Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/display.texi @ 38212:6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
moved to maintaining.texi. Some sections reordered.
Node Misc for Programs moved to just before the language-specific sections.
New node Defuns contains an intro plus the old
Defuns node (now renamed Moving by Defuns)
as well as Imenu, Which Function, and a node
Left Margin Paren to explain the convention about this.
New node Parentheses now documents M-x check-parens.
It contains subnodes Expressions, Moving by Parens, and Matching.
Expressions and Moving by Parens contain the material
formerly in Lists and List Commands, but divided up differently.
The section Balanced Editing has been deleted.
Most of the C indentation customization (all except c-set-style),
has been replaced with a reference to the C Modes manual.
Documentation now is divided into three subsections.
Some rewrites in the Program Indent section about
C-u TAB and C-M-q.
author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Tue, 26 Jun 2001 13:43:32 +0000 |
parents | 30a4ce47105b |
children | 2511f86ea47a |
rev | line source |
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1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997, 2000, 2001 |
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3 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Display, Search, Registers, Top | |
6 @chapter Controlling the Display | |
7 | |
8 Since only part of a large buffer fits in the window, Emacs tries to | |
9 show a part that is likely to be interesting. Display-control commands | |
10 allow you to specify which part of the text you want to see, and how to | |
11 display it. | |
12 | |
13 @menu | |
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14 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. |
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15 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. |
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16 * Highlight Changes:: Using colors to show where you changed the buffer. |
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17 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight. |
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18 * Trailing Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace. |
25829 | 19 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. |
20 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. | |
21 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. | |
22 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. | |
23 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
24 * Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed. | |
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25 * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display. |
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26 * Cursor Display:: Features for displaying the cursor. |
25829 | 27 @end menu |
28 | |
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29 @node Faces |
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30 @section Using Multiple Typefaces |
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31 @cindex faces |
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32 |
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33 When using Emacs with a window system, you can set up multiple |
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34 styles of displaying characters. Each style is called a @dfn{face}. |
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35 Each face can specify various attributes, such as the height, weight |
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36 and slant of the characters, the foreground and background color, and |
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37 underlining. But it does not have to specify all of them. |
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38 |
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39 Features which rely on text in multiple faces (such as Font Lock mode) |
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40 will also work on non-windowed terminals that can display more than one |
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41 face, whether by colors or underlining and emboldening. This includes |
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42 the console on GNU/Linux, an @code{xterm} which supports colors, the |
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43 MS-DOS display (@pxref{MS-DOS}), and the MS-Windows version invoked with |
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44 the @option{-nw} option. Emacs determines automatically whether the |
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45 terminal has this capability. |
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46 |
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47 You control the appearance of a part of the text in the buffer by |
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48 specifying the face or faces to use for it. The style of display used |
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49 for any given character is determined by combining the attributes of |
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50 all the applicable faces specified for that character. Any attribute |
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51 that isn't specified by these faces is taken from the default face, |
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52 whose attributes reflect the default settings of the frame itself. |
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53 |
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54 Enriched mode, the mode for editing formatted text, includes several |
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55 commands and menus for specifying faces for text in the buffer. |
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56 @xref{Format Faces}, for how to specify the font for text in the |
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57 buffer. @xref{Format Colors}, for how to specify the foreground and |
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58 background color. |
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59 |
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60 @cindex face colors, setting |
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61 @findex set-face-foreground |
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62 @findex set-face-background |
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63 To alter the appearance of a face, use the customization buffer. |
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64 @xref{Face Customization}. You can also use X resources to specify |
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65 attributes of particular faces (@pxref{Resources X}). Alternatively, |
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66 you can change the foreground and background colors of a specific face |
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67 with @kbd{M-x set-face-foreground} and @kbd{M-x set-face-background}. |
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68 These commands prompt in the minibuffer for a face name and a color |
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69 name, with completion, and then set that face to use the specified |
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70 color. |
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71 |
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72 Emacs 21 can correctly display variable-width fonts, but Emacs |
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73 commands that calculate width and indentation do not know how to |
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74 calculate variable widths. This can sometimes lead to incorrect |
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75 results when you use variable-width fonts. In particular, indentation |
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76 commands can give inconsistent results, so we recommend you avoid |
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77 variable-width fonts for editing program source code. Filling will |
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78 sometimes make lines too long or too short. We plan to address these |
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79 issues in future Emacs versions. |
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80 |
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81 @findex list-faces-display |
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82 To see what faces are currently defined, and what they look like, type |
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83 @kbd{M-x list-faces-display}. It's possible for a given face to look |
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84 different in different frames; this command shows the appearance in the |
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85 frame in which you type it. Here's a list of the standard defined |
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86 faces: |
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87 |
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88 @table @code |
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89 @item default |
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90 This face is used for ordinary text that doesn't specify any other face. |
