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annotate lispref/syntax.texi @ 42651:66ceec02085b
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author | Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org> |
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date | Fri, 11 Jan 2002 09:15:51 +0000 |
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6552 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
27189 | 3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999 |
4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
6552 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/syntax | |
7 @node Syntax Tables, Abbrevs, Searching and Matching, Top | |
8 @chapter Syntax Tables | |
9 @cindex parsing | |
10 @cindex syntax table | |
11 @cindex text parsing | |
12 | |
13 A @dfn{syntax table} specifies the syntactic textual function of each | |
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14 character. This information is used by the @dfn{parsing functions}, the |
6552 | 15 complex movement commands, and others to determine where words, symbols, |
16 and other syntactic constructs begin and end. The current syntax table | |
17 controls the meaning of the word motion functions (@pxref{Word Motion}) | |
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18 and the list motion functions (@pxref{List Motion}), as well as the |
6552 | 19 functions in this chapter. |
20 | |
21 @menu | |
22 * Basics: Syntax Basics. Basic concepts of syntax tables. | |
23 * Desc: Syntax Descriptors. How characters are classified. | |
24 * Syntax Table Functions:: How to create, examine and alter syntax tables. | |
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25 * Syntax Properties:: Overriding syntax with text properties. |
6552 | 26 * Motion and Syntax:: Moving over characters with certain syntaxes. |
27 * Parsing Expressions:: Parsing balanced expressions | |
28 using the syntax table. | |
29 * Standard Syntax Tables:: Syntax tables used by various major modes. | |
30 * Syntax Table Internals:: How syntax table information is stored. | |
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31 * Categories:: Another way of classifying character syntax. |
6552 | 32 @end menu |
33 | |
34 @node Syntax Basics | |
35 @section Syntax Table Concepts | |
36 | |
27193 | 37 @ifnottex |
6552 | 38 A @dfn{syntax table} provides Emacs with the information that |
39 determines the syntactic use of each character in a buffer. This | |
40 information is used by the parsing commands, the complex movement | |
41 commands, and others to determine where words, symbols, and other | |
42 syntactic constructs begin and end. The current syntax table controls | |
43 the meaning of the word motion functions (@pxref{Word Motion}) and the | |
44 list motion functions (@pxref{List Motion}) as well as the functions in | |
45 this chapter. | |
27193 | 46 @end ifnottex |
6552 | 47 |
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48 A syntax table is a char-table (@pxref{Char-Tables}). The element at |
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49 index @var{c} describes the character with code @var{c}. The element's |
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50 value should be a list that encodes the syntax of the character in |
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51 question. |
6552 | 52 |
53 Syntax tables are used only for moving across text, not for the Emacs | |
54 Lisp reader. Emacs Lisp uses built-in syntactic rules when reading Lisp | |
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55 expressions, and these rules cannot be changed. (Some Lisp systems |
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56 provide ways to redefine the read syntax, but we decided to leave this |
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57 feature out of Emacs Lisp for simplicity.) |
6552 | 58 |
59 Each buffer has its own major mode, and each major mode has its own | |
60 idea of the syntactic class of various characters. For example, in Lisp | |
61 mode, the character @samp{;} begins a comment, but in C mode, it | |
62 terminates a statement. To support these variations, Emacs makes the | |
63 choice of syntax table local to each buffer. Typically, each major | |
64 mode has its own syntax table and installs that table in each buffer | |
8469 | 65 that uses that mode. Changing this table alters the syntax in all |
6552 | 66 those buffers as well as in any buffers subsequently put in that mode. |
67 Occasionally several similar modes share one syntax table. | |
68 @xref{Example Major Modes}, for an example of how to set up a syntax | |
69 table. | |
70 | |
71 A syntax table can inherit the data for some characters from the | |
72 standard syntax table, while specifying other characters itself. The | |
73 ``inherit'' syntax class means ``inherit this character's syntax from | |
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74 the standard syntax table.'' Just changing the standard syntax for a |
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75 character affects all syntax tables that inherit from it. |
6552 | 76 |
77 @defun syntax-table-p object | |
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78 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a syntax table. |
6552 | 79 @end defun |
80 | |
81 @node Syntax Descriptors | |
82 @section Syntax Descriptors | |
83 @cindex syntax classes | |
84 | |
85 This section describes the syntax classes and flags that denote the | |
86 syntax of a character, and how they are represented as a @dfn{syntax | |
87 descriptor}, which is a Lisp string that you pass to | |
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88 @code{modify-syntax-entry} to specify the syntax you want. |
6552 | 89 |
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90 The syntax table specifies a syntax class for each character. There |
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91 is no necessary relationship between the class of a character in one |
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92 syntax table and its class in any other table. |
6552 | 93 |
8469 | 94 Each class is designated by a mnemonic character, which serves as the |
6552 | 95 name of the class when you need to specify a class. Usually the |
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96 designator character is one that is often assigned that class; however, |
8469 | 97 its meaning as a designator is unvarying and independent of what syntax |
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98 that character currently has. Thus, @samp{\} as a designator character |
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99 always gives ``escape character'' syntax, regardless of what syntax |
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100 @samp{\} currently has. |
6552 | 101 |
102 @cindex syntax descriptor | |
8469 | 103 A syntax descriptor is a Lisp string that specifies a syntax class, a |
6552 | 104 matching character (used only for the parenthesis classes) and flags. |
105 The first character is the designator for a syntax class. The second | |
106 character is the character to match; if it is unused, put a space there. | |
107 Then come the characters for any desired flags. If no matching | |
108 character or flags are needed, one character is sufficient. | |
109 | |
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110 For example, the syntax descriptor for the character @samp{*} in C |
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111 mode is @samp{@w{. 23}} (i.e., punctuation, matching character slot |
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112 unused, second character of a comment-starter, first character of a |
6552 | 113 comment-ender), and the entry for @samp{/} is @samp{@w{. 14}} (i.e., |
114 punctuation, matching character slot unused, first character of a | |
115 comment-starter, second character of a comment-ender). | |
116 | |
117 @menu | |
118 * Syntax Class Table:: Table of syntax classes. | |
119 * Syntax Flags:: Additional flags each character can have. | |
120 @end menu | |
121 | |
122 @node Syntax Class Table | |
123 @subsection Table of Syntax Classes | |
124 | |
8469 | 125 Here is a table of syntax classes, the characters that stand for them, |
6552 | 126 their meanings, and examples of their use. |
127 | |
128 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{whitespace character} | |
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129 @dfn{Whitespace characters} (designated by @w{@samp{@ }} or @samp{-}) |
6552 | 130 separate symbols and words from each other. Typically, whitespace |
131 characters have no other syntactic significance, and multiple whitespace | |
132 characters are syntactically equivalent to a single one. Space, tab, | |
