annotate lispref/markers.texi @ 39637:670f23724a65

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author Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
date Sat, 06 Oct 2001 23:41:39 +0000
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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999
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4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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6 @setfilename ../info/markers
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7 @node Markers, Text, Positions, Top
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8 @chapter Markers
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9 @cindex markers
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10
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11 A @dfn{marker} is a Lisp object used to specify a position in a buffer
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12 relative to the surrounding text. A marker changes its offset from the
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13 beginning of the buffer automatically whenever text is inserted or
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14 deleted, so that it stays with the two characters on either side of it.
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15
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16 @menu
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17 * Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates.
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18 * Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker.
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19 * Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places.
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20 * Information from Markers:: Finding the marker's buffer or character position.
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21 * Marker Insertion Types:: Two ways a marker can relocate when you
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22 insert where it points.
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23 * Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position.
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24 * The Mark:: How ``the mark'' is implemented with a marker.
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25 * The Region:: How to access ``the region''.
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26 @end menu
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27
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28 @node Overview of Markers
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29 @section Overview of Markers
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30
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31 A marker specifies a buffer and a position in that buffer. The marker
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32 can be used to represent a position in the functions that require one,
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33 just as an integer could be used. @xref{Positions}, for a complete
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34 description of positions.
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35
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36 A marker has two attributes: the marker position, and the marker
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37 buffer. The marker position is an integer that is equivalent (at a
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38 given time) to the marker as a position in that buffer. But the
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39 marker's position value can change often during the life of the marker.
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40 Insertion and deletion of text in the buffer relocate the marker. The
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41 idea is that a marker positioned between two characters remains between
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42 those two characters despite insertion and deletion elsewhere in the
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43 buffer. Relocation changes the integer equivalent of the marker.
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44
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45 @cindex marker relocation
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46 Deleting text around a marker's position leaves the marker between the
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47 characters immediately before and after the deleted text. Inserting
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48 text at the position of a marker normally leaves the marker either in
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49 front of or after the new text, depending on the marker's @dfn{insertion
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50 type} (@pxref{Marker Insertion Types})---unless the insertion is done
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51 with @code{insert-before-markers} (@pxref{Insertion}).
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52
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53 @cindex marker garbage collection
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54 Insertion and deletion in a buffer must check all the markers and
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55 relocate them if necessary. This slows processing in a buffer with a
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56 large number of markers. For this reason, it is a good idea to make a
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57 marker point nowhere if you are sure you don't need it any more.
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58 Unreferenced markers are garbage collected eventually, but until then
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59 will continue to use time if they do point somewhere.
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60
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61 @cindex markers as numbers
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62 Because it is common to perform arithmetic operations on a marker
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63 position, most of the arithmetic operations (including @code{+} and
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64 @code{-}) accept markers as arguments. In such cases, the marker
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65 stands for its current position.
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66
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67 Here are examples of creating markers, setting markers, and moving point
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68 to markers:
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69
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70 @example
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71 @group
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72 ;; @r{Make a new marker that initially does not point anywhere:}
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73 (setq m1 (make-marker))
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74 @result{} #<marker in no buffer>
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75 @end group
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76
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77 @group
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78 ;; @r{Set @code{m1} to point between the 99th and 100th characters}
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79 ;; @r{in the current buffer:}
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80 (set-marker m1 100)
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81 @result{} #<marker at 100 in markers.texi>
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82 @end group
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83
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84 @group
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85 ;; @r{Now insert one character at the beginning of the buffer:}
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86 (goto-char (point-min))
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87 @result{} 1
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88 (insert "Q")
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89 @result{} nil
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90 @end group
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91
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92 @group
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93 ;; @r{@code{m1} is updated appropriately.}
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94 m1
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95 @result{} #<marker at 101 in markers.texi>
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96 @end group
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97
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98 @group
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99 ;; @r{Two markers that point to the same position}
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100 ;; @r{are not @code{eq}, but they are @code{equal}.}
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101 (setq m2 (copy-marker m1))
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102 @result{} #<marker at 101 in markers.texi>
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103 (eq m1 m2)
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104 @result{} nil
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105 (equal m1 m2)
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106 @result{} t
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107 @end group
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108
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109 @group
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110 ;; @r{When you are finished using a marker, make it point nowhere.}
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111 (set-marker m1 nil)
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112 @result{} #<marker in no buffer>
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113 @end group
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114 @end example
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115
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116 @node Predicates on Markers
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117 @section Predicates on Markers
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118
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119 You can test an object to see whether it is a marker, or whether it is
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120 either an integer or a marker. The latter test is useful in connection
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121 with the arithmetic functions that work with both markers and integers.
