})}, where @var{position} is an | |
2365 integer specifying the relative position in the text to be written, and | |
2366 @var{string} is the annotation to add there. | |
2367 | |
2368 Each list returned by one of these functions must be already sorted in | |
2369 increasing order by @var{position}. If there is more than one function, | |
2370 @code{write-region} merges the lists destructively into one sorted list. | |
2371 | |
2372 When @code{write-region} actually writes the text from the buffer to the | |
2373 file, it intermixes the specified annotations at the corresponding | |
2374 positions. All this takes place without modifying the buffer. | |
2375 @end defvar | |
2376 | |
2377 @defvar after-insert-file-functions | |
2378 This variable holds a list of functions for @code{insert-file-contents} | |
2379 to call after inserting a file's contents. These functions should scan | |
2380 the inserted text for annotations, and convert them to the text | |
2381 properties they stand for. | |
2382 | |
2383 Each function receives one argument, the length of the inserted text; | |
2384 point indicates the start of that text. The function should scan that | |
2385 text for annotations, delete them, and create the text properties that | |
2386 the annotations specify. The function should return the updated length | |
2387 of the inserted text, as it stands after those changes. The value | |
2388 returned by one function becomes the argument to the next function. | |
2389 | |
2390 These functions should always return with point at the beginning of | |
2391 the inserted text. | |
2392 | |
2393 The intended use of @code{after-insert-file-functions} is for converting | |
2394 some sort of textual annotations into actual text properties. But other | |
2395 uses may be possible. | |
2396 @end defvar | |
2397 | |
2398 We invite users to write Lisp programs to store and retrieve text | |
2399 properties in files, using these hooks, and thus to experiment with | |
2400 various data formats and find good ones. Eventually we hope users | |
2401 will produce good, general extensions we can install in Emacs. | |
2402 | |
2403 We suggest not trying to handle arbitrary Lisp objects as property | |
2404 names or property values---because a program that general is probably | |
2405 difficult to write, and slow. Instead, choose a set of possible data | |
2406 types that are reasonably flexible, and not too hard to encode. | |
2407 | |
2408 @node Not Intervals | |
2409 @subsection Why Text Properties are not Intervals | |
2410 @cindex intervals | |
2411 | |
2412 Some editors that support adding attributes to text in the buffer do | |
2413 so by letting the user specify ``intervals'' within the text, and adding | |
2414 the properties to the intervals. Those editors permit the user or the | |
2415 programmer to determine where individual intervals start and end. We | |
2416 deliberately provided a different sort of interface in Emacs Lisp to | |
2417 avoid certain paradoxical behavior associated with text modification. | |
2418 | |
2419 If the actual subdivision into intervals is meaningful, that means you | |
2420 can distinguish between a buffer that is just one interval with a | |
2421 certain property, and a buffer containing the same text subdivided into | |
2422 two intervals, both of which have that property. | |
2423 | |
2424 Suppose you take the buffer with just one interval and kill part of | |
2425 the text. The text remaining in the buffer is one interval, and the | |
2426 copy in the kill ring (and the undo list) becomes a separate interval. | |
2427 Then if you yank back the killed text, you get two intervals with the | |
2428 same properties. Thus, editing does not preserve the distinction | |
2429 between one interval and two. | |
2430 | |
2431 Suppose we ``fix'' this problem by coalescing the two intervals when | |
2432 the text is inserted. That works fine if the buffer originally was a | |
2433 single interval. But suppose instead that we have two adjacent | |
2434 intervals with the same properties, and we kill the text of one interval | |
2435 and yank it back. The same interval-coalescence feature that rescues | |
2436 the other case causes trouble in this one: after yanking, we have just | |
2437 one interval. One again, editing does not preserve the distinction | |
2438 between one interval and two. | |
2439 | |
2440 Insertion of text at the border between intervals also raises | |
2441 questions that have no satisfactory answer. | |
2442 | |
2443 However, it is easy to arrange for editing to behave consistently for | |
2444 questions of the form, ``What are the properties of this character?'' | |
2445 So we have decided these are the only questions that make sense; we have | |
2446 not implemented asking questions about where intervals start or end. | |
2447 | |
2448 In practice, you can usually use the property search functions in | |
2449 place of explicit interval boundaries. You can think of them as finding | |
2450 the boundaries of intervals, assuming that intervals are always | |
2451 coalesced whenever possible. @xref{Property Search}. | |
2452 | |
2453 Emacs also provides explicit intervals as a presentation feature; see | |
2454 @ref{Overlays}. | |
2455 | |
2456 @node Substitution | |
2457 @section Substituting for a Character Code | |
2458 | |
2459 The following functions replace characters within a specified region | |
