Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/info.texi @ 38212:6b14cc47a4f2
Major rewrite. Sections Tags, Emerge, Change Log and Authors
moved to maintaining.texi. Some sections reordered.
Node Misc for Programs moved to just before the language-specific sections.
New node Defuns contains an intro plus the old
Defuns node (now renamed Moving by Defuns)
as well as Imenu, Which Function, and a node
Left Margin Paren to explain the convention about this.
New node Parentheses now documents M-x check-parens.
It contains subnodes Expressions, Moving by Parens, and Matching.
Expressions and Moving by Parens contain the material
formerly in Lists and List Commands, but divided up differently.
The section Balanced Editing has been deleted.
Most of the C indentation customization (all except c-set-style),
has been replaced with a reference to the C Modes manual.
Documentation now is divided into three subsections.
Some rewrites in the Program Indent section about
C-u TAB and C-M-q.
author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Tue, 26 Jun 2001 13:43:32 +0000 |
parents | 7615043715cd |
children | 127d6dc34db9 |
rev | line source |
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25839 | 1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
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2 @comment %**start of header |
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3 @setfilename info.info |
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4 @settitle Info |
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5 @syncodeindex fn cp |
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6 @syncodeindex vr cp |
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7 @syncodeindex ky cp |
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8 @comment %**end of header |
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9 @comment $Id: info.texi,v 1.20 2001/05/03 14:02:33 karl Exp $ |
25839 | 10 |
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11 @dircategory Texinfo documentation system |
25839 | 12 @direntry |
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13 * Info: (info). Documentation browsing system. |
25839 | 14 @end direntry |
15 | |
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16 @ifinfo |
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17 This file describes how to use Info, the on-line, menu-driven GNU |
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18 documentation system. |
25839 | 19 |
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20 Copyright (C) 1989, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001 |
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21 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25839 | 22 |
23 | |
32315 | 24 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
25 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or | |
26 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no | |
27 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU | |
28 Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the | |
29 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation | |
30 License'' in the Emacs manual. | |
25839 | 31 |
32315 | 32 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
33 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
34 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
25839 | 35 |
32315 | 36 This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free |
37 Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document | |
38 separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the | |
39 license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license. | |
25839 | 40 @end ifinfo |
41 | |
42 @titlepage | |
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43 @title Info |
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44 @subtitle The online, hyper-text GNU documentation system |
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45 @author Brian Fox |
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46 @author and the GNU Texinfo community |
25839 | 47 @page |
48 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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49 Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001 |
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50 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25839 | 51 @sp 2 |
52 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
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53 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 @* |
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54 Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. |
25839 | 55 |
32315 | 56 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
57 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or | |
58 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no | |
59 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU | |
60 Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the | |
61 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation | |
62 License'' in the Emacs manual. | |
25839 | 63 |
32315 | 64 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
65 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
66 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
25839 | 67 |
32315 | 68 This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free |
69 Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document | |
70 separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the | |
71 license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license. | |
25839 | 72 @end titlepage |
73 | |
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74 @ifnottex |
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75 @node Top |
25839 | 76 @top Info: An Introduction |
77 | |
78 Info is a program for reading documentation, which you are using now. | |
79 | |
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80 @ifinfo |
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81 If you are new to Info and want to learn how to use it, type the |
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82 command @kbd{h} now. It brings you to a programmed instruction |
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83 sequence. |
25839 | 84 |
85 To learn advanced Info commands, type @kbd{n} twice. This brings you to | |
86 @cite{Info for Experts}, skipping over the `Getting Started' chapter. | |
87 @end ifinfo | |
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88 @end ifnottex |
25839 | 89 |
90 @menu | |
91 * Getting Started:: Getting started using an Info reader. | |
92 * Advanced Info:: Advanced commands within Info. | |
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93 * Creating an Info File:: How to make your own Info file. |
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94 * Index:: An index of topics, commands, and variables. |
25839 | 95 @end menu |
96 | |
97 @node Getting Started, Advanced Info, Top, Top | |
98 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
99 @chapter Getting Started | |
100 | |
101 This first part of the Info manual describes how to get around inside | |
102 of Info. The second part of the manual describes various advanced | |
103 Info commands, and how to write an Info as distinct from a Texinfo | |
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104 file. The third part briefly explains how to generate Info files from |
25839 | 105 Texinfo files. |
106 | |
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107 @ifnotinfo |
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108 This manual is primarily designed for browsing with an Info reader |
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109 program on a computer, so that you can try Info commands while reading |
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110 about them. Reading it on paper or with an HTML browser is less |
25839 | 111 effective, since you must take it on faith that the commands described |
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112 really do what the manual says. By all means go through this manual |
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113 now that you have it; but please try going through the on-line version |
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114 as well. |
25839 | 115 |
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116 @cindex Info reader, how to invoke |
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117 @cindex entering Info |
25839 | 118 There are two ways of looking at the online version of this manual: |
119 | |
120 @enumerate | |
121 @item | |
122 Type @code{info} at your shell's command line. This approach uses a | |
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123 stand-alone program designed just to read Info files. |
25839 | 124 |
125 @item | |
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126 Type @code{emacs} at the command line; then type @kbd{C-h i} |
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127 (@kbd{Control-h}, followed by @kbd{i}). This approach uses the Info |
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128 mode of the Emacs program, an editor with many other capabilities. |
25839 | 129 @end enumerate |
130 | |
131 In either case, then type @kbd{mInfo} (just the letters), followed by | |
132 @key{RET}---the ``Return'' or ``Enter'' key. At this point, you should | |
133 be ready to follow the instructions in this manual as you read them on | |
134 the screen. | |
135 @c FIXME! (pesch@cygnus.com, 14 dec 1992) | |
136 @c Is it worth worrying about what-if the beginner goes to somebody | |
137 @c else's Emacs session, which already has an Info running in the middle | |
138 @c of something---in which case these simple instructions won't work? | |
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139 @end ifnotinfo |
25839 | 140 |
141 @menu | |
142 * Help-Small-Screen:: Starting Info on a Small Screen | |
143 * Help:: How to use Info | |
144 * Help-P:: Returning to the Previous node | |
145 * Help-^L:: The Space, Rubout, B and ^L commands. | |
146 * Help-M:: Menus | |
147 * Help-Adv:: Some advanced Info commands | |
148 * Help-Q:: Quitting Info | |
149 @end menu | |
150 | |
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151 @node Help-Small-Screen |
25839 | 152 @section Starting Info on a Small Screen |
153 | |
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154 @ifnotinfo |
25839 | 155 (In Info, you only see this section if your terminal has a small |
156 number of lines; most readers pass by it without seeing it.) | |
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157 @end ifnotinfo |
25839 | 158 |
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159 @cindex small screen, moving around |
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160 Since your terminal has a relatively small number of lines on its |
25839 | 161 screen, it is necessary to give you special advice at the beginning. |
162 | |
