annotate lispref/files.texi @ 12278:6882fe187fa9

Use long, not EMACS_INT.
author Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
date Fri, 16 Jun 1995 16:48:16 +0000
parents af994773013b
children 75d5cd591947
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1 @c -*-texinfo-*-
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2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
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3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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4 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
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5 @setfilename ../info/files
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6 @node Files, Backups and Auto-Saving, Documentation, Top
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7 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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8 @chapter Files
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9
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10 In Emacs, you can find, create, view, save, and otherwise work with
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11 files and file directories. This chapter describes most of the
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12 file-related functions of Emacs Lisp, but a few others are described in
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13 @ref{Buffers}, and those related to backups and auto-saving are
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14 described in @ref{Backups and Auto-Saving}.
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15
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16 Many of the file functions take one or more arguments that are file
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17 names. A file name is actually a string. Most of these functions
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18 expand file name arguments using @code{expand-file-name}, so that
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19 @file{~} is handled correctly, as are relative file names (including
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20 @samp{../}). These functions don't recognize environment variable
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21 substitutions such as @samp{$HOME}. @xref{File Name Expansion}.
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22
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23 @menu
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24 * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing.
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25 * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files.
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26 * Reading from Files:: Reading files into buffers without visiting.
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27 * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers.
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28 * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent
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29 simultaneous editing by two people.
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30 * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files.
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31 * Changing File Attributes:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc.
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32 * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names.
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33 * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory.
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34 * Create/Delete Dirs:: Creating and Deleting Directories.
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35 * Magic File Names:: Defining "magic" special handling
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36 for certain file names.
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37 * Format Conversion:: Conversion to and from various file formats.
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38 * Files and MS-DOS:: Distinguishing text and binary files on MS-DOS.
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39 @end menu
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40
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41 @node Visiting Files
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42 @section Visiting Files
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43 @cindex finding files
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44 @cindex visiting files
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45
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46 Visiting a file means reading a file into a buffer. Once this is
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47 done, we say that the buffer is @dfn{visiting} that file, and call the
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48 file ``the visited file'' of the buffer.
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49
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50 A file and a buffer are two different things. A file is information
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51 recorded permanently in the computer (unless you delete it). A buffer,
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52 on the other hand, is information inside of Emacs that will vanish at
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53 the end of the editing session (or when you kill the buffer). Usually,
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54 a buffer contains information that you have copied from a file; then we
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55 say the buffer is visiting that file. The copy in the buffer is what
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56 you modify with editing commands. Such changes to the buffer do not
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57 change the file; therefore, to make the changes permanent, you must
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58 @dfn{save} the buffer, which means copying the altered buffer contents
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59 back into the file.
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60
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61 In spite of the distinction between files and buffers, people often
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62 refer to a file when they mean a buffer and vice-versa. Indeed, we say,
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63 ``I am editing a file,'' rather than, ``I am editing a buffer that I
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64 will soon save as a file of the same name.'' Humans do not usually need
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65 to make the distinction explicit. When dealing with a computer program,
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66 however, it is good to keep the distinction in mind.
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67
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68 @menu
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69 * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting.
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70 * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use.
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71 @end menu
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72
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73 @node Visiting Functions
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74 @subsection Functions for Visiting Files
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75
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76 This section describes the functions normally used to visit files.
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77 For historical reasons, these functions have names starting with
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78 @samp{find-} rather than @samp{visit-}. @xref{Buffer File Name}, for
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79 functions and variables that access the visited file name of a buffer or
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80 that find an existing buffer by its visited file name.
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81
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82 In a Lisp program, if you want to look at the contents of a file but
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83 not alter it, the fastest way is to use @code{insert-file-contents} in a
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84 temporary buffer. Visiting the file is not necessary and takes longer.
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85 @xref{Reading from Files}.
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86
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87 @deffn Command find-file filename
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88 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename},
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89 using an existing buffer if there is one, and otherwise creating a
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90 new buffer and reading the file into it. It also returns that buffer.
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91
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92 The body of the @code{find-file} function is very simple and looks
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93 like this:
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94
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95 @example
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96 (switch-to-buffer (find-file-noselect filename))
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97 @end example
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98
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99 @noindent
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100 (See @code{switch-to-buffer} in @ref{Displaying Buffers}.)
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101
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102 When @code{find-file} is called interactively, it prompts for
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103 @var{filename} in the minibuffer.
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104 @end deffn
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105
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106 @defun find-file-noselect filename
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107 This function is the guts of all the file-visiting functions. It finds
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108 or creates a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, and returns it.
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109 It uses an existing buffer if there is one, and otherwise creates a new
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110 buffer and reads the file into it. You may make the buffer current or
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111 display it in a window if you wish, but this function does not do so.
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112
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113 When @code{find-file-noselect} uses an existing buffer, it first
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114 verifies that the file has not changed since it was last visited or
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115 saved in that buffer. If the file has changed, then this function asks
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116 the user whether to reread the changed file. If the user says
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117 @samp{yes}, any changes previously made in the buffer are lost.
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118
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119 If @code{find-file-noselect} needs to create a buffer, and there is no
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120 file named @var{filename}, it displays the message @samp{New file} in
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121 the echo area, and leaves the buffer empty.
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122
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123 The @code{find-file-noselect} function calls @code{after-find-file}
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124 after reading the file (@pxref{Subroutines of Visiting}). That function
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125 sets the buffer major mode, parses local variables, warns the user if
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126 there exists an auto-save file more recent than the file just visited,
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127 and finishes by running the functions in @code{find-file-hooks}.
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128
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129 The @code{find-file-noselect} function returns the buffer that is
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130 visiting the file @var{filename}.
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131
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132 @example
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133 @group
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134 (find-file-noselect "/etc/fstab")
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135 @result{} #<buffer fstab>
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136 @end group
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137 @end example
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138 @end defun
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139
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140 @deffn Command find-file-other-window filename
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141 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, but
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142 does so in a window other than the selected window. It may use another
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143 existing window or split a window; see @ref{Displaying Buffers}.
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144
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145 When this command is called interactively, it prompts for
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146 @var{filename}.
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147 @end deffn
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148
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149 @deffn Command find-file-read-only filename
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150 This command selects a buffer visiting the file @var{filename}, like
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151 @code{find-file}, but it marks the buffer as read-only. @xref{Read Only
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152 Buffers}, for related functions and variables.
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153
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154 When this command is called interactively, it prompts for
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155 @var{filename}.
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156 @end deffn
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157
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158 @deffn Command view-file filename
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159 This command visits @var{filename} in View mode, and displays it in a
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160 recursive edit, returning to the previous buffer when done. View mode
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161 is a mode that allows you to skim rapidly through the file but does not
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162 let you modify it. Entering View mode runs the normal hook
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163 @code{view-mode-hook}. @xref{Hooks}.
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164
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165 When @code{view-file} is called interactively, it prompts for
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166 @var{filename}.
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167 @end deffn
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168
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169 @defvar find-file-hooks
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170 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called after a
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171 file is visited. The file's local-variables specification (if any) will
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172 have been processed before the hooks are run. The buffer visiting the
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173 file is current when the hook functions are run.
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174
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175 This variable works just like a normal hook, but we think that renaming
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176 it would not be advisable.
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177 @end defvar
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178
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179 @defvar find-file-not-found-hooks
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180 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called when
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181 @code{find-file} or @code{find-file-noselect} is passed a nonexistent
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182 file name. @code{find-file-noselect} calls these functions as soon as
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183 it detects a nonexistent file. It calls them in the order of the list,
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184 until one of them returns non-@code{nil}. @code{buffer-file-name} is
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185 already set up.
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186
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187 This is not a normal hook because the values of the functions are
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188 used and they may not all be called.
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189 @end defvar
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190
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191 @node Subroutines of Visiting
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192 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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193 @subsection Subroutines of Visiting
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194
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195 The @code{find-file-noselect} function uses the
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196 @code{create-file-buffer} and @code{after-find-file} functions as
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197 subroutines. Sometimes it is useful to call them directly.
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198
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199 @defun create-file-buffer filename
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200 This function creates a suitably named buffer for visiting
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201 @var{filename}, and returns it. It uses @var{filename} (sans directory)
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202 as the name if that name is free; otherwise, it appends a string such as
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203 @samp{<2>} to get an unused name. See also @ref{Creating Buffers}.
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204
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205 @strong{Please note:} @code{create-file-buffer} does @emph{not}
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206 associate the new buffer with a file and does not select the buffer.
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207 It also does not use the default major mode.
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208
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209 @example
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210 @group
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211 (create-file-buffer "foo")
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212 @result{} #<buffer foo>
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213 @end group
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214 @group
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215 (create-file-buffer "foo")
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216 @result{} #<buffer foo<2>>
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217 @end group
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218 @group
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219 (create-file-buffer "foo")
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220 @result{} #<buffer foo<3>>
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221 @end group
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222 @end example
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223
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224 This function is used by @code{find-file-noselect}.
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225 It uses @code{generate-new-buffer} (@pxref{Creating Buffers}).
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226 @end defun
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227
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228 @defun after-find-file &optional error warn
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229 This function sets the buffer major mode, and parses local variables
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230 (@pxref{Auto Major Mode}). It is called by @code{find-file-noselect}
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231 and by the default revert function (@pxref{Reverting}).
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232
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233 @cindex new file message
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234 @cindex file open error
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235 If reading the file got an error because the file does not exist, but
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236 its directory does exist, the caller should pass a non-@code{nil} value
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237 for @var{error}. In that case, @code{after-find-file} issues a warning:
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238 @samp{(New File)}. For more serious errors, the caller should usually not
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239 call @code{after-find-file}.
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240
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241 If @var{warn} is non-@code{nil}, then this function issues a warning
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242 if an auto-save file exists and is more recent than the visited file.
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243
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244 The last thing @code{after-find-file} does is call all the functions
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245 in @code{find-file-hooks}.
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246 @end defun
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247
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248 @node Saving Buffers
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249 @section Saving Buffers
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250
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251 When you edit a file in Emacs, you are actually working on a buffer
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252 that is visiting that file---that is, the contents of the file are
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253 copied into the buffer and the copy is what you edit. Changes to the
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254 buffer do not change the file until you @dfn{save} the buffer, which
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255 means copying the contents of the buffer into the file.
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256
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257 @deffn Command save-buffer &optional backup-option
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258 This function saves the contents of the current buffer in its visited
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259 file if the buffer has been modified since it was last visited or saved.
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260 Otherwise it does nothing.