2460 based on their character codes. | |
2461 | |
2462 @defun subst-char-in-region start end old-char new-char &optional noundo | |
2463 @cindex replace characters | |
2464 This function replaces all occurrences of the character @var{old-char} | |
2465 with the character @var{new-char} in the region of the current buffer | |
2466 defined by @var{start} and @var{end}. | |
2467 | |
2468 @cindex Outline mode | |
2469 @cindex undo avoidance | |
2470 If @var{noundo} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{subst-char-in-region} | |
2471 does not record the change for undo and does not mark the buffer as | |
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2472 modified. This feature is useful for changes that are not considered |
6558 | 2473 significant, such as when Outline mode changes visible lines to |
2474 invisible lines and vice versa. | |
2475 | |
2476 @code{subst-char-in-region} does not move point and returns | |
2477 @code{nil}. | |
2478 | |
2479 @example | |
2480 @group | |
2481 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
2482 This is the contents of the buffer before. | |
2483 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
2484 @end group | |
2485 | |
2486 @group | |
2487 (subst-char-in-region 1 20 ?i ?X) | |
2488 @result{} nil | |
2489 | |
2490 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
2491 ThXs Xs the contents of the buffer before. | |
2492 ---------- Buffer: foo ---------- | |
2493 @end group | |
2494 @end example | |
2495 @end defun | |
2496 | |
2497 @defun translate-region start end table | |
2498 This function applies a translation table to the characters in the | |
2499 buffer between positions @var{start} and @var{end}. | |
2500 | |
2501 The translation table @var{table} is a string; @code{(aref @var{table} | |
2502 @var{ochar})} gives the translated character corresponding to | |
2503 @var{ochar}. If the length of @var{table} is less than 256, any | |
2504 characters with codes larger than the length of @var{table} are not | |
2505 altered by the translation. | |
2506 | |
2507 The return value of @code{translate-region} is the number of | |
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2508 characters that were actually changed by the translation. This does |
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2509 not count characters that were mapped into themselves in the |
6558 | 2510 translation table. |
2511 | |
2512 This function is available in Emacs versions 19 and later. | |
2513 @end defun | |
2514 | |
2515 @node Registers | |
2516 @section Registers | |
2517 @cindex registers | |
2518 | |
2519 A register is a sort of variable used in Emacs editing that can hold a | |
2520 marker, a string, a rectangle, a window configuration (of one frame), or | |
2521 a frame configuration (of all frames). Each register is named by a | |
2522 single character. All characters, including control and meta characters | |
2523 (but with the exception of @kbd{C-g}), can be used to name registers. | |
2524 Thus, there are 255 possible registers. A register is designated in | |
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2525 Emacs Lisp by a character that is its name. |
6558 | 2526 |
2527 The functions in this section return unpredictable values unless | |
2528 otherwise stated. | |
2529 @c Will change in version 19 | |
2530 | |
2531 @defvar register-alist | |
2532 This variable is an alist of elements of the form @code{(@var{name} . | |
2533 @var{contents})}. Normally, there is one element for each Emacs | |
2534 register that has been used. | |
2535 | |
2536 The object @var{name} is a character (an integer) identifying the | |
2537 register. The object @var{contents} is a string, marker, or list | |
2538 representing the register contents. A string represents text stored in | |
2539 the register. A marker represents a position. A list represents a | |
2540 rectangle; its elements are strings, one per line of the rectangle. | |
2541 @end defvar | |
2542 | |
2543 @defun get-register reg | |
2544 This function returns the contents of the register | |
2545 @var{reg}, or @code{nil} if it has no contents. | |
2546 @end defun | |
2547 | |
2548 @defun set-register reg value | |
2549 This function sets the contents of register @var{reg} to @var{value}. | |
2550 A register can be set to any value, but the other register functions | |
2551 expect only certain data types. The return value is @var{value}. | |
2552 @end defun | |
2553 | |
2554 @deffn Command view-register reg | |
2555 This command displays what is contained in register @var{reg}. | |
2556 @end deffn | |
2557 | |
2558 @ignore | |
2559 @deffn Command point-to-register reg | |
2560 This command stores both the current location of point and the current | |
2561 buffer in register @var{reg} as a marker. | |
2562 @end deffn | |
2563 | |
2564 @deffn Command jump-to-register reg | |
2565 @deffnx Command register-to-point reg | |
2566 @comment !!SourceFile register.el | |
2567 This command restores the status recorded in register @var{reg}. | |
2568 | |
2569 If @var{reg} contains a marker, it moves point to the position stored in | |
2570 the marker. Since both the buffer and the location within the buffer | |
2571 are stored by the @code{point-to-register} function, this command can | |
2572 switch you to another buffer. | |
2573 | |
2574 If @var{reg} contains a window configuration or a frame configuration. | |
2575 @code{jump-to-register} restores that configuration. | |