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163 If you see the text @samp{--All----} near the bottom right corner |
25839 | 164 of the screen, it means the entire text you are looking at fits on the |
165 screen. If you see @samp{--Top----} instead, it means that there is | |
166 more text below that does not fit. To move forward through the text | |
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167 and see another screen full, press @key{SPC}, the Space bar. To move |
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168 back up, press the key labeled @samp{Backspace} or @samp{DEL} (on some |
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169 keyboards, this key might be labeled @samp{Delete}). |
25839 | 170 |
171 @ifinfo | |
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172 Here are 40 lines of junk, so you can try @key{SPC} and @key{DEL} and |
25839 | 173 see what they do. At the end are instructions of what you should do |
174 next. | |
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175 |
25839 | 176 @format |
177 This is line 20 | |
178 This is line 21 | |
179 This is line 22 | |
180 This is line 23 | |
181 This is line 24 | |
182 This is line 25 | |
183 This is line 26 | |
184 This is line 27 | |
185 This is line 28 | |
186 This is line 29 | |
187 This is line 30 | |
188 This is line 31 | |
189 This is line 32 | |
190 This is line 33 | |
191 This is line 34 | |
192 This is line 35 | |
193 This is line 36 | |
194 This is line 37 | |
195 This is line 38 | |
196 This is line 39 | |
197 This is line 40 | |
198 This is line 41 | |
199 This is line 42 | |
200 This is line 43 | |
201 This is line 44 | |
202 This is line 45 | |
203 This is line 46 | |
204 This is line 47 | |
205 This is line 48 | |
206 This is line 49 | |
207 This is line 50 | |
208 This is line 51 | |
209 This is line 52 | |
210 This is line 53 | |
211 This is line 54 | |
212 This is line 55 | |
213 This is line 56 | |
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214 This is line 57 |
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215 This is line 58 |
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216 This is line 59 |
25839 | 217 @end format |
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218 |
25839 | 219 If you have managed to get here, go back to the beginning with |
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220 @kbd{DEL} (or @key{BACKSPACE}), and come back here again, then you |
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221 understand the about the @samp{Space} and @samp{Backspace} keys. So |
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222 now type an @kbd{n} ---just one character; don't type the quotes and |
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223 don't type the Return key afterward--- to get to the normal start of |
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224 the course. |
25839 | 225 @end ifinfo |
226 | |
227 @node Help, Help-P, Help-Small-Screen, Getting Started | |
228 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
229 @section How to use Info | |
230 | |
231 You are talking to the program Info, for reading documentation. | |
232 | |
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233 @cindex node, in Info documents |
25839 | 234 Right now you are looking at one @dfn{Node} of Information. |
235 A node contains text describing a specific topic at a specific | |
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236 level of detail. This node's topic is ``how to use Info''. The mode |
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237 line says that this is node @samp{Help} in the file @file{info}. |
25839 | 238 |
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239 @cindex header of Info node |
25839 | 240 The top line of a node is its @dfn{header}. This node's header (look at |
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241 it now) says that the @samp{Next} node after this one is the node |
25839 | 242 called @samp{Help-P}. An advanced Info command lets you go to any node |
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243 whose name you know. In the stand-alone Info reader program, the |
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244 header line shows the names of this node and the info file as well. |
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245 In Emacs, the header line is displayed in a special typeface, and it |
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246 doesn't scroll off the screen when you scroll the display. The names |
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247 of this node and of its Info file are omitted by Emacs from the header |
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248 line. |
25839 | 249 |
250 Besides a @samp{Next}, a node can have a @samp{Previous} or an | |
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251 @samp{Up} links, or both. As you can see, this node has all of these |
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252 links. |
25839 | 253 |
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254 @kindex n @r{(Info mode)} |
25839 | 255 Now it is time to move on to the @samp{Next} node, named @samp{Help-P}. |
256 | |
257 @format | |
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258 >> Type @kbd{n} to move there. Type just one character; |
25839 | 259 do not type the quotes and do not type a @key{RET} afterward. |
260 @end format | |
261 | |
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262 @noindent |
25839 | 263 @samp{>>} in the margin means it is really time to try a command. |
264 | |
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265 @format |
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266 >> If you have a mouse, and if you already practiced typing @kbd{n} |
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267 to get to the next node, click now with the right mouse button on |
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268 the @samp{Next} link to do the same ``the mouse way''. |
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269 @end format |
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270 |
25839 | 271 @node Help-P, Help-^L, Help, Getting Started |
272 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
273 @section Returning to the Previous node | |
274 | |
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275 @kindex p @r{(Info mode)} |
25839 | 276 This node is called @samp{Help-P}. The @samp{Previous} node, as you see, |
277 is @samp{Help}, which is the one you just came from using the @kbd{n} | |
278 command. Another @kbd{n} command now would take you to the next | |
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279 node, @samp{Help-^L}. In Emacs, @kbd{n} runs the Emacs command |
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280 @code{Info-next}, and @kbd{p} runs @code{Info-prev}. |
25839 | 281 |
282 @format | |
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283 >> But do not type @kbd{n} yet. First, try the @kbd{p} command, |
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284 or click the mouse on the @samp{Prev} link, which takes you to the |
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285 @samp{Previous} node. When you get there, you can do an @kbd{n} |
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286 again to return here. |
25839 | 287 @end format |
288 | |
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289 If you read this in Emacs, you will see an @samp{Info} item in the |
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290 menu bar, close to its right edge. Clicking your mouse on the |
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291 @samp{Info} menu-bar item opens a menu of commands which include |
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292 @samp{Next} and @samp{Prev} (and also some others which you didn't yet |
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293 learn about). |
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294 |
25839 | 295 This all probably seems insultingly simple so far, but @emph{do not} be |
296 led into skimming. Things will get more complicated soon. Also, | |
297 do not try a new command until you are told it is time to. Otherwise, | |
298 you may make Info skip past an important warning that was coming up. | |
299 | |
300 @format | |
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301 >> Now do an @kbd{n}, or click the mouse on the @samp{Next} link, to |
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302 get to the node @samp{Help-^L} and learn more. |
25839 | 303 @end format |
304 | |
305 @node Help-^L, Help-M, Help-P, Getting Started | |
306 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
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307 @section The Space, DEL, B and ^L commands. |
25839 | 308 |
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309 This node's mode line tells you that you are now at node @samp{Help-^L}, |
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310 and the header line tells you that @kbd{p} would get you back to |
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311 @samp{Help-P}. The node's title is underlined; it says what the node |
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312 is about (most nodes have titles). |
25839 | 313 |
314 This is a big node and it does not all fit on your display screen. | |
315 You can tell that there is more that is not visible because you | |
316 can see the string @samp{--Top-----} rather than @samp{--All----} near | |
317 the bottom right corner of the screen. | |
318 | |
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319 @kindex SPC @r{(Info mode)} |
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320 @kindex DEL @r{(Info mode)} |
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321 @kindex BACKSPACE @r{(Info mode)} |
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322 @findex Info-scroll-up |
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323 @findex Info-scroll-down |
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324 The @key{SPC}, @key{BACKSPACE} (or @key{DEL})@footnote{The key which |
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325 we call ``Backspace or DEL'' in this manual is labeled differently on |
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326 different keyboards. Look for a key which is a little ways above the |
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327 @key{ENTER} or @key{RET} key and which you normally use outside Emacs |
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328 to erase the character before the cursor, i.e.@: the character you |
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329 typed last. It might be labeled @samp{Backspace} or @samp{<-} or |
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330 @samp{DEL}, or sometimes @samp{Delete}.} and @kbd{b} commands exist to |
