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annotate lispref/minibuf.texi @ 56773:6764baacc7a3
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author | Luc Teirlinck <teirllm@auburn.edu> |
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date | Sun, 22 Aug 2004 21:11:43 +0000 |
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6555 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, |
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4 @c 2001, 2004 |
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5 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
6555 | 6 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
7 @setfilename ../info/minibuf | |
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8 @node Minibuffers, Command Loop, Read and Print, Top |
6555 | 9 @chapter Minibuffers |
10 @cindex arguments, reading | |
11 @cindex complex arguments | |
12 @cindex minibuffer | |
13 | |
14 A @dfn{minibuffer} is a special buffer that Emacs commands use to read | |
15 arguments more complicated than the single numeric prefix argument. | |
16 These arguments include file names, buffer names, and command names (as | |
17 in @kbd{M-x}). The minibuffer is displayed on the bottom line of the | |
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18 frame, in the same place as the echo area, but only while it is in use |
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19 for reading an argument. |
6555 | 20 |
21 @menu | |
22 * Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers. | |
23 * Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string. | |
24 * Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression. | |
25 * Minibuffer History:: Recording previous minibuffer inputs | |
26 so the user can reuse them. | |
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27 * Initial Input:: Specifying initial contents for the minibuffer. |
6555 | 28 * Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion. |
29 * Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer. | |
30 * Multiple Queries:: Asking a series of similar questions. | |
23147 | 31 * Reading a Password:: Reading a password from the terminal. |
6555 | 32 * Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables. |
33 @end menu | |
34 | |
35 @node Intro to Minibuffers | |
36 @section Introduction to Minibuffers | |
37 | |
38 In most ways, a minibuffer is a normal Emacs buffer. Most operations | |
39 @emph{within} a buffer, such as editing commands, work normally in a | |
40 minibuffer. However, many operations for managing buffers do not apply | |
41 to minibuffers. The name of a minibuffer always has the form @w{@samp{ | |
46915 | 42 *Minibuf-@var{number}*}}, and it cannot be changed. Minibuffers are |
6555 | 43 displayed only in special windows used only for minibuffers; these |
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44 windows always appear at the bottom of a frame. (Sometimes frames have |
6555 | 45 no minibuffer window, and sometimes a special kind of frame contains |
46 nothing but a minibuffer window; see @ref{Minibuffers and Frames}.) | |
47 | |
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48 The text in the minibuffer always starts with the @dfn{prompt string}, |
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49 the text that was specified by the program that is using the minibuffer |
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50 to tell the user what sort of input to type. This text is marked |
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51 read-only so you won't accidentally delete or change it. It is also |
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52 marked as a field (@pxref{Fields}), so that certain motion functions, |
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53 including @code{beginning-of-line}, @code{forward-word}, |
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54 @code{forward-sentence}, and @code{forward-paragraph}, stop at the |
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55 boundary between the prompt and the actual text. (In older Emacs |
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56 versions, the prompt was displayed using a special mechanism and was not |
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57 part of the buffer contents.) |
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58 |
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59 The minibuffer's window is normally a single line; it grows |
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60 automatically if necessary if the contents require more space. You can |
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61 explicitly resize it temporarily with the window sizing commands; it |
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62 reverts to its normal size when the minibuffer is exited. You can |
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63 resize it permanently by using the window sizing commands in the frame's |
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64 other window, when the minibuffer is not active. If the frame contains |
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65 just a minibuffer, you can change the minibuffer's size by changing the |
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66 frame's size. |
6555 | 67 |
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68 Use of the minibuffer reads input events, and that alters the values |
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69 of variables such as @code{this-command} and @code{last-command} |
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70 (@pxref{Command Loop Info}). Your program should bind them around the |
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71 code that uses the minibuffer, if you do not want that to change them. |
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72 |
6555 | 73 If a command uses a minibuffer while there is an active minibuffer, |
74 this is called a @dfn{recursive minibuffer}. The first minibuffer is | |
75 named @w{@samp{ *Minibuf-0*}}. Recursive minibuffers are named by | |
76 incrementing the number at the end of the name. (The names begin with a | |
77 space so that they won't show up in normal buffer lists.) Of several | |
78 recursive minibuffers, the innermost (or most recently entered) is the | |
79 active minibuffer. We usually call this ``the'' minibuffer. You can | |
80 permit or forbid recursive minibuffers by setting the variable | |
81 @code{enable-recursive-minibuffers} or by putting properties of that | |
82 name on command symbols (@pxref{Minibuffer Misc}). | |
83 | |
84 Like other buffers, a minibuffer may use any of several local keymaps | |
85 (@pxref{Keymaps}); these contain various exit commands and in some cases | |
12098 | 86 completion commands (@pxref{Completion}). |
6555 | 87 |
88 @itemize @bullet | |
89 @item | |
90 @code{minibuffer-local-map} is for ordinary input (no completion). | |
91 | |
92 @item | |
93 @code{minibuffer-local-ns-map} is similar, except that @key{SPC} exits | |
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94 just like @key{RET}. |
6555 | 95 |
96 @item | |
97 @code{minibuffer-local-completion-map} is for permissive completion. | |
98 | |
99 @item | |
100 @code{minibuffer-local-must-match-map} is for strict completion and | |
101 for cautious completion. | |
102 @end itemize | |
103 | |
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104 When Emacs is running in batch mode, any request to read from the |
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105 minibuffer actually reads a line from the standard input descriptor that |
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106 was supplied when Emacs was started. |
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107 |
6555 | 108 @node Text from Minibuffer |
109 @section Reading Text Strings with the Minibuffer | |
110 | |
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111 Most often, the minibuffer is used to read text as a string. It can |
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112 also be used to read a Lisp object in textual form. The most basic |
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113 primitive for minibuffer input is @code{read-from-minibuffer}; it can do |
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114 either one. |
6555 | 115 |
12098 | 116 In most cases, you should not call minibuffer input functions in the |
117 middle of a Lisp function. Instead, do all minibuffer input as part of | |
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118 reading the arguments for a command, in the @code{interactive} |
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119 specification. @xref{Defining Commands}. |
12098 | 120 |
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121 @defun read-from-minibuffer prompt-string &optional initial-contents keymap read hist default inherit-input-method |
6555 | 122 This function is the most general way to get input through the |
123 minibuffer. By default, it accepts arbitrary text and returns it as a | |
124 string; however, if @var{read} is non-@code{nil}, then it uses | |
125 @code{read} to convert the text into a Lisp object (@pxref{Input | |
126 Functions}). | |
127 | |
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128 The first thing this function does is to activate a minibuffer and |
6555 | 129 display it with @var{prompt-string} as the prompt. This value must be a |
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130 string. Then the user can edit text in the minibuffer. |
6555 | 131 |
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132 When the user types a command to exit the minibuffer, |
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133 @code{read-from-minibuffer} constructs the return value from the text in |
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134 the minibuffer. Normally it returns a string containing that text. |
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135 However, if @var{read} is non-@code{nil}, @code{read-from-minibuffer} |
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136 reads the text and returns the resulting Lisp object, unevaluated. |
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137 (@xref{Input Functions}, for information about reading.) |
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138 |
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139 The argument @var{default} specifies a default value to make available |
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140 through the history commands. It should be a string, or @code{nil}. |
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141 If non-@code{nil}, the user can access it using |
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142 @code{next-history-element}, usually bound in the minibuffer to |
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143 @kbd{M-n}. If @var{read} is non-@code{nil}, then @var{default} is |
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144 also used as the input to @code{read}, if the user enters empty input. |
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145 (If @var{read} is non-@code{nil} and @var{default} is @code{nil}, empty |
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146 input results in an @code{end-of-file} error.) However, in the usual |
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147 case (where @var{read} is @code{nil}), @code{read-from-minibuffer} |
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148 ignores @var{default} when the user enters empty input and returns an |
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149 empty string, @code{""}. In this respect, it is different from all |
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150 the other minibuffer input functions in this chapter. |
6555 | 151 |
152 If @var{keymap} is non-@code{nil}, that keymap is the local keymap to | |
153 use in the minibuffer. If @var{keymap} is omitted or @code{nil}, the | |
154 value of @code{minibuffer-local-map} is used as the keymap. Specifying | |
155 a keymap is the most important way to customize the minibuffer for | |
156 various applications such as completion. | |
157 | |
158 The argument @var{hist} specifies which history list variable to use | |
159 for saving the input and for history commands used in the minibuffer. | |
160 It defaults to @code{minibuffer-history}. @xref{Minibuffer History}. | |
161 | |
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162 If the variable @code{minibuffer-allow-text-properties} is |
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163 non-@code{nil}, then the string which is returned includes whatever text |
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164 properties were present in the minibuffer. Otherwise all the text |
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165 properties are stripped when the value is returned. |
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166 |
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167 If the argument @var{inherit-input-method} is non-@code{nil}, then the |
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168 minibuffer inherits the current input method (@pxref{Input Methods}) and |
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169 the setting of @code{enable-multibyte-characters} (@pxref{Text |
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170 Representations}) from whichever buffer was current before entering the |
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171 minibuffer. |
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172 |
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173 Use of @var{initial-contents} is mostly deprecated; we recommend using |
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174 a non-@code{nil} value only in conjunction with specifying a cons cell |
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175 for @var{hist}. @xref{Initial Input}. |
6555 | 176 @end defun |
177 | |
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178 @defun read-string prompt &optional initial history default inherit-input-method |
6555 | 179 This function reads a string from the minibuffer and returns it. The |
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180 arguments @var{prompt}, @var{initial}, @var{history} and |
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181 @var{inherit-input-method} are used as in @code{read-from-minibuffer}. |
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182 The keymap used is @code{minibuffer-local-map}. |
6555 | 183 |
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184 The optional argument @var{default} is used as in |
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185 @code{read-from-minibuffer}, except that, if non-@code{nil}, it also |
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186 specifies a default value to return if the user enters null input. As |
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187 in @code{read-from-minibuffer} it should be a string, or @code{nil}, |
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188 which is equivalent to an empty string. |
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189 |
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190 This function is a simplified interface to the |
6555 | 191 @code{read-from-minibuffer} function: |
192 | |
193 @smallexample | |
194 @group | |
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195 (read-string @var{prompt} @var{initial} @var{history} @var{default} @var{inherit}) |
6555 | 196 @equiv{} |
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197 (let ((value |
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198 (read-from-minibuffer @var{prompt} @var{initial} nil nil |
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199 @var{history} @var{default} @var{inherit}))) |
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200 (if (and (equal value "") @var{default}) |
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201 @var{default} |
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202 value)) |
6555 | 203 @end group |
204 @end smallexample | |
205 @end defun | |
206 | |
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207 @defvar minibuffer-allow-text-properties |
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208 If this variable is @code{nil}, then @code{read-from-minibuffer} strips |
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209 all text properties from the minibuffer input before returning it. |
