Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/emacs.texi @ 38212:6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
moved to maintaining.texi. Some sections reordered.
Node Misc for Programs moved to just before the language-specific sections.
New node Defuns contains an intro plus the old
Defuns node (now renamed Moving by Defuns)
as well as Imenu, Which Function, and a node
Left Margin Paren to explain the convention about this.
New node Parentheses now documents M-x check-parens.
It contains subnodes Expressions, Moving by Parens, and Matching.
Expressions and Moving by Parens contain the material
formerly in Lists and List Commands, but divided up differently.
The section Balanced Editing has been deleted.
Most of the C indentation customization (all except c-set-style),
has been replaced with a reference to the C Modes manual.
Documentation now is divided into three subsections.
Some rewrites in the Program Indent section about
C-u TAB and C-M-q.
author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Tue, 26 Jun 2001 13:43:32 +0000 |
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2 | |
3 @setchapternewpage odd | |
4 @settitle GNU Emacs Manual | |
5 @setfilename ../info/emacs | |
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6 @defcodeindex op |
24093 | 7 @synindex pg cp |
8 | |
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9 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file |
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10 @set EDITION Fourteenth |
37620 | 11 @set EMACSVER 21.0.104 |
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12 |
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13 @ifnottex |
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14 This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual}, |
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15 updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 16 |
30009 | 17 @dircategory Emacs |
24093 | 18 @direntry |
19 * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor. | |
20 @end direntry | |
21 | |
22 Published by the Free Software Foundation | |
23 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 | |
24 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
25 | |
35197 | 26 Copyright (C) 1985, 1986,1987,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001 |
24093 | 27 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
28 | |
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29 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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30 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or |
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31 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
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32 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and |
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33 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU |
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34 Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the |
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35 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation |
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36 License.'' |
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37 |
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38 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
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39 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free |
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40 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' |
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41 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 42 |
43 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a | |
44 @c copy of this manual that will be published. the manual should go | |
45 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size. | |
46 | |
47 @smallbook | |
48 | |
49 @iftex | |
50 @kbdinputstyle code | |
51 | |
52 @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual | |
53 @end iftex | |
54 @titlepage | |
55 @sp 6 | |
56 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual} | |
57 @sp 4 | |
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58 @center @value{EDITION} Edition, Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 59 @sp 5 |
60 @center Richard Stallman | |
61 @page | |
62 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
35197 | 63 Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 |
24093 | 64 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
65 @sp 2 | |
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66 @value{EDITION} Edition @* |
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67 Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}, @* |
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68 August 2000 |
24093 | 69 |
70 ISBN 1-882114-06-X | |
71 @sp 1 | |
72 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
73 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 @* | |
74 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
75 @sp 1 | |
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76 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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77 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or |
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78 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
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79 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and |
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80 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE'', with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU |
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81 Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the |
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82 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation |
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83 License.'' |
24093 | 84 |
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85 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
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86 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free |
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87 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' |
24093 | 88 |
89 @sp 2 | |
90 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
91 | |
92 @end titlepage | |
93 @page | |
30870 | 94 @ifnottex |
24093 | 95 @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir) |
96 @top The Emacs Editor | |
97 | |
98 Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time | |
99 display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and | |
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100 some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version |
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101 @value{EMACSVER}. |
24093 | 102 For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{,Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The |
103 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
30870 | 104 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 105 |
106 @ignore | |
107 These subcategories have been deleted for simplicity | |
108 and to avoid conflicts. | |
109 Completion | |
110 Backup Files | |
111 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters | |
112 Snapshots | |
113 Text Mode | |
114 Outline Mode | |
115 @TeX{} Mode | |
116 Formatted Text | |
117 Fortran Mode | |
118 Fortran Indentation | |
119 Shell Command History | |
120 | |
121 The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items | |
122 to avoid conflicts. | |
123 Also Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
124 and Sending Mail and Registers and Minibuffer. | |
125 @end ignore | |
126 | |
127 @menu | |
128 * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution. | |
129 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission | |
130 to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; | |
131 it also explains that there is no warranty. | |
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132 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. |
24093 | 133 * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts. |
134 * Glossary:: The glossary. | |
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135 * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 20. |
34199 | 136 * Mac OS:: Using Emacs in the Mac. |
24093 | 137 * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as "MS-DOG"). |
138 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix! | |
139 * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs. | |
140 | |
141 Indexes (nodes containing large menus) | |
142 * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence. | |
143 * Command Index:: An item for each command name. | |
144 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable. | |
145 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept. | |
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146 @c This is last because @ifnottex leaves an empty line. |
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147 @ifnottex |
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148 * Option Index:: An item for every command-line option. |
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149 @end ifnottex |
24093 | 150 |
151 Important General Concepts | |
152 * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen. | |
153 * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons, | |
154 function keys). | |
155 * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one | |
156 editing action. | |
157 * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing. | |
158 * Text Characters:: Character set for text (the contents of buffers | |
159 and strings). | |
160 * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell. | |
161 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs. | |
162 * Command Arguments:: Hairy startup options. | |
163 | |
164 Fundamental Editing Commands | |
165 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands. | |
166 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for. | |
167 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names. | |
168 * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands. | |
169 | |
170 Important Text-Changing Commands | |
171 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text. | |
172 * Killing:: Killing text. | |
173 * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text. | |
174 * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text. | |
175 * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen. | |
176 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer. | |
177 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed. | |
178 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string. | |