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91 @item mode-line |
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92 This face is used for mode lines. By default, it's drawn with shadows |
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93 for a ``raised'' effect on window systems, and drawn as the inverse of |
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94 the default face on non-windowed terminals. @xref{Display Custom}. |
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95 @item header-line |
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96 Similar to @code{mode-line} for a window's header line. Most modes |
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97 don't use the header line, but the Info mode does. |
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98 @item highlight |
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99 This face is used for highlighting portions of text, in various modes. |
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100 For example, mouse-sensitive text is highlighted using this face. |
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101 @item isearch |
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102 This face is used for highlighting Isearch matches. |
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103 @item isearch-lazy-highlight-face |
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104 This face is used for lazy highlighting of Isearch matches other than |
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105 the current one. |
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106 @item region |
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107 This face is used for displaying a selected region (when Transient Mark |
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108 mode is enabled---see below). |
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109 @item secondary-selection |
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110 This face is used for displaying a secondary X selection (@pxref{Secondary |
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111 Selection}). |
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112 @item bold |
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113 This face uses a bold variant of the default font, if it has one. |
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114 @item italic |
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115 This face uses an italic variant of the default font, if it has one. |
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116 @item bold-italic |
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117 This face uses a bold italic variant of the default font, if it has one. |
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118 @item underline |
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119 This face underlines text. |
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120 @item fixed-pitch |
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121 The basic fixed-pitch face. |
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122 @item fringe |
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123 @cindex fringe |
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124 The face for the fringes to the left and right of windows on graphic |
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125 displays. (The fringes are the narrow portions of the Emacs frame |
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126 between the text area and the window's right and left borders.) |
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127 @item scroll-bar |
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128 This face determines the visual appearance of the scroll bar. |
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129 @item border |
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130 This face determines the color of the frame border. |
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131 @item cursor |
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132 This face determines the color of the cursor. |
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133 @item mouse |
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134 This face determines the color of the mouse pointer. |
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135 @item tool-bar |
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136 This is the basic tool-bar face. No text appears in the tool bar, but the |
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137 colors of this face affect the appearance of tool bar icons. |
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138 @item tooltip |
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139 This face is used for tooltips. |
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140 @item menu |
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141 This face determines the colors and font of Emacs's menus. Setting the |
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142 font of LessTif/Motif menus is currently not supported; attempts to set |
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143 the font are ignored in this case. |
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144 @item trailing-whitespace |
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145 The face for highlighting trailing whitespace when |
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146 @code{show-trailing-whitespace} is non-nil. |
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147 @item variable-pitch |
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148 The basic variable-pitch face. |
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149 @end table |
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150 |
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151 @cindex @code{region} face |
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152 When Transient Mark mode is enabled, the text of the region is |
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153 highlighted when the mark is active. This uses the face named |
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154 @code{region}; you can control the style of highlighting by changing the |
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155 style of this face (@pxref{Face Customization}). @xref{Transient Mark}, |
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156 for more information about Transient Mark mode and activation and |
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157 deactivation of the mark. |
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158 |
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159 One easy way to use faces is to turn on Font Lock mode. This minor |
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160 mode, which is always local to a particular buffer, arranges to |
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161 choose faces according to the syntax of the text you are editing. It |
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162 can recognize comments and strings in most languages; in several |
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163 languages, it can also recognize and properly highlight various other |
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164 important constructs. @xref{Font Lock}, for more information about |
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165 Font Lock mode and syntactic highlighting. |
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166 |
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167 You can print out the buffer with the highlighting that appears |
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168 on your screen using the command @code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces}. |
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169 @xref{PostScript}. |
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170 |
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171 @node Font Lock |
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172 @section Font Lock mode |
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173 @cindex Font Lock mode |
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174 @cindex mode, Font Lock |
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175 @cindex syntax highlighting and coloring |
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176 |
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177 Font Lock mode is a minor mode, always local to a particular |
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178 buffer, which highlights (or ``fontifies'') using various faces |
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179 according to the syntax of the text you are editing. It can |
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180 recognize comments and strings in most languages; in several |
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181 languages, it can also recognize and properly highlight various other |
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182 important constructs---for example, names of functions being defined |
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183 or reserved keywords. |
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184 |
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185 @findex font-lock-mode |
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186 @findex turn-on-font-lock |