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210 This variable also affects @code{read-string}. However, |
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211 @code{read-no-blanks-input} (see below), as well as |
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212 @code{read-minibuffer} and related functions (@pxref{Object from |
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213 Minibuffer,, Reading Lisp Objects With the Minibuffer}), and all |
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214 functions that do minibuffer input with completion, discard text |
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215 properties unconditionally, regardless of the value of this variable. |
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216 @end defvar |
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217 |
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218 @defvar minibuffer-local-map |
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219 @anchor{Definition of minibuffer-local-map} |
6555 | 220 This is the default local keymap for reading from the minibuffer. By |
221 default, it makes the following bindings: | |
222 | |
223 @table @asis | |
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224 @item @kbd{C-j} |
6555 | 225 @code{exit-minibuffer} |
226 | |
227 @item @key{RET} | |
228 @code{exit-minibuffer} | |
229 | |
230 @item @kbd{C-g} | |
231 @code{abort-recursive-edit} | |
232 | |
233 @item @kbd{M-n} | |
234 @code{next-history-element} | |
235 | |
236 @item @kbd{M-p} | |
237 @code{previous-history-element} | |
238 | |
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239 @item @kbd{M-s} |
6555 | 240 @code{next-matching-history-element} |
241 | |
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242 @item @kbd{M-r} |
6555 | 243 @code{previous-matching-history-element} |
244 @end table | |
245 @end defvar | |
246 | |
247 @c In version 18, initial is required | |
248 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
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249 @defun read-no-blanks-input prompt &optional initial inherit-input-method |
6555 | 250 This function reads a string from the minibuffer, but does not allow |
251 whitespace characters as part of the input: instead, those characters | |
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252 terminate the input. The arguments @var{prompt}, @var{initial}, and |
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253 @var{inherit-input-method} are used as in @code{read-from-minibuffer}. |
6555 | 254 |
255 This is a simplified interface to the @code{read-from-minibuffer} | |
256 function, and passes the value of the @code{minibuffer-local-ns-map} | |
257 keymap as the @var{keymap} argument for that function. Since the keymap | |
258 @code{minibuffer-local-ns-map} does not rebind @kbd{C-q}, it @emph{is} | |
259 possible to put a space into the string, by quoting it. | |
260 | |
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261 This function discards text properties, regardless of the value of |
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262 @code{minibuffer-allow-text-properties}. |
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263 |
6555 | 264 @smallexample |
265 @group | |
266 (read-no-blanks-input @var{prompt} @var{initial}) | |
267 @equiv{} | |
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268 (let (minibuffer-allow-text-properties) |
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269 (read-from-minibuffer @var{prompt} @var{initial} minibuffer-local-ns-map)) |
6555 | 270 @end group |
271 @end smallexample | |
272 @end defun | |
273 | |
274 @defvar minibuffer-local-ns-map | |
275 This built-in variable is the keymap used as the minibuffer local keymap | |
276 in the function @code{read-no-blanks-input}. By default, it makes the | |
12098 | 277 following bindings, in addition to those of @code{minibuffer-local-map}: |
6555 | 278 |
279 @table @asis | |
280 @item @key{SPC} | |
281 @cindex @key{SPC} in minibuffer | |
282 @code{exit-minibuffer} | |
283 | |
284 @item @key{TAB} | |
285 @cindex @key{TAB} in minibuffer | |
286 @code{exit-minibuffer} | |
287 | |
288 @item @kbd{?} | |
289 @cindex @kbd{?} in minibuffer | |
290 @code{self-insert-and-exit} | |
291 @end table | |
292 @end defvar | |
293 | |
294 @node Object from Minibuffer | |
295 @section Reading Lisp Objects with the Minibuffer | |
296 | |
297 This section describes functions for reading Lisp objects with the | |
298 minibuffer. | |
299 | |
300 @defun read-minibuffer prompt &optional initial | |
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301 This function reads a Lisp object using the minibuffer, and returns it |
6555 | 302 without evaluating it. The arguments @var{prompt} and @var{initial} are |
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303 used as in @code{read-from-minibuffer}. |
6555 | 304 |
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305 This is a simplified interface to the |
6555 | 306 @code{read-from-minibuffer} function: |
307 | |
308 @smallexample | |
309 @group | |
310 (read-minibuffer @var{prompt} @var{initial}) | |
311 @equiv{} | |
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312 (let (minibuffer-allow-text-properties) |
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313 (read-from-minibuffer @var{prompt} @var{initial} nil t)) |
6555 | 314 @end group |
315 @end smallexample | |
316 | |
317 Here is an example in which we supply the string @code{"(testing)"} as | |
318 initial input: | |
319 | |
320 @smallexample | |
321 @group | |
322 (read-minibuffer | |
323 "Enter an expression: " (format "%s" '(testing))) | |
324 | |
325 ;; @r{Here is how the minibuffer is displayed:} | |
326 @end group | |
327 | |
328 @group | |
329 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
330 Enter an expression: (testing)@point{} | |
331 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
332 @end group | |
333 @end smallexample | |
334 | |
335 @noindent | |
336 The user can type @key{RET} immediately to use the initial input as a | |
337 default, or can edit the input. | |
338 @end defun | |
339 | |
340 @defun eval-minibuffer prompt &optional initial | |
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341 This function reads a Lisp expression using the minibuffer, evaluates |
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342 it, then returns the result. The arguments @var{prompt} and |
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343 @var{initial} are used as in @code{read-from-minibuffer}. |
6555 | 344 |
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345 This function simply evaluates the result of a call to |
6555 | 346 @code{read-minibuffer}: |
347 | |
348 @smallexample | |
349 @group | |
350 (eval-minibuffer @var{prompt} @var{initial}) | |
351 @equiv{} | |
352 (eval (read-minibuffer @var{prompt} @var{initial})) | |
353 @end group | |
354 @end smallexample | |
355 @end defun | |
356 | |
357 @defun edit-and-eval-command prompt form | |
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358 This function reads a Lisp expression in the minibuffer, and then |
6555 | 359 evaluates it. The difference between this command and |
360 @code{eval-minibuffer} is that here the initial @var{form} is not | |
361 optional and it is treated as a Lisp object to be converted to printed | |
362 representation rather than as a string of text. It is printed with | |
363 @code{prin1}, so if it is a string, double-quote characters (@samp{"}) | |
364 appear in the initial text. @xref{Output Functions}. | |
365 | |
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366 The first thing @code{edit-and-eval-command} does is to activate the |
6555 | 367 minibuffer with @var{prompt} as the prompt. Then it inserts the printed |
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368 representation of @var{form} in the minibuffer, and lets the user edit it. |
6555 | 369 When the user exits the minibuffer, the edited text is read with |
370 @code{read} and then evaluated. The resulting value becomes the value | |
371 of @code{edit-and-eval-command}. | |
372 | |
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373 In the following example, we offer the user an expression with initial |
6555 | 374 text which is a valid form already: |
375 | |
376 @smallexample | |
377 @group | |
378 (edit-and-eval-command "Please edit: " '(forward-word 1)) | |
379 | |
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380 ;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,} |
6555 | 381 ;; @r{the following appears in the minibuffer:} |
382 @end group | |
383 | |
384 @group | |
385 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
386 Please edit: (forward-word 1)@point{} | |
387 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
388 @end group | |
389 @end smallexample | |
390 | |
391 @noindent | |
392 Typing @key{RET} right away would exit the minibuffer and evaluate the | |
393 expression, thus moving point forward one word. | |
394 @code{edit-and-eval-command} returns @code{nil} in this example. | |
395 @end defun | |
396 | |
397 @node Minibuffer History | |
398 @section Minibuffer History | |
399 @cindex minibuffer history | |
400 @cindex history list | |
401 | |
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402 A @dfn{minibuffer history list} records previous minibuffer inputs so |
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403 the user can reuse them conveniently. A history list is actually a |
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404 symbol, not a list; it is a variable whose value is a list of strings |
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405 (previous inputs), most recent first. |
6555 | 406 |
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407 There are many separate history lists, used for different kinds of |
6555 | 408 inputs. It's the Lisp programmer's job to specify the right history |
409 list for each use of the minibuffer. | |
410 | |
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411 The basic minibuffer input functions @code{read-from-minibuffer} and |
6555 | 412 @code{completing-read} both accept an optional argument named @var{hist} |
413 which is how you specify the history list. Here are the possible | |
414 values: | |
415 | |
416 @table @asis | |
417 @item @var{variable} | |
418 Use @var{variable} (a symbol) as the history list. | |
419 | |
420 @item (@var{variable} . @var{startpos}) | |
421 Use @var{variable} (a symbol) as the history list, and assume that the | |
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422 initial history position is @var{startpos} (a nonnegative integer). |
6555 | 423 |
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424 Specifying 0 for @var{startpos} is equivalent to just specifying the |
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425 symbol @var{variable}. @code{previous-history-element} will display |
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426 the most recent element of the history list in the minibuffer. If you |
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427 specify a positive @var{startpos}, the minibuffer history functions |
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428 behave as if @code{(elt @var{variable} (1- @var{STARTPOS}))} were the |
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429 history element currently shown in the minibuffer. |
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430 |
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431 For consistency, you should also specify that element of the history |
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432 as the initial minibuffer contents, using the @var{initial} argument |
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433 to the minibuffer input function (@pxref{Initial Input}). |
6555 | 434 @end table |
435 | |
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436 If you don't specify @var{hist}, then the default history list |
6555 | 437 @code{minibuffer-history} is used. For other standard history lists, |
438 see below. You can also create your own history list variable; just | |
439 initialize it to @code{nil} before the first use. | |
440 | |
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441 Both @code{read-from-minibuffer} and @code{completing-read} add new |
6555 | 442 elements to the history list automatically, and provide commands to |
443 allow the user to reuse items on the list. The only thing your program | |
444 needs to do to use a history list is to initialize it and to pass its | |
445 name to the input functions when you wish. But it is safe to modify the | |
446 list by hand when the minibuffer input functions are not using it. | |
447 | |
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448 Emacs functions that add a new element to a history list can also |
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449 delete old elements if the list gets too long. The variable |
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450 @code{history-length} specifies the maximum length for most history |
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451 lists. To specify a different maximum length for a particular history |
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452 list, put the length in the @code{history-length} property of the |
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453 history list symbol. |
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454 |
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455 @defvar history-length |
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456 The value of this variable specifies the maximum length for all |
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457 history lists that don't specify their own maximum lengths. If the |
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458 value is @code{t}, that means there no maximum (don't delete old |
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459 elements). |
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460 @end defvar |
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461 |
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462 Here are some of the standard minibuffer history list variables: |
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463 |
6555 | 464 @defvar minibuffer-history |
465 The default history list for minibuffer history input. | |
466 @end defvar | |
467 | |
468 @defvar query-replace-history | |
469 A history list for arguments to @code{query-replace} (and similar | |
470 arguments to other commands). | |
471 @end defvar | |
472 | |
473 @defvar file-name-history | |
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474 A history list for file-name arguments. |
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475 @end defvar |
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476 |
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477 @defvar buffer-name-history |
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478 A history list for buffer-name arguments. |
6555 | 479 @end defvar |
480 | |
481 @defvar regexp-history | |
482 A history list for regular expression arguments. | |
483 @end defvar | |
484 | |
485 @defvar extended-command-history | |
486 A history list for arguments that are names of extended commands. | |
487 @end defvar | |
488 | |
489 @defvar shell-command-history | |
490 A history list for arguments that are shell commands. | |
491 @end defvar | |
492 | |
493 @defvar read-expression-history | |
494 A history list for arguments that are Lisp expressions to evaluate. | |
495 @end defvar | |
496 | |
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497 @node Initial Input |
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498 @section Initial Input |
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499 |
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500 Several of the functions for minibuffer input have an argument called |
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501 @var{initial} or @var{initial-contents}. This is a mostly-deprecated |
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502 feature for specifiying that the minibuffer should start out with |
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503 certain text, instead of empty as usual. |
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504 |
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505 If @var{initial} is a string, the minibuffer starts out containing the |
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506 text of the string, with point at the end, when the user starts to |