179 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos. | |
180 | |
181 Major Structures of Emacs | |
182 * Files:: All about handling files. | |
183 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once. | |
184 * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once. | |
185 * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows. | |
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186 * International:: Using non-ASCII character sets (the MULE features). |
24093 | 187 |
188 Advanced Features | |
189 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ... | |
190 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines. | |
191 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English. | |
192 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs. | |
193 * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs. | |
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194 * Maintaining:: Features for maintaining large programs. |
24093 | 195 * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce |
196 the number of characters you must type. | |
197 * Picture:: Editing pictures made up of characters | |
198 using the quarter-plane screen model. | |
199 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs. | |
200 * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs. | |
201 * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it. | |
202 * Calendar/Diary:: The calendar and diary facilities. | |
203 * Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs. | |
204 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs. | |
205 * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc. | |
206 * Hardcopy:: Printing buffers or regions. | |
27212 | 207 * PostScript:: Printing buffers or regions as PostScript. |
208 * PostScript Variables:: | |
209 Customizing the PostScript printing commands. | |
24093 | 210 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs. |
211 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion | |
212 of the buffer. | |
213 * Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them | |
214 in side-by-side windows. | |
215 * Editing Binary Files:: | |
216 Using Hexl mode to edit binary files. | |
217 * Saving Emacs Sessions:: | |
218 Saving Emacs state from one session to the next. | |
219 * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing | |
220 "within the command". This is called a | |
36211 | 221 "recursive editing level". |
24093 | 222 * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs. |
30870 | 223 * Hyperlinking:: Following links in buffers. |
24093 | 224 * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun. |
225 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks. | |
226 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs. | |
227 | |
228 Recovery from Problems | |
229 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting. | |
230 * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning. | |
231 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug. | |
232 * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs. | |
233 * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs. | |
234 | |
235 Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones | |
236 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
237 | |
238 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- | |
239 | |
240 The Organization of the Screen | |
241 | |
242 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate. | |
243 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen. | |
244 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line. | |
245 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar. | |
246 | |
247 Basic Editing Commands | |
248 | |
249 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it. | |
250 * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to | |
251 change something. | |
252 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text. | |
253 * Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text. | |
254 * Files: Basic Files. Visiting, creating, and saving files. | |
255 * Help: Basic Help. Asking what a character does. | |
256 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines. | |
257 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen. | |
258 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on? | |
259 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command. | |
260 | |
261 The Minibuffer | |
262 | |
263 * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer. | |
264 * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer. | |
265 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input. | |
266 * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments. | |
267 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer. | |
268 | |
269 Help | |
270 | |
271 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands. | |
272 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs. | |
273 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name. | |
274 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic. | |
275 * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics). | |
276 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support. | |
277 * Misc Help:: Other help commands. | |
278 | |
279 The Mark and the Region | |
280 | |
281 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark. | |
282 * Transient Mark:: How to make Emacs highlight the region-- | |
283 when there is one. | |
284 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region. | |
285 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units. | |
286 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there. | |
287 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers. | |
288 | |
289 Deletion and Killing | |
290 | |
291 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and | |
292 blank areas. | |
293 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time. | |
294 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and | |
295 syntactic units such as words and sentences. | |
296 | |
297 Yanking | |
298 | |
299 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking. | |
300 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together. | |
301 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago. | |
302 | |
303 Registers | |
304 | |
305 * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers. | |
306 * RegText:: Saving text in registers. | |
307 * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers. | |
308 * RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers. | |
309 * RegFiles:: File names in registers. | |
310 * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent. | |
311 | |
312 Controlling the Display | |
313 | |
314 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. | |
315 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. | |
316 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. | |
317 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. | |
318 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
319 * Text Display:: How text is normally displayed. | |
36211 | 320 * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display. |
24093 | 321 |
322 Searching and Replacement | |
323 | |
324 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string. | |
325 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search. | |
326 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words. | |
327 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp. | |
328 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions. | |
329 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not. | |
330 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches. | |
331 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp. | |
332 | |
333 Replacement Commands | |
334 | |
335 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string. | |
336 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp. | |
337 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters. | |
338 * Query Replace:: How to use querying. | |
339 | |
340 Commands for Fixing Typos | |
341 | |
342 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text. | |
343 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
344 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. | |
345 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer. | |
346 | |
347 File Handling | |
348 | |
349 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments. | |
350 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file. | |
351 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent. | |
352 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved. | |
353 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data. | |
354 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file. | |
355 * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS). | |
356 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories. | |
357 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ. | |
358 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files. | |
359 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files. | |
360 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites. | |
361 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names. | |
362 | |
363 Saving Files | |
364 | |
365 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file. | |
366 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing | |
367 of one file by two users. | |
368 | |
369 Version Control | |
370 | |
371 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general. | |
372 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status. | |
373 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control. | |
374 * Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions. | |
375 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently. | |
376 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development. | |
377 * Snapshots:: Sets of file versions treated as a unit. | |
378 * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC. | |
379 * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior. | |
380 | |
381 Using Multiple Buffers | |
382 | |
383 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. | |
384 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist. | |
385 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onlyness; copying text. | |
386 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need. | |
387 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers | |
388 and operate variously on several of them. | |
389 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. | |
390 | |
391 Multiple Windows | |
392 | |
393 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows. | |
394 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows. | |
395 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it. | |
396 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window. | |
397 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected | |
