Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/buffers.texi @ 38212:6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
moved to maintaining.texi. Some sections reordered.
Node Misc for Programs moved to just before the language-specific sections.
New node Defuns contains an intro plus the old
Defuns node (now renamed Moving by Defuns)
as well as Imenu, Which Function, and a node
Left Margin Paren to explain the convention about this.
New node Parentheses now documents M-x check-parens.
It contains subnodes Expressions, Moving by Parens, and Matching.
Expressions and Moving by Parens contain the material
formerly in Lists and List Commands, but divided up differently.
The section Balanced Editing has been deleted.
Most of the C indentation customization (all except c-set-style),
has been replaced with a reference to the C Modes manual.
Documentation now is divided into three subsections.
Some rewrites in the Program Indent section about
C-u TAB and C-M-q.
author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Tue, 26 Jun 2001 13:43:32 +0000 |
parents | 39cfe73648c8 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 97, 2000, 2001 |
31311 | 3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Buffers, Windows, Files, Top | |
6 @chapter Using Multiple Buffers | |
7 | |
8 @cindex buffers | |
9 The text you are editing in Emacs resides in an object called a | |
10 @dfn{buffer}. Each time you visit a file, a buffer is created to hold the | |
11 file's text. Each time you invoke Dired, a buffer is created to hold the | |
12 directory listing. If you send a message with @kbd{C-x m}, a buffer named | |
13 @samp{*mail*} is used to hold the text of the message. When you ask for a | |
14 command's documentation, that appears in a buffer called @samp{*Help*}. | |
15 | |
16 @cindex selected buffer | |
17 @cindex current buffer | |
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18 At any time, one and only one buffer is @dfn{current}. It is also |
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19 called the @dfn{selected buffer}. Often we say that a command operates on |
25829 | 20 ``the buffer'' as if there were only one; but really this means that the |
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21 command operates on the current buffer (most commands do). |
25829 | 22 |
37121 | 23 When Emacs has multiple windows, each window has its own chosen |
24 buffer and displays it; at any time, only one of the windows is | |
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25 selected, and its chosen buffer is the current buffer. Each window's |
37121 | 26 mode line normally displays the name of the window's chosen buffer |
27 (@pxref{Windows}). | |
25829 | 28 |
29 Each buffer has a name, which can be of any length, and you can select | |
30 any buffer by giving its name. Most buffers are made by visiting files, | |
31 and their names are derived from the files' names. But you can also create | |
32 an empty buffer with any name you want. A newly started Emacs has a buffer | |
33 named @samp{*scratch*} which can be used for evaluating Lisp expressions in | |
34 Emacs. The distinction between upper and lower case matters in buffer | |
35 names. | |
36 | |
37 Each buffer records individually what file it is visiting, whether it is | |
38 modified, and what major mode and minor modes are in effect in it | |
39 (@pxref{Major Modes}). Any Emacs variable can be made @dfn{local to} a | |
40 particular buffer, meaning its value in that buffer can be different from | |
41 the value in other buffers. @xref{Locals}. | |
42 | |
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43 @cindex buffer size, maximum |
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44 A buffer's size cannot be larger than some maximum, which is defined |
37821 | 45 by the largest buffer position representable by the @dfn{Emacs integer} |
46 data type. This is because Emacs tracks buffer positions using that | |
47 data type. For 32-bit machines, the largest buffer size is 128 | |
48 megabytes. | |
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49 |
25829 | 50 @menu |
51 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. | |
52 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist. | |
53 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onlyness; copying text. | |
54 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need. | |
55 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers | |
56 and operate variously on several of them. | |
57 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. | |
30869 | 58 * Buffer Convenience:: Convenience and customization features for |
59 buffer handling. | |
25829 | 60 @end menu |
61 | |
62 @node Select Buffer | |
63 @section Creating and Selecting Buffers | |
64 @cindex change buffers | |