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507 edit the text. If the user simply types @key{RET} to exit the |
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508 minibuffer, it will use the initial input string to determine the |
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509 value to return. |
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510 |
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511 @strong{We discourage use of a non-@code{nil} value for |
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512 @var{initial}}, because initial input is an intrusive interface. |
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513 History lists and default values provide a much more convenient method |
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514 to offer useful default inputs to the user. |
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515 |
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516 There is just one situation where you should specify a string for an |
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517 @var{initial} argument. This is when you specify a cons cell for the |
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518 @var{hist} or @var{history} argument. @xref{Minibuffer History}. |
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519 |
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520 @var{initial} can also be a cons cell of the form @code{(@var{string} |
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521 . @var{position})}. This means to insert @var{string} in the |
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522 minibuffer but put point at @var{position} within the string's text. |
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523 |
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524 As a historical accident, @var{position} was implemented |
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525 inconsistently in different functions. In @code{completing-read}, |
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526 @var{position}'s value is interpreted as origin-zero; that is, a value |
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527 of 0 means the beginning of the string, 1 means after the first |
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528 character, etc. In @code{read-minibuffer}, and the other |
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529 non-completion minibuffer input functions that support this argument, |
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530 1 means the beginning of the string 2 means after the first character, |
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531 etc. |
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532 |
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533 Use of a cons cell as the value for @var{initial} arguments is |
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534 deprecated in user code. |
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535 |
6555 | 536 @node Completion |
537 @section Completion | |
538 @cindex completion | |
539 | |
540 @dfn{Completion} is a feature that fills in the rest of a name | |
541 starting from an abbreviation for it. Completion works by comparing the | |
542 user's input against a list of valid names and determining how much of | |
543 the name is determined uniquely by what the user has typed. For | |
544 example, when you type @kbd{C-x b} (@code{switch-to-buffer}) and then | |
545 type the first few letters of the name of the buffer to which you wish | |
546 to switch, and then type @key{TAB} (@code{minibuffer-complete}), Emacs | |
547 extends the name as far as it can. | |
548 | |
549 Standard Emacs commands offer completion for names of symbols, files, | |
550 buffers, and processes; with the functions in this section, you can | |
551 implement completion for other kinds of names. | |
552 | |
553 The @code{try-completion} function is the basic primitive for | |
554 completion: it returns the longest determined completion of a given | |
555 initial string, with a given set of strings to match against. | |
556 | |
557 The function @code{completing-read} provides a higher-level interface | |
558 for completion. A call to @code{completing-read} specifies how to | |
559 determine the list of valid names. The function then activates the | |
560 minibuffer with a local keymap that binds a few keys to commands useful | |
561 for completion. Other functions provide convenient simple interfaces | |
562 for reading certain kinds of names with completion. | |
563 | |
564 @menu | |
565 * Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings. | |
566 (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.) | |
567 * Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion. | |
568 * Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion. | |
569 * High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion | |
570 (reading buffer name, file name, etc.) | |
571 * Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names. | |
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572 * Programmed Completion:: Writing your own completion-function. |
6555 | 573 @end menu |
574 | |
575 @node Basic Completion | |
576 @subsection Basic Completion Functions | |
577 | |
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578 The functions @code{try-completion}, @code{all-completions} and |
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579 @code{test-completion} have nothing in themselves to do with |
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580 minibuffers. We describe them in this chapter so as to keep them near |
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581 the higher-level completion features that do use the minibuffer. |
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582 |
6555 | 583 @defun try-completion string collection &optional predicate |
584 This function returns the longest common substring of all possible | |
585 completions of @var{string} in @var{collection}. The value of | |
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586 @var{collection} must be a list of strings, an alist, an obarray, a |
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587 hash table, or a function that implements a virtual set of strings |
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588 (see below). |
6555 | 589 |
590 Completion compares @var{string} against each of the permissible | |
591 completions specified by @var{collection}; if the beginning of the | |
592 permissible completion equals @var{string}, it matches. If no permissible | |
593 completions match, @code{try-completion} returns @code{nil}. If only | |
594 one permissible completion matches, and the match is exact, then | |
595 @code{try-completion} returns @code{t}. Otherwise, the value is the | |
596 longest initial sequence common to all the permissible completions that | |
597 match. | |
598 | |
599 If @var{collection} is an alist (@pxref{Association Lists}), the | |
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600 permissible completions are the elements of the alist that are either |
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601 strings or conses whose @sc{car} is a string. Other elements of the |
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602 alist are ignored. (Remember that in Emacs Lisp, the elements of |
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603 alists do not @emph{have} to be conses.) As all elements of the alist |
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604 can be strings, this case actually includes lists of strings, even |
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605 though we usually do not think of such lists as alists. |
6555 | 606 |
607 @cindex obarray in completion | |
608 If @var{collection} is an obarray (@pxref{Creating Symbols}), the names | |
609 of all symbols in the obarray form the set of permissible completions. The | |
610 global variable @code{obarray} holds an obarray containing the names of | |
611 all interned Lisp symbols. | |
612 | |
613 Note that the only valid way to make a new obarray is to create it | |
614 empty and then add symbols to it one by one using @code{intern}. | |
615 Also, you cannot intern a given symbol in more than one obarray. | |
616 | |
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617 If @var{collection} is a hash table, then the keys that are strings |
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618 are the possible completions. Other keys are ignored. |
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619 |
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620 You can also use a symbol that is a function as @var{collection}. Then |
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621 the function is solely responsible for performing completion; |
6555 | 622 @code{try-completion} returns whatever this function returns. The |
623 function is called with three arguments: @var{string}, @var{predicate} | |
624 and @code{nil}. (The reason for the third argument is so that the same | |
625 function can be used in @code{all-completions} and do the appropriate | |
626 thing in either case.) @xref{Programmed Completion}. | |
627 | |
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628 If the argument @var{predicate} is non-@code{nil}, then it must be a |
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629 function of one argument, unless @var{collection} is a hash table, in |
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630 which case it should be a function of two arguments. It is used to |
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631 test each possible match, and the match is accepted only if |
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632 @var{predicate} returns non-@code{nil}. The argument given to |
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633 @var{predicate} is either a string or a cons cell (the @sc{car} of |
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634 which is a string) from the alist, or a symbol (@emph{not} a symbol |
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635 name) from the obarray. If @var{collection} is a hash table, |
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636 @var{predicate} is called with two arguments, the string key and the |
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637 associated value. |
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638 |
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639 In addition, to be acceptable, a completion must also match all the |
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640 regular expressions in @code{completion-regexp-list}. (Unless |
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641 @var{collection} is a function, in which case that function has to |
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642 handle @code{completion-regexp-list} itself.) |
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643 |
6555 | 644 In the first of the following examples, the string @samp{foo} is |
645 matched by three of the alist @sc{car}s. All of the matches begin with | |
646 the characters @samp{fooba}, so that is the result. In the second | |
647 example, there is only one possible match, and it is exact, so the value | |
648 is @code{t}. | |
649 | |
650 @smallexample | |
651 @group | |
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652 (try-completion |
6555 | 653 "foo" |
654 '(("foobar1" 1) ("barfoo" 2) ("foobaz" 3) ("foobar2" 4))) | |
655 @result{} "fooba" | |
656 @end group | |
657 | |
658 @group | |
659 (try-completion "foo" '(("barfoo" 2) ("foo" 3))) | |
660 @result{} t | |
661 @end group | |
662 @end smallexample | |
663 | |
664 In the following example, numerous symbols begin with the characters | |
665 @samp{forw}, and all of them begin with the word @samp{forward}. In | |
666 most of the symbols, this is followed with a @samp{-}, but not in all, | |
667 so no more than @samp{forward} can be completed. | |
668 | |
669 @smallexample | |
670 @group | |
671 (try-completion "forw" obarray) | |
672 @result{} "forward" | |
673 @end group | |
674 @end smallexample | |
675 | |
676 Finally, in the following example, only two of the three possible | |
677 matches pass the predicate @code{test} (the string @samp{foobaz} is | |
678 too short). Both of those begin with the string @samp{foobar}. | |
679 | |
680 @smallexample | |
681 @group | |
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682 (defun test (s) |
6555 | 683 (> (length (car s)) 6)) |
684 @result{} test | |
685 @end group | |
686 @group | |
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687 (try-completion |
6555 | 688 "foo" |
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689 '(("foobar1" 1) ("barfoo" 2) ("foobaz" 3) ("foobar2" 4)) |
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690 'test) |
6555 | 691 @result{} "foobar" |
692 @end group | |
693 @end smallexample | |
694 @end defun | |
695 | |
12067 | 696 @defun all-completions string collection &optional predicate nospace |
6555 | 697 This function returns a list of all possible completions of |
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698 @var{string}. The arguments to this function (aside from |
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699 @var{nospace}) are the same as those of @code{try-completion}. Also, |
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700 this function uses @code{completion-regexp-list} in the same way that |
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701 @code{try-completion} does. The optional argument @var{nospace} only |
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702 matters if @var{string} is the empty string. In that case, if |
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703 @var{nospace} is non-@code{nil}, completions that start with a space |
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704 are ignored. |
6555 | 705 |
706 If @var{collection} is a function, it is called with three arguments: | |
707 @var{string}, @var{predicate} and @code{t}; then @code{all-completions} | |
708 returns whatever the function returns. @xref{Programmed Completion}. | |
709 | |
710 Here is an example, using the function @code{test} shown in the | |
711 example for @code{try-completion}: | |
712 | |
713 @smallexample | |
714 @group | |
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715 (defun test (s) |
6555 | 716 (> (length (car s)) 6)) |
717 @result{} test | |
718 @end group | |
719 | |
720 @group | |
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721 (all-completions |
6555 | 722 "foo" |
723 '(("foobar1" 1) ("barfoo" 2) ("foobaz" 3) ("foobar2" 4)) | |
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724 'test) |
6555 | 725 @result{} ("foobar1" "foobar2") |
726 @end group | |
727 @end smallexample | |
728 @end defun | |
729 | |
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730 @defun test-completion string collection &optional predicate |
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731 @anchor{Definition of test-completion} |
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732 This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{string} is a valid |
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733 completion possibility specified by @var{collection} and |
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734 @var{predicate}. The arguments are the same as in |
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735 @code{try-completion}. For instance, if @var{collection} is a list of |
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736 strings, this is true if @var{string} appears in the list and |
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737 @var{predicate} is satisfied. |
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738 |
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739 @code{test-completion} uses @code{completion-regexp-list} in the same |
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740 way that @code{try-completion} does. |
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741 |
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742 If @var{predicate} is non-@code{nil} and if @var{collection} contains |
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743 several strings that are equal to each other, as determined by |
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744 @code{compare-strings} according to @code{completion-ignore-case}, |
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745 then @var{predicate} should accept either all or none of them. |