398 window rather than in another window. | |
399 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes. | |
400 | |
401 Frames and X Windows | |
402 | |
403 * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse. | |
404 * Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark. | |
36211 | 405 * Clipboard:: Using the clipboard for selections. |
24093 | 406 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list. |
407 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus. | |
408 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line. | |
409 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents. | |
36211 | 410 * Frame Commands:: Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames. |
411 * Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame. | |
24093 | 412 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays. |
413 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames. | |
414 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames. | |
415 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them. | |
36211 | 416 * Wheeled Mice:: Using mouse wheels for scrolling. |
24093 | 417 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar. |
36211 | 418 * Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar. |
419 * Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes. | |
24093 | 420 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. |
421 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. | |
36211 | 422 * Highlight Changes:: Using colors to show where you changed the buffer. |
423 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight. | |
424 * Trailing Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace. | |
425 * Tooltips:: Showing "tooltips", AKA "ballon help" for active text. | |
426 * Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way. | |
24093 | 427 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one. |
36211 | 428 * XTerm Mouse:: Using the mouse in an XTerm terminal emulator. |
24093 | 429 |
430 International Character Set Support | |
431 | |
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432 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. |
24093 | 433 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. |
434 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
435 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
436 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
437 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and | |
438 write files, and so on. | |
439 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
440 * Specify Coding:: Various ways to choose which conversion to use. | |
441 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts | |
442 that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
443 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
27212 | 444 * Single-Byte Character Support:: |
24093 | 445 You can pick one European character set |
446 to use without multibyte characters. | |
447 | |
448 Major Modes | |
449 | |
450 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen. | |
451 | |
452 Indentation | |
453 | |
454 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation. | |
455 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then | |
456 indent to the next tab stop when you want to. | |
457 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces. | |
458 | |
459 Commands for Human Languages | |
460 | |
461 * Words:: Moving over and killing words. | |
462 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. | |
463 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. | |
464 * Pages:: Moving over pages. | |
465 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text. | |
466 * Case:: Changing the case of text. | |
467 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. | |
468 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines. | |
469 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
470 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff. | |
471 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion. | |
472 | |
473 Filling Text | |
474 | |
475 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. | |
476 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. | |
477 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented | |
478 or in a comment, etc. | |
479 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. | |
480 | |
481 Editing Programs | |
482 | |
483 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. | |
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484 * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts |
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485 of a program. |
24093 | 486 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. |
487 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. | |
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488 * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses. |
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489 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. |
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490 * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively. |
24093 | 491 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language. |
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492 * Glasses:: Making identifiersLikeThis more readable. |
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493 * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs. |
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494 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, |
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495 Java, and Pike modes. |
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496 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. |
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497 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. |
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498 |
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499 Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns |
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500 |
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501 * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter |
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502 starts a defun if it is at the left margin. |
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503 * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition. |
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504 * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus. |
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505 * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in. |
24093 | 506 |
507 Indentation for Programs | |
508 | |
509 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line. | |
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510 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. |
24093 | 511 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. |
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512 * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes. |
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513 * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes. |
24093 | 514 |
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515 Commands for Editing with Parentheses |
24093 | 516 |
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517 * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. |
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518 * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across |
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519 in the structure of parentheses. |
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520 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. |
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521 |
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522 Manipulating Comments |
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523 |
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524 * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and indenting comments. |
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525 * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments. |
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526 * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features. |
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527 |
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528 Documentation Lookup |
24093 | 529 |
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530 * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands |
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531 in Info files. |
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532 * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands. |
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533 * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc. |
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534 |
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535 C and Related Modes |
24093 | 536 |
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537 * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc. |
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538 * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent. |
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539 * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command. |
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540 * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, |
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541 and other neat features. |
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542 * Comments in C:: Options for customizing comment style. |
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543 |
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544 Fortran Mode |
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545 |
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546 * Motion: Fortran Motion. Moving point by statements or subprograms. |
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547 * Indent: Fortran Indent. Indentation commands for Fortran. |
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548 * Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments. |
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549 * Autofill: Fortran Autofill. Auto fill minor mode for Fortran. |
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550 * Columns: Fortran Columns. Measuring columns for valid Fortran. |
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551 * Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev. Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. |
24093 | 552 |
553 Compiling and Testing Programs | |
554 | |
555 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other | |
556 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.). | |
557 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors. | |