65 @cindex switch buffers | |
66 | |
67 @table @kbd | |
68 @item C-x b @var{buffer} @key{RET} | |
69 Select or create a buffer named @var{buffer} (@code{switch-to-buffer}). | |
70 @item C-x 4 b @var{buffer} @key{RET} | |
71 Similar, but select @var{buffer} in another window | |
72 (@code{switch-to-buffer-other-window}). | |
73 @item C-x 5 b @var{buffer} @key{RET} | |
74 Similar, but select @var{buffer} in a separate frame | |
75 (@code{switch-to-buffer-other-frame}). | |
76 @end table | |
77 | |
78 @kindex C-x b | |
79 @findex switch-to-buffer | |
80 To select the buffer named @var{bufname}, type @kbd{C-x b @var{bufname} | |
81 @key{RET}}. This runs the command @code{switch-to-buffer} with argument | |
82 @var{bufname}. You can use completion on an abbreviation for the buffer | |
83 name you want (@pxref{Completion}). An empty argument to @kbd{C-x b} | |
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84 specifies the buffer that was current most recently among those not |
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85 now displayed in any window. |
25829 | 86 |
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87 @kindex C-x 4 b |
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88 @findex switch-to-buffer-other-window |
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89 @vindex even-window-heights |
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90 To select a buffer in a window other than the current one, type |
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91 @kbd{C-x 4 b @var{bufname} @key{RET}}. This runs the command |
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92 @code{switch-to-buffer-other-window} which displays the buffer |
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93 @var{bufname} in another window. By default, if displaying the buffer |
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94 causes two vertically adjacent windows to be displayed, the heights of |
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95 those windows are evened out; to countermand that and preserve the |
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96 window configuration, set the variable @code{even-window-heights} to |
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97 @code{nil}. |
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98 |
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99 @kindex C-x 5 b |
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100 @findex switch-to-buffer-other-frame |
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101 Similarly, @kbd{C-x 5 b @var{buffer} @key{RET}} runs the command |
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102 @code{switch-to-buffer-other-frame} which selects a buffer in another |
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103 frame. |
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104 |
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105 @vindex display-buffer-reuse-frames |
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106 You can control how certain buffers are handled by these commands by |
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107 customizing the variables @code{special-display-buffer-names}, |
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108 @code{special-display-regexps}, @code{same-window-buffer-names}, and |
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109 @code{same-window-regexps}. See @ref{Force Same Window}, and |
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110 @ref{Special Buffer Frames}, for more about these variables. In |
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111 addition, if the value of @code{display-buffer-reuse-frames} is |
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112 non-@code{nil}, and the buffer you want to switch to is already |
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113 displayed in some frame, Emacs will raise that frame. |
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114 |
25829 | 115 Most buffers are created by visiting files, or by Emacs commands that |
116 want to display some text, but you can also create a buffer explicitly | |
117 by typing @kbd{C-x b @var{bufname} @key{RET}}. This makes a new, empty | |
118 buffer that is not visiting any file, and selects it for editing. Such | |
119 buffers are used for making notes to yourself. If you try to save one, | |
120 you are asked for the file name to use. The new buffer's major mode is | |
121 determined by the value of @code{default-major-mode} (@pxref{Major | |
122 Modes}). | |
123 | |
124 Note that @kbd{C-x C-f}, and any other command for visiting a file, | |
125 can also be used to switch to an existing file-visiting buffer. | |
126 @xref{Visiting}. | |
127 | |
128 Emacs uses buffer names that start with a space for internal purposes. | |