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746 Otherwise, the return value of @code{test-completion} is essentially |
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747 unpredictable. |
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748 |
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749 If @var{collection} is a function, it is called with three arguments, |
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750 the values @var{string}, @var{predicate} and @code{lambda}; whatever |
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751 it returns, @code{test-completion} returns in turn. |
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752 @end defun |
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753 |
6555 | 754 @defvar completion-ignore-case |
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755 If the value of this variable is non-@code{nil}, Emacs does not |
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756 consider case significant in completion. |
6555 | 757 @end defvar |
758 | |
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759 @defvar completion-regexp-list |
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760 This is a list of regular expressions. The completion functions only |
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761 consider a completion acceptable if it matches all regular expressions |
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762 in this list, with @code{case-fold-search} (@pxref{Searching and Case}) |
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763 bound to the value of @code{completion-ignore-case}. |
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764 @end defvar |
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765 |
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766 @defmac lazy-completion-table var fun &rest args |
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767 This macro provides a way to initialize the variable @var{var} as a |
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768 collection for completion in a lazy way, not computing its actual |
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769 contents until they are first needed. You use this macro to produce a |
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770 value that you store in @var{var}. The actual computation of the |
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771 proper value is done the first time you do completion using @var{var}. |
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772 It is done by calling @var{fun} with the arguments @var{args}. The |
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773 value @var{fun} returns becomes the permanent value of @var{var}. |
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774 |
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775 Here are two examples of use: |
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776 |
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777 @example |
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778 (defvar foo (lazy-completion-table foo make-my-alist 'global)) |
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779 |
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780 (make-local-variable 'bar) |
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781 (setq bar (lazy-completion-table foo make-my-alist 'local) |
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782 @end example |
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783 @end defmac |
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784 |
6555 | 785 @node Minibuffer Completion |
786 @subsection Completion and the Minibuffer | |
787 | |
788 This section describes the basic interface for reading from the | |
789 minibuffer with completion. | |
790 | |
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791 @defun completing-read prompt collection &optional predicate require-match initial hist default inherit-input-method |
6555 | 792 This function reads a string in the minibuffer, assisting the user by |
793 providing completion. It activates the minibuffer with prompt | |
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794 @var{prompt}, which must be a string. |
6555 | 795 |
796 The actual completion is done by passing @var{collection} and | |
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797 @var{predicate} to the function @code{try-completion}. This happens |
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798 in certain commands bound in the local keymaps used for completion. |
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799 Some of these commands also call @code{test-completion}. Thus, if |
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800 @var{predicate} is non-@code{nil}, it should be compatible with |
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801 @var{collection} and @code{completion-ignore-case}. @xref{Definition |
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802 of test-completion}. |
6555 | 803 |
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804 If @var{require-match} is @code{nil}, the exit commands work regardless |
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805 of the input in the minibuffer. If @var{require-match} is @code{t}, the |
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806 usual minibuffer exit commands won't exit unless the input completes to |
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807 an element of @var{collection}. If @var{require-match} is neither |
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808 @code{nil} nor @code{t}, then the exit commands won't exit unless the |
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809 input already in the buffer matches an element of @var{collection}. |
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810 |
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811 However, empty input is always permitted, regardless of the value of |
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812 @var{require-match}; in that case, @code{completing-read} returns |
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813 @var{default}, or @code{""}, if @var{default} is @code{nil}. The |
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814 value of @var{default} (if non-@code{nil}) is also available to the |
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815 user through the history commands. |
6555 | 816 |
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817 The function @code{completing-read} uses |
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818 @code{minibuffer-local-completion-map} as the keymap if |
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819 @var{require-match} is @code{nil}, and uses |
6555 | 820 @code{minibuffer-local-must-match-map} if @var{require-match} is |
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821 non-@code{nil}. @xref{Completion Commands}. |
6555 | 822 |
823 The argument @var{hist} specifies which history list variable to use for | |
824 saving the input and for minibuffer history commands. It defaults to | |
825 @code{minibuffer-history}. @xref{Minibuffer History}. | |
826 | |
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827 The argument @var{initial} is mostly deprecated; we recommend using a |
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828 non-@code{nil} value only in conjunction with specifying a cons cell |
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829 for @var{hist}. @xref{Initial Input}. For default input, use |
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830 @var{default} instead. |
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831 |
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832 If the argument @var{inherit-input-method} is non-@code{nil}, then the |
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833 minibuffer inherits the current input method (@pxref{Input |
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834 Methods}) and the setting of @code{enable-multibyte-characters} |
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835 (@pxref{Text Representations}) from whichever buffer was current before |
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836 entering the minibuffer. |
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837 |
6555 | 838 Completion ignores case when comparing the input against the possible |
839 matches, if the built-in variable @code{completion-ignore-case} is | |
840 non-@code{nil}. @xref{Basic Completion}. | |
841 | |
842 Here's an example of using @code{completing-read}: | |
843 | |
844 @smallexample | |
845 @group | |
846 (completing-read | |
847 "Complete a foo: " | |
848 '(("foobar1" 1) ("barfoo" 2) ("foobaz" 3) ("foobar2" 4)) | |
849 nil t "fo") | |
850 @end group | |
851 | |
852 @group | |
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853 ;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,} |
6555 | 854 ;; @r{the following appears in the minibuffer:} |
855 | |
856 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
857 Complete a foo: fo@point{} | |
858 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
859 @end group | |
860 @end smallexample | |
861 | |
862 @noindent | |
863 If the user then types @kbd{@key{DEL} @key{DEL} b @key{RET}}, | |
864 @code{completing-read} returns @code{barfoo}. | |
865 | |
866 The @code{completing-read} function binds three variables to pass | |
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867 information to the commands that actually do completion. These |
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868 variables are @code{minibuffer-completion-table}, |
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869 @code{minibuffer-completion-predicate} and |
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870 @code{minibuffer-completion-confirm}. For more information about them, |
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871 see @ref{Completion Commands}. |
6555 | 872 @end defun |
873 | |
874 @node Completion Commands | |
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875 @subsection Minibuffer Commands that Do Completion |
6555 | 876 |
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877 This section describes the keymaps, commands and user options used |
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878 in the minibuffer to do completion. The description refers to the |
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879 situation when Partial Completion mode is disabled (as it is by |
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880 default). When enabled, this minor mode uses its own alternatives to |
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881 some of the commands described below. @xref{Completion Options,,, |
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882 emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for a short description of Partial |
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883 Completion mode. |
6555 | 884 |
885 @defvar minibuffer-local-completion-map | |
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886 @code{completing-read} uses this value as the local keymap when an |
6555 | 887 exact match of one of the completions is not required. By default, this |
888 keymap makes the following bindings: | |
889 | |
890 @table @asis | |
891 @item @kbd{?} | |
892 @code{minibuffer-completion-help} | |
893 | |
894 @item @key{SPC} | |
895 @code{minibuffer-complete-word} | |
896 | |
897 @item @key{TAB} | |
898 @code{minibuffer-complete} | |
899 @end table | |
900 | |
901 @noindent | |
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902 with other characters bound as in @code{minibuffer-local-map} |
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903 (@pxref{Definition of minibuffer-local-map}). |
6555 | 904 @end defvar |
905 | |
906 @defvar minibuffer-local-must-match-map | |
907 @code{completing-read} uses this value as the local keymap when an | |
908 exact match of one of the completions is required. Therefore, no keys | |
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909 are bound to @code{exit-minibuffer}, the command that exits the |
6555 | 910 minibuffer unconditionally. By default, this keymap makes the following |
911 bindings: | |
912 | |
913 @table @asis | |
914 @item @kbd{?} | |
915 @code{minibuffer-completion-help} | |
916 | |
917 @item @key{SPC} | |
918 @code{minibuffer-complete-word} | |
919 | |
920 @item @key{TAB} | |
921 @code{minibuffer-complete} | |
922 | |
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923 @item @kbd{C-j} |
6555 | 924 @code{minibuffer-complete-and-exit} |
925 | |
926 @item @key{RET} | |
927 @code{minibuffer-complete-and-exit} | |
928 @end table | |
929 | |
930 @noindent | |
931 with other characters bound as in @code{minibuffer-local-map}. | |
932 @end defvar | |
933 | |
934 @defvar minibuffer-completion-table | |
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935 The value of this variable is the collection used for completion in |
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936 the minibuffer. This is the global variable that contains what |
6555 | 937 @code{completing-read} passes to @code{try-completion}. It is used by |
938 minibuffer completion commands such as @code{minibuffer-complete-word}. | |
939 @end defvar | |
940 | |
941 @defvar minibuffer-completion-predicate | |
942 This variable's value is the predicate that @code{completing-read} | |
943 passes to @code{try-completion}. The variable is also used by the other | |
944 minibuffer completion functions. | |
945 @end defvar | |
946 | |
947 @deffn Command minibuffer-complete-word | |
948 This function completes the minibuffer contents by at most a single | |
949 word. Even if the minibuffer contents have only one completion, | |
950 @code{minibuffer-complete-word} does not add any characters beyond the | |
951 first character that is not a word constituent. @xref{Syntax Tables}. | |
952 @end deffn | |
953 | |
954 @deffn Command minibuffer-complete | |
955 This function completes the minibuffer contents as far as possible. | |
956 @end deffn | |
957 | |
958 @deffn Command minibuffer-complete-and-exit | |
959 This function completes the minibuffer contents, and exits if | |
960 confirmation is not required, i.e., if | |
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961 @code{minibuffer-completion-confirm} is @code{nil}. If confirmation |
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962 @emph{is} required, it is given by repeating this command |
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963 immediately---the command is programmed to work without confirmation |
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964 when run twice in succession. |
6555 | 965 @end deffn |
966 | |
967 @defvar minibuffer-completion-confirm | |
968 When the value of this variable is non-@code{nil}, Emacs asks for | |
969 confirmation of a completion before exiting the minibuffer. The | |
970 function @code{minibuffer-complete-and-exit} checks the value of this | |
971 variable before it exits. | |
972 @end defvar | |
973 | |
974 @deffn Command minibuffer-completion-help | |
975 This function creates a list of the possible completions of the | |
976 current minibuffer contents. It works by calling @code{all-completions} | |
977 using the value of the variable @code{minibuffer-completion-table} as | |
978 the @var{collection} argument, and the value of | |
979 @code{minibuffer-completion-predicate} as the @var{predicate} argument. | |
980 The list of completions is displayed as text in a buffer named | |
981 @samp{*Completions*}. | |
982 @end deffn | |
983 | |
984 @defun display-completion-list completions | |
985 This function displays @var{completions} to the stream in | |
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986 @code{standard-output}, usually a buffer. (@xref{Read and Print}, for more |
6555 | 987 information about streams.) The argument @var{completions} is normally |
988 a list of completions just returned by @code{all-completions}, but it | |
989 does not have to be. Each element may be a symbol or a string, either | |
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990 of which is simply printed. It can also be a list of two strings, |
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991 which is printed as if the strings were concatenated. The first of |
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992 the two strings is the actual completion, the second string serves as |
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993 annotation. |
6555 | 994 |