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133 newline and formfeed are classified as whitespace in almost all major |
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134 modes. |
6552 | 135 @end deffn |
136 | |
137 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{word constituent} | |
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138 @dfn{Word constituents} (designated by @samp{w}) are parts of normal |
6552 | 139 English words and are typically used in variable and command names in |
8469 | 140 programs. All upper- and lower-case letters, and the digits, are typically |
6552 | 141 word constituents. |
142 @end deffn | |
143 | |
144 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{symbol constituent} | |
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145 @dfn{Symbol constituents} (designated by @samp{_}) are the extra |
6552 | 146 characters that are used in variable and command names along with word |
147 constituents. For example, the symbol constituents class is used in | |
148 Lisp mode to indicate that certain characters may be part of symbol | |
149 names even though they are not part of English words. These characters | |
150 are @samp{$&*+-_<>}. In standard C, the only non-word-constituent | |
151 character that is valid in symbols is underscore (@samp{_}). | |
152 @end deffn | |
153 | |
154 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{punctuation character} | |
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155 @dfn{Punctuation characters} (designated by @samp{.}) are those |
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156 characters that are used as punctuation in English, or are used in some |
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157 way in a programming language to separate symbols from one another. |
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158 Most programming language modes, including Emacs Lisp mode, have no |
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159 characters in this class since the few characters that are not symbol or |
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160 word constituents all have other uses. |
6552 | 161 @end deffn |
162 | |
163 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{open parenthesis character} | |
164 @deffnx {Syntax class} @w{close parenthesis character} | |
165 @cindex parenthesis syntax | |
166 Open and close @dfn{parenthesis characters} are characters used in | |
167 dissimilar pairs to surround sentences or expressions. Such a grouping | |
168 is begun with an open parenthesis character and terminated with a close. | |
169 Each open parenthesis character matches a particular close parenthesis | |
170 character, and vice versa. Normally, Emacs indicates momentarily the | |
171 matching open parenthesis when you insert a close parenthesis. | |
172 @xref{Blinking}. | |
173 | |
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174 The class of open parentheses is designated by @samp{(}, and that of |
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175 close parentheses by @samp{)}. |
6552 | 176 |
177 In English text, and in C code, the parenthesis pairs are @samp{()}, | |
178 @samp{[]}, and @samp{@{@}}. In Emacs Lisp, the delimiters for lists and | |
179 vectors (@samp{()} and @samp{[]}) are classified as parenthesis | |
180 characters. | |
181 @end deffn | |
182 | |
183 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{string quote} | |
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184 @dfn{String quote characters} (designated by @samp{"}) are used in |
6552 | 185 many languages, including Lisp and C, to delimit string constants. The |
186 same string quote character appears at the beginning and the end of a | |
187 string. Such quoted strings do not nest. | |
188 | |
189 The parsing facilities of Emacs consider a string as a single token. | |
190 The usual syntactic meanings of the characters in the string are | |
191 suppressed. | |
192 | |
193 The Lisp modes have two string quote characters: double-quote (@samp{"}) | |
194 and vertical bar (@samp{|}). @samp{|} is not used in Emacs Lisp, but it | |
195 is used in Common Lisp. C also has two string quote characters: | |
196 double-quote for strings, and single-quote (@samp{'}) for character | |
197 constants. | |
198 | |
199 English text has no string quote characters because English is not a | |
200 programming language. Although quotation marks are used in English, | |
201 we do not want them to turn off the usual syntactic properties of | |
202 other characters in the quotation. | |
203 @end deffn | |
204 | |
205 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{escape} | |
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206 An @dfn{escape character} (designated by @samp{\}) starts an escape |
6552 | 207 sequence such as is used in C string and character constants. The |
208 character @samp{\} belongs to this class in both C and Lisp. (In C, it | |
209 is used thus only inside strings, but it turns out to cause no trouble | |
210 to treat it this way throughout C code.) | |
211 | |
212 Characters in this class count as part of words if | |
213 @code{words-include-escapes} is non-@code{nil}. @xref{Word Motion}. | |
214 @end deffn | |
215 | |
216 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{character quote} | |
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217 A @dfn{character quote character} (designated by @samp{/}) quotes the |
6552 | 218 following character so that it loses its normal syntactic meaning. This |
219 differs from an escape character in that only the character immediately | |
220 following is ever affected. | |
221 | |
222 Characters in this class count as part of words if | |
223 @code{words-include-escapes} is non-@code{nil}. @xref{Word Motion}. | |
224 | |
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225 This class is used for backslash in @TeX{} mode. |
6552 | 226 @end deffn |
227 | |
228 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{paired delimiter} | |
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229 @dfn{Paired delimiter characters} (designated by @samp{$}) are like |
6552 | 230 string quote characters except that the syntactic properties of the |
231 characters between the delimiters are not suppressed. Only @TeX{} mode | |
8469 | 232 uses a paired delimiter presently---the @samp{$} that both enters and |
233 leaves math mode. | |
6552 | 234 @end deffn |
235 | |
236 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{expression prefix} | |
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237 An @dfn{expression prefix operator} (designated by @samp{'}) is used for |
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238 syntactic operators that are considered as part of an expression if they |
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239 appear next to one. In Lisp modes, these characters include the |
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240 apostrophe, @samp{'} (used for quoting), the comma, @samp{,} (used in |
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241 macros), and @samp{#} (used in the read syntax for certain data types). |
6552 | 242 @end deffn |
243 | |
244 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{comment starter} | |
245 @deffnx {Syntax class} @w{comment ender} | |
246 @cindex comment syntax | |
247 The @dfn{comment starter} and @dfn{comment ender} characters are used in | |
248 various languages to delimit comments. These classes are designated | |
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249 by @samp{<} and @samp{>}, respectively. |
6552 | 250 |
251 English text has no comment characters. In Lisp, the semicolon | |
252 (@samp{;}) starts a comment and a newline or formfeed ends one. | |
253 @end deffn | |
254 | |
255 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{inherit} | |
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256 This syntax class does not specify a particular syntax. It says to look |
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257 in the standard syntax table to find the syntax of this character. The |
6552 | 258 designator for this syntax code is @samp{@@}. |
259 @end deffn | |
260 | |
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261 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{generic comment delimiter} |
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262 A @dfn{generic comment delimiter} (designated by @samp{!}) starts |
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263 or ends a special kind of comment. @emph{Any} generic comment delimiter |
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264 matches @emph{any} generic comment delimiter, but they cannot match |
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265 a comment starter or comment ender; generic comment delimiters can only |