129 It treats these buffers specially in minor ways---for example, by | |
130 default they do not record undo information. It is best to avoid using | |
131 such buffer names yourself. | |
132 | |
133 @node List Buffers | |
134 @section Listing Existing Buffers | |
135 | |
136 @table @kbd | |
137 @item C-x C-b | |
138 List the existing buffers (@code{list-buffers}). | |
139 @end table | |
140 | |
141 @cindex listing current buffers | |
142 @kindex C-x C-b | |
143 @findex list-buffers | |
144 To display a list of all the buffers that exist, type @kbd{C-x C-b}. | |
145 Each line in the list shows one buffer's name, major mode and visited | |
146 file. The buffers are listed in the order that they were current; the | |
147 buffers that were current most recently come first. | |
148 | |
149 @samp{*} at the beginning of a line indicates the buffer is ``modified.'' | |
150 If several buffers are modified, it may be time to save some with @kbd{C-x s} | |
151 (@pxref{Saving}). @samp{%} indicates a read-only buffer. @samp{.} marks the | |
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152 current buffer. Here is an example of a buffer list:@refill |
25829 | 153 |
154 @smallexample | |
155 MR Buffer Size Mode File | |
156 -- ------ ---- ---- ---- | |
157 .* emacs.tex 383402 Texinfo /u2/emacs/man/emacs.tex | |
158 *Help* 1287 Fundamental | |
159 files.el 23076 Emacs-Lisp /u2/emacs/lisp/files.el | |
160 % RMAIL 64042 RMAIL /u/rms/RMAIL | |
161 *% man 747 Dired /u2/emacs/man/ | |
162 net.emacs 343885 Fundamental /u/rms/net.emacs | |
163 fileio.c 27691 C /u2/emacs/src/fileio.c | |
164 NEWS 67340 Text /u2/emacs/etc/NEWS | |
165 *scratch* 0 Lisp Interaction | |
166 @end smallexample | |
167 | |
168 @noindent | |
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169 Note that the buffer @samp{*Help*} was made by a help request; it is |
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170 not visiting any file. The buffer @code{man} was made by Dired on the |
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171 directory @file{/u2/emacs/man/}. You can list only buffers that are |
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172 visiting files by giving the command a prefix; for instance, by typing |
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173 @kbd{C-u C-x C-b}. |
25829 | 174 |
175 @need 2000 | |
176 @node Misc Buffer | |
177 @section Miscellaneous Buffer Operations | |
178 | |
179 @table @kbd | |
180 @item C-x C-q | |
181 Toggle read-only status of buffer (@code{vc-toggle-read-only}). | |
182 @item M-x rename-buffer @key{RET} @var{name} @key{RET} | |
183 Change the name of the current buffer. | |
184 @item M-x rename-uniquely | |
185 Rename the current buffer by adding @samp{<@var{number}>} to the end. | |
186 @item M-x view-buffer @key{RET} @var{buffer} @key{RET} | |
187 Scroll through buffer @var{buffer}. | |
188 @end table | |
189 | |
190 @kindex C-x C-q | |
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191 @c Don't index vc-toggle-read-only here, it is indexed in files.texi, |
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192 @c in the node "Basic VC Editing". |
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193 @c @findex vc-toggle-read-only |
25829 | 194 @vindex buffer-read-only |
195 @cindex read-only buffer | |
196 A buffer can be @dfn{read-only}, which means that commands to change | |
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197 its contents are not allowed. The mode line indicates read-only |
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198 buffers with @samp{%%} or @samp{%*} near the left margin. Read-only |
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199 buffers are usually made by subsystems such as Dired and Rmail that |
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200 have special commands to operate on the text; also by visiting a file |
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201 whose access control says you cannot write it. |
25829 | 202 |
203 If you wish to make changes in a read-only buffer, use the command | |
204 @kbd{C-x C-q} (@code{vc-toggle-read-only}). It makes a read-only buffer | |
205 writable, and makes a writable buffer read-only. In most cases, this | |
206 works by setting the variable @code{buffer-read-only}, which has a local | |
207 value in each buffer and makes the buffer read-only if its value is | |
208 non-@code{nil}. If the file is maintained with version control, | |
209 @kbd{C-x C-q} works through the version control system to change the | |
210 read-only status of the file as well as the buffer. @xref{Version | |
211 Control}. | |
212 | |
213 @findex rename-buffer | |
214 @kbd{M-x rename-buffer} changes the name of the current buffer. Specify | |
215 the new name as a minibuffer argument. There is no default. If you | |