995 This function is called by @code{minibuffer-completion-help}. The | |
996 most common way to use it is together with | |
997 @code{with-output-to-temp-buffer}, like this: | |
998 | |
999 @example | |
1000 (with-output-to-temp-buffer "*Completions*" | |
1001 (display-completion-list | |
1002 (all-completions (buffer-string) my-alist))) | |
1003 @end example | |
1004 @end defun | |
1005 | |
1006 @defopt completion-auto-help | |
1007 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, the completion commands | |
1008 automatically display a list of possible completions whenever nothing | |
1009 can be completed because the next character is not uniquely determined. | |
1010 @end defopt | |
1011 | |
1012 @node High-Level Completion | |
1013 @subsection High-Level Completion Functions | |
1014 | |
1015 This section describes the higher-level convenient functions for | |
1016 reading certain sorts of names with completion. | |
1017 | |
12098 | 1018 In most cases, you should not call these functions in the middle of a |
1019 Lisp function. When possible, do all minibuffer input as part of | |
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1020 reading the arguments for a command, in the @code{interactive} |
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1021 specification. @xref{Defining Commands}. |
12098 | 1022 |
6555 | 1023 @defun read-buffer prompt &optional default existing |
1024 This function reads the name of a buffer and returns it as a string. | |
1025 The argument @var{default} is the default name to use, the value to | |
1026 return if the user exits with an empty minibuffer. If non-@code{nil}, | |
1027 it should be a string or a buffer. It is mentioned in the prompt, but | |
1028 is not inserted in the minibuffer as initial input. | |
1029 | |
1030 If @var{existing} is non-@code{nil}, then the name specified must be | |
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1031 that of an existing buffer. The usual commands to exit the minibuffer |
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1032 do not exit if the text is not valid, and @key{RET} does completion to |
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1033 attempt to find a valid name. If @var{existing} is neither @code{nil} |
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1034 nor @code{t}, confirmation is required after completion. (However, |
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1035 @var{default} is not checked for validity; it is returned, whatever it |
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1036 is, if the user exits with the minibuffer empty.) |
6555 | 1037 |
1038 In the following example, the user enters @samp{minibuffer.t}, and | |
1039 then types @key{RET}. The argument @var{existing} is @code{t}, and the | |
1040 only buffer name starting with the given input is | |
1041 @samp{minibuffer.texi}, so that name is the value. | |
1042 | |
1043 @example | |
1044 (read-buffer "Buffer name? " "foo" t) | |
1045 @group | |
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1046 ;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,} |
6555 | 1047 ;; @r{the following prompt appears,} |
1048 ;; @r{with an empty minibuffer:} | |
1049 @end group | |
1050 | |
1051 @group | |
1052 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1053 Buffer name? (default foo) @point{} | |
1054 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1055 @end group | |
1056 | |
1057 @group | |
1058 ;; @r{The user types @kbd{minibuffer.t @key{RET}}.} | |
1059 @result{} "minibuffer.texi" | |
1060 @end group | |
1061 @end example | |
1062 @end defun | |
1063 | |
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1064 @defvar read-buffer-function |
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1065 This variable specifies how to read buffer names. For example, if you |
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1066 set this variable to @code{iswitchb-read-buffer}, all Emacs commands |
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1067 that call @code{read-buffer} to read a buffer name will actually use the |
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1068 @code{iswitchb} package to read it. |
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1069 @end defvar |
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1070 |
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1071 @defun read-command prompt &optional default |
6555 | 1072 This function reads the name of a command and returns it as a Lisp |
1073 symbol. The argument @var{prompt} is used as in | |
1074 @code{read-from-minibuffer}. Recall that a command is anything for | |
1075 which @code{commandp} returns @code{t}, and a command name is a symbol | |
1076 for which @code{commandp} returns @code{t}. @xref{Interactive Call}. | |
1077 | |
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1078 The argument @var{default} specifies what to return if the user enters |
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1079 null input. It can be a symbol or a string; if it is a string, |
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1080 @code{read-command} interns it before returning it. If @var{default} is |
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1081 @code{nil}, that means no default has been specified; then if the user |
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1082 enters null input, the return value is @code{(intern "")}, that is, a |
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1083 symbol whose name is an empty string. |
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1084 |
6555 | 1085 @example |
1086 (read-command "Command name? ") | |
1087 | |
1088 @group | |
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1089 ;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,} |
6555 | 1090 ;; @r{the following prompt appears with an empty minibuffer:} |
1091 @end group | |
1092 | |
1093 @group | |
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1094 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- |
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1095 Command name? |
6555 | 1096 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- |
1097 @end group | |
1098 @end example | |
1099 | |
1100 @noindent | |
1101 If the user types @kbd{forward-c @key{RET}}, then this function returns | |
1102 @code{forward-char}. | |
1103 | |
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1104 The @code{read-command} function is a simplified interface to |
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1105 @code{completing-read}. It uses the variable @code{obarray} so as to |
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1106 complete in the set of extant Lisp symbols, and it uses the |
6555 | 1107 @code{commandp} predicate so as to accept only command names: |
1108 | |
1109 @cindex @code{commandp} example | |
1110 @example | |
1111 @group | |
1112 (read-command @var{prompt}) | |
1113 @equiv{} | |
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1114 (intern (completing-read @var{prompt} obarray |
6555 | 1115 'commandp t nil)) |
1116 @end group | |
1117 @end example | |
1118 @end defun | |
1119 | |
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1120 @defun read-variable prompt &optional default |
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1121 @anchor{Definition of read-variable} |
6555 | 1122 This function reads the name of a user variable and returns it as a |
1123 symbol. | |
1124 | |
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1125 The argument @var{default} specifies what to return if the user enters |
21682
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|
1126 null input. It can be a symbol or a string; if it is a string, |
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1127 @code{read-variable} interns it before returning it. If @var{default} |
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1128 is @code{nil}, that means no default has been specified; then if the |
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1129 user enters null input, the return value is @code{(intern "")}. |
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|
1130 |
6555 | 1131 @example |
1132 @group | |
1133 (read-variable "Variable name? ") | |
1134 | |
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1135 ;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,} |
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|
1136 ;; @r{the following prompt appears,} |
6555 | 1137 ;; @r{with an empty minibuffer:} |
1138 @end group | |
1139 | |
1140 @group | |
1141 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1142 Variable name? @point{} | |
1143 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1144 @end group | |
1145 @end example | |
1146 | |
1147 @noindent | |
1148 If the user then types @kbd{fill-p @key{RET}}, @code{read-variable} | |
1149 returns @code{fill-prefix}. | |
1150 | |
1151 This function is similar to @code{read-command}, but uses the | |
1152 predicate @code{user-variable-p} instead of @code{commandp}: | |
1153 | |
1154 @cindex @code{user-variable-p} example | |
1155 @example | |
1156 @group | |
1157 (read-variable @var{prompt}) | |
1158 @equiv{} | |
1159 (intern | |
1160 (completing-read @var{prompt} obarray | |
1161 'user-variable-p t nil)) | |
1162 @end group | |
1163 @end example | |
1164 @end defun | |
1165 | |
21682
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|
1166 See also the functions @code{read-coding-system} and |
22252
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|
1167 @code{read-non-nil-coding-system}, in @ref{User-Chosen Coding Systems}. |
21007
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|
1168 |
6555 | 1169 @node Reading File Names |
1170 @subsection Reading File Names | |
1171 | |
1172 Here is another high-level completion function, designed for reading a | |
1173 file name. It provides special features including automatic insertion | |
1174 of the default directory. | |
1175 | |
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|
1176 @defun read-file-name prompt &optional directory default existing initial predicate |
6555 | 1177 This function reads a file name in the minibuffer, prompting with |
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|
1178 @var{prompt} and providing completion. |
6555 | 1179 |
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1180 If @var{existing} is non-@code{nil}, then the user must specify the name |
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|
1181 of an existing file; @key{RET} performs completion to make the name |
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|
1182 valid if possible, and then refuses to exit if it is not valid. If the |
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1183 value of @var{existing} is neither @code{nil} nor @code{t}, then |
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|
1184 @key{RET} also requires confirmation after completion. If |
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|
1185 @var{existing} is @code{nil}, then the name of a nonexistent file is |
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|
1186 acceptable. |
6555 | 1187 |
1188 The argument @var{directory} specifies the directory to use for | |
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1189 completion of relative file names. It should be an absolute directory |
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1190 name. If @code{insert-default-directory} is non-@code{nil}, |
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|
1191 @var{directory} is also inserted in the minibuffer as initial input. |
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1192 It defaults to the current buffer's value of @code{default-directory}. |
6555 | 1193 |
1194 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
52626 | 1195 If you specify @var{initial}, that is an initial file name to insert |
1196 in the buffer (after @var{directory}, if that is inserted). In this | |
7221
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|
1197 case, point goes at the beginning of @var{initial}. The default for |
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|
1198 @var{initial} is @code{nil}---don't insert any file name. To see what |
52626 | 1199 @var{initial} does, try the command @kbd{C-x C-v}. @strong{Please |
1200 note:} we recommend using @var{default} rather than @var{initial} in | |
1201 most cases. | |
6555 | 1202 |
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|
1203 If @var{default} is non-@code{nil}, then the function returns |
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|
1204 @var{default} if the user exits the minibuffer with the same non-empty |
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|
1205 contents that @code{read-file-name} inserted initially. The initial |
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|
1206 minibuffer contents are always non-empty if |
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|
1207 @code{insert-default-directory} is non-@code{nil}, as it is by |
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|
1208 default. @var{default} is not checked for validity, regardless of the |
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|
1209 value of @var{existing}. However, if @var{existing} is |
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|
1210 non-@code{nil}, the initial minibuffer contents should be a valid file |
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|
1211 (or directory) name. Otherwise @code{read-file-name} attempts |
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|
1212 completion if the user exits without any editing, and does not return |
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|
1213 @var{default}. @var{default} is also available through the history |
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|
1214 commands. |
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|
1215 |
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|
1216 If @var{default} is @code{nil}, @code{read-file-name} tries to find a |
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|
1217 substitute default to use in its place, which it treats in exactly the |
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|
1218 same way as if it had been specified explicitly. If @var{default} is |
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|
1219 @code{nil}, but @var{initial} is non-@code{nil}, then the default is |
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|
1220 the absolute file name obtained from @var{directory} and |
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|
1221 @var{initial}. If both @var{default} and @var{initial} are @code{nil} |
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|
1222 and the buffer is visiting a file, @code{read-file-name} uses the |
7fda9e6236d5
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|
1223 absolute file name of that file as default. If the buffer is not |
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|
1224 visiting a file, then there is no default. In that case, if the user |
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|
1225 types @key{RET} without any editing, @code{read-file-name} simply |
7fda9e6236d5
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|
1226 returns the pre-inserted contents of the minibuffer. |
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|
1227 |
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|
1228 If the user types @key{RET} in an empty minibuffer, this function |
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|
1229 returns an empty string, regardless of the value of @var{existing}. |
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|
1230 This is, for instance, how the user can make the current buffer visit |
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|
1231 no file using @code{M-x set-visited-file-name}. |
7fda9e6236d5
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|
1232 |
52146
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51989
diff
changeset
|
1233 If @var{predicate} is non-@code{nil}, it specifies a function of one |
c78c690c99e8
(Reading File Names): read-file-name has new arg PREDICATE.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51989
diff
changeset
|
1234 argument that decides which file names are acceptable completion |
c78c690c99e8
(Reading File Names): read-file-name has new arg PREDICATE.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
51989
diff
changeset
|
1235 possibilities. A file name is an acceptable value if @var{predicate} |
c78c690c99e8
(Reading File Names): read-file-name has new arg PREDICATE.