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266 match each other. |
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267 |
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268 This syntax class is primarily meant for use with the |
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269 @code{syntax-table} text property (@pxref{Syntax Properties}). You can |
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270 mark any range of characters as forming a comment, by giving the first |
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271 and last characters of the range @code{syntax-table} properties |
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272 identifying them as generic comment delimiters. |
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273 @end deffn |
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274 |
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275 @deffn {Syntax class} @w{generic string delimiter} |
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276 A @dfn{generic string delimiter} (designated by @samp{|}) starts or ends |
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277 a string. This class differs from the string quote class in that @emph{any} |
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278 generic string delimiter can match any other generic string delimiter; but |
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279 they do not match ordinary string quote characters. |
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280 |
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281 This syntax class is primarily meant for use with the |
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282 @code{syntax-table} text property (@pxref{Syntax Properties}). You can |
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283 mark any range of characters as forming a string constant, by giving the |
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284 first and last characters of the range @code{syntax-table} properties |
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285 identifying them as generic string delimiters. |
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286 @end deffn |
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287 |
6552 | 288 @node Syntax Flags |
289 @subsection Syntax Flags | |
290 @cindex syntax flags | |
291 | |
292 In addition to the classes, entries for characters in a syntax table | |
26288 | 293 can specify flags. There are seven possible flags, represented by the |
294 characters @samp{1}, @samp{2}, @samp{3}, @samp{4}, @samp{b}, @samp{n}, | |
295 and @samp{p}. | |
6552 | 296 |
26288 | 297 All the flags except @samp{n} and @samp{p} are used to describe |
298 multi-character comment delimiters. The digit flags indicate that a | |
299 character can @emph{also} be part of a comment sequence, in addition to | |
300 the syntactic properties associated with its character class. The flags | |
301 are independent of the class and each other for the sake of characters | |
302 such as @samp{*} in C mode, which is a punctuation character, @emph{and} | |
303 the second character of a start-of-comment sequence (@samp{/*}), | |
304 @emph{and} the first character of an end-of-comment sequence | |
305 (@samp{*/}). | |
6552 | 306 |
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307 Here is a table of the possible flags for a character @var{c}, |
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308 and what they mean: |
6552 | 309 |
310 @itemize @bullet | |
311 @item | |
8469 | 312 @samp{1} means @var{c} is the start of a two-character comment-start |
6552 | 313 sequence. |
314 | |
315 @item | |
316 @samp{2} means @var{c} is the second character of such a sequence. | |
317 | |
318 @item | |
8469 | 319 @samp{3} means @var{c} is the start of a two-character comment-end |
6552 | 320 sequence. |
321 | |
322 @item | |
323 @samp{4} means @var{c} is the second character of such a sequence. | |
324 | |
325 @item | |
326 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
327 @samp{b} means that @var{c} as a comment delimiter belongs to the | |
328 alternative ``b'' comment style. | |
329 | |
330 Emacs supports two comment styles simultaneously in any one syntax | |
331 table. This is for the sake of C++. Each style of comment syntax has | |
332 its own comment-start sequence and its own comment-end sequence. Each | |
333 comment must stick to one style or the other; thus, if it starts with | |
334 the comment-start sequence of style ``b'', it must also end with the | |
335 comment-end sequence of style ``b''. | |
336 | |
337 The two comment-start sequences must begin with the same character; only | |
338 the second character may differ. Mark the second character of the | |
8469 | 339 ``b''-style comment-start sequence with the @samp{b} flag. |
6552 | 340 |
341 A comment-end sequence (one or two characters) applies to the ``b'' | |
342 style if its first character has the @samp{b} flag set; otherwise, it | |
343 applies to the ``a'' style. | |
344 | |
345 The appropriate comment syntax settings for C++ are as follows: | |
346 | |
347 @table @asis | |
348 @item @samp{/} | |
349 @samp{124b} | |
350 @item @samp{*} | |
351 @samp{23} | |
352 @item newline | |
353 @samp{>b} | |
354 @end table | |
355 | |
8469 | 356 This defines four comment-delimiting sequences: |
357 | |
358 @table @asis | |
359 @item @samp{/*} | |
360 This is a comment-start sequence for ``a'' style because the | |
361 second character, @samp{*}, does not have the @samp{b} flag. | |
362 | |
363 @item @samp{//} | |
364 This is a comment-start sequence for ``b'' style because the second | |
365 character, @samp{/}, does have the @samp{b} flag. | |
366 | |
367 @item @samp{*/} | |
368 This is a comment-end sequence for ``a'' style because the first | |
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369 character, @samp{*}, does not have the @samp{b} flag. |
8469 | 370 |
371 @item newline | |
372 This is a comment-end sequence for ``b'' style, because the newline | |
373 character has the @samp{b} flag. | |
374 @end table | |
6552 | 375 |
376 @item | |
26288 | 377 @samp{n} on a comment delimiter character specifies |
378 that this kind of comment can be nested. For a two-character | |
379 comment delimiter, @samp{n} on either character makes it | |
380 nestable. | |
381 | |
382 @item | |
6552 | 383 @c Emacs 19 feature |
384 @samp{p} identifies an additional ``prefix character'' for Lisp syntax. | |
385 These characters are treated as whitespace when they appear between | |
386 expressions. When they appear within an expression, they are handled | |
387 according to their usual syntax codes. | |
388 | |
389 The function @code{backward-prefix-chars} moves back over these | |
390 characters, as well as over characters whose primary syntax class is | |
391 prefix (@samp{'}). @xref{Motion and Syntax}. | |
392 @end itemize | |
393 | |
394 @node Syntax Table Functions | |
395 @section Syntax Table Functions | |
396 | |
397 In this section we describe functions for creating, accessing and | |
398 altering syntax tables. | |
399 | |
400 @defun make-syntax-table | |
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401 This function creates a new syntax table. It inherits the syntax for |
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402 letters and control characters from the standard syntax table. For |
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403 other characters, the syntax is copied from the standard syntax table. |
6552 | 404 |
405 Most major mode syntax tables are created in this way. | |
406 @end defun | |
407 | |
408 @defun copy-syntax-table &optional table | |
409 This function constructs a copy of @var{table} and returns it. If | |
410 @var{table} is not supplied (or is @code{nil}), it returns a copy of the | |
411 current syntax table. Otherwise, an error is signaled if @var{table} is | |
412 not a syntax table. | |
413 @end defun | |
414 | |
415 @deffn Command modify-syntax-entry char syntax-descriptor &optional table | |
416 This function sets the syntax entry for @var{char} according to | |
417 @var{syntax-descriptor}. The syntax is changed only for @var{table}, | |
418 which defaults to the current buffer's syntax table, and not in any | |
419 other syntax table. The argument @var{syntax-descriptor} specifies the | |
420 desired syntax; this is a string beginning with a class designator | |
421 character, and optionally containing a matching character and flags as | |
422 well. @xref{Syntax Descriptors}. | |
423 | |
424 This function always returns @code{nil}. The old syntax information in | |
425 the table for this character is discarded. | |
426 | |
427 An error is signaled if the first character of the syntax descriptor is not | |
428 one of the twelve syntax class designator characters. An error is also | |
429 signaled if @var{char} is not a character. | |