216 specify a name that is in use for some other buffer, an error happens and | |
217 no renaming is done. | |
218 | |
219 @kbd{M-x rename-uniquely} renames the current buffer to a similar name | |
220 with a numeric suffix added to make it both different and unique. This | |
221 command does not need an argument. It is useful for creating multiple | |
222 shell buffers: if you rename the @samp{*Shell*} buffer, then do @kbd{M-x | |
223 shell} again, it makes a new shell buffer named @samp{*Shell*}; | |
224 meanwhile, the old shell buffer continues to exist under its new name. | |
225 This method is also good for mail buffers, compilation buffers, and most | |
226 Emacs features that create special buffers with particular names. | |
227 | |
228 @findex view-buffer | |
229 @kbd{M-x view-buffer} is much like @kbd{M-x view-file} (@pxref{Misc | |
230 File Ops}) except that it examines an already existing Emacs buffer. | |
231 View mode provides commands for scrolling through the buffer | |
232 conveniently but not for changing it. When you exit View mode with | |
233 @kbd{q}, that switches back to the buffer (and the position) which was | |
234 previously displayed in the window. Alternatively, if you exit View | |
235 mode with @kbd{e}, the buffer and the value of point that resulted from | |
236 your perusal remain in effect. | |
237 | |
238 The commands @kbd{M-x append-to-buffer} and @kbd{M-x insert-buffer} | |
239 can be used to copy text from one buffer to another. @xref{Accumulating | |
240 Text}.@refill | |
241 | |
242 @node Kill Buffer | |
243 @section Killing Buffers | |
244 | |
245 @cindex killing buffers | |
246 If you continue an Emacs session for a while, you may accumulate a | |
247 large number of buffers. You may then find it convenient to @dfn{kill} | |
248 the buffers you no longer need. On most operating systems, killing a | |
249 buffer releases its space back to the operating system so that other | |
250 programs can use it. Here are some commands for killing buffers: | |
251 | |
252 @c WideCommands | |
253 @table @kbd | |
254 @item C-x k @var{bufname} @key{RET} | |
255 Kill buffer @var{bufname} (@code{kill-buffer}). | |
256 @item M-x kill-some-buffers | |
257 Offer to kill each buffer, one by one. | |
258 @end table | |
259 | |
260 @findex kill-buffer | |
261 @findex kill-some-buffers | |
262 @kindex C-x k | |
263 | |
264 @kbd{C-x k} (@code{kill-buffer}) kills one buffer, whose name you | |
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265 specify in the minibuffer. The default, used if you type just |
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266 @key{RET} in the minibuffer, is to kill the current buffer. If you |
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267 kill the current buffer, another buffer becomes current: one that was |
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268 current in the recent past but is not displayed in any window now. If |
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269 you ask to kill a file-visiting buffer that is modified (has unsaved |
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270 editing), then you must confirm with @kbd{yes} before the buffer is |
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271 killed. |
25829 | 272 |
273 The command @kbd{M-x kill-some-buffers} asks about each buffer, one by | |
274 one. An answer of @kbd{y} means to kill the buffer. Killing the current | |
275 buffer or a buffer containing unsaved changes selects a new buffer or asks | |
276 for confirmation just like @code{kill-buffer}. | |
277 | |
278 The buffer menu feature (@pxref{Several Buffers}) is also convenient | |
279 for killing various buffers. | |
280 | |
281 @vindex kill-buffer-hook | |
282 If you want to do something special every time a buffer is killed, you | |
283 can add hook functions to the hook @code{kill-buffer-hook} (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
284 | |
285 @findex clean-buffer-list | |
286 If you run one Emacs session for a period of days, as many people do, | |
287 it can fill up with buffers that you used several days ago. The command | |
288 @kbd{M-x clean-buffer-list} is a convenient way to purge them; it kills | |
289 all the unmodified buffers that you have not used for a long time. An | |
290 ordinary buffer is killed if it has not been displayed for three days; | |
291 however, you can specify certain buffers that should never be killed | |
292 automatically, and others that should be killed if they have been unused | |
293 for a mere hour. | |
294 | |
295 @cindex Midnight mode | |
296 @vindex midnight-mode | |
297 @vindex midnight-hook | |
298 You can also have this buffer purging done for you, every day at | |
299 midnight, by enabling Midnight mode. Midnight mode operates each day at | |