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331 allow you to ``move around'' in a node that does not all fit on the |
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332 screen at once. @key{SPC} moves forward, to show what was below the |
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333 bottom of the screen. @key{DEL} or @key{BACKSPACE} moves backward, to |
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334 show what was above the top of the screen (there is not anything above |
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335 the top until you have typed some spaces). In Emacs, @key{SPC} runs |
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336 the command @code{Info-scroll-up}, while @key{BACKSPACE} runs |
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337 @code{Info-scroll-down}. |
25839 | 338 |
339 @format | |
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340 >> Now try typing a @key{SPC} (afterward, type a @key{BACKSPACE} to |
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341 return here). |
25839 | 342 @end format |
343 | |
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344 When you type the @key{SPC}, the two lines that were at the bottom of |
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345 the screen appear at the top, followed by more lines. @key{DEL} or |
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346 @key{BACKSPACE} takes the two lines from the top and moves them to the |
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347 bottom, @emph{usually}, but if there are not a full screen's worth of |
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348 lines above them they may not make it all the way to the bottom. |
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349 |
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350 If you are reading this in Emacs, note that the header line is |
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351 always visible, never scrolling off the display. That way, you can |
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352 always see the @samp{Next}, @samp{Prev}, and @samp{Up} links, and you |
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353 can conveniently go to one of these links from anywhere in the node by |
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354 clicking the mouse on one of these links. |
25839 | 355 |
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356 @cindex reading Info documents top to bottom |
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357 @cindex Info documents as tutorials |
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358 @key{SPC} and @key{DEL} not only move forward and backward through |
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359 the current node. When these keys hit the beginning or the end of the |
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360 current node, they move to preceding or subsequent nodes. |
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361 Specifically, they scroll through all the nodes in an Info file as a |
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362 single logical sequence. In this sequence, a node's subnodes appear |
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363 following their parent. If a node has a menu, @key{SPC} takes you |
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364 into the subnodes listed in the menu, one by one. Once you reach the |
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365 end of a node, and have seen all of its subnodes, @key{SPC} takes you |
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366 to the next node or to the parent's next node. This is so you could |
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367 read the entire manual top to bottom by just typing @key{SPC}. |
25839 | 368 |
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369 @kindex PAGEUP @r{(Info mode)} |
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370 @kindex PAGEDOWN @r{(Info mode)} |
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371 Many keyboards nowadays have two scroll keys labeled @samp{PageUp} |
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372 and @samp{PageDown} (or maybe @samp{Prior} and @samp{Next}). If your |
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373 keyboard has these keys, you can use them to move forward and backward |
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374 through the text, like with @key{SPC} and @key{BACKSPACE}. However, |
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375 unlike @key{SPC} and @key{BACKSPACE}, @key{PAGEUP} and @key{PAGEDOWN} |
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376 keys will never scroll beyond the beginning or the end of the current |
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377 node. |
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378 |
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379 @kindex C-l @r{(Info mode)} |
25839 | 380 If your screen is ever garbaged, you can tell Info to print it out |
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381 again by typing @kbd{C-l} (@kbd{Control-L}, that is---hold down |
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382 @key{CTRL} and type @kbd{L} or @kbd{l}). |
25839 | 383 |
384 @format | |
385 >> Type @kbd{C-l} now. | |
386 @end format | |
387 | |
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388 @kindex b @r{(Info mode)} |
25839 | 389 To move back to the beginning of the node you are on, you can type |
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390 a lot of @key{BACKSPACE} keys. You can also type simply @kbd{b} for |
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391 beginning. |
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392 |
25839 | 393 @format |
394 >> Try that now. (We have put in enough verbiage to push this past | |
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395 the first screenful, but screens are so big nowadays that perhaps it |
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396 isn't enough. You may need to shrink your Emacs or Info window.) |
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397 Then come back, with @key{SCS}s. |
25839 | 398 @end format |
399 | |
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400 If your screen is very tall, all of this node might fit at once. |
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401 In that case, @kbd{b} won't do anything. Sorry; what can we do? |
25839 | 402 |
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403 @kindex ? @r{(Info mode)} |
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404 @findex Info-summary |
25839 | 405 You have just learned a considerable number of commands. If you |
406 want to use one but have trouble remembering which, you should type | |
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407 a @kbd{?} (in Emacs it runs the @code{Info-summary} command) which |
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408 prints out a brief list of commands. When you are finished looking at |
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409 the list, make it go away by typing a @key{SPC} repeatedly. |
25839 | 410 |
411 @format | |
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412 >> Type a @key{?} now. Press @key{SPC} to see consecutive screenfuls of |
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413 the list until finished. Then type @key{SPC} several times, until |
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414 it goes away. |
25839 | 415 @end format |
416 | |
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417 (If you are using the stand-alone Info reader, type @kbd{C-x 0} to |
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418 return here, that is---press and hold @key{CTRL}, type an @kbd{x}, |
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419 then release @key{CTRL} and @kbd{x}, and press @kbd{0}---a zero, not |
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420 the letter ``o''.) |
25839 | 421 |
422 From now on, you will encounter large nodes without warning, and | |
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423 will be expected to know how to use @key{SPC} and @key{BACKSPACE} to |
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424 move around in them without being told. Since not all terminals have |
25839 | 425 the same size screen, it would be impossible to warn you anyway. |
426 | |
427 @format | |
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428 >> Now type @kbd{n}, or click the mouse on the @samp{Next} link, to |
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429 see the description of the @kbd{m} command. |
25839 | 430 @end format |
431 | |
432 @node Help-M, Help-Adv, Help-^L, Getting Started | |
433 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
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434 @section Menus and the @kbd{m} command |
25839 | 435 |
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436 @cindex menus in an Info document |
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437 @cindex Info menus |
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438 With only the @kbd{n} (next) and @kbd{p} (previous) commands for |
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439 moving between nodes, nodes are restricted to a linear sequence. |
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440 Menus allow a branching structure. A menu is a list of other nodes |
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441 you can move to. It is actually just part of the text of the node |
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442 formatted specially so that Info can interpret it. The beginning of a |
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443 menu is always identified by a line which starts with @samp{* Menu:}. |
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444 A node contains a menu if and only if it has a line in it which starts |
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445 that way. The only menu you can use at any moment is the one in the |
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446 node you are in. To use a menu in any other node, you must move to |
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447 that node first. |
25839 | 448 |
449 After the start of the menu, each line that starts with a @samp{*} | |
450 identifies one subtopic. The line usually contains a brief name | |
451 for the subtopic (followed by a @samp{:}), the name of the node that talks | |
452 about that subtopic, and optionally some further description of the | |
453 subtopic. Lines in the menu that do not start with a @samp{*} have no | |
454 special meaning---they are only for the human reader's benefit and do | |
455 not define additional subtopics. Here is an example: | |
456 | |
457 @example | |
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458 * Foo: Node about FOO This tells about FOO |