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187 The command @kbd{M-x font-lock-mode} turns Font Lock mode on or off |
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188 according to the argument, and toggles the mode when it has no argument. |
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189 The function @code{turn-on-font-lock} unconditionally enables Font Lock |
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190 mode. This is useful in mode-hook functions. For example, to enable |
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191 Font Lock mode whenever you edit a C file, you can do this: |
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192 |
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193 @example |
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194 (add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock) |
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195 @end example |
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196 |
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197 @findex global-font-lock-mode |
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198 @vindex global-font-lock-mode |
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199 To turn on Font Lock mode automatically in all modes which support |
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200 it, customize the user option @code{global-font-lock-mode} or use the |
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201 function @code{global-font-lock-mode} in your @file{.emacs} file, like |
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202 this: |
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203 |
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204 @example |
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205 (global-font-lock-mode 1) |
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206 @end example |
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207 |
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208 Font Lock mode uses several specifically named faces to do its job, |
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209 including @code{font-lock-string-face}, @code{font-lock-comment-face}, |
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210 and others. The easiest way to find them all is to use completion |
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211 on the face name in @code{set-face-foreground}. |
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212 |
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213 To change the colors or the fonts used by Font Lock mode to fontify |
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214 different parts of text, just change these faces. There are |
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215 two ways to do it: |
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216 |
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217 @itemize @bullet |
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218 @item |
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219 Invoke @kbd{M-x set-face-foreground} or @kbd{M-x set-face-background} |
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220 to change the colors of a particular face used by Font Lock. |
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221 @xref{Faces}. The command @kbd{M-x list-faces-display} displays all |
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222 the faces currently known to Emacs, including those used by Font Lock. |
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223 |
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224 @item |
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225 Customize the faces interactively with @kbd{M-x customize-face}, as |
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226 described in @ref{Face Customization}. |
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227 @end itemize |
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228 |
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229 To get the full benefit of Font Lock mode, you need to choose a |
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230 default font which has bold, italic, and bold-italic variants; or else |
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231 you need to have a color or gray-scale screen. |
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232 |
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233 @vindex font-lock-maximum-decoration |
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234 The variable @code{font-lock-maximum-decoration} specifies the |
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235 preferred level of fontification, for modes that provide multiple |
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236 levels. Level 1 is the least amount of fontification; some modes |
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237 support levels as high as 3. The normal default is ``as high as |
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238 possible.'' You can specify an integer, which applies to all modes, or |
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239 you can specify different numbers for particular major modes; for |
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240 example, to use level 1 for C/C++ modes, and the default level |
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241 otherwise, use this: |
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242 |
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243 @example |
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244 (setq font-lock-maximum-decoration |
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245 '((c-mode . 1) (c++-mode . 1))) |
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246 @end example |
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247 |
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248 @vindex font-lock-maximum-size |
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249 Fontification can be too slow for large buffers, so you can suppress |
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250 it. The variable @code{font-lock-maximum-size} specifies a buffer size, |
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251 beyond which buffer fontification is suppressed. |
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252 |
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253 @c @w is used below to prevent a bad page-break. |
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254 @vindex font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function |
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255 Comment and string fontification (or ``syntactic'' fontification) |
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256 relies on analysis of the syntactic structure of the buffer text. For |
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257 the purposes of speed, some modes, including C mode and Lisp mode, |
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258 rely on a special convention: an open-parenthesis or open-brace in the |
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259 leftmost column always defines the @w{beginning} of a defun, and is |
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260 thus always outside any string or comment. (@xref{Left Margin |
38210 | 261 Paren}.) If you don't follow this convention, Font Lock mode can |
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262 misfontify the text that follows an open-parenthesis or open-brace in |
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263 the leftmost column that is inside a string or comment. |
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264 |
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265 @cindex slow display during scrolling |
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266 The variable @code{font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function} (always |
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267 buffer-local) specifies how Font Lock mode can find a position |
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268 guaranteed to be outside any comment or string. In modes which use the |
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269 leftmost column parenthesis convention, the default value of the variable |
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270 is @code{beginning-of-defun}---that tells Font Lock mode to use the |
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271 convention. If you set this variable to @code{nil}, Font Lock no longer |
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272 relies on the convention. This avoids incorrect results, but the price |
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273 is that, in some cases, fontification for a changed text must rescan |
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274 buffer text from the beginning of the buffer. This can considerably |
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275 slow down redisplay while scrolling, particularly if you are close to |
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276 the end of a large buffer. |
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277 |
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278 @findex font-lock-add-keywords |