300 midnight; at that time, it runs @code{clean-buffer-list}, or whichever | |
301 functions you have placed in the normal hook @code{midnight-hook} | |
302 (@pxref{Hooks}). | |
303 | |
304 To enable Midnight mode, use the Customization buffer to set the | |
305 variable @code{midnight-mode} to @code{t}. @xref{Easy Customization}. | |
306 | |
307 @node Several Buffers | |
308 @section Operating on Several Buffers | |
309 @cindex buffer menu | |
310 | |
311 The @dfn{buffer-menu} facility is like a ``Dired for buffers''; it allows | |
312 you to request operations on various Emacs buffers by editing an Emacs | |
313 buffer containing a list of them. You can save buffers, kill them | |
314 (here called @dfn{deleting} them, for consistency with Dired), or display | |
315 them. | |
316 | |
317 @table @kbd | |
318 @item M-x buffer-menu | |
319 Begin editing a buffer listing all Emacs buffers. | |
320 @end table | |
321 | |
322 @findex buffer-menu | |
323 The command @code{buffer-menu} writes a list of all Emacs buffers into | |
324 the buffer @samp{*Buffer List*}, and selects that buffer in Buffer Menu | |
325 mode. The buffer is read-only, and can be changed only through the | |
326 special commands described in this section. The usual Emacs cursor | |
327 motion commands can be used in the @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer. The | |
328 following commands apply to the buffer described on the current line. | |
329 | |
330 @table @kbd | |
331 @item d | |
332 Request to delete (kill) the buffer, then move down. The request | |
333 shows as a @samp{D} on the line, before the buffer name. Requested | |
334 deletions take place when you type the @kbd{x} command. | |
335 @item C-d | |
336 Like @kbd{d} but move up afterwards instead of down. | |
337 @item s | |
338 Request to save the buffer. The request shows as an @samp{S} on the | |
339 line. Requested saves take place when you type the @kbd{x} command. | |
340 You may request both saving and deletion for the same buffer. | |
341 @item x | |
342 Perform previously requested deletions and saves. | |
343 @item u | |
344 Remove any request made for the current line, and move down. | |
345 @item @key{DEL} | |
346 Move to previous line and remove any request made for that line. | |
347 @end table | |
348 | |
349 The @kbd{d}, @kbd{C-d}, @kbd{s} and @kbd{u} commands to add or remove | |
350 flags also move down (or up) one line. They accept a numeric argument | |
351 as a repeat count. | |
352 | |
353 These commands operate immediately on the buffer listed on the current | |
354 line: | |
355 | |
356 @table @kbd | |
357 @item ~ | |
358 Mark the buffer ``unmodified.'' The command @kbd{~} does this | |
359 immediately when you type it. | |
360 @item % | |
361 Toggle the buffer's read-only flag. The command @kbd{%} does | |
362 this immediately when you type it. | |
363 @item t | |
364 Visit the buffer as a tags table. @xref{Select Tags Table}. | |
365 @end table | |
366 | |
367 There are also commands to select another buffer or buffers: | |
368 | |
369 @table @kbd | |
370 @item q | |
371 Quit the buffer menu---immediately display the most recent formerly | |
372 visible buffer in its place. | |
373 @item @key{RET} | |
374 @itemx f | |
375 Immediately select this line's buffer in place of the @samp{*Buffer | |
376 List*} buffer. | |
377 @item o | |
378 Immediately select this line's buffer in another window as if by | |
379 @kbd{C-x 4 b}, leaving @samp{*Buffer List*} visible. | |
380 @item C-o | |
381 Immediately display this line's buffer in another window, but don't | |
382 select the window. | |
383 @item 1 | |
384 Immediately select this line's buffer in a full-screen window. | |
385 @item 2 | |
386 Immediately set up two windows, with this line's buffer in one, and the | |
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387 previously current buffer (aside from the buffer @samp{*Buffer List*}) |
25829 | 388 in the other. |
389 @item b | |
390 Bury the buffer listed on this line. | |
391 @item m | |
392 Mark this line's buffer to be displayed in another window if you exit | |
393 with the @kbd{v} command. The request shows as a @samp{>} at the | |
394 beginning of the line. (A single buffer may not have both a delete | |
395 request and a display request.) | |
396 @item v | |
397 Immediately select this line's buffer, and also display in other windows | |
398 any buffers previously marked with the @kbd{m} command. If you have not | |
399 marked any buffers, this command is equivalent to @kbd{1}. | |
400 @end table | |
401 | |
402 All that @code{buffer-menu} does directly is create and switch to a | |
403 suitable buffer, and turn on Buffer Menu mode. Everything else | |
404 described above is implemented by the special commands provided in | |