430 | |
431 @example | |
432 @group | |
433 @exdent @r{Examples:} | |
434 | |
435 ;; @r{Put the space character in class whitespace.} | |
436 (modify-syntax-entry ?\ " ") | |
437 @result{} nil | |
438 @end group | |
439 | |
440 @group | |
441 ;; @r{Make @samp{$} an open parenthesis character,} | |
442 ;; @r{with @samp{^} as its matching close.} | |
443 (modify-syntax-entry ?$ "(^") | |
444 @result{} nil | |
445 @end group | |
446 | |
447 @group | |
448 ;; @r{Make @samp{^} a close parenthesis character,} | |
449 ;; @r{with @samp{$} as its matching open.} | |
450 (modify-syntax-entry ?^ ")$") | |
451 @result{} nil | |
452 @end group | |
453 | |
454 @group | |
455 ;; @r{Make @samp{/} a punctuation character,} | |
456 ;; @r{the first character of a start-comment sequence,} | |
457 ;; @r{and the second character of an end-comment sequence.} | |
458 ;; @r{This is used in C mode.} | |
8469 | 459 (modify-syntax-entry ?/ ". 14") |
6552 | 460 @result{} nil |
461 @end group | |
462 @end example | |
463 @end deffn | |
464 | |
465 @defun char-syntax character | |
466 This function returns the syntax class of @var{character}, represented | |
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467 by its mnemonic designator character. This returns @emph{only} the |
6552 | 468 class, not any matching parenthesis or flags. |
469 | |
470 An error is signaled if @var{char} is not a character. | |
471 | |
472 The following examples apply to C mode. The first example shows that | |
473 the syntax class of space is whitespace (represented by a space). The | |
474 second example shows that the syntax of @samp{/} is punctuation. This | |
8469 | 475 does not show the fact that it is also part of comment-start and -end |
476 sequences. The third example shows that open parenthesis is in the class | |
6552 | 477 of open parentheses. This does not show the fact that it has a matching |
478 character, @samp{)}. | |
479 | |
480 @example | |
481 @group | |
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482 (string (char-syntax ?\ )) |
6552 | 483 @result{} " " |
484 @end group | |
485 | |
486 @group | |
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487 (string (char-syntax ?/)) |
6552 | 488 @result{} "." |
489 @end group | |
490 | |
491 @group | |
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492 (string (char-syntax ?\()) |
6552 | 493 @result{} "(" |
494 @end group | |
495 @end example | |
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496 |
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497 We use @code{string} to make it easier to see the character returned by |
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498 @code{char-syntax}. |
6552 | 499 @end defun |
500 | |
501 @defun set-syntax-table table | |
502 This function makes @var{table} the syntax table for the current buffer. | |
503 It returns @var{table}. | |
504 @end defun | |
505 | |
506 @defun syntax-table | |
507 This function returns the current syntax table, which is the table for | |
508 the current buffer. | |
509 @end defun | |
510 | |
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511 @defmac with-syntax-table @var{table} @var{body}... |
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512 @tindex with-syntax-table |
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513 This macro executes @var{body} using @var{table} as the current syntax |
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514 table. It returns the value of the last form in @var{body}, after |
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515 restoring the old current syntax table. |
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516 |
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517 Since each buffer has its own current syntax table, we should make that |
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518 more precise: @code{with-syntax-table} temporarily alters the current |
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519 syntax table of whichever buffer is current at the time the macro |
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520 execution starts. Other buffers are not affected. |
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521 @end defmac |
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522 |
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523 @node Syntax Properties |
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524 @section Syntax Properties |
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525 @kindex syntax-table @r{(text property)} |
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526 |
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527 When the syntax table is not flexible enough to specify the syntax of a |
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528 language, you can use @code{syntax-table} text properties to override |
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529 the syntax table for specific character occurrences in the buffer. |
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530 @xref{Text Properties}. |
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531 |
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532 The valid values of @code{syntax-table} text property are: |
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533 |
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534 @table @asis |
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535 @item @var{syntax-table} |
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536 If the property value is a syntax table, that table is used instead of |
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537 the current buffer's syntax table to determine the syntax for this |
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538 occurrence of the character. |
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539 |
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540 @item @code{(@var{syntax-code} . @var{matching-char})} |
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541 A cons cell of this format specifies the syntax for this |
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542 occurrence of the character. (@pxref{Syntax Table Internals}) |
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543 |
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544 @item @code{nil} |
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545 If the property is @code{nil}, the character's syntax is determined from |
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546 the current syntax table in the usual way. |
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547 @end table |
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548 |
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549 @defvar parse-sexp-lookup-properties |
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550 If this is non-@code{nil}, the syntax scanning functions pay attention |
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551 to syntax text properties. Otherwise they use only the current syntax |
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552 table. |
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553 @end defvar |
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554 |
6552 | 555 @node Motion and Syntax |
556 @section Motion and Syntax | |
557 | |
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558 This section describes functions for moving across characters that |
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559 have certain syntax classes. |
6552 | 560 |
561 @defun skip-syntax-forward syntaxes &optional limit | |
562 This function moves point forward across characters having syntax classes | |
563 mentioned in @var{syntaxes}. It stops when it encounters the end of | |
8469 | 564 the buffer, or position @var{limit} (if specified), or a character it is |
6552 | 565 not supposed to skip. |
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566 |
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567 If @var{syntaxes} starts with @samp{^}, then the function skips |
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568 characters whose syntax is @emph{not} in @var{syntaxes}. |
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569 |
6552 | 570 The return value is the distance traveled, which is a nonnegative |
571 integer. | |
572 @end defun | |
573 | |
574 @defun skip-syntax-backward syntaxes &optional limit | |
575 This function moves point backward across characters whose syntax | |
576 classes are mentioned in @var{syntaxes}. It stops when it encounters | |
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577 the beginning of the buffer, or position @var{limit} (if specified), or |
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578 a character it is not supposed to skip. |
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579 |