25839 | 459 @end example |
460 | |
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461 The subtopic name is Foo, and the node describing it is @samp{Node |
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462 about FOO}. The rest of the line is just for the reader's |
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463 Information. [[ But this line is not a real menu item, simply because |
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464 there is no line above it which starts with @samp{* Menu:}.]] |
25839 | 465 |
466 When you use a menu to go to another node (in a way that will be | |
467 described soon), what you specify is the subtopic name, the first | |
468 thing in the menu line. Info uses it to find the menu line, extracts | |
469 the node name from it, and goes to that node. The reason that there | |
470 is both a subtopic name and a node name is that the node name must be | |
471 meaningful to the computer and may therefore have to be ugly looking. | |
472 The subtopic name can be chosen just to be convenient for the user to | |
473 specify. Often the node name is convenient for the user to specify | |
474 and so both it and the subtopic name are the same. There is an | |
475 abbreviation for this: | |
476 | |
477 @example | |
478 * Foo:: This tells about FOO | |
479 @end example | |
480 | |
481 @noindent | |
482 This means that the subtopic name and node name are the same; they are | |
483 both @samp{Foo}. | |
484 | |
485 @format | |
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486 >> Now use @key{SPC} to find the menu in this node, then come back to |
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487 the front with a @kbd{b} and some @key{SPC}s. As you see, a menu is |
25839 | 488 actually visible in its node. If you cannot find a menu in a node |
489 by looking at it, then the node does not have a menu and the | |
490 @kbd{m} command is not available. | |
491 @end format | |
492 | |
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493 @kindex m @r{(Info mode)} |
25839 | 494 The command to go to one of the subnodes is @kbd{m}---but @emph{do |
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495 not do it yet!} Before you use @kbd{m}, you need to learn about |
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496 commands which prompt you for more input. So far, you have learned |
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497 several commands that do not need additional input; when you typed |
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498 one, Info processed it and was instantly ready for another command. |
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499 The @kbd{m} command is different: it is incomplete without the |
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500 @dfn{name of the subtopic}. Once you have typed @kbd{m}, Info tries |
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501 to read the subtopic name. |
25839 | 502 |
503 Now look for the line containing many dashes near the bottom of the | |
504 screen. There is one more line beneath that one, but usually it is | |
505 blank. If it is empty, Info is ready for a command, such as @kbd{n} | |
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506 or @kbd{b} or @key{SPC} or @kbd{m}. If that line contains text ending |
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507 in a colon, it means Info is trying to read more input for the last |
25839 | 508 command. At such times, commands do not work, because Info tries to |
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509 use them as the input it needs. You must either type your response and |
25839 | 510 finish the command you started, or type @kbd{Control-g} to cancel the |
511 command. When you have done one of those things, the line becomes | |
512 blank again. | |
513 | |
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514 @findex Info-menu |
25839 | 515 The command to go to a subnode via a menu is @kbd{m}. After you type |
516 the @kbd{m}, the line at the bottom of the screen says @samp{Menu item: }. | |
517 You must then type the name of the subtopic you want, and end it with | |
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518 a @key{RET}. In Emacs, @kbd{m} runs the command @code{Info-menu}. |
25839 | 519 |
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520 @cindex abbreviating Info subnodes |
25839 | 521 You can abbreviate the subtopic name. If the abbreviation is not |
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522 unique, the first matching subtopic is chosen. Some menus put |
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523 the shortest possible abbreviation for each subtopic name in capital |
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524 letters, so you can see how much you need to type. It does not |
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525 matter whether you use upper case or lower case when you type the |
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526 subtopic. You should not put any spaces at the end, or inside of the |
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527 item name, except for one space where a space appears in the item in |
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528 the menu. |
25839 | 529 |
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530 @cindex completion of Info node names |
25839 | 531 You can also use the @dfn{completion} feature to help enter the subtopic |
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532 name. If you type the @key{TAB} key after entering part of a name, it will |
25839 | 533 magically fill in more of the name---as much as follows uniquely from |
534 what you have entered. | |
535 | |
536 If you move the cursor to one of the menu subtopic lines, then you do | |
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537 not need to type the argument: you just type a @key{RET}, and it |
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538 stands for the subtopic of the line you are on. |
25839 | 539 |
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540 Here is a menu to give you a chance to practice. This menu gives you |
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541 three ways of going to one place, Help-FOO: |
25839 | 542 |
543 @menu | |
544 * Foo: Help-FOO. A node you can visit for fun. | |
545 * Bar: Help-FOO. Strange! two ways to get to the same place. | |
546 * Help-FOO:: And yet another! | |
547 @end menu | |
548 | |
549 @format | |
550 >> Now type just an @kbd{m} and see what happens: | |
551 @end format | |
552 | |
553 Now you are ``inside'' an @kbd{m} command. Commands cannot be used | |
554 now; the next thing you will type must be the name of a subtopic. | |
555 | |
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556 You can change your mind about doing the @kbd{m} by typing |
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557 @kbd{Control-g}. |
25839 | 558 |
559 @format | |
560 >> Try that now; notice the bottom line clear. | |
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561 @end format |
25839 | 562 |
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563 @format |
25839 | 564 >> Then type another @kbd{m}. |
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565 @end format |
25839 | 566 |
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567 @format |
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568 >> Now type @kbd{BAR}, the item name. Do not type @key{RET} yet. |
25839 | 569 @end format |
570 | |
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571 While you are typing the item name, you can use the @key{DEL} (or |
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572 @key{BACKSPACE}) key to cancel one character at a time if you make a |
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573 mistake. |
25839 | 574 |
575 @format | |
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576 >> Press @key{DEL} to cancel the @samp{R}. You could type another @kbd{R} |
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577 to replace it. But you do not have to, since @samp{BA} is a valid |
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578 abbreviation. |
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579 @end format |
25839 | 580 |
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581 @format |
25839 | 582 >> Now you are ready to go. Type a @key{RET}. |
583 @end format | |
584 | |
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585 After visiting @samp{Help-FOO}, you should return here. |
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586 |
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587 Another way to move to the menu subtopic lines and between them is |
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588 to type @key{TAB}. Each time you type a @key{TAB}, you move to the |
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589 next subtopic line. To move to a previous subtopic line, type |
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590 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}---that is, press and hold the @key{META} key and then |
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591 press @key{TAB}. (On some keyboards, the @key{META} key might be labeled |
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592 @samp{Alt}.) |
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593 |
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594 Once you move cursor to a subtopic line, press @key{RET} to go to |
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595 that subtopic's node. |
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596 |
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597 @cindex mouse support in Info mode |
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598 @kindex Mouse-2 @r{(Info mode)} |
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599 If your terminal supports a mouse, you have yet another way of going |
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600 to a subtopic. Move your mouse pointer to the subtopic line, |
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601 somewhere between the beginning @samp{*} and the colon @samp{:} which |
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602 ends the subtopic's brief name. You will see the subtopic's name |
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603 change its appearance (usually, its background color will change), and |
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604 the shape of the mouse pointer will change if your platform supports |
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605 that. After a while, if you leave the mouse on that spot, a tooltip |
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606 will pop up saying ``Mouse-2: go to that node''. (If the tooltips are |
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607 turned off or unavailable, this message is printed in the @dfn{echo |