405 Buffer Menu mode. One consequence of this is that you can switch from | |
406 the @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer to another Emacs buffer, and edit there. | |
407 You can reselect the @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer later, to perform the | |
408 operations already requested, or you can kill it, or pay no further | |
409 attention to it. | |
410 | |
411 The only difference between @code{buffer-menu} and @code{list-buffers} | |
412 is that @code{buffer-menu} switches to the @samp{*Buffer List*} buffer | |
413 in the selected window; @code{list-buffers} displays it in another | |
414 window. If you run @code{list-buffers} (that is, type @kbd{C-x C-b}) | |
415 and select the buffer list manually, you can use all of the commands | |
416 described here. | |
417 | |
418 The buffer @samp{*Buffer List*} is not updated automatically when | |
419 buffers are created and killed; its contents are just text. If you have | |
420 created, deleted or renamed buffers, the way to update @samp{*Buffer | |
421 List*} to show what you have done is to type @kbd{g} | |
422 (@code{revert-buffer}) or repeat the @code{buffer-menu} command. | |
423 | |
424 @node Indirect Buffers | |
425 @section Indirect Buffers | |
426 @cindex indirect buffer | |
427 @cindex base buffer | |
428 | |
429 An @dfn{indirect buffer} shares the text of some other buffer, which | |
430 is called the @dfn{base buffer} of the indirect buffer. In some ways it | |
431 is the analogue, for buffers, of a symbolic link between files. | |
432 | |
433 @table @kbd | |
434 @findex make-indirect-buffer | |
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435 @item M-x make-indirect-buffer @key{RET} @var{base-buffer} @key{RET} @var{indirect-name} @key{RET} |
25829 | 436 Create an indirect buffer named @var{indirect-name} whose base buffer |
437 is @var{base-buffer}. | |
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438 @findex clone-indirect-buffer |
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439 @item M-x clone-indirect-buffer @key{RET} |
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440 Create an indirect buffer that is a twin copy of the current buffer. |
36884 | 441 @item C-x 4 c |
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442 @kindex C-x 4 c |
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443 @findex clone-indirect-buffer-other-window |
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444 Create an indirect buffer that is a twin copy of the current buffer, and |
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445 select it in another window (@code{clone-indirect-buffer-other-window}). |
25829 | 446 @end table |
447 | |
448 The text of the indirect buffer is always identical to the text of its | |
449 base buffer; changes made by editing either one are visible immediately | |
450 in the other. But in all other respects, the indirect buffer and its | |
451 base buffer are completely separate. They have different names, | |
452 different values of point, different narrowing, different markers, | |
453 different major modes, and different local variables. | |
454 | |
455 An indirect buffer cannot visit a file, but its base buffer can. If | |
456 you try to save the indirect buffer, that actually works by saving the | |
457 base buffer. Killing the base buffer effectively kills the indirect | |
458 buffer, but killing an indirect buffer has no effect on its base buffer. | |
459 | |
460 One way to use indirect buffers is to display multiple views of an | |
461 outline. @xref{Outline Views}. | |
30869 | 462 |
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463 @cindex multiple @samp{*info*} and @samp{*Help*} buffers |
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464 A quick and handy way to make an indirect buffer is with the command |
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465 @kbd{M-x clone-indirect-buffer}. It creates and selects an indirect |
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466 buffer whose base buffer is the current buffer. With a numeric |
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467 argument, it prompts for the name of the indirect buffer; otherwise it |
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468 defaults to the name of the current buffer, modifying it by adding a |
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469 @samp{<@var{n}>} prefix if required. @kbd{C-x 4 c} |
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470 (@code{clone-indirect-buffer-other-window}) works like @kbd{M-x |
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471 clone-indirect-buffer}, but it selects the cloned buffer in another |
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472 window. These commands come in handy if you want to create new |