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580 If @var{syntaxes} starts with @samp{^}, then the function skips |
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581 characters whose syntax is @emph{not} in @var{syntaxes}. |
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582 |
6552 | 583 The return value indicates the distance traveled. It is an integer that |
584 is zero or less. | |
585 @end defun | |
586 | |
587 @defun backward-prefix-chars | |
588 This function moves point backward over any number of characters with | |
589 expression prefix syntax. This includes both characters in the | |
590 expression prefix syntax class, and characters with the @samp{p} flag. | |
591 @end defun | |
592 | |
593 @node Parsing Expressions | |
594 @section Parsing Balanced Expressions | |
595 | |
596 Here are several functions for parsing and scanning balanced | |
597 expressions, also known as @dfn{sexps}, in which parentheses match in | |
598 pairs. The syntax table controls the interpretation of characters, so | |
599 these functions can be used for Lisp expressions when in Lisp mode and | |
600 for C expressions when in C mode. @xref{List Motion}, for convenient | |
601 higher-level functions for moving over balanced expressions. | |
602 | |
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603 A syntax table only describes how each character changes the state of |
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604 the parser, rather than describing the state itself. For example, a string |
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605 delimiter character toggles the parser state between ``in-string'' and |
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606 ``in-code'' but the characters inside the string do not have any particular |
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607 syntax to identify them as such. |
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608 |
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609 For example (note: 15 is the syntax-code of generic string delimiters): |
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610 |
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611 @example |
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612 (put-text-property 1 9 'syntax-table '(15 . nil)) |
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613 @end example |
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614 |
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615 does not tell Emacs that the first eight chars of the current buffer |
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616 are a string, but rather that they are all string delimiters and thus |
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617 Emacs should treat them as four adjacent empty strings. |
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618 |
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619 The state of the parser is transient (i.e. not stored in the buffer for |
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620 example). Instead, every time the parser is used, it is given not just |
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621 a starting position but a starting state. If the starting state is not |
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622 specified explicitly, Emacs assumes we are at the top level of parenthesis |
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623 structure, such as the beginning of a function definition (this is the case |
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624 for @code{forward-sexp} which blindly assumes that the starting point is in |
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625 such a state.) |
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626 |
6552 | 627 @defun parse-partial-sexp start limit &optional target-depth stop-before state stop-comment |
628 This function parses a sexp in the current buffer starting at | |
8469 | 629 @var{start}, not scanning past @var{limit}. It stops at position |
630 @var{limit} or when certain criteria described below are met, and sets | |
631 point to the location where parsing stops. It returns a value | |
632 describing the status of the parse at the point where it stops. | |
6552 | 633 |
634 If @var{state} is @code{nil}, @var{start} is assumed to be at the top | |
635 level of parenthesis structure, such as the beginning of a function | |
636 definition. Alternatively, you might wish to resume parsing in the | |
637 middle of the structure. To do this, you must provide a @var{state} | |
638 argument that describes the initial status of parsing. | |
639 | |
640 @cindex parenthesis depth | |
641 If the third argument @var{target-depth} is non-@code{nil}, parsing | |
642 stops if the depth in parentheses becomes equal to @var{target-depth}. | |
643 The depth starts at 0, or at whatever is given in @var{state}. | |
644 | |
645 If the fourth argument @var{stop-before} is non-@code{nil}, parsing | |
646 stops when it comes to any character that starts a sexp. If | |
647 @var{stop-comment} is non-@code{nil}, parsing stops when it comes to the | |
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648 start of a comment. If @var{stop-comment} is the symbol |
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649 @code{syntax-table}, parsing stops after the start of a comment or a |
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650 string, or the end of a comment or a string, whichever comes first. |
6552 | 651 |
652 @cindex parse state | |
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653 The fifth argument @var{state} is a nine-element list of the same form |
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654 as the value of this function, described below. (It is OK to omit the |
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655 last element of the nine.) The return value of one call may be used to |
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656 initialize the state of the parse on another call to |
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657 @code{parse-partial-sexp}. |
6552 | 658 |
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659 The result is a list of nine elements describing the final state of |
6552 | 660 the parse: |
661 | |
662 @enumerate 0 | |
663 @item | |
664 The depth in parentheses, counting from 0. | |
665 | |
666 @item | |
667 @cindex innermost containing parentheses | |
8469 | 668 The character position of the start of the innermost parenthetical |
669 grouping containing the stopping point; @code{nil} if none. | |
6552 | 670 |
671 @item | |
672 @cindex previous complete subexpression | |
673 The character position of the start of the last complete subexpression | |
674 terminated; @code{nil} if none. | |
675 | |
676 @item | |
677 @cindex inside string | |
678 Non-@code{nil} if inside a string. More precisely, this is the | |
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679 character that will terminate the string, or @code{t} if a generic |
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680 string delimiter character should terminate it. |
6552 | 681 |
682 @item | |
683 @cindex inside comment | |
26288 | 684 @code{t} if inside a comment (of either style), |
685 or the comment nesting level if inside a kind of comment | |
686 that can be nested. | |
6552 | 687 |
688 @item | |
689 @cindex quote character | |
690 @code{t} if point is just after a quote character. | |
691 | |
692 @item | |
693 The minimum parenthesis depth encountered during this scan. | |
694 | |
695 @item | |
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696 What kind of comment is active: @code{nil} for a comment of style ``a'', |
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697 @code{t} for a comment of style ``b'', and @code{syntax-table} for |
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698 a comment that should be ended by a generic comment delimiter character. |
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699 |
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700 @item |
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701 The string or comment start position. While inside a comment, this is |
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702 the position where the comment began; while inside a string, this is the |
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703 position where the string began. When outside of strings and comments, |
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704 this element is @code{nil}. |
6552 | 705 @end enumerate |
706 | |
707 Elements 0, 3, 4, 5 and 7 are significant in the argument @var{state}. | |
708 | |
709 @cindex indenting with parentheses | |
710 This function is most often used to compute indentation for languages | |