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parents:
51989
diff
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|
1236 returns non-@code{nil} for it. |
c78c690c99e8
(Reading File Names): read-file-name has new arg PREDICATE.
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diff
changeset
|
1237 |
53801
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|
1238 @code{read-file-name} does not automatically expand file names. You |
7fda9e6236d5
(Text from Minibuffer): Various corrections and clarifications.
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53429
diff
changeset
|
1239 must call @code{expand-file-name} yourself if an absolute file name is |
7fda9e6236d5
(Text from Minibuffer): Various corrections and clarifications.
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diff
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|
1240 required. |
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|
1241 |
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|
1242 Here is an example: |
6555 | 1243 |
1244 @example | |
1245 @group | |
1246 (read-file-name "The file is ") | |
1247 | |
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|
1248 ;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,} |
6555 | 1249 ;; @r{the following appears in the minibuffer:} |
1250 @end group | |
1251 | |
1252 @group | |
1253 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1254 The file is /gp/gnu/elisp/@point{} | |
1255 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1256 @end group | |
1257 @end example | |
1258 | |
1259 @noindent | |
1260 Typing @kbd{manual @key{TAB}} results in the following: | |
1261 | |
1262 @example | |
1263 @group | |
1264 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1265 The file is /gp/gnu/elisp/manual.texi@point{} | |
1266 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1267 @end group | |
1268 @end example | |
1269 | |
1270 @c Wordy to avoid overfull hbox in smallbook mode. | |
1271 @noindent | |
1272 If the user types @key{RET}, @code{read-file-name} returns the file name | |
1273 as the string @code{"/gp/gnu/elisp/manual.texi"}. | |
1274 @end defun | |
1275 | |
52146
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diff
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|
1276 @defun read-directory-name prompt &optional directory default existing initial |
c78c690c99e8
(Reading File Names): read-file-name has new arg PREDICATE.
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diff
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|
1277 This function is like @code{read-file-name} but allows only directory |
c78c690c99e8
(Reading File Names): read-file-name has new arg PREDICATE.
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diff
changeset
|
1278 names as completion possibilities. |
53801
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|
1279 |
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|
1280 If @var{default} is @code{nil} and @var{initial} is non-@code{nil}, |
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|
1281 @code{read-directory-name} constructs a substitute default by |
7fda9e6236d5
(Text from Minibuffer): Various corrections and clarifications.
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diff
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|
1282 combining @var{directory} (or the current buffer's default directory |
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|
1283 if @var{directory} is @code{nil}) and @var{initial}. If both |
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|
1284 @var{default} and @var{initial} are @code{nil}, this function uses the |
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|
1285 current buffer's default directory as substitute default, ignoring |
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|
1286 @var{directory}. |
52146
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diff
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|
1287 @end defun |
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(Reading File Names): read-file-name has new arg PREDICATE.
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diff
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|
1288 |
6555 | 1289 @defopt insert-default-directory |
53801
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|
1290 This variable is used by @code{read-file-name}, and thus, indirectly, |
7fda9e6236d5
(Text from Minibuffer): Various corrections and clarifications.
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|
1291 by most commands reading file names. (This includes all commands that |
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(Text from Minibuffer): Various corrections and clarifications.
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diff
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|
1292 use the code letters @samp{f} or @samp{F} in their interactive form. |
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diff
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|
1293 @xref{Interactive Codes,, Code Characters for interactive}.) Its |
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|
1294 value controls whether @code{read-file-name} starts by placing the |
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|
1295 name of the default directory in the minibuffer, plus the initial file |
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1296 name if any. If the value of this variable is @code{nil}, then |
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1297 @code{read-file-name} does not place any initial input in the |
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1298 minibuffer (unless you specify initial input with the @var{initial} |
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1299 argument). In that case, the default directory is still used for |
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1300 completion of relative file names, but is not displayed. |
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1301 |
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1302 If this variable is @code{nil} and the initial minibuffer contents are |
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1303 empty, the user may have to explicitly fetch the next history element |
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1304 to access a default value. If the variable is non-@code{nil}, the |
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1305 initial minibuffer contents are always non-empty and the user can |
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1306 always request a default value by immediately typing @key{RET} in an |
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1307 unedited minibuffer. (See above.) |
6555 | 1308 |
1309 For example: | |
1310 | |
1311 @example | |
1312 @group | |
1313 ;; @r{Here the minibuffer starts out with the default directory.} | |
1314 (let ((insert-default-directory t)) | |
1315 (read-file-name "The file is ")) | |
1316 @end group | |
1317 | |
1318 @group | |
1319 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1320 The file is ~lewis/manual/@point{} | |
1321 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1322 @end group | |
1323 | |
1324 @group | |
1325 ;; @r{Here the minibuffer is empty and only the prompt} | |
1326 ;; @r{appears on its line.} | |
1327 (let ((insert-default-directory nil)) | |
1328 (read-file-name "The file is ")) | |
1329 @end group | |
1330 | |
1331 @group | |
1332 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1333 The file is @point{} | |
1334 ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- | |
1335 @end group | |
1336 @end example | |
1337 @end defopt | |
1338 | |
1339 @node Programmed Completion | |
1340 @subsection Programmed Completion | |
1341 @cindex programmed completion | |
1342 | |
1343 Sometimes it is not possible to create an alist or an obarray | |
1344 containing all the intended possible completions. In such a case, you | |
1345 can supply your own function to compute the completion of a given string. | |
1346 This is called @dfn{programmed completion}. | |
1347 | |
1348 To use this feature, pass a symbol with a function definition as the | |
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1349 @var{collection} argument to @code{completing-read}. The function |
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1350 @code{completing-read} arranges to pass your completion function along |
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1351 to @code{try-completion} and @code{all-completions}, which will then let |
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1352 your function do all the work. |
6555 | 1353 |
1354 The completion function should accept three arguments: | |
1355 | |
1356 @itemize @bullet | |
1357 @item | |
1358 The string to be completed. | |
1359 | |
1360 @item | |
1361 The predicate function to filter possible matches, or @code{nil} if | |
1362 none. Your function should call the predicate for each possible match, | |
1363 and ignore the possible match if the predicate returns @code{nil}. | |
1364 | |
1365 @item | |
1366 A flag specifying the type of operation. | |
1367 @end itemize | |
1368 | |
1369 There are three flag values for three operations: | |
1370 | |
1371 @itemize @bullet | |
1372 @item | |
1373 @code{nil} specifies @code{try-completion}. The completion function | |
1374 should return the completion of the specified string, or @code{t} if the | |
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1375 string is a unique and exact match already, or @code{nil} if the string |
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1376 matches no possibility. |
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1377 |
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1378 If the string is an exact match for one possibility, but also matches |
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1379 other longer possibilities, the function should return the string, not |
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1380 @code{t}. |
6555 | 1381 |
1382 @item | |
1383 @code{t} specifies @code{all-completions}. The completion function | |
1384 should return a list of all possible completions of the specified | |
1385 string. | |
1386 | |
1387 @item | |
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1388 @code{lambda} specifies @code{test-completion}. The completion |
6555 | 1389 function should return @code{t} if the specified string is an exact |
1390 match for some possibility; @code{nil} otherwise. | |
1391 @end itemize | |
1392 | |
1393 It would be consistent and clean for completion functions to allow | |
12098 | 1394 lambda expressions (lists that are functions) as well as function |
6555 | 1395 symbols as @var{collection}, but this is impossible. Lists as |
51989
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1396 completion tables already have other meanings, and it would be |
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1397 unreliable to treat one differently just because it is also a possible |
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1398 function. So you must arrange for any function you wish to use for |
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1399 completion to be encapsulated in a symbol. |
6555 | 1400 |
1401 Emacs uses programmed completion when completing file names. | |
1402 @xref{File Name Completion}. | |
1403 | |
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1404 @defmac dynamic-completion-table function |
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1405 This macro is a convenient way to write a function that can act as |
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1406 programmed completion function. The argument @var{function} should be |
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1407 a function that takes one argument, a string, and returns an alist of |
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1408 possible completions of it. You can think of |
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1409 @code{dynamic-completion-table} as a transducer between that interface |
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1410 and the interface for programmed completion functions. |
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1411 @end defmac |
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1412 |
6555 | 1413 @node Yes-or-No Queries |
1414 @section Yes-or-No Queries | |
1415 @cindex asking the user questions | |
1416 @cindex querying the user | |
1417 @cindex yes-or-no questions | |
1418 | |
1419 This section describes functions used to ask the user a yes-or-no | |
1420 question. The function @code{y-or-n-p} can be answered with a single | |
1421 character; it is useful for questions where an inadvertent wrong answer | |
1422 will not have serious consequences. @code{yes-or-no-p} is suitable for | |
1423 more momentous questions, since it requires three or four characters to | |
1424 answer. | |
1425 | |
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1426 If either of these functions is called in a command that was invoked |
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1427 using the mouse---more precisely, if @code{last-nonmenu-event} |
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1428 (@pxref{Command Loop Info}) is either @code{nil} or a list---then it |
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1429 uses a dialog box or pop-up menu to ask the question. Otherwise, it |
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1430 uses keyboard input. You can force use of the mouse or use of keyboard |