558 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly | |
559 for use in the compilation buffer. | |
560 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. | |
561 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, | |
562 with different facilities for running | |
563 the Lisp programs. | |
564 * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs. | |
565 * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. | |
566 * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. | |
567 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. | |
568 | |
569 Running Debuggers Under Emacs | |
570 | |
571 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess. | |
572 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers. | |
573 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands. | |
574 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD. | |
575 | |
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576 Maintaining Programs |
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577 |
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578 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program. |
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579 * Authors:: Maintaining an @file{AUTHORS} file. |
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580 * Tags:: Go direct to any function in your program in one |
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581 command. Tags remembers which file it is in. |
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582 * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program. |
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583 |
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584 Tags Tables |
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585 |
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586 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files. |
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587 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}. |
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588 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table. |
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589 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag. |
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590 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing. |
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591 * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file. |
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592 |
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593 Merging Files with Emerge |
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594 |
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595 * Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts. |
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596 * Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode. |
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597 Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode. |
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598 * State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B |
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599 for each difference. |
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600 * Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference, |
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601 changing states of differences, etc. |
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602 * Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge. |
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603 * Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference. |
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604 * Fine Points of Emerge:: Misc. |
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605 |
24093 | 606 Abbrevs |
607 | |
608 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs. | |
609 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed. | |
610 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion. | |
611 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs. | |
612 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session. | |
613 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. | |
614 | |
615 Editing Pictures | |
616 | |
617 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode. | |
618 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion | |
619 after "self-inserting" characters. | |
620 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation. | |
621 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles. | |
622 | |
623 Sending Mail | |
624 | |
625 * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed. | |
626 * Mail Headers:: Details of permitted mail header fields. | |
627 * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses. | |
628 * Mail Mode:: Special commands for editing mail being composed. | |
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|
629 * Mail Amusements:: Distract the NSA's attention; add a fortune to a msg. |
24093 | 630 * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods. |
631 | |
632 Reading Mail with Rmail | |
633 | |
634 * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use. | |
635 * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message. | |
636 * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message. | |
637 * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages. | |
638 * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file. | |
639 * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files. | |
640 * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files. | |
641 * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them. | |
642 * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes. | |
643 * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing. | |
644 * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages. | |
645 * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail. | |
646 * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization. | |
647 * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail. | |
648 * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message. | |
649 * Out of Rmail:: Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format. | |
650 * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code. | |
651 * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail. | |
652 | |
653 Dired, the Directory Editor | |
654 | |
655 * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired. | |
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Eli Zaretskii <eliz@gnu.org>
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|
656 * Dired Navigation:: How to move in the Dired buffer. |
24093 | 657 * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired. |
658 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
659 * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired. | |
660 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
661 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
662 either one file or several files. | |
663 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
664 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
665 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
666 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
667 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. | |
668 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
669 * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
670 * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
671 | |
672 The Calendar and the Diary | |
673 | |
674 * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date. | |
675 * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen. | |
676 * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates? | |
677 * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar. | |
678 * LaTeX Calendar:: Print a calendar using LaTeX. | |
679 * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays. | |
680 * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset. | |
681 * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon. | |
682 * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems. | |
683 * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary. | |
684 * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something. | |
685 * Daylight Savings:: How to specify when daylight savings time is active. | |
686 | |
687 Movement in the Calendar | |
688 | |
689 * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years. | |
690 * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years. | |
691 * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another | |
692 specific date. | |
693 | |
694 Conversion To and From Other Calendars | |
695 | |
696 * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands | |
697 (aside from Gregorian). | |
698 * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars. | |
699 * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar. | |
700 * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar. | |
701 | |
702 The Diary | |
703 | |
704 * Diary Commands:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates. | |
705 * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary. | |
706 * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates. | |
707 * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries. | |
708 * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc. | |
709 | |
710 @sc{Gnus} | |
711 | |
712 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers. | |
713 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus. | |
714 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands. | |
715 | |
716 Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
717 | |
718 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return. | |
719 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs. | |
720 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell. | |
721 * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer. | |
722 * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode. | |
723 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer. | |
724 | |
725 Customization | |
726 | |
727 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on | |
728 independently of any others. | |
729 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables | |
730 to decide what to do; by setting variables, | |
731 you can control their functioning. | |
732 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of | |
733 keystrokes to be replayed with a single command. | |
734 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs. | |
735 By changing them, you can "redefine keys". | |
736 * Keyboard Translations:: | |
737 If your keyboard passes an undesired code | |
738 for a key, you can tell Emacs to | |
739 substitute another code. | |
740 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and | |
741 expressions are parsed. | |
742 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the | |