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279 Font Lock highlighting patterns already exist for many modes, but you |
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280 may want to fontify additional patterns. You can use the function |
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281 @code{font-lock-add-keywords}, to add your own highlighting patterns for |
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282 a particular mode. For example, to highlight @samp{FIXME:} words in C |
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283 comments, use this: |
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284 |
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285 @example |
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286 (font-lock-add-keywords |
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287 'c-mode |
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288 '(("\\<\\(FIXME\\):" 1 font-lock-warning-face t))) |
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289 @end example |
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290 |
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291 @node Highlight Changes |
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292 @section Highlight Changes Mode |
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293 |
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294 @findex highlight-changes-mode |
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295 Use @kbd{M-x highlight-changes-mode} to enable a minor mode |
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296 that uses faces (colors, typically) to indicate which parts of |
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297 the buffer were changed most recently. |
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298 |
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299 @node Highlight Interactively |
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300 @section Interactive Highlighting by Matching |
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301 @cindex highlighting by matching |
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302 @cindex interactive highlighting |
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303 |
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304 It is sometimes useful to highlight the strings that match a certain |
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305 regular expression. For example, you might wish to see all the |
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306 references to a certain variable in a program source file, or highlight |
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307 certain parts in a voluminous output of some program, or make certain |
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308 cliches stand out in an article. |
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309 |
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310 @findex hi-lock-mode |
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311 Use the @kbd{M-x hi-lock-mode} command to turn on a minor mode that |
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312 allows you to specify regular expressions of the text to be |
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313 highlighted. Hi-lock mode works like Font Lock (@pxref{Font Lock}), |
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314 except that it lets you specify explicitly what parts of text to |
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315 highlight. You control Hi-lock mode with these commands: |
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316 |
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317 @table @kbd |
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318 @item C-x w h @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{face} @key{RET} |
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319 @kindex C-x w h |
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320 @findex highlight-regexp |
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321 Highlight text that matches |
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322 @var{regexp} using face @var{face} (@code{highlight-regexp}). |
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323 By using this command more than once, you can highlight various |
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324 parts of the text in different ways. |
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325 |
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326 @item C-x w r @var{regexp} @key{RET} |
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327 @kindex C-x w r |
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328 @findex unhighlight-regexp |
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329 Unhighlight @var{regexp} (@code{unhighlight-regexp}). You must enter |
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330 one of the regular expressions currently specified for highlighting. |
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331 (You can use completion, or choose from a menu, to enter one of them |
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332 conveniently.) |
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333 |
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334 @item C-x w l @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{face} @key{RET} |
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335 @kindex C-x w l |
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336 @findex highlight-lines-matching-regexp |
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337 @cindex lines, highlighting |
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338 @cindex highlighting lines of text |
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339 Highlight entire lines containing a match for @var{regexp}, using face |
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340 @var{face} (@code{highlight-lines-matching-regexp}). |
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341 |
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342 @item C-x w b |
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343 @kindex C-x w b |
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344 @findex hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns |
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345 Insert all the current highlighting regexp/face pairs into the buffer |
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346 at point, with comment delimiters to prevent them from changing your |
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347 program. This key binding runs the |
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348 @code{hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns} command. |
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349 |
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350 These patterns will be read the next time you visit the file while |
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351 Hi-lock mode is enabled, or whenever you use the @kbd{M-x |
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352 hi-lock-find-patterns} command. |
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353 |
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354 @item C-x w i |
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355 @kindex C-x w i |
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356 @findex hi-lock-find-patterns |
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357 @vindex hi-lock-exclude-modes |
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358 Re-read regexp/face pairs in the current buffer |
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359 (@code{hi-lock-write-interactive-patterns}). The list of pairs is |
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360 found no matter where in the buffer it may be. |
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361 |
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362 This command does nothing if the major mode is a member of the list |
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363 @code{hi-lock-exclude-modes}. |
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364 @end table |
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365 |
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366 @node Trailing Whitespace |
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367 @section Trailing Whitespace |
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368 |
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369 @cindex trailing whitespace |
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370 @cindex whitespace, trailing |
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371 @vindex show-trailing-whitespace |
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372 It is easy to leave unnecessary spaces at the end of a line without |
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373 realizing it. In most cases, this @dfn{trailing whitespace} has no |
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374 effect, but there are special circumstances where it matters. |
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375 |
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376 You can make trailing whitespace visible on the screen by setting |
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377 the variable @code{show-trailing-whitespace} to @code{t}. Then Emacs |