2576 @end deffn | |
2577 @end ignore | |
2578 | |
2579 @deffn Command insert-register reg &optional beforep | |
2580 This command inserts contents of register @var{reg} into the current | |
2581 buffer. | |
2582 | |
2583 Normally, this command puts point before the inserted text, and the | |
2584 mark after it. However, if the optional second argument @var{beforep} | |
2585 is non-@code{nil}, it puts the mark before and point after. | |
2586 You can pass a non-@code{nil} second argument @var{beforep} to this | |
2587 function interactively by supplying any prefix argument. | |
2588 | |
2589 If the register contains a rectangle, then the rectangle is inserted | |
2590 with its upper left corner at point. This means that text is inserted | |
2591 in the current line and underneath it on successive lines. | |
2592 | |
2593 If the register contains something other than saved text (a string) or | |
2594 a rectangle (a list), currently useless things happen. This may be | |
2595 changed in the future. | |
2596 @end deffn | |
2597 | |
2598 @ignore | |
2599 @deffn Command copy-to-register reg start end &optional delete-flag | |
2600 This command copies the region from @var{start} to @var{end} into | |
2601 register @var{reg}. If @var{delete-flag} is non-@code{nil}, it deletes | |
2602 the region from the buffer after copying it into the register. | |
2603 @end deffn | |
2604 | |
2605 @deffn Command prepend-to-register reg start end &optional delete-flag | |
2606 This command prepends the region from @var{start} to @var{end} into | |
2607 register @var{reg}. If @var{delete-flag} is non-@code{nil}, it deletes | |
2608 the region from the buffer after copying it to the register. | |
2609 @end deffn | |
2610 | |
2611 @deffn Command append-to-register reg start end &optional delete-flag | |
2612 This command appends the region from @var{start} to @var{end} to the | |
2613 text already in register @var{reg}. If @var{delete-flag} is | |
2614 non-@code{nil}, it deletes the region from the buffer after copying it | |
2615 to the register. | |
2616 @end deffn | |
2617 | |
2618 @deffn Command copy-rectangle-to-register reg start end &optional delete-flag | |
2619 This command copies a rectangular region from @var{start} to @var{end} | |
2620 into register @var{reg}. If @var{delete-flag} is non-@code{nil}, it | |
2621 deletes the region from the buffer after copying it to the register. | |
2622 @end deffn | |
2623 | |
2624 @deffn Command window-configuration-to-register reg | |
2625 This function stores the window configuration of the selected frame in | |
2626 register @var{reg}. | |
2627 @end deffn | |
2628 | |
2629 @deffn Command frame-configuration-to-register reg | |
2630 This function stores the current frame configuration in register | |
2631 @var{reg}. | |
2632 @end deffn | |
2633 @end ignore | |
2634 | |
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2635 @node Transposition |
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2636 @section Transposition of Text |
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2637 |
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2638 This subroutine is used by the transposition commands. |
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2639 |
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2640 @defun transpose-regions start1 end1 start2 end2 &optional leave-markers |
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2641 This function exchanges two nonoverlapping portions of the buffer. |
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2642 Arguments @var{start1} and @var{end1} specify the bounds of one portion |
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2643 and arguments @var{start2} and @var{end2} specify the bounds of the |
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2644 other portion. |
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2645 |
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2646 Normally, @code{transpose-regions} relocates markers with the transposed |
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2647 text; a marker previously positioned within one of the two transposed |
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2648 portions moves along with that portion, thus remaining between the same |
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2649 two characters in their new position. However, if @var{leave-markers} |
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2650 is non-@code{nil}, @code{transpose-regions} does not do this---it leaves |
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2651 all markers unrelocated. |
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2652 @end defun |
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2653 |
6558 | 2654 @node Change Hooks |
2655 @section Change Hooks | |
2656 @cindex change hooks | |
2657 @cindex hooks for text changes | |
2658 | |
2659 These hook variables let you arrange to take notice of all changes in | |
2660 all buffers (or in a particular buffer, if you make them buffer-local). | |
2661 See also @ref{Special Properties}, for how to detect changes to specific | |
2662 parts of the text. | |
2663 | |
2664 The functions you use in these hooks should save and restore the match | |
2665 data if they do anything that uses regular expressions; otherwise, they | |
2666 will interfere in bizarre ways with the editing operations that call | |