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473 @samp{*info*} or @samp{*Help*} buffers, for example. |
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474 |
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475 The more general way is with the command @kbd{M-x |
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476 make-indirect-buffer}. It creates an indirect buffer from buffer |
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477 @var{base-buffer}, under the name @var{indirect-name}. It prompts for |
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478 both @var{base-buffer} and @var{indirect-name} using the minibuffer. |
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479 |
30869 | 480 @node Buffer Convenience |
481 @section Convenience Features and Customization of Buffer Handling | |
482 | |
37121 | 483 This section describes several modes and features that make it more |
484 convenient to switch between buffers. | |
485 | |
30869 | 486 @menu |
31311 | 487 * Uniquify:: Buffer names can contain directory parts. |
31815 | 488 * Iswitchb:: Switching between buffers with substrings. |
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489 * Buffer Menus:: Configurable buffer menu. |
30869 | 490 @end menu |
491 | |
492 @node Uniquify | |
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493 @subsection Making Buffer Names Unique |
30869 | 494 |
495 @cindex unique buffer names | |
496 @cindex directories in buffer names | |
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497 When several buffers visit identically-named files, Emacs must give |
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498 the buffers distinct names. The usual method for making buffer names |
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499 unique adds @samp{<2>}, @samp{<3>}, etc. to the end of the buffer |
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500 names (all but one of them). |
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501 |
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502 @vindex uniquify-buffer-name-style |
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503 Other methods work by adding parts of each file's directory to the |
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504 buffer name. To select one, customize the variable |
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505 @code{uniquify-buffer-name-style} (@pxref{Easy Customization}). |
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506 |
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507 For instance, the @code{forward} naming method puts part of the |
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508 directory name at the beginning of the buffer name; using this method, |
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509 buffers visiting @file{/u/mernst/tmp/Makefile} and |
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510 @file{/usr/projects/zaphod/Makefile} would be named |
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511 @samp{tmp/Makefile} and @samp{zaphod/Makefile}, respectively (instead |
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512 of @samp{Makefile} and @samp{Makefile<2>}). |
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513 |
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514 By contrast, the @code{post-forward} naming method would call the |
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515 buffers @samp{Makefile|tmp} and @samp{Makefile|zaphod}, and the |
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516 @code{reverse} naming method would call them @samp{Makefile\tmp} and |
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517 @samp{Makefile\zaphod}. The nontrivial difference between |
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518 @code{post-forward} and @code{reverse} occurs when just one directory |
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519 name is not enough to distinguish two files; then @code{reverse} puts |
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520 the directory names in reverse order, so that @file{/top/middle/file} |
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521 becomes @samp{file\middle\top}, while @code{post-forward} puts them in |
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522 forward order after the file name, as in @samp{file|top/middle}. |
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523 |
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524 Which rule to follow for putting the directory names in the buffer |
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525 name is not very important if you are going to @emph{look} at the |
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526 buffer names before you type one. But as an experienced user, if you |