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261
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262 @code{save-buffer} is responsible for making backup files. Normally,
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263 @var{backup-option} is @code{nil}, and @code{save-buffer} makes a backup
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264 file only if this is the first save since visiting the file. Other
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265 values for @var{backup-option} request the making of backup files in
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266 other circumstances:
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267
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268 @itemize @bullet
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269 @item
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270 With an argument of 4 or 64, reflecting 1 or 3 @kbd{C-u}'s, the
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271 @code{save-buffer} function marks this version of the file to be
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272 backed up when the buffer is next saved.
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273
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274 @item
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275 With an argument of 16 or 64, reflecting 2 or 3 @kbd{C-u}'s, the
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276 @code{save-buffer} function unconditionally backs up the previous
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277 version of the file before saving it.
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278 @end itemize
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279 @end deffn
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280
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281 @deffn Command save-some-buffers &optional save-silently-p exiting
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282 This command saves some modified file-visiting buffers. Normally it
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283 asks the user about each buffer. But if @var{save-silently-p} is
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284 non-@code{nil}, it saves all the file-visiting buffers without querying
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285 the user.
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286
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287 The optional @var{exiting} argument, if non-@code{nil}, requests this
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288 function to offer also to save certain other buffers that are not
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289 visiting files. These are buffers that have a non-@code{nil} local
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290 value of @code{buffer-offer-save}. (A user who says yes to saving one
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291 of these is asked to specify a file name to use.) The
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292 @code{save-buffers-kill-emacs} function passes a non-@code{nil} value
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293 for this argument.
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294 @end deffn
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295
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296 @defvar buffer-offer-save
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297 When this variable is non-@code{nil} in a buffer, Emacs offers to save
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298 the buffer on exit even if the buffer is not visiting a file. The
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299 variable is automatically local in all buffers. Normally, Mail mode
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300 (used for editing outgoing mail) sets this to @code{t}.
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301 @end defvar
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302
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303 @deffn Command write-file filename
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304 This function writes the current buffer into file @var{filename}, makes
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305 the buffer visit that file, and marks it not modified. Then it renames
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306 the buffer based on @var{filename}, appending a string like @samp{<2>}
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307 if necessary to make a unique buffer name. It does most of this work by
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308 calling @code{set-visited-file-name} and @code{save-buffer}.
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309 @end deffn
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310
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311 @defvar write-file-hooks
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312 The value of this variable is a list of functions to be called before
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313 writing out a buffer to its visited file. If one of them returns
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314 non-@code{nil}, the file is considered already written and the rest of
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315 the functions are not called, nor is the usual code for writing the file
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316 executed.
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317
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318 If a function in @code{write-file-hooks} returns non-@code{nil}, it
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319 is responsible for making a backup file (if that is appropriate).
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320 To do so, execute the following code:
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321
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322 @example
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323 (or buffer-backed-up (backup-buffer))
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324 @end example
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325
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326 You might wish to save the file modes value returned by
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327 @code{backup-buffer} and use that to set the mode bits of the file that
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328 you write. This is what @code{save-buffer} normally does.
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329
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330 Even though this is not a normal hook, you can use @code{add-hook} and
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331 @code{remove-hook} to manipulate the list. @xref{Hooks}.
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332 @end defvar
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333
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334 @c Emacs 19 feature
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335 @defvar local-write-file-hooks
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336 This works just like @code{write-file-hooks}, but it is intended
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337 to be made local to particular buffers. It's not a good idea to make
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338 @code{write-file-hooks} local to a buffer---use this variable instead.
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339
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340 The variable is marked as a permanent local, so that changing the major
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341 mode does not alter a buffer-local value. This is convenient for
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342 packages that read ``file'' contents in special ways, and set up hooks
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343 to save the data in a corresponding way.
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344 @end defvar
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345
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346 @c Emacs 19 feature
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347 @defvar write-contents-hooks
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348 This works just like @code{write-file-hooks}, but it is intended for
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349 hooks that pertain to the contents of the file, as opposed to hooks that
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350 pertain to where the file came from. Such hooks are usually set up by
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351 major modes, as buffer-local bindings for this variable. Switching to a
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352 new major mode always resets this variable.
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353 @end defvar
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354
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355 @c Emacs 19 feature
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356 @defvar after-save-hook
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357 This normal hook runs after a buffer has been saved in its visited file.
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358 @end defvar
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359
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360 @defvar file-precious-flag
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361 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, then @code{save-buffer} protects
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362 against I/O errors while saving by writing the new file to a temporary
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363 name instead of the name it is supposed to have, and then renaming it to
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364 the intended name after it is clear there are no errors. This procedure
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365 prevents problems such as a lack of disk space from resulting in an
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366 invalid file.
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367
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368 As a side effect, backups are necessarily made by copying. @xref{Rename
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369 or Copy}. Yet, at the same time, saving a precious file always breaks
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370 all hard links between the file you save and other file names.
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371
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372 Some modes set this variable non-@code{nil} locally in particular
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373 buffers.
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374 @end defvar
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375
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376 @defopt require-final-newline
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377 This variable determines whether files may be written out that do
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378 @emph{not} end with a newline. If the value of the variable is
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379 @code{t}, then @code{save-buffer} silently adds a newline at the end of
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380 the file whenever the buffer being saved does not already end in one.
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381 If the value of the variable is non-@code{nil}, but not @code{t}, then
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382 @code{save-buffer} asks the user whether to add a newline each time the
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383 case arises.
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384
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385 If the value of the variable is @code{nil}, then @code{save-buffer}
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386 doesn't add newlines at all. @code{nil} is the default value, but a few
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387 major modes set it to @code{t} in particular buffers.
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388 @end defopt
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389
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390 @node Reading from Files
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391 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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392 @section Reading from Files
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393
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394 You can copy a file from the disk and insert it into a buffer
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395 using the @code{insert-file-contents} function. Don't use the user-level
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396 command @code{insert-file} in a Lisp program, as that sets the mark.
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397
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398 @defun insert-file-contents filename &optional visit beg end replace
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399 This function inserts the contents of file @var{filename} into the
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400 current buffer after point. It returns a list of the absolute file name
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401 and the length of the data inserted. An error is signaled if
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402 @var{filename} is not the name of a file that can be read.
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403
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404 The function @code{insert-file-contents} checks the file contents
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405 against the defined file formats, and converts the file contents if
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406 appropriate. @xref{Format Conversion}. It also calls the functions in
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407 the list @code{after-insert-file-functions}; see @ref{Saving
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408 Properties}.
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409
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410 If @var{visit} is non-@code{nil}, this function additionally marks the
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411 buffer as unmodified and sets up various fields in the buffer so that it
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412 is visiting the file @var{filename}: these include the buffer's visited
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413 file name and its last save file modtime. This feature is used by
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414 @code{find-file-noselect} and you probably should not use it yourself.
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415
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416 If @var{beg} and @var{end} are non-@code{nil}, they should be integers
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417 specifying the portion of the file to insert. In this case, @var{visit}
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418 must be @code{nil}. For example,
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419
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420 @example
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421 (insert-file-contents filename nil 0 500)
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422 @end example
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423
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424 @noindent
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425 inserts the first 500 characters of a file.
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426
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427 If the argument @var{replace} is non-@code{nil}, it means to replace the
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428 contents of the buffer (actually, just the accessible portion) with the
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429 contents of the file. This is better than simply deleting the buffer
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430 contents and inserting the whole file, because (1) it preserves some
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431 marker positions and (2) it puts less data in the undo list.
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432 @end defun
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433
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434 If you want to pass a file name to another process so that another
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435 program can read the file, use the function @code{file-local-copy}; see
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436 @ref{Magic File Names}.
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437
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438 @node Writing to Files
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439 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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440 @section Writing to Files
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441
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442 You can write the contents of a buffer, or part of a buffer, directly
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443 to a file on disk using the @code{append-to-file} and
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444 @code{write-region} functions. Don't use these functions to write to
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445 files that are being visited; that could cause confusion in the
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446 mechanisms for visiting.
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447
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448 @deffn Command append-to-file start end filename
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449 This function appends the contents of the region delimited by
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450 @var{start} and @var{end} in the current buffer to the end of file
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451 @var{filename}. If that file does not exist, it is created. This
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452 function returns @code{nil}.
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453
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454 An error is signaled if @var{filename} specifies a nonwritable file,
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455 or a nonexistent file in a directory where files cannot be created.
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456 @end deffn
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457
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458 @deffn Command write-region start end filename &optional append visit
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459 This function writes the region delimited by @var{start} and @var{end}
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460 in the current buffer into the file specified by @var{filename}.
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461
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462 @c Emacs 19 feature
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463 If @var{start} is a string, then @code{write-region} writes or appends
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464 that string, rather than text from the buffer.
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465
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466 If @var{append} is non-@code{nil}, then the specified text is appended
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467 to the existing file contents (if any).
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468
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469 If @var{visit} is @code{t}, then Emacs establishes an association
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470 between the buffer and the file: the buffer is then visiting that file.
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471 It also sets the last file modification time for the current buffer to
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472 @var{filename}'s modtime, and marks the buffer as not modified. This
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473 feature is used by @code{save-buffer}, but you probably should not use
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474 it yourself.
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475
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476 @c Emacs 19 feature
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477 If @var{visit} is a string, it specifies the file name to visit. This
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478 way, you can write the data to one file (@var{filename}) while recording
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479 the buffer as visiting another file (@var{visit}). The argument
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480 @var{visit} is used in the echo area message and also for file locking;
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481 @var{visit} is stored in @code{buffer-file-name}. This feature is used
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482 to implement @code{file-precious-flag}; don't use it yourself unless you
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483 really know what you're doing.
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484
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485 The function @code{write-region} converts the data which it writes to
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486 the appropriate file formats specified by @code{buffer-file-format}.
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487 @xref{Format Conversion}. It also calls the functions in the list
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488 @code{write-region-annotate-functions}; see @ref{Saving Properties}.
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489
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490 Normally, @code{write-region} displays a message @samp{Wrote file
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491 @var{filename}} in the echo area. If @var{visit} is neither @code{t}
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492 nor @code{nil} nor a string, then this message is inhibited. This
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493 feature is useful for programs that use files for internal purposes,
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494 files that the user does not need to know about.
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495 @end deffn
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496
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497 @node File Locks
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498 @section File Locks
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499 @cindex file locks
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500
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501 When two users edit the same file at the same time, they are likely to
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502 interfere with each other. Emacs tries to prevent this situation from
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503 arising by recording a @dfn{file lock} when a file is being modified.
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504 Emacs can then detect the first attempt to modify a buffer visiting a
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505 file that is locked by another Emacs job, and ask the user what to do.