711 that have nested parentheses. | |
712 @end defun | |
713 | |
714 @defun scan-lists from count depth | |
715 This function scans forward @var{count} balanced parenthetical groupings | |
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716 from position @var{from}. It returns the position where the scan stops. |
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717 If @var{count} is negative, the scan moves backwards. |
6552 | 718 |
719 If @var{depth} is nonzero, parenthesis depth counting begins from that | |
720 value. The only candidates for stopping are places where the depth in | |
721 parentheses becomes zero; @code{scan-lists} counts @var{count} such | |
722 places and then stops. Thus, a positive value for @var{depth} means go | |
8469 | 723 out @var{depth} levels of parenthesis. |
6552 | 724 |
725 Scanning ignores comments if @code{parse-sexp-ignore-comments} is | |
726 non-@code{nil}. | |
727 | |
8469 | 728 If the scan reaches the beginning or end of the buffer (or its |
729 accessible portion), and the depth is not zero, an error is signaled. | |
730 If the depth is zero but the count is not used up, @code{nil} is | |
731 returned. | |
6552 | 732 @end defun |
733 | |
734 @defun scan-sexps from count | |
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735 This function scans forward @var{count} sexps from position @var{from}. |
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736 It returns the position where the scan stops. If @var{count} is |
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737 negative, the scan moves backwards. |
6552 | 738 |
739 Scanning ignores comments if @code{parse-sexp-ignore-comments} is | |
740 non-@code{nil}. | |
741 | |
8469 | 742 If the scan reaches the beginning or end of (the accessible part of) the |
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743 buffer while in the middle of a parenthetical grouping, an error is |
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744 signaled. If it reaches the beginning or end between groupings but |
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745 before count is used up, @code{nil} is returned. |
6552 | 746 @end defun |
747 | |
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748 @defvar multibyte-syntax-as-symbol |
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749 @tindex multibyte-syntax-as-symbol |
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750 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, @code{scan-sexps} treats all |
29049 | 751 non-@sc{ascii} characters as symbol constituents regardless |
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752 of what the syntax table says about them. (However, text properties |
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753 can still override the syntax.) |
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754 @end defvar |
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755 |
6552 | 756 @defvar parse-sexp-ignore-comments |
757 @cindex skipping comments | |
758 If the value is non-@code{nil}, then comments are treated as | |
759 whitespace by the functions in this section and by @code{forward-sexp}. | |
760 | |
761 In older Emacs versions, this feature worked only when the comment | |
762 terminator is something like @samp{*/}, and appears only to end a | |
763 comment. In languages where newlines terminate comments, it was | |
764 necessary make this variable @code{nil}, since not every newline is the | |
765 end of a comment. This limitation no longer exists. | |
766 @end defvar | |
767 | |
768 You can use @code{forward-comment} to move forward or backward over | |
769 one comment or several comments. | |
770 | |
771 @defun forward-comment count | |
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772 This function moves point forward across @var{count} complete comments |
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773 (that is, including the starting delimiter and the terminating |
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774 delimiter if any), plus any whitespace encountered on the way. It |
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775 moves backward if @var{count} is negative. If it encounters anything |
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776 other than a comment or whitespace, it stops, leaving point at the |
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777 place where it stopped. This includes (for instance) finding the end |
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778 of a comment when moving forward and expecting the beginning of one. |
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779 The function also stops immediately after moving over the specified |
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780 number of complete comments. |
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781 |
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782 This function cannot tell whether the ``comments'' it traverses are |
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783 embedded within a string. If they look like comments, it treats them |
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784 as comments. |
6552 | 785 @end defun |
786 | |
787 To move forward over all comments and whitespace following point, use | |
788 @code{(forward-comment (buffer-size))}. @code{(buffer-size)} is a good | |
8469 | 789 argument to use, because the number of comments in the buffer cannot |
6552 | 790 exceed that many. |
791 | |
792 @node Standard Syntax Tables | |
793 @section Some Standard Syntax Tables | |
794 | |
12098 | 795 Most of the major modes in Emacs have their own syntax tables. Here |
796 are several of them: | |
6552 | 797 |
798 @defun standard-syntax-table | |
799 This function returns the standard syntax table, which is the syntax | |
800 table used in Fundamental mode. | |
801 @end defun | |
802 | |
803 @defvar text-mode-syntax-table | |
804 The value of this variable is the syntax table used in Text mode. | |
805 @end defvar | |
806 | |
807 @defvar c-mode-syntax-table | |
808 The value of this variable is the syntax table for C-mode buffers. | |
809 @end defvar | |
810 | |
811 @defvar emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table | |
812 The value of this variable is the syntax table used in Emacs Lisp mode | |
813 by editing commands. (It has no effect on the Lisp @code{read} | |
814 function.) | |
815 @end defvar | |
816 | |
817 @node Syntax Table Internals | |
818 @section Syntax Table Internals | |
819 @cindex syntax table internals | |
820 | |
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821 Lisp programs don't usually work with the elements directly; the |
6552 | 822 Lisp-level syntax table functions usually work with syntax descriptors |
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823 (@pxref{Syntax Descriptors}). Nonetheless, here we document the |
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824 internal format. This format is used mostly when manipulating |
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825 syntax properties. |
6552 | 826 |
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827 Each element of a syntax table is a cons cell of the form |
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828 @code{(@var{syntax-code} . @var{matching-char})}. The @sc{car}, |
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829 @var{syntax-code}, is an integer that encodes the syntax class, and any |
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830 flags. The @sc{cdr}, @var{matching-char}, is non-@code{nil} if |
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831 a character to match was specified. |
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832 |
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833 This table gives the value of @var{syntax-code} which corresponds |
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834 to each syntactic type. |
6552 | 835 |
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836 @multitable @columnfractions .05 .3 .3 .3 |
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837 @item |
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838 @tab |
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839 @i{Integer} @i{Class} |
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840 @tab |
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841 @i{Integer} @i{Class} |
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842 @tab |
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843 @i{Integer} @i{Class} |
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844 @item |
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845 @tab |
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846 0 @ @ whitespace |
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847 @tab |