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527 know the rule, you won't have to look. And then you may find that one |
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528 rule or another is easier for you to remember and utilize fast. |
30869 | 529 |
31815 | 530 @node Iswitchb |
531 @subsection Switching Between Buffers using Substrings | |
532 | |
533 @findex iswitchb-mode | |
534 @cindex Iswitchb mode | |
535 @cindex mode, Iswitchb | |
536 @kindex C-x b @r{(Iswitchb mode)} | |
537 @kindex C-x 4 b @r{(Iswitchb mode)} | |
538 @kindex C-x 5 b @r{(Iswitchb mode)} | |
539 @kindex C-x 4 C-o @r{(Iswitchb mode)} | |
540 | |
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541 Iswitchb global minor mode provides convenient switching between |
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542 buffers using substrings of their names. It replaces the normal |
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543 definitions of @kbd{C-x b}, @kbd{C-x 4 b}, @kbd{C-x 5 b}, and @kbd{C-x |
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544 4 C-o} with alternative commands that are somewhat ``smarter.'' |
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545 |
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546 When one of these commands prompts you for a buffer name, you can |
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547 type in just a substring of the name you want to choose. As you enter |
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548 the substring, Iswitchb mode continuously displays a list of buffers |
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549 that match the substring you have typed. |
31815 | 550 |
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551 At any time, you can type @key{RET} to select the first buffer in |
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552 the list. So the way to select a particular buffer is to make it the |
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553 first in the list. There are two ways to do this. You can type more |
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554 of the buffer name and thus narrow down the list, excluding unwanted |
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555 buffers above the desired one. Alternatively, you can use @kbd{C-s} |
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556 and @kbd{C-r} to rotate the list until the desired buffer is first. |
31815 | 557 |
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558 @key{TAB} while entering the buffer name performs completion on the |
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559 string you have entered, based on the displayed list of buffers. |
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560 |
37121 | 561 To enable Iswitchb mode, type @kbd{M-x iswitchb-mode}, or customize |
562 the variable @code{iswitchb-mode} to @code{t} (@pxref{Easy | |
563 Customization}). | |
564 | |
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565 @node Buffer Menus |
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566 @subsection Customizing Buffer Menus |
30869 | 567 |
31311 | 568 @findex bs-show |
569 @cindex buffer list, customizable | |
570 @table @kbd | |
571 @item M-x bs-show | |
572 Make a list of buffers similarly to @kbd{M-x list-buffers} but | |
573 customizable. | |
574 @end table | |
575 | |
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576 @kbd{M-x bs-show} pops up a buffer list similar to the one normally |
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577 displayed by @kbd{C-x C-b} but which you can customize. If you prefer |
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578 this to the usual buffer list, you can bind this command to @kbd{C-x |
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579 C-b}. To customize this buffer list, use the @code{bs} Custom group |
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580 (@pxref{Easy Customization}). |
30869 | 581 |
31815 | 582 @findex msb-mode |
583 @cindex mode, MSB | |
584 @cindex MSB mode | |
585 @cindex buffer menu | |
586 @findex mouse-buffer-menu | |
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587 @kindex C-Down-Mouse-1 |
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588 MSB global minor mode (``MSB'' stands for ``mouse select buffer'') |
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589 provides a different and customizable mouse buffer menu which you may |
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590 prefer. It replaces the bindings of @code{mouse-buffer-menu}, |
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591 normally on @kbd{C-Down-Mouse-1}, and the menu bar buffer menu. You |
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592 can customize the menu in the @code{msb} Custom group. |