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122
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123 @defun markerp object
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124 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a marker, @code{nil}
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125 otherwise. Note that integers are not markers, even though many
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126 functions will accept either a marker or an integer.
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127 @end defun
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128
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129 @defun integer-or-marker-p object
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130 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is an integer or a marker,
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131 @code{nil} otherwise.
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132 @end defun
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133
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134 @defun number-or-marker-p object
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135 This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a number (either
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136 integer or floating point) or a marker, @code{nil} otherwise.
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137 @end defun
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138
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139 @node Creating Markers
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140 @section Functions that Create Markers
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141
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142 When you create a new marker, you can make it point nowhere, or point
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143 to the present position of point, or to the beginning or end of the
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144 accessible portion of the buffer, or to the same place as another given
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145 marker.
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146
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147 @defun make-marker
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148 This function returns a newly created marker that does not point
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149 anywhere.
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150
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151 @example
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152 @group
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153 (make-marker)
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154 @result{} #<marker in no buffer>
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155 @end group
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156 @end example
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157 @end defun
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158
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159 @defun point-marker
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160 This function returns a new marker that points to the present position
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161 of point in the current buffer. @xref{Point}. For an example, see
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162 @code{copy-marker}, below.
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163 @end defun
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164
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165 @defun point-min-marker
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166 This function returns a new marker that points to the beginning of the
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167 accessible portion of the buffer. This will be the beginning of the
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168 buffer unless narrowing is in effect. @xref{Narrowing}.
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169 @end defun
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170
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171 @defun point-max-marker
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172 @cindex end of buffer marker
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173 This function returns a new marker that points to the end of the
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174 accessible portion of the buffer. This will be the end of the buffer
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175 unless narrowing is in effect. @xref{Narrowing}.
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176
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177 Here are examples of this function and @code{point-min-marker}, shown in
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178 a buffer containing a version of the source file for the text of this
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179 chapter.
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180
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181 @example
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182 @group
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183 (point-min-marker)
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184 @result{} #<marker at 1 in markers.texi>
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185 (point-max-marker)
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186 @result{} #<marker at 15573 in markers.texi>
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187 @end group
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188
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189 @group
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190 (narrow-to-region 100 200)
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191 @result{} nil
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192 @end group
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193 @group
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194 (point-min-marker)
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195 @result{} #<marker at 100 in markers.texi>
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196 @end group
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197 @group
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198 (point-max-marker)
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199 @result{} #<marker at 200 in markers.texi>
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200 @end group
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201 @end example
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202 @end defun
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203
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204 @defun copy-marker marker-or-integer insertion-type
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205 If passed a marker as its argument, @code{copy-marker} returns a
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206 new marker that points to the same place and the same buffer as does
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207 @var{marker-or-integer}. If passed an integer as its argument,
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208 @code{copy-marker} returns a new marker that points to position
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209 @var{marker-or-integer} in the current buffer.
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210
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211 The new marker's insertion type is specified by the argument
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212 @var{insertion-type}. @xref{Marker Insertion Types}.
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213
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214 If passed an integer argument less than 1, @code{copy-marker} returns a
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215 new marker that points to the beginning of the current buffer. If
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216 passed an integer argument greater than the length of the buffer,
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217 @code{copy-marker} returns a new marker that points to the end of the
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218 buffer.