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608 area}, the bottom screen line where you typed the menu subtopics in |
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609 response to the prompt.) @kbd{Mouse-2} is the second button of your |
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610 mouse counting from the left---the rightmost button for two-button |
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611 mice, the middle button for 3-button mice. So pressing @kbd{Mouse-2} |
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612 while the mouse pointer is on a menu subtopic goes to that subtopic. |
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613 |
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614 @findex Info-mouse-follow-nearest-node |
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615 More generally, @kbd{Mouse-2} in an Info buffer runs the Emacs |
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616 command @code{Info-mouse-follow-nearest-node}, which finds the nearest |
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617 link to another node and goes there. For example, near a cross |
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618 reference it acts like @kbd{f}, in a menu it acts like @kbd{m}, on the |
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619 node's header line it acts like @kbd{n}, @kbd{p}, or @kbd{u}, etc. At |
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620 end of the node's text @kbd{Mouse-2} moves to the next node, or up if |
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621 there's no next node. |
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622 |
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623 Here is another way to get to Help-FOO, a menu. You can ignore this |
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624 if you want, or else try it by typing @key{TAB} and then @key{RET}, or |
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625 clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} on it (but then please come back to here). |
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626 |
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627 @menu |
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628 * Help-FOO:: |
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629 @end menu |
25839 | 630 |
631 @format | |
632 >> Type @kbd{n} to see more commands. | |
633 @end format | |
634 | |
635 @node Help-FOO, , , Help-M | |
636 @subsection The @kbd{u} command | |
637 | |
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638 Congratulations! This is the node @samp{Help-FOO}. It has an @samp{Up} |
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639 pointer @samp{Help-M}, the node you just came from via the @kbd{m} |
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640 command. This is the usual convention---the nodes you reach from a menu |
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641 have @samp{Up} nodes that lead back to the menu. Menus move Down in the |
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642 tree, and @samp{Up} moves Up. @samp{Previous}, on the other hand, is |
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643 usually used to ``stay on the same level but go backwards''. |
25839 | 644 |
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645 @kindex u @r{(Info mode)} |
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646 @findex Info-up |
25839 | 647 You can go back to the node @samp{Help-M} by typing the command |
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648 @kbd{u} for ``Up'' (the Emacs command run by @kbd{u} is |
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649 @code{Info-up}). That puts you at the @emph{front} of the node---to |
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650 get back to where you were reading you have to type some @key{SPC}s. |
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651 (Some Info readers, such as the one built into Emacs, put you at the |
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652 same place where you were reading in @samp{Help-M}.) |
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653 |
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654 Another way to go Up is to click on the @samp{Up} pointer shown in |
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655 the header line (provided that you have a mouse). |
25839 | 656 |
657 @format | |
658 >> Now type @kbd{u} to move back up to @samp{Help-M}. | |
659 @end format | |
660 | |
661 @node Help-Adv, Help-Q, Help-M, Getting Started | |
662 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
663 @section Some advanced Info commands | |
664 | |
665 The course is almost over, so please stick with it to the end. | |
666 | |
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667 @kindex l @r{(Info mode)} |
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668 @findex Info-last |
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669 @cindex going back in Info mode |
25839 | 670 If you have been moving around to different nodes and wish to |
671 retrace your steps, the @kbd{l} command (@kbd{l} for @dfn{last}) will | |
672 do that, one node-step at a time. As you move from node to node, Info | |
673 records the nodes where you have been in a special history list. The | |
674 @kbd{l} command revisits nodes in the history list; each successive | |
675 @kbd{l} command moves one step back through the history. | |
676 | |
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677 If you have been following directions, ad @kbd{l} command now will get |
25839 | 678 you back to @samp{Help-M}. Another @kbd{l} command would undo the |
679 @kbd{u} and get you back to @samp{Help-FOO}. Another @kbd{l} would undo | |
680 the @kbd{m} and get you back to @samp{Help-M}. | |
681 | |
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682 In Emacs, @kbd{l} runs the command @code{Info-last}. |
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683 |
25839 | 684 @format |
685 >> Try typing three @kbd{l}'s, pausing in between to see what each | |
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686 @kbd{l} does. Then follow directions again and you will end up |
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687 back here. |
25839 | 688 @end format |
689 | |
690 Note the difference between @kbd{l} and @kbd{p}: @kbd{l} moves to | |
691 where @emph{you} last were, whereas @kbd{p} always moves to the node | |
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692 which the header says is the @samp{Previous} node (from this node, the |
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693 @samp{Prev} link leads to @samp{Help-M}). |
25839 | 694 |
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695 @kindex d @r{(Info mode)} |
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696 @findex Info-directory |
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697 @cindex go to Directory node |
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698 The @kbd{d} command (@code{Info-directory} in Emacs) gets you |
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699 instantly to the Directory node. This node, which is the first one |
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700 you saw when you entered Info, has a menu which leads (directly or |
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701 indirectly, through other menus), to all the nodes that exist. The |
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702 Directory node lists all the manuals and other Info documents that |
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703 are, or could be, installed on your system. |
25839 | 704 |
705 @format | |
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706 >> Try doing a @kbd{d}, then do an @kbd{l} to return here (yes, |
25839 | 707 @emph{do} return). |
708 @end format | |
709 | |
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710 @kindex t @r{(Info mode)} |
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711 @findex Info-top-node |
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712 @cindex go to Top node |
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713 The @kbd{t} command moves to the @samp{Top} node of the manual. |
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714 This is useful if you want to browse the manual's main menu, or select |
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715 some specific top-level menu item. The Emacs command run by @kbd{t} |
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716 is @code{Info-top-node}. |
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717 |
25839 | 718 Sometimes, in Info documentation, you will see a cross reference. |
719 Cross references look like this: @xref{Help-Cross, Cross}. That is a | |
720 real, live cross reference which is named @samp{Cross} and points at | |
721 the node named @samp{Help-Cross}. | |
722 | |
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723 @kindex f @r{(Info mode)} |
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724 @findex Info-follow-reference |
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725 @cindex cross references in Info documents |
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726 If you wish to follow a cross reference, you must use the @kbd{f} |
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727 command. The @kbd{f} must be followed by the cross reference name |
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728 (in this case, @samp{Cross}). If the cursor is on or near the cross |
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729 reference, Info suggests the name if the nearest reference in |
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730 parentheses; typing @key{RET} will follow that reference. You can |
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731 also type a different name, if the default is not what you want. |
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732 While you enter the name, you can use the @key{DEL} (or |
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733 @key{BACKSPACE}) key to edit your input. If you change your mind |
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734 about following any reference, you can use @kbd{Control-g} to cancel |
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735 the command. |
25839 | 736 |
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737 Completion is available in the @kbd{f} command; you can complete among |
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738 all the cross reference names in the current node by typing a @key{TAB}. |
25839 | 739 |
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740 @kbd{f} runs @code{Info-follow-reference} in Emacs. |
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741 |
25839 | 742 @format |