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506
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507 File locks do not work properly when multiple machines can share
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508 file systems, such as with NFS. Perhaps a better file locking system
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509 will be implemented in the future. When file locks do not work, it is
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510 possible for two users to make changes simultaneously, but Emacs can
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511 still warn the user who saves second. Also, the detection of
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512 modification of a buffer visiting a file changed on disk catches some
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513 cases of simultaneous editing; see @ref{Modification Time}.
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514
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515 @defun file-locked-p filename
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516 This function returns @code{nil} if the file @var{filename} is not
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517 locked by this Emacs process. It returns @code{t} if it is locked by
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518 this Emacs, and it returns the name of the user who has locked it if it
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519 is locked by someone else.
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520
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521 @example
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522 @group
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523 (file-locked-p "foo")
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524 @result{} nil
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525 @end group
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526 @end example
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527 @end defun
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528
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529 @defun lock-buffer &optional filename
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530 This function locks the file @var{filename}, if the current buffer is
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531 modified. The argument @var{filename} defaults to the current buffer's
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532 visited file. Nothing is done if the current buffer is not visiting a
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533 file, or is not modified.
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534 @end defun
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535
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536 @defun unlock-buffer
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537 This function unlocks the file being visited in the current buffer,
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538 if the buffer is modified. If the buffer is not modified, then
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539 the file should not be locked, so this function does nothing. It also
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540 does nothing if the current buffer is not visiting a file.
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541 @end defun
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542
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543 @defun ask-user-about-lock file other-user
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544 This function is called when the user tries to modify @var{file}, but it
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545 is locked by another user named @var{other-user}. The value it returns
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546 determines what happens next:
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547
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548 @itemize @bullet
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549 @item
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550 A value of @code{t} says to grab the lock on the file. Then
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551 this user may edit the file and @var{other-user} loses the lock.
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552
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553 @item
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554 A value of @code{nil} says to ignore the lock and let this
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555 user edit the file anyway.
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556
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557 @item
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558 @kindex file-locked
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559 This function may instead signal a @code{file-locked} error, in which
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560 case the change that the user was about to make does not take place.
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561
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562 The error message for this error looks like this:
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563
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564 @example
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565 @error{} File is locked: @var{file} @var{other-user}
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566 @end example
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567
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568 @noindent
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569 where @code{file} is the name of the file and @var{other-user} is the
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570 name of the user who has locked the file.
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571 @end itemize
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572
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573 The default definition of this function asks the user to choose what
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574 to do. If you wish, you can replace the @code{ask-user-about-lock}
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575 function with your own version that decides in another way. The code
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576 for its usual definition is in @file{userlock.el}.
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577 @end defun
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578
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579 @node Information about Files
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580 @section Information about Files
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581
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582 The functions described in this section all operate on strings that
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583 designate file names. All the functions have names that begin with the
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584 word @samp{file}. These functions all return information about actual
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585 files or directories, so their arguments must all exist as actual files
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586 or directories unless otherwise noted.
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587
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588 @menu
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589 * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable?
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590 * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A symbolic link?
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591 * Truenames:: Eliminating symbolic links from a file name.
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592 * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc.
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593 @end menu
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594
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595 @node Testing Accessibility
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596 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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597 @subsection Testing Accessibility
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598 @cindex accessibility of a file
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599 @cindex file accessibility
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600
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601 These functions test for permission to access a file in specific ways.
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602
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603 @defun file-exists-p filename
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604 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} appears
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605 to exist. This does not mean you can necessarily read the file, only
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606 that you can find out its attributes. (On Unix, this is true if the
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607 file exists and you have execute permission on the containing
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608 directories, regardless of the protection of the file itself.)
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609
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610 If the file does not exist, or if fascist access control policies
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611 prevent you from finding the attributes of the file, this function
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612 returns @code{nil}.
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613 @end defun
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614
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615 @defun file-readable-p filename
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616 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} exists
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617 and you can read it. It returns @code{nil} otherwise.
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618
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619 @example
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620 @group
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621 (file-readable-p "files.texi")
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622 @result{} t
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623 @end group
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624 @group
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625 (file-exists-p "/usr/spool/mqueue")
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626 @result{} t
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627 @end group
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628 @group
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629 (file-readable-p "/usr/spool/mqueue")
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630 @result{} nil
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631 @end group
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632 @end example
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633 @end defun
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634
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635 @c Emacs 19 feature
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636 @defun file-executable-p filename
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637 This function returns @code{t} if a file named @var{filename} exists and
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diff changeset
638 you can execute it. It returns @code{nil} otherwise. If the file is a
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639 directory, execute permission means you can check the existence and
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640 attributes of files inside the directory, and open those files if their
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641 modes permit.
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642 @end defun
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643
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644 @defun file-writable-p filename
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645 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename} can be written
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646 or created by you, and @code{nil} otherwise. A file is writable if the
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647 file exists and you can write it. It is creatable if it does not exist,
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
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648 but the specified directory does exist and you can write in that
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649 directory.
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650
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651 In the third example below, @file{foo} is not writable because the
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652 parent directory does not exist, even though the user could create such
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653 a directory.
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654
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655 @example
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656 @group
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657 (file-writable-p "~/foo")
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658 @result{} t
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659 @end group
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660 @group
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661 (file-writable-p "/foo")
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662 @result{} nil
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663 @end group
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diff changeset
664 @group
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665 (file-writable-p "~/no-such-dir/foo")
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666 @result{} nil
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667 @end group
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668 @end example
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669 @end defun
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670
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671 @c Emacs 19 feature
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672 @defun file-accessible-directory-p dirname
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parents:
diff changeset
673 This function returns @code{t} if you have permission to open existing
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
674 files in the directory whose name as a file is @var{dirname}; otherwise
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
675 (or if there is no such directory), it returns @code{nil}. The value
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
676 of @var{dirname} may be either a directory name or the file name of a
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
677 directory.
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parents:
diff changeset
678
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parents:
diff changeset
679 Example: after the following,
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parents:
diff changeset
680
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parents:
diff changeset
681 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
682 (file-accessible-directory-p "/foo")
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parents:
diff changeset
683 @result{} nil
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parents:
diff changeset
684 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
685
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parents:
diff changeset
686 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
687 we can deduce that any attempt to read a file in @file{/foo/} will
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
688 give an error.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
689 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
690
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
691 @defun file-ownership-preserved-p filename
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
692 This function returns @code{t} if deleting the file @var{filename} and
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
693 then creating it anew would keep the file's owner unchanged.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
694 @end defun
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parents: 11626
diff changeset
695
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parents:
diff changeset
696 @defun file-newer-than-file-p filename1 filename2
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
697 @cindex file age
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parents:
diff changeset
698 @cindex file modification time
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
699 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename1} is
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
700 newer than file @var{filename2}. If @var{filename1} does not
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
701 exist, it returns @code{nil}. If @var{filename2} does not exist,
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
702 it returns @code{t}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
704 In the following example, assume that the file @file{aug-19} was written
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
705 on the 19th, @file{aug-20} was written on the 20th, and the file
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
706 @file{no-file} doesn't exist at all.
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parents:
diff changeset
707
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parents:
diff changeset
708 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
709 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
710 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-19" "aug-20")
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parents:
diff changeset
711 @result{} nil
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parents:
diff changeset
712 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
713 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
714 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-20" "aug-19")
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parents:
diff changeset
715 @result{} t
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parents:
diff changeset
716 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
717 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
718 (file-newer-than-file-p "aug-19" "no-file")
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parents:
diff changeset
719 @result{} t
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parents:
diff changeset
720 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
721 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
722 (file-newer-than-file-p "no-file" "aug-19")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723 @result{} nil
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parents:
diff changeset
724 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
725 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
726
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parents:
diff changeset
727 You can use @code{file-attributes} to get a file's last modification
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parents:
diff changeset
728 time as a list of two numbers. @xref{File Attributes}.
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parents:
diff changeset
729 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
730
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parents:
diff changeset
731 @node Kinds of Files
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parents:
diff changeset
732 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733 @subsection Distinguishing Kinds of Files
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
735 This section describes how to distinguish various kinds of files, such
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
736 as directories, symbolic links, and ordinary files.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
737
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738 @defun file-symlink-p filename
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 @cindex file symbolic links
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740 If the file @var{filename} is a symbolic link, the @code{file-symlink-p}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 function returns the file name to which it is linked. This may be the
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
742 name of a text file, a directory, or even another symbolic link, or it
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
743 may be a nonexistent file name.
6555
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745 If the file @var{filename} is not a symbolic link (or there is no such file),
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746 @code{file-symlink-p} returns @code{nil}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
750 (file-symlink-p "foo")
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parents:
diff changeset
751 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754 (file-symlink-p "sym-link")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755 @result{} "foo"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758 (file-symlink-p "sym-link2")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
759 @result{} "sym-link"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
762 (file-symlink-p "/bin")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
763 @result{} "/pub/bin"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
764 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
765 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767 @c !!! file-symlink-p: should show output of ls -l for comparison
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
768 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
769
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
770 @defun file-directory-p filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
771 This function returns @code{t} if @var{filename} is the name of an
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772 existing directory, @code{nil} otherwise.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
773
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776 (file-directory-p "~rms")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
777 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
778 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
780 (file-directory-p "~rms/lewis/files.texi")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
782 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
783 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784 (file-directory-p "~rms/lewis/no-such-file")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788 (file-directory-p "$HOME")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 (file-directory-p
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793 (substitute-in-file-name "$HOME"))
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
796 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
797 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
798
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
799 @defun file-regular-p filename
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
800 This function returns @code{t} if the file @var{filename} exists and is
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
801 a regular file (not a directory, symbolic link, named pipe, terminal, or
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
802 other I/O device).