743 @file{.emacs} file. | |
744 | |
745 Variables | |
746 | |
747 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value. | |
748 * Easy Customization:: | |
749 Convenient and easy customization of variables. | |
750 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts | |
751 of Emacs to run on particular occasions. | |
752 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables. | |
753 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values. | |
754 | |
755 Keyboard Macros | |
756 | |
757 * Basic Kbd Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros. | |
758 * Save Kbd Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files. | |
759 * Kbd Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time. | |
760 | |
761 Customizing Key Bindings | |
762 | |
763 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap. | |
764 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys. | |
765 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps. | |
766 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps. | |
767 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently. | |
768 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}. | |
769 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys. | |
770 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on. | |
771 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs. | |
772 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required | |
773 before it can be executed. This is done to protect | |
774 beginners from surprises. | |
775 | |
776 The Init File, @file{~/.emacs} | |
777 | |
778 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp. | |
779 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file. | |
780 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file. | |
781 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file. | |
782 | |
783 Dealing with Emacs Trouble | |
784 | |
785 * DEL Gets Help:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete. | |
786 * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses. | |
787 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen. | |
788 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text. | |
789 * Unasked-for Search:: Spontaneous entry to incremental search. | |
790 * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory. | |
791 * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape--- | |
792 What to do if Emacs stops responding. | |
793 * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end. | |
794 | |
795 Reporting Bugs | |
796 | |
797 * Criteria: Bug Criteria. Have you really found a bug? | |
798 * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively. | |
799 * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report. | |
800 * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs. | |
801 | |
802 Command Line Options and Arguments | |
803 | |
804 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries, | |
805 and call functions. | |
806 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs. | |
807 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments. | |
808 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs. | |
809 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses. | |
810 | |
811 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login. | |
812 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X. | |
813 * Colors X:: Choosing colors, under X. | |
814 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X. | |
815 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X. | |
816 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title. | |
817 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X. | |
818 * Resources X:: Advanced use of classes and resources, under X. | |
819 * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus. | |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
820 * LessTif Resources:: X resources for LessTif and Motif menus. |
24093 | 821 |
822 Environment Variables | |
823 | |
824 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use. | |
825 * Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables. | |
826 | |
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Andrew Innes <andrewi@gnu.org>
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|
827 MS-DOS and Windows 95/98/NT |
24093 | 828 |
829 * MS-DOS Input:: Keyboard and mouse usage on MS-DOS. | |
830 * MS-DOS Display:: Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS. | |
831 * MS-DOS File Names:: File-name conventions on MS-DOS. | |
832 * Text and Binary:: Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines. | |
833 * MS-DOS Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-DOS. | |
834 * MS-DOS Processes:: Running subprocesses on MS-DOS. | |
835 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. | |
836 * Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does. | |
837 @end menu | |
838 | |
839 @iftex | |
840 @unnumbered Preface | |
841 | |
842 This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs | |
843 editor. The reader is not expected to be a programmer; simple | |
844 customizations do not require programming skill. But the user who is not | |
845 interested in customizing can ignore the scattered customization hints. | |
846 | |
847 This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a | |
848 primer. For complete beginners, it is a good idea to start with the | |
849 on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To run the | |
850 tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. This way you can learn | |
851 Emacs by using Emacs on a specially designed file which describes | |
852 commands, tells you when to try them, and then explains the results you | |
853 see. | |
854 | |
855 On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the | |
856 notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the | |
857 Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these | |
858 chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you | |
859 should practice the commands there. The next few chapters describe | |
860 fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. You need | |
861 to understand them thoroughly, experimenting with them if necessary. | |
862 | |
863 Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are | |
864 useful for all kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters | |
865 describe features that you may or may not want to use; read those | |
866 chapters when you need them. | |
867 | |
868 Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working | |
869 properly. It explains how to cope with some common problems | |
870 (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs | |
871 (@pxref{Bugs}). | |
872 | |
873 To find the documentation on a particular command, look in the index. | |
874 Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. There | |
875 is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term. | |
876 | |
877 This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file. | |
878 The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which will | |
879 be the principal way of viewing documentation on-line in the GNU system. | |
880 Both the Info file and the Info program itself are distributed along | |
881 with GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain | |
882 substantially the same text and are generated from the same source | |
883 files, which are also distributed along with GNU Emacs. | |
884 | |
885 GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many Emacs | |
886 editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For information on | |
887 the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons learned from its | |
888 development, write for a copy of AI memo 519a, ``Emacs, the Extensible, | |
889 Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor,'' to Publications Department, | |
890 Artificial Intelligence Lab, 545 Tech Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. At | |
891 last report they charge $2.25 per copy. Another useful publication is LCS | |
892 TM-165, ``A Cookbook for an Emacs,'' by Craig Finseth, available from | |
893 Publications Department, Laboratory for Computer Science, 545 Tech Square, | |
894 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. The price today is $3. | |
895 | |
896 This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs installed | |
897 on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on VMS, MS-DOS | |
898 (also called MS-DOG), Windows NT, and Windows 95 systems. Those systems use | |
899 different file name syntax; in addition, VMS and MS-DOS do not support | |
900 all GNU Emacs features. We don't try to describe VMS usage in this | |
901 manual. @xref{MS-DOS}, for information about using Emacs on MS-DOS. | |
902 @end iftex | |
903 | |
904 @node Distrib, Copying, Top, Top | |
905 @unnumbered Distribution | |
906 | |
907 GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to | |
908 use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs is | |
909 not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions | |
910 on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit | |
911 everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. What is | |
912 not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version | |
913 of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise conditions are | |
914 found in the GNU General Public License that comes with Emacs and also | |
915 appears following this section. | |
916 | |
917 One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. You | |
918 need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; just | |
919 copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest | |
920 distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see the file | |
921 @file{etc/FTP} in the Emacs distribution for more information. | |
922 | |
923 You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer | |
924 manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to | |
925 everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources, | |
926 including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to | |
927 redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the | |
928 General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you | |
929 when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer. | |
930 | |
931 You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software Foundation | |
932 on CD-ROM@. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is | |
933 also a good way to help fund our work. (The Foundation has always | |
934 received most of its funds in this way.) An order form is included in | |
935 the file @file{etc/ORDERS} in the Emacs distribution, and on our web | |
936 site in @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further | |
937 information, write to | |
938 | |
939 @display | |
940 Free Software Foundation | |