2667 them. | |
2668 | |
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2669 @defvar before-change-functions |
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2670 This variable holds a list of a functions to call before any buffer |
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2671 modification. Each function gets two arguments, the beginning and end |
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2672 of the region that is about to change, represented as integers. The |
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2673 buffer that is about to change is always the current buffer. |
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2674 @end defvar |
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2675 |
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2676 @defvar after-change-functions |
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2677 This variable holds a list of a functions to call after any buffer |
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2678 modification. Each function receives three arguments: the beginning and |
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2679 end of the region just changed, and the length of the text that existed |
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2680 before the change. (To get the current length, subtract the region |
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2681 beginning from the region end.) All three arguments are integers. The |
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2682 buffer that's about to change is always the current buffer. |
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2683 @end defvar |
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2684 |
6558 | 2685 @defvar before-change-function |
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2686 This variable holds one function to call before any buffer modification |
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2687 (or @code{nil} for no function). It is called just like the functions |
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2688 in @code{before-change-functions}. |
6558 | 2689 @end defvar |
2690 | |
2691 @defvar after-change-function | |
6782
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2692 This variable holds one function to call after any buffer modification |
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2693 (or @code{nil} for no function). It is called just like the functions in |
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2694 @code{after-change-functions}. |
6558 | 2695 @end defvar |
2696 | |
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2697 The four variables above are temporarily bound to @code{nil} during the |
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2698 time that any of these functions is running. This means that if one of |
6558 | 2699 these functions changes the buffer, that change won't run these |
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2700 functions. If you do want a hook function to make changes that run |
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2701 these functions, make it bind these variables back to their usual |
6558 | 2702 values. |
2703 | |
7735
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2704 One inconvenient result of this protective feature is that you cannot |
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2705 have a function in @code{after-change-functions} or |
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2706 @code{before-change-functions} which changes the value of that variable. |
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2707 But that's not a real limitation. If you want those functions to change |
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2708 the list of functions to run, simply add one fixed function to the hook, |
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2709 and code that function to look in another variable for other functions |
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2710 to call. Here is an example: |
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2711 |
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2712 @example |
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2713 (setq my-own-after-change-functions nil) |
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2714 (defun indirect-after-change-function (beg end len) |
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2715 (let ((list my-own-after-change-functions)) |
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2716 (while list |
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2717 (funcall (car list) beg end len) |
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2718 (setq list (cdr list))))) |
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2719 (add-hooks 'after-change-functions |
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2720 'indirect-after-change-function) |
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2721 @end example |
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2722 |
6558 | 2723 @defvar first-change-hook |
2724 This variable is a normal hook that is run whenever a buffer is changed | |
2725 that was previously in the unmodified state. | |
2726 @end defvar | |
2727 | |
2728 The variables described in this section are meaningful only starting | |
2729 with Emacs version 19. |