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219
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220 @example
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221 @group
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222 (copy-marker 0)
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223 @result{} #<marker at 1 in markers.texi>
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224 @end group
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225
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226 @group
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227 (copy-marker 20000)
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228 @result{} #<marker at 7572 in markers.texi>
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229 @end group
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230 @end example
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231
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232 An error is signaled if @var{marker} is neither a marker nor an
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233 integer.
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234 @end defun
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235
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236 Two distinct markers are considered @code{equal} (even though not
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237 @code{eq}) to each other if they have the same position and buffer, or
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238 if they both point nowhere.
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239
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240 @example
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241 @group
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242 (setq p (point-marker))
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243 @result{} #<marker at 2139 in markers.texi>
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244 @end group
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245
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246 @group
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247 (setq q (copy-marker p))
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248 @result{} #<marker at 2139 in markers.texi>
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249 @end group
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250
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251 @group
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252 (eq p q)
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253 @result{} nil
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254 @end group
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255
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256 @group
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257 (equal p q)
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258 @result{} t
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259 @end group
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260 @end example
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261
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262 @node Information from Markers
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263 @section Information from Markers
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264
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265 This section describes the functions for accessing the components of a
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266 marker object.
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267
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268 @defun marker-position marker
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269 This function returns the position that @var{marker} points to, or
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270 @code{nil} if it points nowhere.
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271 @end defun
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272
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273 @defun marker-buffer marker
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274 This function returns the buffer that @var{marker} points into, or
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275 @code{nil} if it points nowhere.
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276
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277 @example
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278 @group
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279 (setq m (make-marker))
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280 @result{} #<marker in no buffer>
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281 @end group
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282 @group
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283 (marker-position m)
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284 @result{} nil
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285 @end group
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286 @group
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287 (marker-buffer m)
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288 @result{} nil
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289 @end group
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290
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291 @group
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292 (set-marker m 3770 (current-buffer))
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293 @result{} #<marker at 3770 in markers.texi>
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294 @end group
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295 @group
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296 (marker-buffer m)
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297 @result{} #<buffer markers.texi>
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298 @end group
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299 @group
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300 (marker-position m)
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301 @result{} 3770
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302 @end group
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303 @end example
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304 @end defun
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305
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306 @defun buffer-has-markers-at position
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307 @tindex buffer-has-markers-at
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308 This function returns @code{t} if one or more markers
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309 point at position @var{position} in the current buffer.
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310 @end defun
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311
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312 @node Marker Insertion Types
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313 @section Marker Insertion Types
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314
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315 @cindex insertion type of a marker
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316 When you insert text directly at the place where a marker points,
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317 there are two possible ways to relocate that marker: it can point before
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318 the inserted text, or point after it. You can specify which one a given
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319 marker should do by setting its @dfn{insertion type}. Note that use of
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320 @code{insert-before-markers} ignores markers' insertion types, always
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321 relocating a marker to point after the inserted text.
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322
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323 @defun set-marker-insertion-type marker type
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324 This function sets the insertion type of marker @var{marker} to
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325 @var{type}. If @var{type} is @code{t}, @var{marker} will advance when
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326 text is inserted at its position. If @var{type} is @code{nil},
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327 @var{marker} does not advance when text is inserted there.
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328 @end defun
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329
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330 @defun marker-insertion-type marker
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331 This function reports the current insertion type of @var{marker}.
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332 @end defun
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333
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334 @node Moving Markers
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335 @section Moving Marker Positions
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336
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337 This section describes how to change the position of an existing
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338 marker. When you do this, be sure you know whether the marker is used
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339 outside of your program, and, if so, what effects will result from
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340 moving it---otherwise, confusing things may happen in other parts of
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341 Emacs.
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342
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343 @defun set-marker marker position &optional buffer
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344 This function moves @var{marker} to @var{position}
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345 in @var{buffer}. If @var{buffer} is not provided, it defaults to
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346 the current buffer.