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378 displays trailing whitespace in the face @code{trailing-whitespace}. |
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379 |
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380 Trailing whitespace is defined as spaces or tabs at the end of a |
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381 line. But trailing whitespace is not displayed specially if point is |
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382 at the end of the line containing the whitespace. (Doing that looks |
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383 ugly while you are typing in new text, and the location of point is |
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384 enough in that case to show you that the spaces are present.) |
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385 |
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386 @vindex indicate-empty-lines |
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387 @vindex default-indicate-empty-lines |
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388 @cindex empty lines |
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389 Emacs can indicate empty lines at the end of the buffer with a |
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390 special bitmap on the left fringe of the window. To enable this |
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391 feature, set the buffer-local variable @code{indicate-empty-lines} to |
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392 a non-@code{nil} value. The default value of this variable is |
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393 controlled by the variable @code{default-indicate-empty-lines}; |
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394 by setting that variable, you can enable or disable this feature |
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395 for all new buffers. |
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396 |
25829 | 397 @node Scrolling |
398 @section Scrolling | |
399 | |
400 If a buffer contains text that is too large to fit entirely within a | |
401 window that is displaying the buffer, Emacs shows a contiguous portion of | |
402 the text. The portion shown always contains point. | |
403 | |
404 @cindex scrolling | |
405 @dfn{Scrolling} means moving text up or down in the window so that | |
406 different parts of the text are visible. Scrolling forward means that text | |
407 moves up, and new text appears at the bottom. Scrolling backward moves | |
408 text down and new text appears at the top. | |
409 | |
410 Scrolling happens automatically if you move point past the bottom or top | |
411 of the window. You can also explicitly request scrolling with the commands | |
412 in this section. | |
413 | |
414 @table @kbd | |
415 @item C-l | |
416 Clear screen and redisplay, scrolling the selected window to center | |
417 point vertically within it (@code{recenter}). | |
418 @item C-v | |
419 Scroll forward (a windowful or a specified number of lines) (@code{scroll-up}). | |
420 @item @key{NEXT} | |
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421 @itemx @key{PAGEDOWN} |
25829 | 422 Likewise, scroll forward. |
423 @item M-v | |
424 Scroll backward (@code{scroll-down}). | |
425 @item @key{PRIOR} | |
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426 @itemx @key{PAGEUP} |
25829 | 427 Likewise, scroll backward. |
428 @item @var{arg} C-l | |
429 Scroll so point is on line @var{arg} (@code{recenter}). | |
430 @item C-M-l | |
431 Scroll heuristically to bring useful information onto the screen | |
432 (@code{reposition-window}). | |
433 @end table | |
434 | |
435 @kindex C-l | |
436 @findex recenter | |
437 The most basic scrolling command is @kbd{C-l} (@code{recenter}) with | |
438 no argument. It clears the entire screen and redisplays all windows. | |
439 In addition, it scrolls the selected window so that point is halfway | |
440 down from the top of the window. | |
441 | |
442 @kindex C-v | |
443 @kindex M-v | |
444 @kindex NEXT | |
445 @kindex PRIOR | |
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446 @kindex PAGEDOWN |
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447 @kindex PAGEUP |
25829 | 448 @findex scroll-up |
449 @findex scroll-down | |
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450 @vindex next-screen-context-lines |
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451 To read the buffer a windowful at a time, use @kbd{C-v} |
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452 (@code{scroll-up}) with no argument. This scrolls forward by nearly |
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453 the whole window height. The effect is to take the two lines at the |
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454 bottom of the window and put them at the top, followed by nearly a |
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455 whole windowful of lines that were not previously visible. If point |
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456 was in the text that scrolled off the top, it ends up at the new top |
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457 of the window. |
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458 |
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459 @kbd{M-v} (@code{scroll-down}) with no argument scrolls backward |
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460 similarly with overlap. The number of lines of overlap across a |
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461 @kbd{C-v} or @kbd{M-v} is controlled by the variable |
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462 @code{next-screen-context-lines}; by default, it is 2. The function |
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463 keys @key{NEXT} and @key{PRIOR}, or @key{PAGEDOWN} and @key{PAGEUP}, |
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464 are equivalent to @kbd{C-v} and @kbd{M-v}. |
25829 | 465 |
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466 The commands @kbd{C-v} and @kbd{M-v} with a numeric argument scroll |
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467 the text in the selected window up or down a few lines. @kbd{C-v} |
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468 with an argument moves the text and point up, together, that many |
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469 lines; it brings the same number of new lines into view at the bottom |
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470 of the window. @kbd{M-v} with numeric argument scrolls the text |
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471 downward, bringing that many new lines into view at the top of the |
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472 window. @kbd{C-v} with a negative argument is like @kbd{M-v} and vice |
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473 versa. |
25829 | 474 |
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475 The names of scroll commands are based on the direction that the |
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476 text moves in the window. Thus, the command to scroll forward is |
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477 called @code{scroll-up} because it moves the text upward on the |
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478 screen. The keys @key{PAGEDOWN} and @key{PAGEUP} derive their names |
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479 and customary meanings from a different convention that developed |
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480 elsewhere; hence the strange result that @key{PAGEDOWN} runs |
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481 @code{scroll-up}. |
25829 | 482 |
483 @vindex scroll-preserve-screen-position | |
484 Some users like the full-screen scroll commands to keep point at the | |
485 same screen line. To enable this behavior, set the variable | |
486 @code{scroll-preserve-screen-position} to a non-@code{nil} value. This | |
487 mode is convenient for browsing through a file by scrolling by | |
488 screenfuls; if you come back to the screen where you started, point goes | |
489 back to the line where it started. However, this mode is inconvenient | |
490 when you move to the next screen in order to move point to the text | |
491 there. | |
492 | |
493 Another way to do scrolling is with @kbd{C-l} with a numeric argument. | |
494 @kbd{C-l} does not clear the screen when given an argument; it only scrolls | |
495 the selected window. With a positive argument @var{n}, it repositions text | |
496 to put point @var{n} lines down from the top. An argument of zero puts | |
497 point on the very top line. Point does not move with respect to the text; | |
498 rather, the text and point move rigidly on the screen. @kbd{C-l} with a | |
499 negative argument puts point that many lines from the bottom of the window. | |
500 For example, @kbd{C-u - 1 C-l} puts point on the bottom line, and @kbd{C-u | |
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501 - 5 C-l} puts it five lines from the bottom. @kbd{C-u C-l} scrolls to put |
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502 point at the center (vertically) of the selected window. |
25829 | 503 |
504 @kindex C-M-l | |
505 @findex reposition-window | |
506 The @kbd{C-M-l} command (@code{reposition-window}) scrolls the current | |
507 window heuristically in a way designed to get useful information onto | |