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
803 @end defun
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
804
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
805 @node Truenames
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
806 @subsection Truenames
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807 @cindex truename (of file)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
809 @c Emacs 19 features
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810 The @dfn{truename} of a file is the name that you get by following
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811 symbolic links until none remain, then expanding to get rid of @samp{.}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
812 and @samp{..} as components. Strictly speaking, a file need not have a
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
813 unique truename; the number of distinct truenames a file has is equal to
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
814 the number of hard links to the file. However, truenames are useful
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
815 because they eliminate symbolic links as a cause of name variation.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
817 @defun file-truename filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818 The function @code{file-truename} returns the true name of the file
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
819 @var{filename}. This is the name that you get by following symbolic
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
820 links until none remain. The argument must be an absolute file name.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
821 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
822
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
823 @xref{Buffer File Name}, for related information.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
824
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
825 @node File Attributes
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
826 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
827 @subsection Other Information about Files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
829 This section describes the functions for getting detailed information
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
830 about a file, other than its contents. This information includes the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831 mode bits that control access permission, the owner and group numbers,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
832 the number of names, the inode number, the size, and the times of access
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
833 and modification.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
834
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835 @defun file-modes filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
836 @cindex permission
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
837 @cindex file attributes
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
838 This function returns the mode bits of @var{filename}, as an integer.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
839 The mode bits are also called the file permissions, and they specify
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
840 access control in the usual Unix fashion. If the low-order bit is 1,
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
841 then the file is executable by all users, if the second-lowest-order bit
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
842 is 1, then the file is writable by all users, etc.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 The highest value returnable is 4095 (7777 octal), meaning that
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
845 everyone has read, write, and execute permission, that the @sc{suid} bit
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
846 is set for both others and group, and that the sticky bit is set.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
849 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850 (file-modes "~/junk/diffs")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851 @result{} 492 ; @r{Decimal integer.}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854 (format "%o" 492)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855 @result{} "754" ; @r{Convert to octal.}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859 (set-file-modes "~/junk/diffs" 438)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
861 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
862
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
863 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864 (format "%o" 438)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
865 @result{} "666" ; @r{Convert to octal.}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
868 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
869 % ls -l diffs
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
870 -rw-rw-rw- 1 lewis 0 3063 Oct 30 16:00 diffs
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
871 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
873 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
874
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875 @defun file-nlinks filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876 This functions returns the number of names (i.e., hard links) that
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877 file @var{filename} has. If the file does not exist, then this function
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878 returns @code{nil}. Note that symbolic links have no effect on this
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
879 function, because they are not considered to be names of the files they
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880 link to.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
881
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
882 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
883 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
884 % ls -l foo*
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 4 Aug 19 01:27 foo
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
886 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 4 Aug 19 01:27 foo1
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
887 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890 (file-nlinks "foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891 @result{} 2
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
892 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
893 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
894 (file-nlinks "doesnt-exist")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
895 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
898 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
899
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
900 @defun file-attributes filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
901 This function returns a list of attributes of file @var{filename}. If
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
902 the specified file cannot be opened, it returns @code{nil}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
903
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
904 The elements of the list, in order, are:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
905
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
906 @enumerate 0
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
907 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
908 @code{t} for a directory, a string for a symbolic link (the name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
909 linked to), or @code{nil} for a text file.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
910
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
911 @c Wordy so as to prevent an overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
912 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
913 The number of names the file has. Alternate names, also known as hard
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
914 links, can be created by using the @code{add-name-to-file} function
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
915 (@pxref{Changing File Attributes}).
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
916
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
917 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
918 The file's @sc{uid}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
919
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
920 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
921 The file's @sc{gid}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
922
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
924 The time of last access, as a list of two integers.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
925 The first integer has the high-order 16 bits of time,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
926 the second has the low 16 bits. (This is similar to the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
927 value of @code{current-time}; see @ref{Time of Day}.)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
929 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
930 The time of last modification as a list of two integers (as above).
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
931
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
932 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
933 The time of last status change as a list of two integers (as above).
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936 The size of the file in bytes.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
937
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
938 @item
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
939 The file's modes, as a string of ten letters or dashes,
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
940 as in @samp{ls -l}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
941
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
942 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
943 @code{t} if the file's @sc{gid} would change if file were
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
944 deleted and recreated; @code{nil} otherwise.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
945
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
947 The file's inode number.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
948
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
949 @item
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
950 The file system number of the file system that the file is in. This
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
951 element and the file's inode number together give enough information to
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
952 distinguish any two files on the system---no two files can have the same
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
953 values for both of these numbers.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
954 @end enumerate
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
955
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
956 For example, here are the file attributes for @file{files.texi}:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
957
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
958 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
959 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
960 (file-attributes "files.texi")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
961 @result{} (nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
962 1
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
963 2235
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
964 75
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
965 (8489 20284)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
966 (8489 20284)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
967 (8489 20285)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
968 14906
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
969 "-rw-rw-rw-"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
970 nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
971 129500
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
972 -32252)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
973 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
974 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
975
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
976 @noindent
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
977 and here is how the result is interpreted:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
978
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
979 @table @code
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
980 @item nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
981 is neither a directory nor a symbolic link.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
982
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
983 @item 1
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
984 has only one name (the name @file{files.texi} in the current default
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
985 directory).
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
986
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
987 @item 2235
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
988 is owned by the user with @sc{uid} 2235.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
989
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
990 @item 75
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
991 is in the group with @sc{gid} 75.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
992
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
993 @item (8489 20284)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
994 was last accessed on Aug 19 00:09. Unfortunately, you cannot convert
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
995 this number into a time string in Emacs.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
996
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
997 @item (8489 20284)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
998 was last modified on Aug 19 00:09.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
999
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1000 @item (8489 20285)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1001 last had its inode changed on Aug 19 00:09.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1002
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1003 @item 14906
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1004 is 14906 characters long.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1005
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1006 @item "-rw-rw-rw-"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1007 has a mode of read and write access for the owner, group, and world.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1008
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1009 @item nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1010 would retain the same @sc{gid} if it were recreated.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1011
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1012 @item 129500
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1013 has an inode number of 129500.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1014 @item -32252
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1015 is on file system number -32252.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1016 @end table
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1017 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1018
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1019 @node Changing File Attributes
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1020 @section Changing File Names and Attributes
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1021 @cindex renaming files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1022 @cindex copying files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1023 @cindex deleting files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1024 @cindex linking files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1025 @cindex setting modes of files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1026
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1027 The functions in this section rename, copy, delete, link, and set the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1028 modes of files.
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diff changeset
1029
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parents:
diff changeset
1030 In the functions that have an argument @var{newname}, if a file by the
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parents:
diff changeset
1031 name of @var{newname} already exists, the actions taken depend on the
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parents:
diff changeset
1032 value of the argument @var{ok-if-already-exists}:
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parents:
diff changeset
1033
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diff changeset
1034 @itemize @bullet
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parents:
diff changeset
1035 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
1036 Signal a @code{file-already-exists} error if
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1037 @var{ok-if-already-exists} is @code{nil}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1038
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parents:
diff changeset
1039 @item
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parents:
diff changeset
1040 Request confirmation if @var{ok-if-already-exists} is a number.
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parents:
diff changeset
1041
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parents:
diff changeset
1042 @item
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diff changeset
1043 Replace the old file without confirmation if @var{ok-if-already-exists}
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parents:
diff changeset
1044 is any other value.
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parents:
diff changeset
1045 @end itemize
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parents:
diff changeset
1046
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diff changeset
1047 @defun add-name-to-file oldname newname &optional ok-if-already-exists
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parents:
diff changeset
1048 @cindex file with multiple names
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parents:
diff changeset
1049 @cindex file hard link
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parents:
diff changeset
1050 This function gives the file named @var{oldname} the additional name
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parents:
diff changeset
1051 @var{newname}. This means that @var{newname} becomes a new ``hard
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1052 link'' to @var{oldname}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1053
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parents:
diff changeset
1054 In the first part of the following example, we list two files,
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parents:
diff changeset
1055 @file{foo} and @file{foo3}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1056
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diff changeset
1057 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1058 @group
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diff changeset
1059 % ls -l fo*
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diff changeset
1060 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo
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diff changeset
1061 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 24 Aug 18 20:31 foo3
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diff changeset
1062 @end group
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diff changeset
1063 @end example
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diff changeset
1064
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parents:
diff changeset
1065 Then we evaluate the form @code{(add-name-to-file "~/lewis/foo"
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parents:
diff changeset
1066 "~/lewis/foo2")}. Again we list the files. This shows two names,
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parents:
diff changeset
1067 @file{foo} and @file{foo2}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1068
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parents:
diff changeset
1069 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1070 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1071 (add-name-to-file "~/lewis/foo1" "~/lewis/foo2")
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parents:
diff changeset
1072 @result{} nil
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diff changeset
1073 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1074
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diff changeset
1075 @group
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diff changeset
1076 % ls -l fo*
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1077 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo
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diff changeset
1078 -rw-rw-rw- 2 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo2
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diff changeset
1079 -rw-rw-rw- 1 rms 24 Aug 18 20:31 foo3
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diff changeset
1080 @end group
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diff changeset
1081 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1082
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parents:
diff changeset
1083 @c !!! Check whether this set of examples is consistent. --rjc 15mar92
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parents:
diff changeset
1084 Finally, we evaluate the following:
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diff changeset
1085
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parents:
diff changeset
1086 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1087 (add-name-to-file "~/lewis/foo" "~/lewis/foo3" t)
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parents:
diff changeset
1088 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1089
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parents:
diff changeset
1090 @noindent
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parents:
diff changeset
1091 and list the files again. Now there are three names
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parents:
diff changeset
1092 for one file: @file{foo}, @file{foo2}, and @file{foo3}. The old
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1093 contents of @file{foo3} are lost.
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parents:
diff changeset
1094
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parents:
diff changeset
1095 @example
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parents:
diff changeset
1096 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1097 (add-name-to-file "~/lewis/foo1" "~/lewis/foo3")
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parents:
diff changeset
1098 @result{} nil
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parents:
diff changeset
1099 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1100
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parents:
diff changeset
1101 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1102 % ls -l fo*
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diff changeset
1103 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo
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parents:
diff changeset
1104 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo2
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parents:
diff changeset
1105 -rw-rw-rw- 3 rms 29 Aug 18 20:32 foo3
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parents:
diff changeset
1106 @end group
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parents:
diff changeset
1107 @end example
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parents:
diff changeset
1108
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parents:
diff changeset
1109 This function is meaningless on VMS, where multiple names for one file
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1110 are not allowed.
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parents:
diff changeset
1111
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diff changeset
1112 See also @code{file-nlinks} in @ref{File Attributes}.
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parents:
diff changeset
1113 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1114
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parents:
diff changeset
1115 @deffn Command rename-file filename newname &optional ok-if-already-exists
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parents:
diff changeset
1116 This command renames the file @var{filename} as @var{newname}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1117
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parents:
diff changeset
1118 If @var{filename} has additional names aside from @var{filename}, it
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1119 continues to have those names. In fact, adding the name @var{newname}
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parents:
diff changeset
1120 with @code{add-name-to-file} and then deleting @var{filename} has the
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parents:
diff changeset
1121 same effect as renaming, aside from momentary intermediate states.
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parents:
diff changeset
1122
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parents:
diff changeset
1123 In an interactive call, this function prompts for @var{filename} and
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1124 @var{newname} in the minibuffer; also, it requests confirmation if
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1125 @var{newname} already exists.
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parents:
diff changeset
1126 @end deffn
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parents:
diff changeset
1127
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parents:
diff changeset
1128 @deffn Command copy-file oldname newname &optional ok-if-exists time
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1129 This command copies the file @var{oldname} to @var{newname}. An
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1130 error is signaled if @var{oldname} does not exist.