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1431 input by binding @code{last-nonmenu-event} to a suitable value around |
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1432 the call. |
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1433 |
6555 | 1434 Strictly speaking, @code{yes-or-no-p} uses the minibuffer and |
1435 @code{y-or-n-p} does not; but it seems best to describe them together. | |
1436 | |
1437 @defun y-or-n-p prompt | |
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1438 This function asks the user a question, expecting input in the echo |
6555 | 1439 area. It returns @code{t} if the user types @kbd{y}, @code{nil} if the |
1440 user types @kbd{n}. This function also accepts @key{SPC} to mean yes | |
1441 and @key{DEL} to mean no. It accepts @kbd{C-]} to mean ``quit'', like | |
1442 @kbd{C-g}, because the question might look like a minibuffer and for | |
1443 that reason the user might try to use @kbd{C-]} to get out. The answer | |
1444 is a single character, with no @key{RET} needed to terminate it. Upper | |
1445 and lower case are equivalent. | |
1446 | |
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1447 ``Asking the question'' means printing @var{prompt} in the echo area, |
6555 | 1448 followed by the string @w{@samp{(y or n) }}. If the input is not one of |
1449 the expected answers (@kbd{y}, @kbd{n}, @kbd{@key{SPC}}, | |
1450 @kbd{@key{DEL}}, or something that quits), the function responds | |
1451 @samp{Please answer y or n.}, and repeats the request. | |
1452 | |
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1453 This function does not actually use the minibuffer, since it does not |
6555 | 1454 allow editing of the answer. It actually uses the echo area (@pxref{The |
1455 Echo Area}), which uses the same screen space as the minibuffer. The | |
1456 cursor moves to the echo area while the question is being asked. | |
1457 | |
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1458 The answers and their meanings, even @samp{y} and @samp{n}, are not |
6555 | 1459 hardwired. The keymap @code{query-replace-map} specifies them. |
1460 @xref{Search and Replace}. | |
1461 | |
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1462 In the following example, the user first types @kbd{q}, which is |
6555 | 1463 invalid. At the next prompt the user types @kbd{y}. |
1464 | |
1465 @smallexample | |
1466 @group | |
1467 (y-or-n-p "Do you need a lift? ") | |
1468 | |
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1469 ;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,} |
6555 | 1470 ;; @r{the following prompt appears in the echo area:} |
1471 @end group | |
1472 | |
1473 @group | |
1474 ---------- Echo area ---------- | |
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1475 Do you need a lift? (y or n) |
6555 | 1476 ---------- Echo area ---------- |
1477 @end group | |
1478 | |
1479 ;; @r{If the user then types @kbd{q}, the following appears:} | |
1480 | |
1481 @group | |
1482 ---------- Echo area ---------- | |
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1483 Please answer y or n. Do you need a lift? (y or n) |
6555 | 1484 ---------- Echo area ---------- |
1485 @end group | |
1486 | |
1487 ;; @r{When the user types a valid answer,} | |
1488 ;; @r{it is displayed after the question:} | |
1489 | |
1490 @group | |
1491 ---------- Echo area ---------- | |
1492 Do you need a lift? (y or n) y | |
1493 ---------- Echo area ---------- | |
1494 @end group | |
1495 @end smallexample | |
1496 | |
1497 @noindent | |
1498 We show successive lines of echo area messages, but only one actually | |
1499 appears on the screen at a time. | |
1500 @end defun | |
1501 | |
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1502 @defun y-or-n-p-with-timeout prompt seconds default-value |
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1503 Like @code{y-or-n-p}, except that if the user fails to answer within |
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1504 @var{seconds} seconds, this function stops waiting and returns |
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1505 @var{default-value}. It works by setting up a timer; see @ref{Timers}. |
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1506 The argument @var{seconds} may be an integer or a floating point number. |
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1507 @end defun |
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1508 |
6555 | 1509 @defun yes-or-no-p prompt |
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1510 This function asks the user a question, expecting input in the |
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1511 minibuffer. It returns @code{t} if the user enters @samp{yes}, |
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1512 @code{nil} if the user types @samp{no}. The user must type @key{RET} to |
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1513 finalize the response. Upper and lower case are equivalent. |
6555 | 1514 |
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1515 @code{yes-or-no-p} starts by displaying @var{prompt} in the echo area, |
6555 | 1516 followed by @w{@samp{(yes or no) }}. The user must type one of the |
1517 expected responses; otherwise, the function responds @samp{Please answer | |
1518 yes or no.}, waits about two seconds and repeats the request. | |
1519 | |
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1520 @code{yes-or-no-p} requires more work from the user than |
6555 | 1521 @code{y-or-n-p} and is appropriate for more crucial decisions. |
1522 | |
1523 Here is an example: | |
1524 | |
1525 @smallexample | |
1526 @group | |
1527 (yes-or-no-p "Do you really want to remove everything? ") | |
1528 | |
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1529 ;; @r{After evaluation of the preceding expression,} |
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1530 ;; @r{the following prompt appears,} |
6555 | 1531 ;; @r{with an empty minibuffer:} |
1532 @end group | |
1533 | |
1534 @group | |
1535 ---------- Buffer: minibuffer ---------- | |
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1536 Do you really want to remove everything? (yes or no) |
6555 | 1537 ---------- Buffer: minibuffer ---------- |
1538 @end group | |
1539 @end smallexample | |
1540 | |
1541 @noindent | |
1542 If the user first types @kbd{y @key{RET}}, which is invalid because this | |
1543 function demands the entire word @samp{yes}, it responds by displaying | |
1544 these prompts, with a brief pause between them: | |
1545 | |
1546 @smallexample | |
1547 @group | |
1548 ---------- Buffer: minibuffer ---------- | |
1549 Please answer yes or no. | |
1550 Do you really want to remove everything? (yes or no) | |
1551 ---------- Buffer: minibuffer ---------- | |
1552 @end group | |
1553 @end smallexample | |
1554 @end defun | |
1555 | |
1556 @node Multiple Queries | |
1557 @section Asking Multiple Y-or-N Questions | |
1558 | |
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1559 When you have a series of similar questions to ask, such as ``Do you |
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1560 want to save this buffer'' for each buffer in turn, you should use |
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1561 @code{map-y-or-n-p} to ask the collection of questions, rather than |
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1562 asking each question individually. This gives the user certain |
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1563 convenient facilities such as the ability to answer the whole series at |
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1564 once. |
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1565 |
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1566 @defun map-y-or-n-p prompter actor list &optional help action-alist no-cursor-in-echo-area |
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1567 This function asks the user a series of questions, reading a |
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1568 single-character answer in the echo area for each one. |
6555 | 1569 |
1570 The value of @var{list} specifies the objects to ask questions about. | |
1571 It should be either a list of objects or a generator function. If it is | |
1572 a function, it should expect no arguments, and should return either the | |
1573 next object to ask about, or @code{nil} meaning stop asking questions. | |
1574 | |
1575 The argument @var{prompter} specifies how to ask each question. If | |
1576 @var{prompter} is a string, the question text is computed like this: | |
1577 | |
1578 @example | |
1579 (format @var{prompter} @var{object}) | |
1580 @end example | |
1581 | |
1582 @noindent | |
1583 where @var{object} is the next object to ask about (as obtained from | |
1584 @var{list}). | |
1585 | |
1586 If not a string, @var{prompter} should be a function of one argument | |
12226 | 1587 (the next object to ask about) and should return the question text. If |
1588 the value is a string, that is the question to ask the user. The | |
1589 function can also return @code{t} meaning do act on this object (and | |
1590 don't ask the user), or @code{nil} meaning ignore this object (and don't | |
1591 ask the user). | |
6555 | 1592 |
1593 The argument @var{actor} says how to act on the answers that the user | |
1594 gives. It should be a function of one argument, and it is called with | |
1595 each object that the user says yes for. Its argument is always an | |
1596 object obtained from @var{list}. | |
1597 | |
1598 If the argument @var{help} is given, it should be a list of this form: | |
1599 | |
1600 @example | |
1601 (@var{singular} @var{plural} @var{action}) | |
1602 @end example | |
1603 | |
1604 @noindent | |
1605 where @var{singular} is a string containing a singular noun that | |
1606 describes the objects conceptually being acted on, @var{plural} is the | |
1607 corresponding plural noun, and @var{action} is a transitive verb | |
1608 describing what @var{actor} does. | |
1609 | |
1610 If you don't specify @var{help}, the default is @code{("object" | |
1611 "objects" "act on")}. | |
1612 | |
1613 Each time a question is asked, the user may enter @kbd{y}, @kbd{Y}, or | |
1614 @key{SPC} to act on that object; @kbd{n}, @kbd{N}, or @key{DEL} to skip | |
1615 that object; @kbd{!} to act on all following objects; @key{ESC} or | |
1616 @kbd{q} to exit (skip all following objects); @kbd{.} (period) to act on | |
1617 the current object and then exit; or @kbd{C-h} to get help. These are | |
1618 the same answers that @code{query-replace} accepts. The keymap | |
1619 @code{query-replace-map} defines their meaning for @code{map-y-or-n-p} | |
1620 as well as for @code{query-replace}; see @ref{Search and Replace}. | |
1621 | |
1622 You can use @var{action-alist} to specify additional possible answers | |
1623 and what they mean. It is an alist of elements of the form | |
1624 @code{(@var{char} @var{function} @var{help})}, each of which defines one | |
1625 additional answer. In this element, @var{char} is a character (the | |
1626 answer); @var{function} is a function of one argument (an object from | |
1627 @var{list}); @var{help} is a string. | |
1628 | |
1629 When the user responds with @var{char}, @code{map-y-or-n-p} calls | |
1630 @var{function}. If it returns non-@code{nil}, the object is considered | |
1631 ``acted upon'', and @code{map-y-or-n-p} advances to the next object in | |
1632 @var{list}. If it returns @code{nil}, the prompt is repeated for the | |
1633 same object. | |
1634 | |
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1635 Normally, @code{map-y-or-n-p} binds @code{cursor-in-echo-area} while |
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1636 prompting. But if @var{no-cursor-in-echo-area} is non-@code{nil}, it |
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1637 does not do that. |
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1638 |
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1639 If @code{map-y-or-n-p} is called in a command that was invoked using the |
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1640 mouse---more precisely, if @code{last-nonmenu-event} (@pxref{Command |
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1641 Loop Info}) is either @code{nil} or a list---then it uses a dialog box |
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1642 or pop-up menu to ask the question. In this case, it does not use |
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1643 keyboard input or the echo area. You can force use of the mouse or use |
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1644 of keyboard input by binding @code{last-nonmenu-event} to a suitable |
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1645 value around the call. |
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1646 |
6555 | 1647 The return value of @code{map-y-or-n-p} is the number of objects acted on. |
1648 @end defun | |
1649 | |
23147 | 1650 @node Reading a Password |
1651 @section Reading a Password | |
1652 @cindex passwords, reading | |
1653 | |
1654 To read a password to pass to another program, you can use the | |
1655 function @code{read-passwd}. | |
1656 | |
1657 @defun read-passwd prompt &optional confirm default | |
1658 This function reads a password, prompting with @var{prompt}. It does | |
1659 not echo the password as the user types it; instead, it echoes @samp{.} | |
1660 for each character in the password. | |
1661 | |
1662 The optional argument @var{confirm}, if non-@code{nil}, says to read the | |
1663 password twice and insist it must be the same both times. If it isn't | |