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743 >> Type @kbd{f}, followed by @kbd{Cross}, and a @key{RET}. |
25839 | 744 @end format |
745 | |
746 To get a list of all the cross references in the current node, you can | |
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747 type @kbd{?} after an @kbd{f}. The @kbd{f} continues to await a |
25839 | 748 cross reference name even after printing the list, so if you don't |
749 actually want to follow a reference, you should type a @kbd{Control-g} | |
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750 to cancel the @kbd{f}. |
25839 | 751 |
752 @format | |
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753 >> Type @kbd{f?} to get a list of the cross references in this node. Then |
25839 | 754 type a @kbd{Control-g} and see how the @samp{f} gives up. |
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755 @end format |
25839 | 756 |
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757 The @key{TAB} and @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} key, which move between |
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758 subtopics in a menu can move between cross references as well. Once |
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759 the cursor is on a cross reference, you can press @key{RET} to follow |
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760 that reference, just like you do in a menu. |
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761 |
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762 Clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} on or near a cross reference also follows the |
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763 reference. You can see that the cross reference is mouse-sensitive by |
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764 moving the mouse pointer to the reference and watching how the |
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765 underlying text and the mouse pointer change in response. |
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766 |
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767 @format |
25839 | 768 >> Now type @kbd{n} to see the last node of the course. |
769 @end format | |
770 | |
771 @c If a menu appears at the end of this node, remove it. | |
772 @c It is an accident of the menu updating command. | |
773 | |
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774 @node Advanced Info |
25839 | 775 @chapter Info for Experts |
776 | |
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777 This chapter describes various advanced Info commands. (If you are |
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778 using a stand-alone Info reader, there are additional commands |
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779 specific to it, which are documented in several chapters of @ref{Top,, |
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780 GNU Info, info-stnd, GNU Info}.) |
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781 |
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782 This chapter also explains how to write an Info as distinct from a |
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783 Texinfo file. (However, in most cases, writing a Texinfo file is |
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784 better, since you can use it @emph{both} to generate an Info file and |
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785 to make a printed manual. @xref{Top,, Overview of Texinfo, texinfo, |
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786 Texinfo: The GNU Documentation Format}.) |
25839 | 787 |
788 @menu | |
789 * Expert:: Advanced Info commands: g, s, e, and 1 - 5. | |
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790 * Info Search:: How to search Info documents for specific subjects. |
25839 | 791 * Add:: Describes how to add new nodes to the hierarchy. |
792 Also tells what nodes look like. | |
793 * Menus:: How to add to or create menus in Info nodes. | |
794 * Cross-refs:: How to add cross-references to Info nodes. | |
795 * Tags:: How to make tags tables for Info files. | |
796 * Checking:: Checking an Info File | |
797 * Emacs Info Variables:: Variables modifying the behavior of Emacs Info. | |
798 @end menu | |
799 | |
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800 @node Expert, Info Search, , Advanced Info |
25839 | 801 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
802 @section Advanced Info Commands | |
803 | |
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804 Here are some more Info commands that make it easier to move around. |
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805 |
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806 @unnumberedsubsec @kbd{g} goes to a node by name |
25839 | 807 |
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808 @kindex g @r{(Info mode)} |
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809 @findex Info-goto-node |
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810 @cindex go to a node by name |
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811 If you know a node's name, you can go there by typing @kbd{g}, the |
25839 | 812 name, and @key{RET}. Thus, @kbd{gTop@key{RET}} would go to the node |
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813 called @samp{Top} in this file. (This is equivalent to @kbd{t}, see |
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814 @ref{Help-Adv}.) @kbd{gExpert@key{RET}} would come back here. |
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815 @kbd{g} in Emacs runs the command @code{Info-goto-node}. |
25839 | 816 |
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817 Unlike @kbd{m}, @kbd{g} does not allow the use of abbreviations. |
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818 But it does allow completion, so you can type @key{TAB} to complete a |
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819 partial node name. |
25839 | 820 |
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821 @cindex go to another Info file |
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822 To go to a node in another file, you can include the file name in the |
25839 | 823 node name by putting it at the front, in parentheses. Thus, |
824 @kbd{g(dir)Top@key{RET}} would go to the Info Directory node, which is | |
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825 the node @samp{Top} in the Info file @file{dir}. Likewise, |
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826 @kbd{g(emacs)Top@key{RET}} goes to the top node of the Emacs manual. |
25839 | 827 |
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828 The node name @samp{*} specifies the whole file. So you can look at |
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829 all of the current file by typing @kbd{g*@key{RET}} or all of any |
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830 other file with @kbd{g(@var{filename})@key{RET}}. |
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831 |
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832 @unnumberedsubsec @kbd{1} -- @kbd{9} choose a menu subtopic by its number |
25839 | 833 |
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834 @kindex 1 @r{through} 9 @r{(Info mode)} |
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835 @findex Info-nth-menu-item |
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836 @cindex select @var{n}'th menu item |
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837 If you begrudge each character of type-in which your system requires, |
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838 you might like to use the commands @kbd{1}, @kbd{2}, @kbd{3}, @kbd{4}, |
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839 @dots{}, @kbd{9}. They are short for the @kbd{m} command together |
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840 with a name of a menu subtopic. @kbd{1} goes through the first item |
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841 in the current node's menu; @kbd{2} goes through the second item, etc. |
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842 In the stand-alone reader, @kbd{0} goes through the last menu item; |
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843 this is so you need not count how many entries are there. In Emacs, |
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844 the digit keys run the command @code{Info-nth-menu-item}. |
25839 | 845 |
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846 If your display supports multiple fonts, and you are using Emacs' |
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847 Info mode to read Info files, the @samp{*} for the fifth menu item |
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848 stands out, either in color or in some other attribute, such as |
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849 underline, and so is the @samp{*} for the ninth item; this makes it |
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850 easy to see at a glance which number to use for an item. |
25839 | 851 |
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852 Some terminals don't support colors or underlining. If you need to |
25839 | 853 actually count items, it is better to use @kbd{m} instead, and specify |
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854 the name, or use @key{TAB} to quickly move between menu items. |
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855 |
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856 @unnumberedsubsec @kbd{e} makes Info document editable |
25839 | 857 |
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858 @kindex e @r{(Info mode)} |
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859 @findex Info-edit |
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860 @cindex edit Info document |
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861 The Info command @kbd{e} changes from Info mode to an ordinary |
25839 | 862 Emacs editing mode, so that you can edit the text of the current node. |
863 Type @kbd{C-c C-c} to switch back to Info. The @kbd{e} command is allowed | |
864 only if the variable @code{Info-enable-edit} is non-@code{nil}. | |
865 | |
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866 The @kbd{e} command only works in Emacs, where it runs the command |
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867 @code{Info-edit}. The stand-alone Info reader doesn't allow you to |
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868 edit the Info file, so typing @kbd{e} there goes to the end of the |
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869 current node. |
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870 |
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871 @node Info Search, Add, Expert, Advanced Info |
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872 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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873 @section How to search Info documents for specific subjects |