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parents:
diff changeset
1131
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parents:
diff changeset
1132 If @var{time} is non-@code{nil}, then this functions gives the new
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1133 file the same last-modified time that the old one has. (This works on
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1134 only some operating systems.)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1135
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1136 In an interactive call, this function prompts for @var{filename} and
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1137 @var{newname} in the minibuffer; also, it requests confirmation if
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1138 @var{newname} already exists.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1139 @end deffn
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1140
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1141 @deffn Command delete-file filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1142 @pindex rm
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1143 This command deletes the file @var{filename}, like the shell command
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1144 @samp{rm @var{filename}}. If the file has multiple names, it continues
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1145 to exist under the other names.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1146
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1147 A suitable kind of @code{file-error} error is signaled if the file
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1148 does not exist, or is not deletable. (On Unix, a file is deletable if
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1149 its directory is writable.)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1150
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1151 See also @code{delete-directory} in @ref{Create/Delete Dirs}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1152 @end deffn
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parents:
diff changeset
1153
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parents:
diff changeset
1154 @deffn Command make-symbolic-link filename newname &optional ok-if-exists
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1155 @pindex ln
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1156 @kindex file-already-exists
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1157 This command makes a symbolic link to @var{filename}, named
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1158 @var{newname}. This is like the shell command @samp{ln -s
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1159 @var{filename} @var{newname}}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1160
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1161 In an interactive call, this function prompts for @var{filename} and
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1162 @var{newname} in the minibuffer; also, it requests confirmation if
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1163 @var{newname} already exists.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1164 @end deffn
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1165
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parents:
diff changeset
1166 @defun define-logical-name varname string
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1167 This function defines the logical name @var{name} to have the value
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1168 @var{string}. It is available only on VMS.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1169 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1170
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1171 @defun set-file-modes filename mode
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1172 This function sets mode bits of @var{filename} to @var{mode} (which must
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1173 be an integer). Only the low 12 bits of @var{mode} are used.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1174 @end defun
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parents:
diff changeset
1175
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1176 @c Emacs 19 feature
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1177 @defun set-default-file-modes mode
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1178 This function sets the default file protection for new files created by
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1179 Emacs and its subprocesses. Every file created with Emacs initially has
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1180 this protection. On Unix, the default protection is the bitwise
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1181 complement of the ``umask'' value.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1182
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1183 The argument @var{mode} must be an integer. Only the low 9 bits of
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1184 @var{mode} are used.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1185
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1186 Saving a modified version of an existing file does not count as creating
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1187 the file; it does not change the file's mode, and does not use the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1188 default file protection.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1189 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1190
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1191 @defun default-file-modes
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1192 This function returns the current default protection value.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1193 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1194
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1195 @cindex MS-DOS and file modes
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1196 @cindex file modes and MS-DOS
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1197 On MS-DOS, there is no such thing as an ``executable'' file mode bit.
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
1198 So Emacs considers a file executable if its name ends in @samp{.com},
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1199 @samp{.bat} or @samp{.exe}. This is reflected in the values returned
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
1200 by @code{file-modes} and @code{file-attributes}.
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
1201
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parents:
diff changeset
1202 @node File Names
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1203 @section File Names
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parents:
diff changeset
1204 @cindex file names
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parents:
diff changeset
1205
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parents:
diff changeset
1206 Files are generally referred to by their names, in Emacs as elsewhere.
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parents:
diff changeset
1207 File names in Emacs are represented as strings. The functions that
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1208 operate on a file all expect a file name argument.
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parents:
diff changeset
1209
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parents:
diff changeset
1210 In addition to operating on files themselves, Emacs Lisp programs
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1211 often need to operate on the names; i.e., to take them apart and to use
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1212 part of a name to construct related file names. This section describes
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1213 how to manipulate file names.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1214
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1215 The functions in this section do not actually access files, so they
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1216 can operate on file names that do not refer to an existing file or
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1217 directory.
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parents:
diff changeset
1218
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parents: 7088
diff changeset
1219 On VMS, all these functions understand both VMS file-name syntax and
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parents:
diff changeset
1220 Unix syntax. This is so that all the standard Lisp libraries can
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parents:
diff changeset
1221 specify file names in Unix syntax and work properly on VMS without
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1222 change. On MS-DOS, these functions understand MS-DOS file-name syntax
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 6555
diff changeset
1223 as well as Unix syntax.
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parents:
diff changeset
1224
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parents:
diff changeset
1225 @menu
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parents:
diff changeset
1226 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest.
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parents:
diff changeset
1227 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory
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parents:
diff changeset
1228 is different from its name as a file.
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parents:
diff changeset
1229 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a current directory.
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parents:
diff changeset
1230 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones.
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parents:
diff changeset
1231 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1232 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1233 @end menu
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parents:
diff changeset
1234
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parents:
diff changeset
1235 @node File Name Components
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1236 @subsection File Name Components
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1237 @cindex directory part (of file name)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1238 @cindex nondirectory part (of file name)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1239 @cindex version number (in file name)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1240
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parents:
diff changeset
1241 The operating system groups files into directories. To specify a
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1242 file, you must specify the directory and the file's name within that
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1243 directory. Therefore, Emacs considers a file name as having two main
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1244 parts: the @dfn{directory name} part, and the @dfn{nondirectory} part
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1245 (or @dfn{file name within the directory}). Either part may be empty.
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1246 Concatenating these two parts reproduces the original file name.
6555
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parents:
diff changeset
1247
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parents:
diff changeset
1248 On Unix, the directory part is everything up to and including the last
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1249 slash; the nondirectory part is the rest. The rules in VMS syntax are
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1250 complicated.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1251
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parents:
diff changeset
1252 For some purposes, the nondirectory part is further subdivided into
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1253 the name proper and the @dfn{version number}. On Unix, only backup
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1254 files have version numbers in their names; on VMS, every file has a
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1255 version number, but most of the time the file name actually used in
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1256 Emacs omits the version number. Version numbers are found mostly in
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1257 directory lists.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1258
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1259 @defun file-name-directory filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1260 This function returns the directory part of @var{filename} (or
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1261 @code{nil} if @var{filename} does not include a directory part). On
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1262 Unix, the function returns a string ending in a slash. On VMS, it
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1263 returns a string ending in one of the three characters @samp{:},
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1264 @samp{]}, or @samp{>}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1265
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1266 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1267 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1268 (file-name-directory "lewis/foo") ; @r{Unix example}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1269 @result{} "lewis/"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1270 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1271 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1272 (file-name-directory "foo") ; @r{Unix example}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1273 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1274 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1275 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1276 (file-name-directory "[X]FOO.TMP") ; @r{VMS example}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1277 @result{} "[X]"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1278 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1279 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1280 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1281
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1282 @defun file-name-nondirectory filename
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1283 This function returns the nondirectory part of @var{filename}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1284
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1285 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1286 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1287 (file-name-nondirectory "lewis/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1288 @result{} "foo"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1289 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1290 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1291 (file-name-nondirectory "foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1292 @result{} "foo"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1293 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1294 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1295 ;; @r{The following example is accurate only on VMS.}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1296 (file-name-nondirectory "[X]FOO.TMP")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1297 @result{} "FOO.TMP"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1298 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1299 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1300 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1301
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1302 @defun file-name-sans-versions filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1303 This function returns @var{filename} without any file version numbers,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1304 backup version numbers, or trailing tildes.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1305
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1306 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1307 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1308 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo.~1~")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1309 @result{} "~rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1310 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1311 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1312 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo~")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1313 @result{} "~rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1314 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1315 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1316 (file-name-sans-versions "~rms/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1317 @result{} "~rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1318 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1319 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1320 ;; @r{The following example applies to VMS only.}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1321 (file-name-sans-versions "foo;23")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1322 @result{} "foo"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1323 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1324 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1325 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1326
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
1327 @defun file-name-sans-extension filename
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1328 This function returns @var{filename} minus its ``extension,'' if any.