1664 the same, the user has to type it over and over until the last two | |
1665 times match. | |
1666 | |
1667 The optional argument @var{default} specifies the default password to | |
1668 return if the user enters empty input. If @var{default} is @code{nil}, | |
1669 then @code{read-passwd} returns the null string in that case. | |
1670 @end defun | |
1671 | |
6555 | 1672 @node Minibuffer Misc |
1673 @section Minibuffer Miscellany | |
1674 | |
1675 This section describes some basic functions and variables related to | |
1676 minibuffers. | |
1677 | |
1678 @deffn Command exit-minibuffer | |
1679 This command exits the active minibuffer. It is normally bound to | |
1680 keys in minibuffer local keymaps. | |
1681 @end deffn | |
1682 | |
1683 @deffn Command self-insert-and-exit | |
1684 This command exits the active minibuffer after inserting the last | |
1685 character typed on the keyboard (found in @code{last-command-char}; | |
1686 @pxref{Command Loop Info}). | |
1687 @end deffn | |
1688 | |
1689 @deffn Command previous-history-element n | |
1690 This command replaces the minibuffer contents with the value of the | |
1691 @var{n}th previous (older) history element. | |
1692 @end deffn | |
1693 | |
1694 @deffn Command next-history-element n | |
1695 This command replaces the minibuffer contents with the value of the | |
1696 @var{n}th more recent history element. | |
1697 @end deffn | |
1698 | |
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1699 @deffn Command previous-matching-history-element pattern n |
6555 | 1700 This command replaces the minibuffer contents with the value of the |
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1701 @var{n}th previous (older) history element that matches @var{pattern} (a |
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1702 regular expression). |
6555 | 1703 @end deffn |
1704 | |
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1705 @deffn Command next-matching-history-element pattern n |
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1706 This command replaces the minibuffer contents with the value of the |
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|
1707 @var{n}th next (newer) history element that matches @var{pattern} (a |
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1708 regular expression). |
6555 | 1709 @end deffn |
1710 | |
12098 | 1711 @defun minibuffer-prompt |
1712 This function returns the prompt string of the currently active | |
1713 minibuffer. If no minibuffer is active, it returns @code{nil}. | |
1714 @end defun | |
1715 | |
39531
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1716 @defun minibuffer-prompt-end |
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1717 @tindex minibuffer-prompt-end |
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1718 This function, available starting in Emacs 21, returns the current |
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1719 position of the end of the minibuffer prompt, if a minibuffer is |
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1720 current. Otherwise, it returns the minimum valid buffer position. |
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1721 @end defun |
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1722 |
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1723 @defun minibuffer-contents |
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1724 @tindex minibuffer-contents |
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1725 This function, available starting in Emacs 21, returns the editable |
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1726 contents of the minibuffer (that is, everything except the prompt) as |
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1727 a string, if a minibuffer is current. Otherwise, it returns the |
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1728 entire contents of the current buffer. |
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1729 @end defun |
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1730 |
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1731 @defun minibuffer-contents-no-properties |
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1732 @tindex minibuffer-contents-no-properties |
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1733 This is like @code{minibuffer-contents}, except that it does not copy text |
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1734 properties, just the characters themselves. @xref{Text Properties}. |
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1735 @end defun |
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1736 |
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1737 @defun delete-minibuffer-contents |
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1738 @tindex delete-minibuffer-contents |
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1739 This function, available starting in Emacs 21, erases the editable |
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|
1740 contents of the minibuffer (that is, everything except the prompt), if |
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1741 a minibuffer is current. Otherwise, it erases the entire buffer. |
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1742 @end defun |
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1743 |
44275 | 1744 @defun minibuffer-prompt-width |
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1745 This function returns the current display-width of the minibuffer |
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1746 prompt, if a minibuffer is current. Otherwise, it returns zero. |
12098 | 1747 @end defun |
1748 | |
6555 | 1749 @defvar minibuffer-setup-hook |
1750 This is a normal hook that is run whenever the minibuffer is entered. | |
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1751 @xref{Hooks}. |
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1752 @end defvar |
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|
1753 |
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1754 @defvar minibuffer-exit-hook |
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1755 This is a normal hook that is run whenever the minibuffer is exited. |
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1756 @xref{Hooks}. |
6555 | 1757 @end defvar |
1758 | |
1759 @defvar minibuffer-help-form | |
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1760 @anchor{Definition of minibuffer-help-form} |
6555 | 1761 The current value of this variable is used to rebind @code{help-form} |
1762 locally inside the minibuffer (@pxref{Help Functions}). | |
1763 @end defvar | |
1764 | |
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1765 @defun minibufferp &optional buffer-or-name |
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1766 This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{buffer-or-name} is a |
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|
1767 minibuffer. If @var{buffer-or-name} is omitted, it tests the current |
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|
1768 buffer. |
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|
1769 @end defun |
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|
1770 |
12067 | 1771 @defun active-minibuffer-window |
1772 This function returns the currently active minibuffer window, or | |
1773 @code{nil} if none is currently active. | |
1774 @end defun | |
1775 | |
6555 | 1776 @defun minibuffer-window &optional frame |
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(Minibuffer Misc): Add anchor.
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|
1777 @anchor{Definition of minibuffer-window} |
12067 | 1778 This function returns the minibuffer window used for frame @var{frame}. |
1779 If @var{frame} is @code{nil}, that stands for the current frame. Note | |
1780 that the minibuffer window used by a frame need not be part of that | |
1781 frame---a frame that has no minibuffer of its own necessarily uses some | |
1782 other frame's minibuffer window. | |
6555 | 1783 @end defun |
1784 | |
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|
1785 @defun set-minibuffer-window window |
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|
1786 This function specifies @var{window} as the minibuffer window to use. |
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|
1787 This affects where the minibuffer is displayed if you put text in it |
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|
1788 without invoking the usual minibuffer commands. It has no effect on |
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|
1789 the usual minibuffer input functions because they all start by |
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|
1790 choosing the minibuffer window according to the current frame. |
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|
1791 @end defun |
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|
1792 |
6555 | 1793 @c Emacs 19 feature |
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|
1794 @defun window-minibuffer-p &optional window |
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|
1795 This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{window} is a minibuffer |
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|
1796 window. |
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changeset
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1797 @var{window} defaults to the selected window. |
6555 | 1798 @end defun |
1799 | |
1800 It is not correct to determine whether a given window is a minibuffer by | |
1801 comparing it with the result of @code{(minibuffer-window)}, because | |
1802 there can be more than one minibuffer window if there is more than one | |
1803 frame. | |
1804 | |
1805 @defun minibuffer-window-active-p window | |
1806 This function returns non-@code{nil} if @var{window}, assumed to be | |
1807 a minibuffer window, is currently active. | |
1808 @end defun | |
1809 | |
1810 @defvar minibuffer-scroll-window | |
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1811 @anchor{Definition of minibuffer-scroll-window} |
6555 | 1812 If the value of this variable is non-@code{nil}, it should be a window |
1813 object. When the function @code{scroll-other-window} is called in the | |
1814 minibuffer, it scrolls this window. | |
1815 @end defvar | |
1816 | |
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1817 @defun minibuffer-selected-window |
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1818 This function returns the window which was selected when the |
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1819 minibuffer was entered. If selected window is not a minibuffer |
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1820 window, it returns @code{nil}. |
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1821 @end defun |
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1822 |
6555 | 1823 Finally, some functions and variables deal with recursive minibuffers |
1824 (@pxref{Recursive Editing}): | |
1825 | |
1826 @defun minibuffer-depth | |
1827 This function returns the current depth of activations of the | |
1828 minibuffer, a nonnegative integer. If no minibuffers are active, it | |
1829 returns zero. | |
1830 @end defun | |
1831 | |
1832 @defopt enable-recursive-minibuffers | |
1833 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, you can invoke commands (such as | |
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1834 @code{find-file}) that use minibuffers even while the minibuffer window |
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1835 is active. Such invocation produces a recursive editing level for a new |
6555 | 1836 minibuffer. The outer-level minibuffer is invisible while you are |
1837 editing the inner one. | |
1838 | |
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1839 If this variable is @code{nil}, you cannot invoke minibuffer |
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1840 commands when the minibuffer window is active, not even if you switch to |
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1841 another window to do it. |
6555 | 1842 @end defopt |
1843 | |
1844 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1845 If a command name has a property @code{enable-recursive-minibuffers} | |
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1846 that is non-@code{nil}, then the command can use the minibuffer to read |
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1847 arguments even if it is invoked from the minibuffer. A command can |
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1848 also achieve this by binding @code{enable-recursive-minibuffers} |
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1849 to @code{t} in the interactive declaration (@pxref{Using Interactive}). |
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1850 The minibuffer command @code{next-matching-history-element} (normally |
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1851 @kbd{M-s} in the minibuffer) does the latter. |
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1852 |
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1853 @defun minibuffer-message string |
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1854 This function displays @var{string} temporarily at the end of the |
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1855 minibuffer text, for two seconds, or until the next input event |
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1856 arrives, whichever comes first. |
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1857 @end defun |
52401 | 1858 |
1859 @ignore | |
1860 arch-tag: bba7f945-9078-477f-a2ce-18818a6e1218 | |
1861 @end ignore |