941 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 | |
942 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
943 USA | |
944 @end display | |
945 | |
946 The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's | |
947 purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our | |
948 existing programs including GNU Emacs. | |
949 | |
950 If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the | |
951 Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free | |
952 Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs | |
953 at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If | |
954 company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you | |
955 might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation | |
956 occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates. | |
957 | |
958 @iftex | |
959 Contributors to GNU Emacs include Per Abrahamsen, Jay K. Adams, Joe | |
960 Arceneaux, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Jim Blandy, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz, | |
961 Peter Breton, Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M. Brown, Bill | |
962 Carpenter, Hans Chalupsky, Bob Chassell, James Clark, Mike Clarkson, | |
963 Glynn Clements, Andrew Csillag, Doug Cutting, Michael DeCorte, Gary | |
964 Delp, Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Carsten Dominik, Scott Draves, Viktor | |
965 Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson, | |
966 Tsugumoto Enami, Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi, | |
967 Frederick Farnback, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Noah Friedman, | |
968 Keith Gabryelski, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, Howard Gayle, Stephen | |
969 Gildea, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Boris Goldowsky, Michelangelo | |
24882 | 970 Grigni, Michael Gschwind, Henry Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa, |
24093 | 971 Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, John Heidemann, Markus Heritsch, Karl |
972 Heuer, Manabu Higashida, Anders Holst, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Lars | |
973 Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Tomoji | |
974 Kagatani, Brewster Kahle, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Howard Kaye, | |
975 Michael Kifer, Richard King, Larry K. Kolodney, Robert Krawitz, | |
976 Sebastian Kremer, Geoff Kuenning, David K@aa gedal, Daniel LaLiberte, | |
977 Aaron Larson, James R. Larus, Frederic Lepied, Lars Lindberg, Eric | |
978 Ludlam, Neil M. Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon | |
979 Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath, | |
980 David Megginson, Wayne Mesard, Richard Mlynarik, Keith Moore, Erik | |
981 Naggum, Thomas Neumann, Mike Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Jeff Norden, | |
982 Andrew Norman, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, Jens | |
983 Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, | |
984 Francesco A. Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Ashwin Ram, Eric S. Raymond, | |
985 Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, Rob Riepel, Roland B. Roberts, John | |
986 Robinson, Danny Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt, Guillermo J. Rozas, Ivar | |
987 Rummelhoff, Wolfgang Rupprecht, James B. Salem, Masahiko Sato, William | |
988 Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald | |
989 S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Stephen Schoef, Randal Schwartz, | |
990 Manuel Serrano, Stanislav Shalunov, Mark Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin | |
991 Shivers, Espen Skoglund, Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David | |
992 Smith, Paul D. Smith, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats, Sam Steingold, | |
993 Ake Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Jonathan Stigelman, Steve Strassman, | |
994 Jens T. Berger Thielemann, Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, Masanobu Umeda, | |
995 Neil W. Van Dyke, Ulrik Vieth, Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Barry | |
996 Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, Ed | |
997 Wilkinson, Mike Williams, Steven A. Wood, Dale R. Worley, Felix | |
998 S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Ian T. Zimmermann, | |
999 Reto Zimmermann, and Neal Ziring. | |
1000 @end iftex | |
1001 | |
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|
1002 @node Copying, GNU Free Documentation License, Distrib, Top |
24093 | 1003 @unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE |
1004 @center Version 2, June 1991 | |
1005 | |
1006 @display | |
1007 Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
1008 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA | |
1009 | |
1010 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies | |
1011 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. | |
1012 @end display | |
1013 | |
1014 @unnumberedsec Preamble | |
1015 | |
1016 The licenses for most software are designed to take away your | |
1017 freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public | |
1018 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free | |
1019 software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This | |
1020 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software | |
1021 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to | |
1022 using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by | |
1023 the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to | |
1024 your programs, too. | |
1025 | |
1026 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not | |
1027 price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you | |
1028 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for | |
1029 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it | |
1030 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it | |
1031 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. | |
1032 | |
1033 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid | |
1034 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. | |
1035 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you | |
1036 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. | |
1037 | |
1038 For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether | |
1039 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that | |
1040 you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the | |
1041 source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their | |
1042 rights. | |
1043 | |
1044 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and | |
1045 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, | |
1046 distribute and/or modify the software. | |
1047 | |
1048 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain | |
1049 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free | |
1050 software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we | |
1051 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so | |
1052 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original | |
1053 authors' reputations. | |
1054 | |
1055 Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software | |
1056 patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free | |
1057 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the | |
1058 program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any | |
1059 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. | |
1060 | |
1061 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and | |
1062 modification follow. | |
1063 | |
1064 @iftex | |
1065 @unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION | |
1066 @end iftex | |
1067 @ifinfo | |
1068 @center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION | |
1069 @end ifinfo | |
1070 | |
1071 @enumerate 0 | |
1072 @item | |
1073 This License applies to any program or other work which contains | |
1074 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed | |
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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|
1075 under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program,'' below, |
24093 | 1076 refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program'' |
1077 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: | |
1078 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, | |
1079 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another | |
1080 language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in | |
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1081 the term ``modification.'') Each licensee is addressed as ``you.'' |
24093 | 1082 |
1083 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not | |
1084 covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of | |
1085 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program | |
1086 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the | |
1087 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). | |
1088 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. | |
1089 | |
1090 @item | |
1091 You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's | |
1092 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you | |
1093 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate | |
1094 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the | |
1095 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; | |
1096 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License | |
1097 along with the Program. | |
1098 | |
1099 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and | |
1100 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. | |
1101 | |
1102 @item | |
1103 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion | |
1104 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and | |
1105 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 | |
1106 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: | |
1107 | |
1108 @enumerate a | |
1109 @item | |
1110 You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices | |
1111 stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. | |
1112 | |
1113 @item | |
1114 You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in | |
1115 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any | |
1116 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third | |
1117 parties under the terms of this License. | |
1118 | |
1119 @item | |
1120 If the modified program normally reads commands interactively | |
1121 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such | |
1122 interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an | |
1123 announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a | |
1124 notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide | |
1125 a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under | |
1126 these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this | |