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848 5 @ @ close parenthesis |
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849 @tab |
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850 10 @ @ character quote |
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851 @item |
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852 @tab |
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853 1 @ @ punctuation |
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854 @tab |
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855 6 @ @ expression prefix |
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856 @tab |
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857 11 @ @ comment-start |
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858 @item |
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859 @tab |
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860 2 @ @ word |
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861 @tab |
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862 7 @ @ string quote |
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863 @tab |
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864 12 @ @ comment-end |
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865 @item |
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866 @tab |
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867 3 @ @ symbol |
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868 @tab |
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869 8 @ @ paired delimiter |
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870 @tab |
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871 13 @ @ inherit |
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872 @item |
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873 @tab |
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874 4 @ @ open parenthesis |
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875 @tab |
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876 9 @ @ escape |
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877 @tab |
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878 14 @ @ generic comment |
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879 @item |
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880 @tab |
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881 15 @ generic string |
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882 @end multitable |
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883 |
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884 For example, the usual syntax value for @samp{(} is @code{(4 . 41)}. |
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885 (41 is the character code for @samp{)}.) |
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886 |
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887 The flags are encoded in higher order bits, starting 16 bits from the |
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888 least significant bit. This table gives the power of two which |
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889 corresponds to each syntax flag. |
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890 |
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891 @multitable @columnfractions .05 .3 .3 .3 |
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892 @item |
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893 @tab |
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894 @i{Prefix} @i{Flag} |
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895 @tab |
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896 @i{Prefix} @i{Flag} |
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897 @tab |
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898 @i{Prefix} @i{Flag} |
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899 @item |
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900 @tab |
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901 @samp{1} @ @ @code{(lsh 1 16)} |
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902 @tab |
26288 | 903 @samp{4} @ @ @code{(lsh 1 19)} |
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904 @tab |
26288 | 905 @samp{b} @ @ @code{(lsh 1 21)} |
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906 @item |
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907 @tab |
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908 @samp{2} @ @ @code{(lsh 1 17)} |
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909 @tab |
26288 | 910 @samp{p} @ @ @code{(lsh 1 20)} |
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911 @tab |
26288 | 912 @samp{n} @ @ @code{(lsh 1 22)} |
913 @item | |
914 @tab | |
915 @samp{3} @ @ @code{(lsh 1 18)} | |
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916 @end multitable |
6552 | 917 |
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918 @defun string-to-syntax @var{desc} |
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919 This function returns the internal form @code{(@var{syntax-code} . |
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920 @var{matching-char})} corresponding to the syntax descriptor @var{desc}. |
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921 @end defun |
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922 |
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923 @node Categories |
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924 @section Categories |
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925 @cindex categories of characters |
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926 |
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927 @dfn{Categories} provide an alternate way of classifying characters |
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928 syntactically. You can define several categories as needed, then |
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929 independently assign each character to one or more categories. Unlike |
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930 syntax classes, categories are not mutually exclusive; it is normal for |
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931 one character to belong to several categories. |
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932 |
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933 Each buffer has a @dfn{category table} which records which categories |
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934 are defined and also which characters belong to each category. Each |
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935 category table defines its own categories, but normally these are |
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936 initialized by copying from the standard categories table, so that the |
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937 standard categories are available in all modes. |
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938 |
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939 Each category has a name, which is an @sc{ascii} printing character in |
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940 the range @w{@samp{ }} to @samp{~}. You specify the name of a category |
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941 when you define it with @code{define-category}. |
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942 |
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943 The category table is actually a char-table (@pxref{Char-Tables}). |
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944 The element of the category table at index @var{c} is a @dfn{category |
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945 set}---a bool-vector---that indicates which categories character @var{c} |
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946 belongs to. In this category set, if the element at index @var{cat} is |
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947 @code{t}, that means category @var{cat} is a member of the set, and that |
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948 character @var{c} belongs to category @var{cat}. |
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949 |
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950 @defun define-category char docstring &optional table |
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951 This function defines a new category, with name @var{char} and |
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952 documentation @var{docstring}. |
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953 |
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954 The new category is defined for category table @var{table}, which |
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955 defaults to the current buffer's category table. |
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956 @end defun |