508 the screen. For example, in a Lisp file, this command tries to get the | |
509 entire current defun onto the screen if possible. | |
510 | |
511 @vindex scroll-conservatively | |
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512 Scrolling happens automatically when point moves out of the visible |
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513 portion of the text. Normally, automatic scrolling centers point |
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514 vertically within the window. However, if you set |
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515 @code{scroll-conservatively} to a small number @var{n}, then if you |
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516 move point just a little off the screen---less than @var{n} |
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517 lines---then Emacs scrolls the text just far enough to bring point |
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518 back on screen. By default, @code{scroll-conservatively} is 0. |
25829 | 519 |
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520 @cindex aggressive scrolling |
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521 @vindex scroll-up-aggressively |
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522 @vindex scroll-down-aggressively |
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523 When the window does scroll by a longer distance, you can control |
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524 how aggressively it scrolls, by setting the variables |
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525 @code{scroll-up-aggressively} and @code{scroll-down-aggressively}. |
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526 The value of @code{scroll-up-aggressively} should be either |
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527 @code{nil}, or a fraction @var{f} between 0 and 1. A fraction |
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528 specifies where on the screen to put point when scrolling upward. |
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529 More precisely, when a window scrolls up because point is above the |
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530 window start, the new start position is chosen to put point @var{f} |
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531 part of the window height from the top. The larger @var{f}, the more |
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532 aggressive the scrolling. |
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533 |
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534 @code{nil}, which is the default, scrolls to put point at the center. |
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535 So it is equivalent to .5. |
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536 |
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537 Likewise, @code{scroll-down-aggressively} is used for scrolling |
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538 down. The value, @var{f}, specifies how far point should be placed |
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539 from the bottom of the window; thus, as with |
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540 @code{scroll-up-aggressively}, a larger value is more aggressive. |
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541 |
25829 | 542 @vindex scroll-margin |
543 The variable @code{scroll-margin} restricts how close point can come | |
544 to the top or bottom of a window. Its value is a number of screen | |
545 lines; if point comes within that many lines of the top or bottom of the | |
546 window, Emacs recenters the window. By default, @code{scroll-margin} is | |
547 0. | |
548 | |
549 @node Horizontal Scrolling | |
550 @section Horizontal Scrolling | |
551 @cindex horizontal scrolling | |
552 | |
553 @dfn{Horizontal scrolling} means shifting all the lines sideways | |
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554 within a window---so that some of the text near the left margin is not |
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555 displayed at all. Emacs does this automatically in any window that |
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556 uses line truncation rather than continuation: whenever point moves |
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557 off the left or right edge of the screen, Emacs scrolls the buffer |
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558 horizontally to make point visible. |
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559 |
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560 When a window has been scrolled horizontally, text lines are truncated |
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561 rather than continued (@pxref{Continuation Lines}), with a @samp{$} |
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562 appearing in the first column when there is text truncated to the left, |
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563 and in the last column when there is text truncated to the right. |
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564 |
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565 You can use these commands to do explicit horizontal scrolling. |
25829 | 566 |
567 @table @kbd | |
568 @item C-x < | |
569 Scroll text in current window to the left (@code{scroll-left}). | |
570 @item C-x > | |
571 Scroll to the right (@code{scroll-right}). | |
572 @end table | |
573 | |
574 @kindex C-x < | |
575 @kindex C-x > | |
576 @findex scroll-left | |
577 @findex scroll-right | |
578 The command @kbd{C-x <} (@code{scroll-left}) scrolls the selected | |
579 window to the left by @var{n} columns with argument @var{n}. This moves | |
580 part of the beginning of each line off the left edge of the window. | |
581 With no argument, it scrolls by almost the full width of the window (two | |
582 columns less, to be precise). | |
583 | |
584 @kbd{C-x >} (@code{scroll-right}) scrolls similarly to the right. The | |
585 window cannot be scrolled any farther to the right once it is displayed | |
586 normally (with each line starting at the window's left margin); | |
587 attempting to do so has no effect. This means that you don't have to | |
588 calculate the argument precisely for @w{@kbd{C-x >}}; any sufficiently large | |
589 argument will restore the normal display. | |
590 | |
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591 If you scroll a window horizontally by hand, that sets a lower bound |
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592 for automatic horizontal scrolling. Automatic scrolling will continue |
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593 to scroll the window, but never farther to the right than the amount |
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594 you previously set by @code{scroll-left}. |
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595 |
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596 @vindex automatic-hscrolling |
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597 To disable automatic horizontal scrolling, set the variable |
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598 @code{automatic-hscrolling} to @code{nil}. |
34749 | 599 |
25829 | 600 @node Follow Mode |
601 @section Follow Mode | |
602 @cindex Follow mode | |
603 @cindex mode, Follow | |
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604 @findex follow-mode |
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605 @cindex windows, synchronizing |
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606 @cindex synchronizing windows |
25829 | 607 |
608 @dfn{Follow mode} is a minor mode that makes two windows showing the | |
609 same buffer scroll as one tall ``virtual window.'' To use Follow mode, | |
610 go to a frame with just one window, split it into two side-by-side | |
611 windows using @kbd{C-x 3}, and then type @kbd{M-x follow-mode}. From | |
612 then on, you can edit the buffer in either of the two windows, or scroll | |
613 either one; the other window follows it. | |
614 | |
36245 | 615 In Follow mode, if you move point outside the portion visible in one |
616 window and into the portion visible in the other window, that selects | |
617 the other window---again, treating the two as if they were parts of | |
618 one large window. | |
619 | |
25829 | 620 To turn off Follow mode, type @kbd{M-x follow-mode} a second time. |
621 | |
622 @node Selective Display | |
623 @section Selective Display | |
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624 @cindex selective display |
25829 | 625 @findex set-selective-display |
626 @kindex C-x $ | |
627 | |
628 Emacs has the ability to hide lines indented more than a certain number | |
629 of columns (you specify how many columns). You can use this to get an | |
630 overview of a part of a program. | |
631 | |
632 To hide lines, type @kbd{C-x $} (@code{set-selective-display}) with a | |
633 numeric argument @var{n}. Then lines with at least @var{n} columns of | |
634 indentation disappear from the screen. The only indication of their | |
635 presence is that three dots (@samp{@dots{}}) appear at the end of each | |
636 visible line that is followed by one or more hidden ones. | |
637 | |
638 The commands @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} move across the hidden lines as | |
639 if they were not there. | |
640 | |
641 The hidden lines are still present in the buffer, and most editing | |