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347
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348 If @var{position} is less than 1, @code{set-marker} moves @var{marker}
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349 to the beginning of the buffer. If @var{position} is greater than the
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350 size of the buffer, @code{set-marker} moves marker to the end of the
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351 buffer. If @var{position} is @code{nil} or a marker that points
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352 nowhere, then @var{marker} is set to point nowhere.
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353
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354 The value returned is @var{marker}.
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355
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356 @example
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357 @group
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358 (setq m (point-marker))
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359 @result{} #<marker at 4714 in markers.texi>
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360 @end group
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361 @group
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362 (set-marker m 55)
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363 @result{} #<marker at 55 in markers.texi>
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364 @end group
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365 @group
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366 (setq b (get-buffer "foo"))
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367 @result{} #<buffer foo>
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368 @end group
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369 @group
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370 (set-marker m 0 b)
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371 @result{} #<marker at 1 in foo>
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372 @end group
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373 @end example
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374 @end defun
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375
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376 @defun move-marker marker position &optional buffer
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377 This is another name for @code{set-marker}.
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378 @end defun
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379
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380 @node The Mark
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381 @section The Mark
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382 @cindex mark, the
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383 @cindex mark ring
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384
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385 One special marker in each buffer is designated @dfn{the mark}. It
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386 records a position for the user for the sake of commands such as
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387 @code{kill-region} and @code{indent-rigidly}. Lisp programs should set
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388 the mark only to values that have a potential use to the user, and never
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389 for their own internal purposes. For example, the @code{replace-regexp}
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390 command sets the mark to the value of point before doing any
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391 replacements, because this enables the user to move back there
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392 conveniently after the replace is finished.
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393
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394 Many commands are designed so that when called interactively they
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395 operate on the text between point and the mark. If you are writing such
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396 a command, don't examine the mark directly; instead, use
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397 @code{interactive} with the @samp{r} specification. This provides the
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398 values of point and the mark as arguments to the command in an
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399 interactive call, but permits other Lisp programs to specify arguments
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400 explicitly. @xref{Interactive Codes}.
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401
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402 Each buffer has its own value of the mark that is independent of the
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403 value of the mark in other buffers. When a buffer is created, the mark
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404 exists but does not point anywhere. We consider this state as ``the
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405 absence of a mark in that buffer.''
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406
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407 Once the mark ``exists'' in a buffer, it normally never ceases to
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408 exist. However, it may become @dfn{inactive}, if Transient Mark mode is
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409 enabled. The variable @code{mark-active}, which is always buffer-local
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410 in all buffers, indicates whether the mark is active: non-@code{nil}
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411 means yes. A command can request deactivation of the mark upon return
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412 to the editor command loop by setting @code{deactivate-mark} to a
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413 non-@code{nil} value (but this causes deactivation only if Transient
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414 Mark mode is enabled).
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415
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416 The main motivation for using Transient Mark mode is that this mode
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417 also enables highlighting of the region when the mark is active.
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418 @xref{Display}.
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419
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420 In addition to the mark, each buffer has a @dfn{mark ring} which is a
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421 list of markers containing previous values of the mark. When editing
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422 commands change the mark, they should normally save the old value of the
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423 mark on the mark ring. The variable @code{mark-ring-max} specifies the
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424 maximum number of entries in the mark ring; once the list becomes this
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425 long, adding a new element deletes the last element.
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426
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427 There is also a separate global mark ring, but that is used only in a
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428 few particular user-level commands, and is not relevant to Lisp
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429 programming. So we do not describe it here.
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430
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431 @defun mark &optional force
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432 @cindex current buffer mark
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433 This function returns the current buffer's mark position as an integer.
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434
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435 If the mark is inactive, @code{mark} normally signals an error.
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436 However, if @var{force} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{mark} returns the
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437 mark position anyway---or @code{nil}, if the mark is not yet set for
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438 this buffer.
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439 @end defun
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440
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441 @defun mark-marker
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442 This function returns the current buffer's mark. This is the very marker
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443 that records the mark location inside Emacs, not a copy. Therefore,
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444 changing this marker's position will directly affect the position of the mark.