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957 |
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958 @defun category-docstring category &optional table |
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959 This function returns the documentation string of category @var{category} |
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960 in category table @var{table}. |
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961 |
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962 @example |
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963 (category-docstring ?a) |
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964 @result{} "ASCII" |
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965 (category-docstring ?l) |
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966 @result{} "Latin" |
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967 @end example |
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968 @end defun |
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969 |
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970 @defun get-unused-category table |
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971 This function returns a category name (a character) which is not |
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972 currently defined in @var{table}. If all possible categories are in use |
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973 in @var{table}, it returns @code{nil}. |
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974 @end defun |
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975 |
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976 @defun category-table |
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977 This function returns the current buffer's category table. |
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978 @end defun |
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979 |
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980 @defun category-table-p object |
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981 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a category table, |
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982 otherwise @code{nil}. |
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983 @end defun |
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984 |
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985 @defun standard-category-table |
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986 This function returns the standard category table. |
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987 @end defun |
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988 |
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989 @defun copy-category-table &optional table |
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990 This function constructs a copy of @var{table} and returns it. If |
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991 @var{table} is not supplied (or is @code{nil}), it returns a copy of the |
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992 current category table. Otherwise, an error is signaled if @var{table} |
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993 is not a category table. |
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994 @end defun |
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995 |
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996 @defun set-category-table table |
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997 This function makes @var{table} the category table for the current |
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998 buffer. It returns @var{table}. |
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999 @end defun |
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1000 |
26722 | 1001 @defun make-category-table |
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1002 @tindex make-category-table |
26722 | 1003 This creates and returns an empty category table. In an empty category |
1004 table, no categories have been allocated, and no characters belong to | |
1005 any categories. | |
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1006 @end defun |
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1007 |
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1008 @defun make-category-set categories |
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1009 This function returns a new category set---a bool-vector---whose initial |
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1010 contents are the categories listed in the string @var{categories}. The |
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1011 elements of @var{categories} should be category names; the new category |
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1012 set has @code{t} for each of those categories, and @code{nil} for all |
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1013 other categories. |
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1014 |
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1015 @example |
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1016 (make-category-set "al") |
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1017 @result{} #&128"\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\2\20\0\0" |
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1018 @end example |
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1019 @end defun |
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1020 |
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1021 @defun char-category-set char |
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1022 This function returns the category set for character @var{char}. This |
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1023 is the bool-vector which records which categories the character |
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1024 @var{char} belongs to. The function @code{char-category-set} does not |
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1025 allocate storage, because it returns the same bool-vector that exists in |
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1026 the category table. |
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1027 |
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1028 @example |
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1029 (char-category-set ?a) |
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1030 @result{} #&128"\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\2\20\0\0" |
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1031 @end example |
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1032 @end defun |
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1033 |
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1034 @defun category-set-mnemonics category-set |
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1035 This function converts the category set @var{category-set} into a string |
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1036 containing the characters that designate the categories that are members |
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1037 of the set. |
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1038 |
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1039 @example |
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1040 (category-set-mnemonics (char-category-set ?a)) |
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1041 @result{} "al" |
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1042 @end example |
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1043 @end defun |
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1044 |
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1045 @defun modify-category-entry character category &optional table reset |
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1046 This function modifies the category set of @var{character} in category |
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1047 table @var{table} (which defaults to the current buffer's category |
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1048 table). |
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1049 |
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1050 Normally, it modifies the category set by adding @var{category} to it. |
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1051 But if @var{reset} is non-@code{nil}, then it deletes @var{category} |
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1052 instead. |
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1053 @end defun |
35795 | 1054 |
1055 @deffn Command describe-categories | |
1056 This function describes the category specifications in the current | |
1057 category table. The descriptions are inserted in a buffer, which is | |
1058 then displayed. | |
1059 @end deffn |