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874 |
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875 @cindex searching Info documents |
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876 @cindex Info document as a reference |
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877 The commands which move between and inside nodes allow you to read |
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878 the entire manual or its large portions. But what if you need to find |
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879 some information in the manual as fast as you can, and you don't know |
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880 or don't remember in what node to look for it? This need arises when |
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881 you use a manual as a @dfn{reference}, or when it is impractical to |
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882 read the entire manual before you start using the programs it |
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883 describes. |
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|
884 |
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885 Info has powerful searching facilities that let you find things |
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886 quickly. You can search either the manual indices or its text. |
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887 |
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888 @kindex i @r{(Info mode)} |
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889 @findex Info-index |
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890 Since most subjects related to what the manual describes should be |
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891 indexed, you should try the index search first. The @kbd{i} command |
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892 prompts you for a subject and then looks up that subject in the |
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893 indices. If it finds an index entry with the subject you typed, it |
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894 goes to the node to which that index entry points. You should browse |
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895 through that node to see whether the issue you are looking for is |
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896 described there. If it isn't, type @kbd{,} one or more times to go |
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897 through additional index entries which match your subject. |
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898 |
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899 The @kbd{i} command finds all index entries which include the string |
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900 you typed @emph{as a substring}. For each match, Info shows in the |
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901 echo area the full index entry it found. Often, the text of the full |
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902 index entry already gives you enough information to decide whether it |
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903 is relevant to what you are looking for, so we recommend that you read |
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904 what Emacs shows in the echo are before looking at the node it |
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905 displays. |
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|
906 |
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907 Since @kbd{i} looks for a substring, you can search for subjects even |
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908 if you are not sure how they are spelled in the index. For example, |
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909 suppose you want to find something that is pertinent to commands which |
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910 complete partial input (e.g., when you type @key{TAB}). If you want |
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911 to catch index entries that refer to ``complete'', ``completion'', and |
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912 ``completing'', you could type @kbd{icomplet@key{RET}}. |
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|
913 |
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914 Info documents which describe programs should index the commands, |
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915 options, and key sequences that the program provides. If you are |
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Update for Emacs 21. Add index entries.
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916 looking for a description of a command, an option, or a key, just type |
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917 their names when @kbd{i} prompts you for a topic. For example, if you |
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918 want to read the description of what the @kbd{C-f} key does, type |
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919 @kbd{iC-f@key{RET}}. Here @kbd{C-f} are 3 literal characters |
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920 @samp{C}, @samp{-}, and @samp{f}, not the ``Control-f'' command key |
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921 you type inside Emacs to run the command bound to @kbd{C-f}. |
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922 |
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923 In Emacs, @kbd{i} runs the command @code{Info-index}. |
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924 |
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925 @kindex s @r{(Info mode)} |
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926 @findex Info-search |
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927 The @kbd{s} command allows you to search a whole file for a string. |
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928 It switches to the next node if and when that is necessary. You |
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929 type @kbd{s} followed by the string to search for, terminated by |
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930 @key{RET}. To search for the same string again, just @kbd{s} followed |
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931 by @key{RET} will do. The file's nodes are scanned in the order |
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932 they are in in the file, which has no necessary relationship to the |
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Update for Emacs 21. Add index entries.
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933 order that they may be in the tree structure of menus and @samp{next} |
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934 pointers. But normally the two orders are not very different. In any |
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Update for Emacs 21. Add index entries.
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935 case, you can always do a @kbd{b} to find out what node you have |
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936 reached, if the header is not visible (this can happen, because @kbd{s} |
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937 puts your cursor at the occurrence of the string, not at the beginning |
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938 of the node). |
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939 |
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940 @kindex M-s @r{(Info mode)} |
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941 In Emacs, @kbd{Meta-s} is equivalent to @kbd{s}. That is for |
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942 compatibility with other GNU packages that use @kbd{M-s} for a similar |
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943 kind of search command. Both @kbd{s} and @kbd{M-s} run in Emacs the |
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944 command @code{Info-search}. |
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945 |
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946 |
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947 @node Add, Menus, Info Search, Advanced Info |
25839 | 948 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
949 @section Adding a new node to Info | |
950 | |
951 To add a new topic to the list in the Info directory, you must: | |
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952 |
25839 | 953 @enumerate |
954 @item | |
955 Create some nodes, in some file, to document that topic. | |
956 @item | |
957 Put that topic in the menu in the directory. @xref{Menus, Menu}. | |
958 @end enumerate | |
959 | |
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960 Usually, the way to create the nodes is with Texinfo (@pxref{Top,, |
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961 Overview of Texinfo, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU Documentation Format}); |
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962 this has the advantage that you can also make a printed manual from |
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963 them. However, if you want to edit an Info file, here is how. |
25839 | 964 |
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965 @cindex node delimiters |
25839 | 966 The new node can live in an existing documentation file, or in a new |
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967 one. It must have a @samp{^_} character before it (invisible to the |
25839 | 968 user; this node has one but you cannot see it), and it ends with either |
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969 a @samp{^_}, a @samp{^L} (``formfeed''), or the end of file.@footnote{If |
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970 you put in a @samp{^L} to end a new node, be sure that there is a |
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971 @samp{^_} after it to start the next one, since @samp{^L} cannot |
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972 @emph{start} a node. Also, a nicer way to make a node boundary be a |
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973 page boundary as well is to put a @samp{^L} @emph{right after} the |
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974 @samp{^_}.} |
25839 | 975 |
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976 The @samp{^_} starting a node must be followed by a newline or a |
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977 @samp{^L} newline, after which comes the node's header line. The header |
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978 line must give the node's name (by which Info finds it), and state the |
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979 names of the @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous}, and @samp{Up} nodes (if there |