1127 License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but | |
1128 does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on | |
1129 the Program is not required to print an announcement.) | |
1130 @end enumerate | |
1131 | |
1132 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If | |
1133 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, | |
1134 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in | |
1135 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those | |
1136 sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you | |
1137 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based | |
1138 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of | |
1139 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the | |
1140 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. | |
1141 | |
1142 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest | |
1143 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to | |
1144 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or | |
1145 collective works based on the Program. | |
1146 | |
1147 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program | |
1148 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of | |
1149 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under | |
1150 the scope of this License. | |
1151 | |
1152 @item | |
1153 You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, | |
1154 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of | |
1155 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: | |
1156 | |
1157 @enumerate a | |
1158 @item | |
1159 Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable | |
1160 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections | |
1161 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1162 | |
1163 @item | |
1164 Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three | |
1165 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your | |
1166 cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete | |
1167 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be | |
1168 distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium | |
1169 customarily used for software interchange; or, | |
1170 | |
1171 @item | |
1172 Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer | |
1173 to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is | |
1174 allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you | |
1175 received the program in object code or executable form with such | |
1176 an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) | |
1177 @end enumerate | |
1178 | |
1179 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for | |
1180 making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source | |
1181 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any | |
1182 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to | |
1183 control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a | |
1184 special exception, the source code distributed need not include | |
1185 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary | |
1186 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the | |
1187 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component | |
1188 itself accompanies the executable. | |
1189 | |
1190 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering | |
1191 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent | |
1192 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as | |
1193 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not | |
1194 compelled to copy the source along with the object code. | |
1195 | |
1196 @item | |
1197 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program | |
1198 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt | |
1199 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is | |
1200 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. | |
1201 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under | |
1202 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such | |
1203 parties remain in full compliance. | |
1204 | |
1205 @item | |
1206 You are not required to accept this License, since you have not | |
1207 signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or | |
1208 distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are | |
1209 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by | |
1210 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the | |
1211 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and | |
1212 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying | |
1213 the Program or works based on it. | |
1214 | |
1215 @item | |
1216 Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the | |
1217 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the | |
1218 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to | |
1219 these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further | |
1220 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. | |
1221 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to | |
1222 this License. | |
1223 | |
1224 @item | |
1225 If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent | |
1226 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), | |
1227 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or | |
1228 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not | |
1229 excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot | |
1230 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this | |
1231 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you | |
1232 may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent | |
1233 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by | |
1234 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then | |
1235 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to | |
1236 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. | |
1237 | |
1238 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under | |
1239 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to | |
1240 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other | |
1241 circumstances. | |
1242 | |
1243 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any | |
1244 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any | |
1245 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the | |
1246 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is | |
1247 implemented by public license practices. Many people have made | |
1248 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed | |
1249 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that | |
1250 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing | |
1251 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot | |
1252 impose that choice. | |
1253 | |
1254 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to | |
1255 be a consequence of the rest of this License. | |
1256 | |
1257 @item | |
1258 If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in | |
1259 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the | |
1260 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License | |
1261 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding | |
1262 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among | |
1263 countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates | |
1264 the limitation as if written in the body of this License. | |
1265 | |
1266 @item | |
1267 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions | |
1268 of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will | |
1269 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to | |
1270 address new problems or concerns. | |
1271 | |
1272 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program | |
1273 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any | |
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1274 later version,'' you have the option of following the terms and conditions |
24093 | 1275 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free |
1276 Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of | |
1277 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software | |
1278 Foundation. | |
1279 | |
1280 @item | |
1281 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free | |
1282 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author | |
1283 to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free | |
1284 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes | |
1285 make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals | |
1286 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and | |
1287 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. | |
1288 | |
1289 @iftex | |
1290 @heading NO WARRANTY | |
1291 @end iftex | |
1292 @ifinfo | |
1293 @center NO WARRANTY | |
1294 @end ifinfo | |
1295 | |
1296 @item | |
1297 BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY | |
1298 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW@. EXCEPT WHEN | |
1299 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES | |
1300 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED | |
1301 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF | |
1302 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. THE ENTIRE RISK AS | |
1303 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU@. SHOULD THE | |
1304 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, | |
1305 REPAIR OR CORRECTION. | |
1306 | |
1307 @item | |
1308 IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING | |
1309 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR | |
1310 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, | |
1311 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING | |
1312 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED | |
1313 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY | |
1314 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER | |
1315 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE | |
1316 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. | |
1317 @end enumerate | |
1318 | |
1319 @iftex | |
1320 @heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS | |
1321 @end iftex | |
1322 @ifinfo | |
1323 @center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS | |
1324 @end ifinfo | |
1325 | |
1326 @page | |
1327 @unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs | |
1328 | |
1329 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest | |
1330 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it | |
1331 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. | |
1332 | |
1333 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest | |
1334 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively | |
1335 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least | |
1336 the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. | |
1337 | |
1338 @smallexample | |
1339 @var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.} | |
1340 Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author} | |
1341 | |