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1329 The extension, in a file name, is the part that starts with the last
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1330 @samp{.} in the last name component. For example,
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1331
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1332 @example
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1333 (file-name-sans-extension "foo.lose.c")
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1334 @result{} "foo.lose"
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1335 (file-name-sans-extension "big.hack/foo")
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1336 @result{} "big.hack/foo"
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1337 @end example
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
1338 @end defun
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
1339
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1340 @node Directory Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1341 @comment node-name, next, previous, up
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1342 @subsection Directory Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1343 @cindex directory name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1344 @cindex file name of directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1345
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1346 A @dfn{directory name} is the name of a directory. A directory is a
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1347 kind of file, and it has a file name, which is related to the directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1348 name but not identical to it. (This is not quite the same as the usual
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1349 Unix terminology.) These two different names for the same entity are
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1350 related by a syntactic transformation. On Unix, this is simple: a
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1351 directory name ends in a slash, whereas the directory's name as a file
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1352 lacks that slash. On VMS, the relationship is more complicated.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1353
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1354 The difference between a directory name and its name as a file is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1355 subtle but crucial. When an Emacs variable or function argument is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1356 described as being a directory name, a file name of a directory is not
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1357 acceptable.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1358
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1359 The following two functions convert between directory names and file
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1360 names. They do nothing special with environment variable substitutions
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1361 such as @samp{$HOME}, and the constructs @samp{~}, and @samp{..}.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1362
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1363 @defun file-name-as-directory filename
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1364 This function returns a string representing @var{filename} in a form
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1365 that the operating system will interpret as the name of a directory. In
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1366 Unix, this means appending a slash to the string. On VMS, the function
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1367 converts a string of the form @file{[X]Y.DIR.1} to the form
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1368 @file{[X.Y]}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1369
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1370 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1371 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1372 (file-name-as-directory "~rms/lewis")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1373 @result{} "~rms/lewis/"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1374 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1375 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1376 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1377
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1378 @defun directory-file-name dirname
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1379 This function returns a string representing @var{dirname} in a form
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1380 that the operating system will interpret as the name of a file. On
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1381 Unix, this means removing a final slash from the string. On VMS, the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1382 function converts a string of the form @file{[X.Y]} to
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1383 @file{[X]Y.DIR.1}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1384
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1385 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1386 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1387 (directory-file-name "~lewis/")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1388 @result{} "~lewis"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1389 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1390 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1391 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1392
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1393 @cindex directory name abbreviation
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1394 Directory name abbreviations are useful for directories that are
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1395 normally accessed through symbolic links. Sometimes the users recognize
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1396 primarily the link's name as ``the name'' of the directory, and find it
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1397 annoying to see the directory's ``real'' name. If you define the link
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1398 name as an abbreviation for the ``real'' name, Emacs shows users the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1399 abbreviation instead.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1400
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1401 @defvar directory-abbrev-alist
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1402 The variable @code{directory-abbrev-alist} contains an alist of
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1403 abbreviations to use for file directories. Each element has the form
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1404 @code{(@var{from} . @var{to})}, and says to replace @var{from} with
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1405 @var{to} when it appears in a directory name. The @var{from} string is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1406 actually a regular expression; it should always start with @samp{^}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1407 The function @code{abbreviate-file-name} performs these substitutions.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1408
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1409 You can set this variable in @file{site-init.el} to describe the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1410 abbreviations appropriate for your site.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1411
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1412 Here's an example, from a system on which file system @file{/home/fsf}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1413 and so on are normally accessed through symbolic links named @file{/fsf}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1414 and so on.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1415
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1416 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1417 (("^/home/fsf" . "/fsf")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1418 ("^/home/gp" . "/gp")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1419 ("^/home/gd" . "/gd"))
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1420 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1421 @end defvar
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1422
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1423 To convert a directory name to its abbreviation, use this
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1424 function:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1425
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1426 @defun abbreviate-file-name dirname
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1427 This function applies abbreviations from @code{directory-abbrev-alist}
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1428 to its argument, and substitutes @samp{~} for the user's home
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1429 directory.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1430 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1431
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1432 @node Relative File Names
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1433 @subsection Absolute and Relative File Names
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1434 @cindex absolute file name
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1435 @cindex relative file name
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1436
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1437 All the directories in the file system form a tree starting at the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1438 root directory. A file name can specify all the directory names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1439 starting from the root of the tree; then it is called an @dfn{absolute}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1440 file name. Or it can specify the position of the file in the tree
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1441 relative to a default directory; then it is called a @dfn{relative}
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1442 file name. On Unix, an absolute file name starts with a slash or a
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1443 tilde (@samp{~}), and a relative one does not. The rules on VMS are
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1444 complicated.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1445
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1446 @defun file-name-absolute-p filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1447 This function returns @code{t} if file @var{filename} is an absolute
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1448 file name, @code{nil} otherwise. On VMS, this function understands both
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1449 Unix syntax and VMS syntax.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1450
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1451 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1452 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1453 (file-name-absolute-p "~rms/foo")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1454 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1455 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1456 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1457 (file-name-absolute-p "rms/foo")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1458 @result{} nil
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1459 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1460 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1461 (file-name-absolute-p "/user/rms/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1462 @result{} t
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1463 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1464 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1465 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1466
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1467 @node File Name Expansion
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1468 @subsection Functions that Expand Filenames
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1469 @cindex expansion of file names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1470
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1471 @dfn{Expansion} of a file name means converting a relative file name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1472 to an absolute one. Since this is done relative to a default directory,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1473 you must specify the default directory name as well as the file name to
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1474 be expanded. Expansion also simplifies file names by eliminating
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1475 redundancies such as @file{./} and @file{@var{name}/../}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1476
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1477 @defun expand-file-name filename &optional directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1478 This function converts @var{filename} to an absolute file name. If
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1479 @var{directory} is supplied, it is the directory to start with if
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1480 @var{filename} is relative. (The value of @var{directory} should itself
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1481 be an absolute directory name; it may start with @samp{~}.)
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1482 Otherwise, the current buffer's value of @code{default-directory} is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1483 used. For example:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1484
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1485 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1486 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1487 (expand-file-name "foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1488 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1489 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1490 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1491 (expand-file-name "../foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1492 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1493 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1494 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1495 (expand-file-name "foo" "/usr/spool/")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1496 @result{} "/usr/spool/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1497 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1498 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1499 (expand-file-name "$HOME/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1500 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/$HOME/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1501 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1502 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1503
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1504 Filenames containing @samp{.} or @samp{..} are simplified to their
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1505 canonical form:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1506
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1507 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1508 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1509 (expand-file-name "bar/../foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1510 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/lewis/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1511 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1512 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1513
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1514 @samp{~/} is expanded into the user's home directory. A @samp{/} or
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1515 @samp{~} following a @samp{/} is taken to be the start of an absolute
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1516 file name that overrides what precedes it, so everything before that
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1517 @samp{/} or @samp{~} is deleted. For example:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1518
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1519 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1520 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1521 (expand-file-name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1522 "/a1/gnu//usr/local/lib/emacs/etc/MACHINES")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1523 @result{} "/usr/local/lib/emacs/etc/MACHINES"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1524 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1525 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1526 (expand-file-name "/a1/gnu/~/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1527 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1528 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1529 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1530
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1531 @noindent
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1532 In both cases, @file{/a1/gnu/} is discarded because an absolute file
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1533 name follows it.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1534
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1535 Note that @code{expand-file-name} does @emph{not} expand environment
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1536 variables; only @code{substitute-in-file-name} does that.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1537 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1538
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1539 @c Emacs 19 feature
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1540 @defun file-relative-name filename directory
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1541 This function does the inverse of expansion---it tries to return a
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1542 relative name that is equivalent to @var{filename} when interpreted
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1543 relative to @var{directory}. (If such a relative name would be longer
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1544 than the absolute name, it returns the absolute name instead.)
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1545
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1546 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1547 (file-relative-name "/foo/bar" "/foo/")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1548 @result{} "bar")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1549 (file-relative-name "/foo/bar" "/hack/")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1550 @result{} "/foo/bar")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1551 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1552 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1553
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1554 @defvar default-directory
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1555 The value of this buffer-local variable is the default directory for the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1556 current buffer. It should be an absolute directory name; it may start
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1557 with @samp{~}. This variable is local in every buffer.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1558
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1559 @code{expand-file-name} uses the default directory when its second
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1560 argument is @code{nil}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1561
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1562 On Unix systems, the value is always a string ending with a slash.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1563
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1564 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1565 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1566 default-directory
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1567 @result{} "/user/lewis/manual/"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1568 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1569 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1570 @end defvar
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1571
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1572 @defun substitute-in-file-name filename
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1573 This function replaces environment variables references in
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1574 @var{filename} with the environment variable values. Following standard
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1575 Unix shell syntax, @samp{$} is the prefix to substitute an environment
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1576 variable value.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1577
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1578 The environment variable name is the series of alphanumeric characters
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1579 (including underscores) that follow the @samp{$}. If the character following
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1580 the @samp{$} is a @samp{@{}, then the variable name is everything up to the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1581 matching @samp{@}}.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1582
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1583 @c Wordy to avoid overfull hbox. --rjc 15mar92
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1584 Here we assume that the environment variable @code{HOME}, which holds
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1585 the user's home directory name, has value @samp{/xcssun/users/rms}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1586
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1587 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1588 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1589 (substitute-in-file-name "$HOME/foo")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1590 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1591 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1592 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1593
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1594 If a @samp{~} or a @samp{/} appears following a @samp{/}, after
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1595 substitution, everything before the following @samp{/} is discarded:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1596
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1597 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1598 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1599 (substitute-in-file-name "bar/~/foo")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1600 @result{} "~/foo"
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1601 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1602 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1603 (substitute-in-file-name "/usr/local/$HOME/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1604 @result{} "/xcssun/users/rms/foo"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1605 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1606 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1607
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1608 On VMS, @samp{$} substitution is not done, so this function does nothing
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1609 on VMS except discard superfluous initial components as shown above.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1610 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1611
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1612 @node Unique File Names
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1613 @subsection Generating Unique File Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1614
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1615 Some programs need to write temporary files. Here is the usual way to
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1616 construct a name for such a file:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1617
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1618 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1619 (make-temp-name (concat "/tmp/" @var{name-of-application}))
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1620 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1621
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1622 @noindent
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1623 Here we use the directory @file{/tmp/} because that is the standard
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1624 place on Unix for temporary files. The job of @code{make-temp-name} is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1625 to prevent two different users or two different jobs from trying to use
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1626 the same name.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1627
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1628 @defun make-temp-name string
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1629 This function generates string that can be used as a unique name. The
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1630 name starts with @var{string}, and ends with a number that is different
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1631 in each Emacs job.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1632
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1633 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1634 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1635 (make-temp-name "/tmp/foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1636 @result{} "/tmp/foo021304"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1637 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1638 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1639
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1640 To prevent conflicts among different libraries running in the same
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1641 Emacs, each Lisp program that uses @code{make-temp-name} should have its
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1642 own @var{string}. The number added to the end of the name distinguishes
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1643 between the same application running in different Emacs jobs.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1644 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1645
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1646 @node File Name Completion
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1647 @subsection File Name Completion
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1648 @cindex file name completion subroutines
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1649 @cindex completion, file name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1650
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1651 This section describes low-level subroutines for completing a file
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1652 name. For other completion functions, see @ref{Completion}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1653
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1654 @defun file-name-all-completions partial-filename directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1655 This function returns a list of all possible completions for a file
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1656 whose name starts with @var{partial-filename} in directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1657 @var{directory}. The order of the completions is the order of the files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1658 in the directory, which is unpredictable and conveys no useful
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1659 information.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1660
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1661 The argument @var{partial-filename} must be a file name containing no
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1662 directory part and no slash. The current buffer's default directory is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1663 prepended to @var{directory}, if @var{directory} is not absolute.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1664
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1665 In the following example, suppose that the current default directory,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1666 @file{~rms/lewis}, has five files whose names begin with @samp{f}:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1667 @file{foo}, @file{file~}, @file{file.c}, @file{file.c.~1~}, and
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1668 @file{file.c.~2~}.@refill
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1669
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1670 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1671 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1672 (file-name-all-completions "f" "")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1673 @result{} ("foo" "file~" "file.c.~2~"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1674 "file.c.~1~" "file.c")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1675 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1676
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1677 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1678 (file-name-all-completions "fo" "")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1679 @result{} ("foo")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1680 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1681 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1682 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1683
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1684 @defun file-name-completion filename directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1685 This function completes the file name @var{filename} in directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1686 @var{directory}. It returns the longest prefix common to all file names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1687 in directory @var{directory} that start with @var{filename}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1688
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1689 If only one match exists and @var{filename} matches it exactly, the
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1690 function returns @code{t}. The function returns @code{nil} if directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1691 @var{directory} contains no name starting with @var{filename}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1692
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1693 In the following example, suppose that the current default directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1694 has five files whose names begin with @samp{f}: @file{foo},
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1695 @file{file~}, @file{file.c}, @file{file.c.~1~}, and
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1696 @file{file.c.~2~}.@refill
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1697
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1698 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1699 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1700 (file-name-completion "fi" "")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1701 @result{} "file"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1702 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1703
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1704 @group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1705 (file-name-completion "file.c.~1" "")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1706 @result{} "file.c.~1~"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1707 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1708
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parents:
diff changeset
1709 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1710 (file-name-completion "file.c.~1~" "")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1711 @result{} t
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1712 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1713
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1714 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1715 (file-name-completion "file.c.~3" "")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1716 @result{} nil
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parents:
diff changeset
1717 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1718 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1719 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1720
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1721 @defopt completion-ignored-extensions
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1722 @code{file-name-completion} usually ignores file names that end in any
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1723 string in this list. It does not ignore them when all the possible
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1724 completions end in one of these suffixes or when a buffer showing all
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1725 possible completions is displayed.@refill
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1726
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1727 A typical value might look like this:
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1728
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1729 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1730 @group
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parents:
diff changeset
1731 completion-ignored-extensions
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1732 @result{} (".o" ".elc" "~" ".dvi")
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parents:
diff changeset
1733 @end group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1734 @end example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1735 @end defopt
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parents:
diff changeset
1736
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1737 @node Contents of Directories
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1738 @section Contents of Directories
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1739 @cindex directory-oriented functions
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1740 @cindex file names in directory
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1741
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1742 A directory is a kind of file that contains other files entered under
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1743 various names. Directories are a feature of the file system.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1744
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1745 Emacs can list the names of the files in a directory as a Lisp list,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1746 or display the names in a buffer using the @code{ls} shell command. In
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1747 the latter case, it can optionally display information about each file,
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1748 depending on the options passed to the @code{ls} command.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1749
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parents:
diff changeset
1750 @defun directory-files directory &optional full-name match-regexp nosort
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1751 This function returns a list of the names of the files in the directory
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parents:
diff changeset
1752 @var{directory}. By default, the list is in alphabetical order.