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445 Don't do it unless that is the effect you want.
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446
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447 @example
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448 @group
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449 (setq m (mark-marker))
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450 @result{} #<marker at 3420 in markers.texi>
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451 @end group
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452 @group
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453 (set-marker m 100)
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454 @result{} #<marker at 100 in markers.texi>
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455 @end group
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456 @group
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457 (mark-marker)
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458 @result{} #<marker at 100 in markers.texi>
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459 @end group
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460 @end example
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461
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462 Like any marker, this marker can be set to point at any buffer you like.
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463 We don't recommend that you make it point at any buffer other than the
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464 one of which it is the mark. If you do, it will yield perfectly
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465 consistent, but rather odd, results.
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466 @end defun
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467
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468 @ignore
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469 @deffn Command set-mark-command jump
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470 If @var{jump} is @code{nil}, this command sets the mark to the value
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471 of point and pushes the previous value of the mark on the mark ring. The
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472 message @samp{Mark set} is also displayed in the echo area.
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473
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474 If @var{jump} is not @code{nil}, this command sets point to the value
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475 of the mark, and sets the mark to the previous saved mark value, which
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476 is popped off the mark ring.
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477
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478 This function is @emph{only} intended for interactive use.
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479 @end deffn
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480 @end ignore
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481
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482 @defun set-mark position
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483 This function sets the mark to @var{position}, and activates the mark.
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484 The old value of the mark is @emph{not} pushed onto the mark ring.
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485
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486 @strong{Please note:} Use this function only if you want the user to
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487 see that the mark has moved, and you want the previous mark position to
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488 be lost. Normally, when a new mark is set, the old one should go on the
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489 @code{mark-ring}. For this reason, most applications should use
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490 @code{push-mark} and @code{pop-mark}, not @code{set-mark}.
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491
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492 Novice Emacs Lisp programmers often try to use the mark for the wrong
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493 purposes. The mark saves a location for the user's convenience. An
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494 editing command should not alter the mark unless altering the mark is
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495 part of the user-level functionality of the command. (And, in that
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496 case, this effect should be documented.) To remember a location for
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497 internal use in the Lisp program, store it in a Lisp variable. For
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498 example:
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499
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500 @example
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501 @group
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502 (let ((beg (point)))
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503 (forward-line 1)
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504 (delete-region beg (point))).
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505 @end group
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506 @end example
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507 @end defun
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508
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509 @c for interactive use only
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510 @ignore
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511 @deffn Command exchange-point-and-mark
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512 This function exchanges the positions of point and the mark.
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513 It is intended for interactive use.
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514 @end deffn
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515 @end ignore
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516
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517 @defun push-mark &optional position nomsg activate
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518 This function sets the current buffer's mark to @var{position}, and
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519 pushes a copy of the previous mark onto @code{mark-ring}. If
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520 @var{position} is @code{nil}, then the value of point is used.
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521 @code{push-mark} returns @code{nil}.
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522
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523 The function @code{push-mark} normally @emph{does not} activate the
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524 mark. To do that, specify @code{t} for the argument @var{activate}.
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525
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526 A @samp{Mark set} message is displayed unless @var{nomsg} is
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527 non-@code{nil}.
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528 @end defun
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529
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530 @defun pop-mark
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531 This function pops off the top element of @code{mark-ring} and makes
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532 that mark become the buffer's actual mark. This does not move point in
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533 the buffer, and it does nothing if @code{mark-ring} is empty. It
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534 deactivates the mark.
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535
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536 The return value is not meaningful.
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537 @end defun
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538
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539 @defopt transient-mark-mode
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540 @cindex Transient Mark mode
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541 This variable if non-@code{nil} enables Transient Mark mode, in which
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542 every buffer-modifying primitive sets @code{deactivate-mark}. The
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543 consequence of this is that commands that modify the buffer normally
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544 make the mark inactive.