642 commands see them as usual, so you may find point in the middle of the | |
643 hidden text. When this happens, the cursor appears at the end of the | |
644 previous line, after the three dots. If point is at the end of the | |
645 visible line, before the newline that ends it, the cursor appears before | |
646 the three dots. | |
647 | |
648 To make all lines visible again, type @kbd{C-x $} with no argument. | |
649 | |
650 @vindex selective-display-ellipses | |
651 If you set the variable @code{selective-display-ellipses} to | |
652 @code{nil}, the three dots do not appear at the end of a line that | |
653 precedes hidden lines. Then there is no visible indication of the | |
654 hidden lines. This variable becomes local automatically when set. | |
655 | |
656 @node Optional Mode Line | |
657 @section Optional Mode Line Features | |
658 | |
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659 @cindex line number display |
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660 @cindex display of line number |
25829 | 661 @findex line-number-mode |
662 The current line number of point appears in the mode line when Line | |
663 Number mode is enabled. Use the command @kbd{M-x line-number-mode} to | |
664 turn this mode on and off; normally it is on. The line number appears | |
665 before the buffer percentage @var{pos}, with the letter @samp{L} to | |
666 indicate what it is. @xref{Minor Modes}, for more information about | |
667 minor modes and about how to use this command. | |
668 | |
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669 @cindex narrowing, and line number display |
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670 If you have narrowed the buffer (@pxref{Narrowing}), the displayed |
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671 line number is relative to the accessible portion of the buffer. |
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672 |
25829 | 673 @vindex line-number-display-limit |
674 If the buffer is very large (larger than the value of | |
675 @code{line-number-display-limit}), then the line number doesn't appear. | |
676 Emacs doesn't compute the line number when the buffer is large, because | |
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677 that would be too slow. Set it to @code{nil} to remove the limit. |
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678 |
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679 @vindex line-number-display-limit-width |
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680 Line-number computation can also be slow if the lines in the buffer |
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681 are too long. For this reason, Emacs normally doesn't display line |
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682 numbers if the average width, in characters, of lines near point is |
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683 larger than the value of the variable |
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684 @code{line-number-display-limit-width}. The default value is 200 |
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685 characters. |
25829 | 686 |
687 @cindex Column Number mode | |
688 @cindex mode, Column Number | |
689 @findex column-number-mode | |
690 You can also display the current column number by turning on Column | |
691 Number mode. It displays the current column number preceded by the | |
692 letter @samp{C}. Type @kbd{M-x column-number-mode} to toggle this mode. | |
693 | |
694 @findex display-time | |
695 @cindex time (on mode line) | |
696 Emacs can optionally display the time and system load in all mode | |
30870 | 697 lines. To enable this feature, type @kbd{M-x display-time} or customize |
698 the option @code{display-time-mode}. The information added to the mode | |
699 line usually appears after the buffer name, before the mode names and | |
700 their parentheses. It looks like this: | |
25829 | 701 |
702 @example | |
703 @var{hh}:@var{mm}pm @var{l.ll} | |
704 @end example | |
705 | |
706 @noindent | |
707 @vindex display-time-24hr-format | |
708 Here @var{hh} and @var{mm} are the hour and minute, followed always by | |
709 @samp{am} or @samp{pm}. @var{l.ll} is the average number of running | |
710 processes in the whole system recently. (Some fields may be missing if | |
711 your operating system cannot support them.) If you prefer time display | |
712 in 24-hour format, set the variable @code{display-time-24hr-format} | |
713 to @code{t}. | |
714 | |
715 @cindex mail (on mode line) | |
28800 | 716 @vindex display-time-use-mail-icon |
717 @vindex display-time-mail-face | |
25829 | 718 The word @samp{Mail} appears after the load level if there is mail |
28800 | 719 for you that you have not read yet. On a graphical display you can use |
720 an icon instead of @samp{Mail} by customizing | |
721 @code{display-time-use-mail-icon}; this may save some space on the mode | |
722 line. You can customize @code{display-time-mail-face} to make the mail | |
723 indicator prominent. | |
25829 | 724 |
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725 @cindex mode line, 3D appearence |
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726 @cindex attributes of mode line, changing |
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727 @cindex non-integral number of lines in a window |
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728 By default, the mode line is drawn on graphics displays with |
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729 3D-style highlighting, like that of a button when it is not being |
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730 pressed. If you don't like this effect, you can disable the 3D |
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731 highlighting of the mode line, by customizing the attributes of the |
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732 @code{mode-line} face in your @file{.emacs} init file, like this: |
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733 |
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734 @example |
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735 (set-face-attribute 'mode-line nil :box nil) |
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736 @end example |
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737 |
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738 @noindent |
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739 Alternatively, you can turn off the box attribute in your |
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740 @file{.Xdefaults} file: |
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741 |
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742 @example |
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743 Emacs.mode-line.AttributeBox: off |
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744 @end example |
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745 |
25829 | 746 @node Text Display |
747 @section How Text Is Displayed | |
748 @cindex characters (in text) | |
749 | |
750 ASCII printing characters (octal codes 040 through 0176) in Emacs | |
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751 buffers are displayed with their graphics, as are non-ASCII multibyte |
25829 | 752 printing characters (octal codes above 0400). |
753 | |
754 Some ASCII control characters are displayed in special ways. The | |
755 newline character (octal code 012) is displayed by starting a new line. | |
756 The tab character (octal code 011) is displayed by moving to the next | |
757 tab stop column (normally every 8 columns). | |
758 | |
759 Other ASCII control characters are normally displayed as a caret | |
760 (@samp{^}) followed by the non-control version of the character; thus, | |
761 control-A is displayed as @samp{^A}. | |
762 | |
33744 | 763 Non-ASCII characters 0200 through 0237 (octal) are displayed with |
764 octal escape sequences; thus, character code 0230 (octal) is displayed | |
765 as @samp{\230}. The display of character codes 0240 through 0377 | |
766 (octal) may be either as escape sequences or as graphics. They do not | |
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767 normally occur in multibyte buffers, but if they do, they are displayed |
33744 | 768 as Latin-1 graphics. In unibyte mode, if you enable European display |
769 they are displayed using their graphics (assuming your terminal supports | |
770 them), otherwise as escape sequences. @xref{Single-Byte Character | |
771 Support}. | |
25829 | 772 |
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773 @node Display Custom |
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774 @section Customization of Display |
25829 | 775 |
776 This section contains information for customization only. Beginning | |
777 users should skip it. | |
778 | |
779 @vindex mode-line-inverse-video | |
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780 The variable @code{mode-line-inverse-video} is an obsolete way of |
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781 controlling whether the mode line is displayed in inverse video; the |
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782 preferred way of doing this is to change the @code{mode-line} face. |
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783 @xref{Mode Line}. If you specify the foreground color for the |
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784 @code{mode-line} face, and @code{mode-line-inverse-video} is |