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parents:
diff changeset
1753
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diff changeset
1754 If @var{full-name} is non-@code{nil}, the function returns the files'
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1755 absolute file names. Otherwise, it returns the names relative to
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1756 the specified directory.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1757
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1758 If @var{match-regexp} is non-@code{nil}, this function returns only
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1759 those file names that contain a match for that regular expression---the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1760 other file names are excluded from the list.
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parents:
diff changeset
1761
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1762 @c Emacs 19 feature
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1763 If @var{nosort} is non-@code{nil}, @code{directory-files} does not sort
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1764 the list, so you get the file names in no particular order. Use this if
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1765 you want the utmost possible speed and don't care what order the files
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1766 are processed in. If the order of processing is visible to the user,
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1767 then the user will probably be happier if you do sort the names.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1768
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1769 @example
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1770 @group
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1771 (directory-files "~lewis")
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1772 @result{} ("#foo#" "#foo.el#" "." ".."
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1773 "dired-mods.el" "files.texi"
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1774 "files.texi.~1~")
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1775 @end group
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1776 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1777
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1778 An error is signaled if @var{directory} is not the name of a directory
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1779 that can be read.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1780 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1781
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1782 @defun file-name-all-versions file dirname
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1783 This function returns a list of all versions of the file named
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1784 @var{file} in directory @var{dirname}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1785 @end defun
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1786
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1787 @defun insert-directory file switches &optional wildcard full-directory-p
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1788 This function inserts (in the current buffer) a directory listing for
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1789 directory @var{file}, formatted with @code{ls} according to
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1790 @var{switches}. It leaves point after the inserted text.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1791
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1792 The argument @var{file} may be either a directory name or a file
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1793 specification including wildcard characters. If @var{wildcard} is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1794 non-@code{nil}, that means treat @var{file} as a file specification with
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1795 wildcards.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1796
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1797 If @var{full-directory-p} is non-@code{nil}, that means @var{file} is a
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1798 directory and switches do not contain @samp{-d}, so that the listing
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1799 should show the full contents of the directory. (The @samp{-d} option
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1800 to @code{ls} says to describe a directory itself rather than its
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1801 contents.)
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1802
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1803 This function works by running a directory listing program whose name is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1804 in the variable @code{insert-directory-program}. If @var{wildcard} is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1805 non-@code{nil}, it also runs the shell specified by
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1806 @code{shell-file-name}, to expand the wildcards.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1807 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1808
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1809 @defvar insert-directory-program
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1810 This variable's value is the program to run to generate a directory listing
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1811 for the function @code{insert-directory}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1812 @end defvar
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1813
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1814 @node Create/Delete Dirs
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1815 @section Creating and Deleting Directories
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1816 @c Emacs 19 features
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1817
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1818 Most Emacs Lisp file-manipulation functions get errors when used on
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1819 files that are directories. For example, you cannot delete a directory
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1820 with @code{delete-file}. These special functions exist to create and
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1821 delete directories.
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1822
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1823 @defun make-directory dirname
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1824 This function creates a directory named @var{dirname}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1825 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1826
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1827 @defun delete-directory dirname
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1828 This function deletes the directory named @var{dirname}. The function
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1829 @code{delete-file} does not work for files that are directories; you
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1830 must use @code{delete-directory} for them. If the directory contains
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
1831 any files, @code{delete-directory} signals an error.
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1832 @end defun
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1833
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1834 @node Magic File Names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1835 @section Making Certain File Names ``Magic''
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1836 @cindex magic file names
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1837
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1838 @c Emacs 19 feature
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1839 You can implement special handling for certain file names. This is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1840 called making those names @dfn{magic}. You must supply a regular
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1841 expression to define the class of names (all those that match the
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1842 regular expression), plus a handler that implements all the primitive
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1843 Emacs file operations for file names that do match.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1844
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
1845 The variable @code{file-name-handler-alist} holds a list of handlers,
6555
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1846 together with regular expressions that determine when to apply each
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1847 handler. Each element has this form:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1848
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1849 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1850 (@var{regexp} . @var{handler})
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1851 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1852
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1853 @noindent
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1854 All the Emacs primitives for file access and file name transformation
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1855 check the given file name against @code{file-name-handler-alist}. If
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1856 the file name matches @var{regexp}, the primitives handle that file by
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1857 calling @var{handler}.
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1858
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1859 The first argument given to @var{handler} is the name of the primitive;
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1860 the remaining arguments are the arguments that were passed to that
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1861 operation. (The first of these arguments is typically the file name
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1862 itself.) For example, if you do this:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1863
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1864 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1865 (file-exists-p @var{filename})
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1866 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1867
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1868 @noindent
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1869 and @var{filename} has handler @var{handler}, then @var{handler} is
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1870 called like this:
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1871
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1872 @example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1873 (funcall @var{handler} 'file-exists-p @var{filename})
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1874 @end example
771fa0ddb356 Initial revision
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1875
7735
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1876 Here are the operations that a magic file name handler gets to handle:
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1877
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1878 @noindent
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1879 @code{add-name-to-file}, @code{copy-file}, @code{delete-directory},
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1880 @code{delete-file},@*
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1881 @code{diff-latest-backup-file},
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1882 @code{directory-file-name},
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1883 @code{directory-files},
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1884 @code{dired-compress-file}, @code{dired-uncache},
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1885 @code{expand-file-name},@*
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1886 @code{file-accessible-directory-p},
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1887 @code{file-attributes}, @code{file-directory-p},
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1888 @code{file-executable-p}, @code{file-exists-p}, @code{file-local-copy},
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1889 @code{file-modes}, @code{file-name-all-completions},
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1890 @code{file-name-as-directory}, @code{file-name-completion},
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1891 @code{file-name-directory}, @code{file-name-nondirectory},
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1892 @code{file-name-sans-versions}, @code{file-newer-than-file-p},
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1893 @code{file-readable-p}, @code{file-regular-p}, @code{file-symlink-p},
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diff changeset
1894 @code{file-truename}, @code{file-writable-p},
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1895 @code{get-file-buffer},
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1896 @code{insert-directory},
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1897 @code{insert-file-contents}, @code{load}, @code{make-directory},
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1898 @code{make-symbolic-link}, @code{rename-file}, @code{set-file-modes},
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1899 @code{set-visited-file-modtime}, @code{unhandled-file-name-directory},
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1900 @code{verify-visited-file-modtime}, @code{write-region}.
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1901
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1902 Handlers for @code{insert-file-contents} typically need to clear the
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1903 buffer's modified flag, with @code{(set-buffer-modified-p nil)}, if the
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1904 @var{visit} argument is non-@code{nil}. This also has the effect of
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1905 unlocking the buffer if it is locked.
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1906
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1907 The handler function must handle all of the above operations, and
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1908 possibly others to be added in the future. It need not implement all
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1909 these operations itself---when it has nothing special to do for a
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1910 certain operation, it can reinvoke the primitive, to handle the
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1911 operation ``in the usual way''. It should always reinvoke the primitive
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1912 for an operation it does not recognize. Here's one way to do this:
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1913
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1914 @smallexample
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1915 (defun my-file-handler (operation &rest args)
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1916 ;; @r{First check for the specific operations}
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1917 ;; @r{that we have special handling for.}
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1918 (cond ((eq operation 'insert-file-contents) @dots{})
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1919 ((eq operation 'write-region) @dots{})
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1920 @dots{}
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1921 ;; @r{Handle any operation we don't know about.}
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1922 (t (let ((inhibit-file-name-handlers
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1923 (cons 'my-file-handler
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1924 (and (eq inhibit-file-name-operation operation)
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1925 inhibit-file-name-handlers)))
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1926 (inhibit-file-name-operation operation))
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1927 (apply operation args)))))
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1928 @end smallexample
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1929
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1930 When a handler function decides to call the ordinary Emacs primitive for
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1931 the operation at hand, it needs to prevent the primitive from calling
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1932 the same handler once again, thus leading to an infinite recursion. The
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1933 example above shows how to do this, with the variables
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1934 @code{inhibit-file-name-handlers} and
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1935 @code{inhibit-file-name-operation}. Be careful to use them exactly as
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1936 shown above; the details are crucial for proper behavior in the case of
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1937 multiple handlers, and for operations that have two file names that may
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1938 each have handlers.
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1939
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1940 @defvar inhibit-file-name-handlers
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1941 This variable holds a list of handlers whose use is presently inhibited
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1942 for a certain operation.
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1943 @end defvar
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1944
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1945 @defvar inhibit-file-name-operation
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1946 The operation for which certain handlers are presently inhibited.
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1947 @end defvar
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1948
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1949 @defun find-file-name-handler file operation
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1950 This function returns the handler function for file name @var{file}, or
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1951 @code{nil} if there is none. The argument @var{operation} should be the
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1952 operation to be performed on the file---the value you will pass to the
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1953 handler as its first argument when you call it. The operation is needed
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1954 for comparison with @code{inhibit-file-name-operation}.
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1955 @end defun
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1956
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1957 @defun file-local-copy filename
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1958 This function copies file @var{filename} to an ordinary non-magic file,
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1959 if it isn't one already.