6444
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545 @end defopt
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546
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547 @defopt mark-even-if-inactive
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548 If this is non-@code{nil}, Lisp programs and the Emacs user can use the
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549 mark even when it is inactive. This option affects the behavior of
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550 Transient Mark mode. When the option is non-@code{nil}, deactivation of
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551 the mark turns off region highlighting, but commands that use the mark
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552 behave as if the mark were still active.
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553 @end defopt
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554
6444
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555 @defvar deactivate-mark
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556 If an editor command sets this variable non-@code{nil}, then the editor
21682
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557 command loop deactivates the mark after the command returns (if
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558 Transient Mark mode is enabled). All the primitives that change the
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559 buffer set @code{deactivate-mark}, to deactivate the mark when the
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560 command is finished.
6444
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561 @end defvar
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562
7729
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563 @defun deactivate-mark
21682
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564 This function deactivates the mark, if Transient Mark mode is enabled.
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565 Otherwise it does nothing.
7729
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566 @end defun
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567
6444
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568 @defvar mark-active
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569 The mark is active when this variable is non-@code{nil}. This variable
21682
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570 is always buffer-local in each buffer.
6444
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571 @end defvar
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572
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573 @defvar activate-mark-hook
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574 @defvarx deactivate-mark-hook
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575 These normal hooks are run, respectively, when the mark becomes active
21007
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parents: 12098
diff changeset
576 and when it becomes inactive. The hook @code{activate-mark-hook} is
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parents: 12098
diff changeset
577 also run at the end of a command if the mark is active and it is
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578 possible that the region may have changed.
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579 @end defvar
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580
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581 @defvar mark-ring
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582 The value of this buffer-local variable is the list of saved former
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583 marks of the current buffer, most recent first.
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584
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585 @example
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586 @group
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587 mark-ring
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588 @result{} (#<marker at 11050 in markers.texi>
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589 #<marker at 10832 in markers.texi>
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diff changeset
590 @dots{})
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591 @end group
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592 @end example
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593 @end defvar
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parents:
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594
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595 @defopt mark-ring-max
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diff changeset
596 The value of this variable is the maximum size of @code{mark-ring}. If
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597 more marks than this are pushed onto the @code{mark-ring},
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598 @code{push-mark} discards an old mark when it adds a new one.
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599 @end defopt
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parents:
diff changeset
600
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diff changeset
601 @node The Region
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parents:
diff changeset
602 @section The Region
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603 @cindex region, the
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parents:
diff changeset
604
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diff changeset
605 The text between point and the mark is known as @dfn{the region}.
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diff changeset
606 Various functions operate on text delimited by point and the mark, but
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diff changeset
607 only those functions specifically related to the region itself are
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608 described here.
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parents:
diff changeset
609
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parents:
diff changeset
610 @defun region-beginning
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611 This function returns the position of the beginning of the region (as
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diff changeset
612 an integer). This is the position of either point or the mark,
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diff changeset
613 whichever is smaller.
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parents:
diff changeset
614
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parents:
diff changeset
615 If the mark does not point anywhere, an error is signaled.
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616 @end defun
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diff changeset
617
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diff changeset
618 @defun region-end
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parents:
diff changeset
619 This function returns the position of the end of the region (as an
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diff changeset
620 integer). This is the position of either point or the mark, whichever is
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parents:
diff changeset
621 larger.
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parents:
diff changeset
622
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diff changeset
623 If the mark does not point anywhere, an error is signaled.
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diff changeset
624 @end defun
9cbdecc5a37d Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
625
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parents:
diff changeset
626 Few programs need to use the @code{region-beginning} and
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parents:
diff changeset
627 @code{region-end} functions. A command designed to operate on a region
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parents:
diff changeset
628 should normally use @code{interactive} with the @samp{r} specification
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parents:
diff changeset
629 to find the beginning and end of the region. This lets other Lisp
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parents:
diff changeset
630 programs specify the bounds explicitly as arguments. (@xref{Interactive
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parents:
diff changeset
631 Codes}.)