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785 non-@code{nil}, then the default background color for that face is the |
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786 usual foreground color. @xref{Faces}. |
25829 | 787 |
788 @vindex inverse-video | |
789 If the variable @code{inverse-video} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs attempts | |
790 to invert all the lines of the display from what they normally are. | |
791 | |
792 @vindex visible-bell | |
793 If the variable @code{visible-bell} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs attempts | |
794 to make the whole screen blink when it would normally make an audible bell | |
795 sound. This variable has no effect if your terminal does not have a way | |
796 to make the screen blink.@refill | |
797 | |
798 @vindex no-redraw-on-reenter | |
799 When you reenter Emacs after suspending, Emacs normally clears the | |
800 screen and redraws the entire display. On some terminals with more than | |
801 one page of memory, it is possible to arrange the termcap entry so that | |
802 the @samp{ti} and @samp{te} strings (output to the terminal when Emacs | |
803 is entered and exited, respectively) switch between pages of memory so | |
804 as to use one page for Emacs and another page for other output. Then | |
805 you might want to set the variable @code{no-redraw-on-reenter} | |
806 non-@code{nil}; this tells Emacs to assume, when resumed, that the | |
807 screen page it is using still contains what Emacs last wrote there. | |
808 | |
809 @vindex echo-keystrokes | |
810 The variable @code{echo-keystrokes} controls the echoing of multi-character | |
811 keys; its value is the number of seconds of pause required to cause echoing | |
812 to start, or zero meaning don't echo at all. @xref{Echo Area}. | |
813 | |
814 @vindex ctl-arrow | |
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815 If the variable @code{ctl-arrow} is @code{nil}, all control characters in |
25829 | 816 the buffer are displayed with octal escape sequences, except for newline |
817 and tab. Altering the value of @code{ctl-arrow} makes it local to the | |
818 current buffer; until that time, the default value is in effect. The | |
819 default is initially @code{t}. @xref{Display Tables,, Display Tables, | |
820 elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
821 | |
822 @vindex tab-width | |
823 Normally, a tab character in the buffer is displayed as whitespace which | |
824 extends to the next display tab stop position, and display tab stops come | |
825 at intervals equal to eight spaces. The number of spaces per tab is | |
826 controlled by the variable @code{tab-width}, which is made local by | |
827 changing it, just like @code{ctl-arrow}. Note that how the tab character | |
828 in the buffer is displayed has nothing to do with the definition of | |
829 @key{TAB} as a command. The variable @code{tab-width} must have an | |
830 integer value between 1 and 1000, inclusive. | |
831 | |
832 @c @vindex truncate-lines @c No index entry here, because we have one | |
833 @c in the continuation section. | |
834 If the variable @code{truncate-lines} is non-@code{nil}, then each | |
835 line of text gets just one screen line for display; if the text line is | |
836 too long, display shows only the part that fits. If | |
837 @code{truncate-lines} is @code{nil}, then long text lines display as | |
838 more than one screen line, enough to show the whole text of the line. | |
839 @xref{Continuation Lines}. Altering the value of @code{truncate-lines} | |
840 makes it local to the current buffer; until that time, the default value | |
841 is in effect. The default is initially @code{nil}. | |
842 | |
843 @c @vindex truncate-partial-width-windows @c Idx entry is in Split Windows. | |
844 If the variable @code{truncate-partial-width-windows} is | |
845 non-@code{nil}, it forces truncation rather than continuation in any | |
846 window less than the full width of the screen or frame, regardless of | |
847 the value of @code{truncate-lines}. For information about side-by-side | |
848 windows, see @ref{Split Window}. See also @ref{Display,, Display, | |
849 elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
850 | |
851 @vindex baud-rate | |
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852 The variable @code{baud-rate} holds the output speed of the |
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853 terminal, as far as Emacs knows. Setting this variable does not |
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854 change the speed of actual data transmission, but the value is used |
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855 for calculations. On terminals, it affects padding, and decisions |
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856 about whether to scroll part of the screen or redraw it instead. |
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857 It also affects the behavior of incremental search. |
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858 |
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859 On window-systems, @code{baud-rate} is only used to determine how |
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860 frequently to look for pending input during display updating. A |
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861 higher value of @code{baud-rate} means that check for pending input |
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862 will be done less frequently. |
25829 | 863 |
864 You can customize the way any particular character code is displayed | |
865 by means of a display table. @xref{Display Tables,, Display Tables, | |
866 elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
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867 |
36260 | 868 @cindex hourglass pointer display |
869 @vindex hourglass-delay | |
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870 On a window system, Emacs can optionally display the mouse pointer |
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871 in a special shape to say that Emacs is busy. To turn this feature on |
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872 or off, customize the group @code{cursor}. You can also control the |
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873 amount of time Emacs must remain busy before the busy indicator is |
36260 | 874 displayed, by setting the variable @code{hourglass-delay}. |
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875 |
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876 @node Cursor Display |
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877 @section Displaying the Cursor |
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878 |
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879 @findex hl-line-mode |
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880 @findex blink-cursor-mode |
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881 @cindex cursor, locating visually |
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882 @cindex cursor, blinking |
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883 There are a number of ways to customize the display of the cursor. |
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884 @kbd{M-x hl-line-mode} enables or disables a global minor mode which |
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885 highlights the line containing point. On window systems, the command |
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886 @kbd{M-x blink-cursor-mode} turns on or off the blinking of the |
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887 cursor. (On terminals, the terminal itself blinks the cursor, and |
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888 Emacs has no control over it.) |
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889 |
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890 You can customize the cursor's color, and whether it blinks, using |
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891 the @code{cursor} Custom group (@pxref{Easy Customization}). |
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892 |
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893 @vindex x-stretch-cursor |
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894 @cindex wide block cursor |
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895 When displaying on a window system, Emacs can optionally draw the |
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896 block cursor as wide as the character under the cursor---for example, |
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897 if the cursor is on a tab character, it would cover the full width |
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898 occupied by that tab character. To enable this feature, set the |
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899 variable @code{x-stretch-cursor} to a non-@code{nil} value. |
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900 |
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901 @cindex cursor in non-selected windows |
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902 @vindex cursor-in-non-selected-windows |
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903 Normally, the cursor in non-selected windows is shown as a hollow box. |
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904 To turn off cursor display in non-selected windows, customize the option |
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905 @code{cursor-in-non-selected-windows} to assign it a @code{nil} value. |