1342 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or | |
1343 modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License | |
1344 as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 | |
1345 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. | |
1346 | |
1347 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, | |
1348 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of | |
1349 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. See the | |
1350 GNU General Public License for more details. | |
1351 | |
1352 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along | |
1353 with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., | |
1354 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. | |
1355 @end smallexample | |
1356 | |
1357 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. | |
1358 | |
1359 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this | |
1360 when it starts in an interactive mode: | |
1361 | |
1362 @smallexample | |
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1363 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 20@var{yy} @var{name of author} |
24093 | 1364 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details |
1365 type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome | |
1366 to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' | |
1367 for details. | |
1368 @end smallexample | |
1369 | |
1370 The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show | |
1371 the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the | |
1372 commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and | |
1373 @samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever | |
1374 suits your program. | |
1375 | |
1376 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your | |
1377 school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if | |
1378 necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: | |
1379 | |
1380 @smallexample | |
1381 @group | |
1382 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright | |
1383 interest in the program `Gnomovision' | |
1384 (which makes passes at compilers) written | |
1385 by James Hacker. | |
1386 | |
1387 @var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989 | |
1388 Ty Coon, President of Vice | |
1389 @end group | |
1390 @end smallexample | |
1391 | |
1392 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into | |
1393 proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may | |
1394 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the | |
1395 library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General | |
1396 Public License instead of this License. | |
1397 | |
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1398 @include doclicense.texi |
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1399 |
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1400 @node Intro, Glossary, GNU Free Documentation License, Top |
24093 | 1401 @unnumbered Introduction |
1402 | |
1403 You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the advanced, | |
1404 self-documenting, customizable, extensible real-time display editor Emacs. | |
1405 (The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.) | |
1406 | |
1407 We say that Emacs is a @dfn{display} editor because normally the text | |
1408 being edited is visible on the screen and is updated automatically as you | |
1409 type your commands. @xref{Screen,Display}. | |
1410 | |
1411 We call it a @dfn{real-time} editor because the display is updated very | |
1412 frequently, usually after each character or pair of characters you | |
1413 type. This minimizes the amount of information you must keep in your | |
1414 head as you edit. @xref{Basic,Real-time,Basic Editing}. | |
1415 | |
1416 We call Emacs advanced because it provides facilities that go beyond | |
1417 simple insertion and deletion: controlling subprocesses; automatic | |
1418 indentation of programs; viewing two or more files at once; editing | |
1419 formatted text; and dealing in terms of characters, words, lines, | |
1420 sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and comments in | |
1421 several different programming languages. | |
1422 | |
1423 @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can type a special | |
1424 character, @kbd{Control-h}, to find out what your options are. You can | |
1425 also use it to find out what any command does, or to find all the commands | |
1426 that pertain to a topic. @xref{Help}. | |
1427 | |
1428 @dfn{Customizable} means that you can change the definitions of Emacs | |
1429 commands in little ways. For example, if you use a programming language in | |
1430 which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can tell | |
1431 the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings | |
1432 (@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of the | |
1433 command set. For example, if you prefer the four basic cursor motion | |
1434 commands (up, down, left and right) on keys in a diamond pattern on the | |
1435 keyboard, you can rebind the keys that way. @xref{Customization}. | |
1436 | |
1437 @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization and | |
1438 write entirely new commands, programs in the Lisp language to be run by | |
1439 Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line extensible'' | |
1440 system, which means that it is divided into many functions that call | |
1441 each other, any of which can be redefined in the middle of an editing | |
1442 session. Almost any part of Emacs can be replaced without making a | |
1443 separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the editing commands of Emacs | |
38131 | 1444 are written in Lisp; the few exceptions could have been written |
24093 | 1445 in Lisp but are written in C for efficiency. Although only a programmer |
1446 can write an extension, anybody can use it afterward. If you want to | |
1447 learn Emacs Lisp programming, we recommend the @cite{Introduction to | |
1448 Emacs Lisp} by Robert J. Chassell, also published by the Free Software | |
1449 Foundation. | |
1450 | |
1451 When run under the X Window System, Emacs provides its own menus and | |
1452 convenient bindings to mouse buttons. But Emacs can provide many of the | |
1453 benefits of a window system on a text-only terminal. For instance, you | |
1454 can look at or edit several files at once, move text between files, and | |
1455 edit files while running shell commands. | |
1456 | |
1457 @include screen.texi | |
1458 @include commands.texi | |
1459 @include entering.texi | |
1460 @include basic.texi | |
1461 @include mini.texi | |
1462 @include m-x.texi | |
1463 @include help.texi | |
1464 @include mark.texi | |
1465 @include killing.texi | |
1466 @include regs.texi | |
1467 @include display.texi | |
1468 @include search.texi | |
1469 @include fixit.texi | |
1470 @include files.texi | |
1471 @include buffers.texi | |
1472 @include windows.texi | |
1473 @include frames.texi | |
1474 @include mule.texi | |
1475 @include major.texi | |
1476 @include indent.texi | |
1477 @include text.texi | |
1478 @include programs.texi | |
1479 @include building.texi | |
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1480 @include maintaining.texi |
24093 | 1481 @include abbrevs.texi |
1482 @include picture.texi | |
1483 @include sending.texi | |
1484 @include rmail.texi | |
1485 @include dired.texi | |
1486 @include calendar.texi | |
1487 @include misc.texi | |
1488 @include custom.texi | |
1489 @include trouble.texi | |
1490 @include cmdargs.texi | |
1491 | |
1492 @include anti.texi | |
34199 | 1493 @include macos.texi |
24093 | 1494 @include msdog.texi |
1495 @include gnu.texi | |
1496 @include glossary.texi | |
1497 @ifinfo | |
1498 @include ack.texi | |
1499 @end ifinfo | |
1500 | |
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1501 @c The Option Index is produced only in the on-line version, |
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1502 @c because the index entries related to command-line options |
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1503 @c tend to point to the same pages and all begin with a dash. |
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1504 @c This, and the need to keep the node links consistent, are |
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1505 @c the reasons for the funky @iftex/@ifnottex dance below. |
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1506 @c The Option Index is _not_ before Key Index, because that |
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1507 @c would require changes in the glossary.texi's @node line. |
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1508 @c It is not after Concept Index for similar reasons. |
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1509 |
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1510 @iftex |
24093 | 1511 @node Key Index, Command Index, Glossary, Top |
1512 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index | |
1513 @printindex ky | |
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1514 @end iftex |
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1515 |
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1516 @ifnottex |
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1517 @node Key Index, Option Index, Glossary, Top |
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1518 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index |
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1519 @printindex ky |
24093 | 1520 |
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1521 @node Option Index, Command Index, Key Index, Top |
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1522 @unnumbered Command-Line Options Index |
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1523 @printindex op |
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1524 |
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1525 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Option Index, Top |
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1526 @unnumbered Command and Function Index |
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1527 @printindex fn |
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1528 @end ifnottex |
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1529 |
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1530 @iftex |
24093 | 1531 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top |
1532 @unnumbered Command and Function Index | |
1533 @printindex fn | |
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1534 @end iftex |
24093 | 1535 |
1536 @node Variable Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top | |
1537 @unnumbered Variable Index | |
1538 @printindex vr | |
1539 | |
1540 @node Concept Index, Acknowledgments, Variable Index, Top | |
1541 @unnumbered Concept Index | |
1542 @printindex cp | |
1543 | |
1544 @summarycontents | |
1545 @contents | |
1546 @bye | |
1547 |