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1960
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1961 If @var{filename} specifies a ``magic'' file name, which programs
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1962 outside Emacs cannot directly read or write, this copies the contents to
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1963 an ordinary file and returns that file's name.
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1964
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1965 If @var{filename} is an ordinary file name, not magic, then this function
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1966 does nothing and returns @code{nil}.
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1967 @end defun
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1968
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1969 @defun unhandled-file-name-directory filename
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1970 This function returns the name of a directory that is not magic.
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1971 It uses the directory part of @var{filename} if that is not magic.
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1972 Otherwise, it asks the handler what to do.
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1973
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1974 This is useful for running a subprocess; every subprocess must have a
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1975 non-magic directory to serve as its current directory, and this function
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1976 is a good way to come up with one.
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1977 @end defun
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1978
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1979 @node Format Conversion
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1980 @section File Format Conversion
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1981
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1982 @cindex file format conversion
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1983 @cindex encoding file formats
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1984 @cindex decoding file formats
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1985 The variable @code{format-alist} defines a list of @dfn{file formats},
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1986 which describe textual representations used in files for the data (text,
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1987 text-properties, and possibly other information) in an Emacs buffer.
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1988 Emacs performs format conversion if appropriate when reading and writing
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1989 files.
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1990
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1991 @defvar format-alist
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1992 This list contains one format definition for each defined file format.
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1993 @end defvar
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1994
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1995 @cindex format definition
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1996 Each format definition is a list of this form:
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1997
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1998 @example
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1999 (@var{name} @var{doc-string} @var{regexp} @var{from-fn} @var{to-fn} @var{modify} @var{mode-fn})
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2000 @end example
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2001
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2002 Here is what the elements in a format definition mean:
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2003
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2004 @table @var
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2005 @item name
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2006 The name of this format.
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2007
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2008 @item doc-string
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2009 A documentation string for the format.
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2010
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2011 @item regexp
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2012 A regular expression which is used to recognize files represented in
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2013 this format.
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2014
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2015 @item from-fn
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2016 A function to call to decode data in this format (to convert file data into
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2017 the usual Emacs data representation).
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2018
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2019 The @var{from-fn} is called with two args, @var{begin} and @var{end},
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2020 which specify the part of the buffer it should convert. It should convert
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2021 the text by editing it in place. Since this can change the length of the
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2022 text, @var{from-fn} should return the modified end position.
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2023
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2024 One responsibility of @var{from-fn} is to make sure that the beginning
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2025 of the file no longer matches @var{regexp}. Otherwise it is likely to
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2026 get called again.
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2027
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2028 @item to-fn
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2029 A function to call to encode data in this format (to convert
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2030 the usual Emacs data representation into this format).
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2031
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2032 The @var{to-fn} is called with two args, @var{begin} and @var{end},
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2033 which specify the part of the buffer it should convert. There are
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2034 two ways it can do the conversion:
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2035
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2036 @itemize @bullet
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2037 @item
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2038 By editing the buffer in place. In this case, @var{to-fn} should
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2039 return the end-position of the range of text, as modified.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2040
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2041 @item
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2042 By returning a list of annotations. This is a list of elements of the
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2043 form @code{(@var{position} . @var{string})}, where @var{position} is an
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2044 integer specifying the relative position in the text to be written, and
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2045 @var{string} is the annotation to add there. The list must be sorted in
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2046 order of position when @var{to-fn} returns it.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2047
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2048 When @code{write-region} actually writes the text from the buffer to the
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2049 file, it intermixes the specified annotations at the corresponding
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2050 positions. All this takes place without modifying the buffer.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2051 @end itemize
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2052
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2053 @item modify
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2054 A flag, @code{t} if the encoding function modifies the buffer, and
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2055 @code{nil} if it works by returning a list of annotations.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2056
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2057 @item mode
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2058 A mode function to call after visiting a file converted from this
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2059 format.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2060 @end table
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2061
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2062 The function @code{insert-file-contents} automatically recognizes file
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2063 formats when it reads the specified file. It checks the text of the
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2064 beginning of the file against the regular expressions of the format
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2065 definitions, and if it finds a match, it calls the decoding function for
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2066 that format. Then it checks all the known formats over again.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2067 It keeps checking them until none of them is applicable.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2068
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2069 Visiting a file, with @code{find-file-noselect} or the commands that use
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2070 it, performs conversion likewise (because it calls
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2071 @code{insert-file-contents}); it also calls the mode function for each
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2072 format that it decodes. It stores a list of the format names in the
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2073 buffer-local variable @code{buffer-file-format}.
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2074
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2075 @defvar buffer-file-format
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2076 This variable states the format of the visited file. More precisely,
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2077 this is a list of the file format names that were decoded in the course
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2078 of visiting the current buffer's file. It is always local in all
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2079 buffers.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2080 @end defvar
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2081
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2082 When @code{write-region} writes data into a file, it first calls the
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2083 encoding functions for the formats listed in @code{buffer-file-format},
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2084 in the order of appearance in the list.
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2085
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2086 @defun format-write-file file format
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2087 This command writes the current buffer contents into the file @var{file}
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2088 in format @var{format}, and makes that format the default for future
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2089 saves of the buffer. The argument @var{format} is a list of format
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2090 names.
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2091 @end defun
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2092
12226
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2093 @defun format-find-file file format
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2094 This command finds the file @var{file}, converting it according to
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2095 format @var{format}. It also makes @var{format} the default if the
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2096 buffer is saved later.
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2097
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2098 The argument @var{format} is a list of format names. If @var{format} is
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2099 @code{nil}, no conversion takes place. Interactively, typing just
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2100 @key{RET} for @var{format} specifies @code{nil}.
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2101 @end defun
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2102
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2103 @defun format-insert-file file format %optional beg end
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2104 This command inserts the contents of file @var{file}, converting it
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2105 according to format @var{format}. If @var{beg} and @var{end} are
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2106 non-@code{nil}, they specify which part of the file to read, as in
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2107 @code{insert-file-contents} (@pxref{Reading from Files}).
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2108
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2109 The return value is like what @code{insert-file-contents} returns: a
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2110 list of the absolute file name and the length of the data inserted
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2111 (after conversion).
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2112
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2113 The argument @var{format} is a list of format names. If @var{format} is
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2114 @code{nil}, no conversion takes place. Interactively, typing just
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2115 @key{RET} for @var{format} specifies @code{nil}.
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2116 @end defun
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2117
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2118 @defun format-find-file file format
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2119 This command finds the file @var{file}, converting it according to
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2120 format @var{format}. It also makes @var{format} the default if the
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2121 buffer is saved later.
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2122
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2123 The argument @var{format} is a list of format names. If @var{format} is
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2124 @code{nil}, no conversion takes place. Interactively, typing just
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2125 @key{RET} for @var{format} specifies @code{nil}.
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2126 @end defun
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2127
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2128 @defun format-insert-file file format %optional beg end
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2129 This command inserts the contents of file @var{file}, converting it
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2130 according to format @var{format}. If @var{beg} and @var{end} are
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2131 non-@code{nil}, they specify which part of the file to read,
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2132 as in @code{insert-file-contents} (@pxref{Reading from Files}).
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2133
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2134 The return value is like what @code{insert-file-contents} returns: a
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2135 list of the absolute file name and the length of the data inserted
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2136 (after conversion).
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2137
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2138 The argument @var{format} is a list of format names. If @var{format} is
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2139 @code{nil}, no conversion takes place. Interactively, typing just
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2140 @key{RET} for @var{format} specifies @code{nil}.
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2141 @end defun
af994773013b changes for 19.29.
Melissa Weisshaus <melissa@gnu.org>
parents: 12098
diff changeset
2142
12067
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2143 @defvar auto-save-file-format
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2144 This variable specifies the format to use for auto-saving. Its value is
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2145 a list of format names, just like the value of
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2146 @code{buffer-file-format}; but it is used instead of
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2147 @code{buffer-file-format} for writing auto-save files. This variable
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2148 is always local in all buffers.
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2149 @end defvar
73dc8205d259 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 11626
diff changeset
2150
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2151 @node Files and MS-DOS
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2152 @section Files and MS-DOS
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2153 @cindex MS-DOS file types
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2154 @cindex file types on MS-DOS
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2155 @cindex text files and binary files
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2156 @cindex binary files and text files
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2157
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2158 Emacs on MS-DOS makes a distinction between text files and binary
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2159 files. This is necessary because ordinary text files on MS-DOS use a
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2160 two character sequence between lines: carriage-return and linefeed
12098
a6eb5f12b0f3 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 12067
diff changeset
2161 (@sc{crlf}). Emacs expects just a newline character (a linefeed) between
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2162 lines. When Emacs reads or writes a text file on MS-DOS, it needs to
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2163 convert the line separators. This means it needs to know which files
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2164 are text files and which are binary. It makes this decision when
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2165 visiting a file, and records the decision in the variable
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2166 @code{buffer-file-type} for use when the file is saved.
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2167
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2168 @xref{MS-DOS Subprocesses}, for a related feature for subprocesses.
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2169
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2170 @defvar buffer-file-type
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2171 This variable, automatically local in each buffer, records the file type
7735
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2172 of the buffer's visited file. The value is @code{nil} for text,
7db892210924 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 7088
diff changeset
2173 @code{t} for binary.
7088
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2174 @end defvar
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2175
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2176 @defun find-buffer-file-type filename
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2177 This function determines whether file @var{filename} is a text file
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2178 or a binary file. It returns @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary.
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2179 @end defun
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2180
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6555
diff changeset
2181 @defopt file-name-buffer-file-type-alist
5a93e6fb43a4 *** empty log message ***
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2182 This variable holds an alist for distinguishing text files from binary
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2183 files. Each element has the form (@var{regexp} . @var{type}), where
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2184 @var{regexp} is matched against the file name, and @var{type} may be is
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2185 @code{nil} for text, @code{t} for binary, or a function to call to
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2186 compute which. If it is a function, then it is called with a single
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2187 argument (the file name) and should return @code{t} or @code{nil}.
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2188 @end defopt
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2189
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2190 @defopt default-buffer-file-type
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2191 This variable specifies the default file type for files whose names
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2192 don't indicate anything in particular. Its value should be @code{nil}
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2193 for text, or @code{t} for binary.
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2194 @end defopt
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2195
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2196 @deffn Command find-file-text filename
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2197 Like @code{find-file}, but treat the file as text regardless of its name.
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2198 @end deffn
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2199
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2200 @deffn Command find-file-binary filename
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2201 Like @code{find-file}, but treat the file as binary regardless of its
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2202 name.
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2203 @end deffn