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980 are any). As you can see, this node's @samp{Up} node is the node |
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981 @samp{Top}, which points at all the documentation for Info. The |
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982 @samp{Next} node is @samp{Menus}. |
25839 | 983 |
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984 @cindex node header line format |
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985 @cindex format of node headers |
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986 The keywords @dfn{Node}, @dfn{Next}, @dfn{Previous}, and @dfn{Up} |
25839 | 987 may appear in any order, anywhere in the header line, but the |
988 recommended order is the one in this sentence. Each keyword must be | |
989 followed by a colon, spaces and tabs, and then the appropriate name. | |
990 The name may be terminated with a tab, a comma, or a newline. A space | |
991 does not end it; node names may contain spaces. The case of letters | |
992 in the names is insignificant. | |
993 | |
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994 @cindex node name format |
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995 @cindex Directory node |
25839 | 996 A node name has two forms. A node in the current file is named by |
997 what appears after the @samp{Node: } in that node's first line. For | |
998 example, this node's name is @samp{Add}. A node in another file is | |
999 named by @samp{(@var{filename})@var{node-within-file}}, as in | |
1000 @samp{(info)Add} for this node. If the file name starts with ``./'', | |
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1001 then it is relative to the current directory; otherwise, it is |
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1002 relative starting from the standard directory for Info files of your |
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1003 site. The name @samp{(@var{filename})Top} can be abbreviated to just |
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1004 @samp{(@var{filename})}. By convention, the name @samp{Top} is used |
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1005 for the ``highest'' node in any single file---the node whose @samp{Up} |
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1006 points out of the file. The @samp{Directory} node is @file{(dir)}, it |
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1007 points to a file @file{dir} which holds a large menu listing all the |
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1008 Info documents installed on your site. The @samp{Top} node of a |
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1009 document file listed in the @samp{Directory} should have an @samp{Up: |
25839 | 1010 (dir)} in it. |
1011 | |
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1012 @cindex unstructured documents |
25839 | 1013 The node name @kbd{*} is special: it refers to the entire file. |
1014 Thus, @kbd{g*} shows you the whole current file. The use of the | |
1015 node @kbd{*} is to make it possible to make old-fashioned, | |
1016 unstructured files into nodes of the tree. | |
1017 | |
1018 The @samp{Node:} name, in which a node states its own name, must not | |
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1019 contain a file name, since when Info searches for a node, it does not |
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1020 expect a file name to be there. The @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous} and |
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1021 @samp{Up} names may contain them. In this node, since the @samp{Up} |
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1022 node is in the same file, it was not necessary to use one. |
25839 | 1023 |
1024 Note that the nodes in this file have a file name in the header | |
1025 line. The file names are ignored by Info, but they serve as comments | |
1026 to help identify the node for the user. | |
1027 | |
1028 @node Menus, Cross-refs, Add, Advanced Info | |
1029 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1030 @section How to Create Menus | |
1031 | |
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1032 Any node in the Info hierarchy may have a @dfn{menu}---a list of subnodes. |
25839 | 1033 The @kbd{m} command searches the current node's menu for the topic which it |
1034 reads from the terminal. | |
1035 | |
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1036 @cindex menu and menu entry format |
25839 | 1037 A menu begins with a line starting with @samp{* Menu:}. The rest of the |
1038 line is a comment. After the starting line, every line that begins | |
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1039 with a @samp{* } lists a single topic. The name of the topic--what |
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1040 the user must type at the @kbd{m}'s command prompt to select this |
25839 | 1041 topic---comes right after the star and space, and is followed by a |
1042 colon, spaces and tabs, and the name of the node which discusses that | |
1043 topic. The node name, like node names following @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous} | |
1044 and @samp{Up}, may be terminated with a tab, comma, or newline; it may also | |
1045 be terminated with a period. | |
1046 | |
1047 If the node name and topic name are the same, then rather than | |
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1048 giving the name twice, the abbreviation @samp{* @var{name}::} may be |
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1049 used (and should be used, whenever possible, as it reduces the visual |
25839 | 1050 clutter in the menu). |
1051 | |
1052 It is considerate to choose the topic names so that they differ | |
1053 from each other very near the beginning---this allows the user to type | |
1054 short abbreviations. In a long menu, it is a good idea to capitalize | |
1055 the beginning of each item name which is the minimum acceptable | |
1056 abbreviation for it (a long menu is more than 5 or so entries). | |
1057 | |
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1058 The nodes listed in a node's menu are called its ``subnodes'', and it |
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1059 is their ``superior''. They should each have an @samp{Up:} pointing at |
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1060 the superior. It is often useful to arrange all or most of the subnodes |
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1061 in a sequence of @samp{Next} and @samp{Previous} pointers so that |
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1062 someone who wants to see them all need not keep revisiting the Menu. |
25839 | 1063 |
1064 The Info Directory is simply the menu of the node @samp{(dir)Top}---that | |
1065 is, node @samp{Top} in file @file{.../info/dir}. You can put new entries | |
1066 in that menu just like any other menu. The Info Directory is @emph{not} the | |
1067 same as the file directory called @file{info}. It happens that many of | |
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1068 Info's files live in that file directory, but they do not have to; and |
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1069 files in that directory are not automatically listed in the Info |
25839 | 1070 Directory node. |
1071 | |
1072 Also, although the Info node graph is claimed to be a ``hierarchy'', | |
1073 in fact it can be @emph{any} directed graph. Shared structures and | |
1074 pointer cycles are perfectly possible, and can be used if they are | |
1075 appropriate to the meaning to be expressed. There is no need for all | |
1076 the nodes in a file to form a connected structure. In fact, this file | |
1077 has two connected components. You are in one of them, which is under | |
1078 the node @samp{Top}; the other contains the node @samp{Help} which the | |
1079 @kbd{h} command goes to. In fact, since there is no garbage | |
1080 collector, nothing terrible happens if a substructure is not pointed | |
1081 to, but such a substructure is rather useless since nobody can | |
1082 ever find out that it exists. | |
1083 | |
1084 @node Cross-refs, Tags, Menus, Advanced Info | |
1085 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1086 @section Creating Cross References | |
1087 | |
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1088 @cindex cross reference format |
25839 | 1089 A cross reference can be placed anywhere in the text, unlike a menu |
1090 item which must go at the front of a line. A cross reference looks | |
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1091 like a menu item except that it has @samp{*note} instead of @samp{*}. |
25839 | 1092 It @emph{cannot} be terminated by a @samp{)}, because @samp{)}'s are |
1093 so often part of node names. If you wish to enclose a cross reference | |
1094 in parentheses, terminate it with a period first. Here are two | |
1095 examples of cross references pointers: | |
1096 | |
1097 @example | |
1098 *Note details: commands. (See *note 3: Full Proof.) | |
1099 @end example | |
1100 | |
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1101 @noindent |
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1102 @emph{These are just examples.} The places they ``lead to'' do not |
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1103 really exist! |
25839 | 1104 |
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1105 @menu |
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1106 * Help-Cross:: Target of a cross-reference. |
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1107 @end menu |
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1108 |
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1109 |
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1110 @node Help-Cross, , , Cross-refs |
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1111 @subsection The node reached by the cross reference in Info |
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1112 |
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1113 This is the node reached by the cross reference named @samp{Cross}. |
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1114 |
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1115 While this node is specifically intended to be reached by a cross |
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1116 reference, most cross references lead to nodes that ``belong'' |
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1117 someplace else far away in the structure of an Info document. So you |
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1118 cannot expect this node to have a @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous} or |
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1119 @samp{Up} links pointing back to where you came from. In general, the |
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1120 @kbd{l} (el) command is the only way to get back there. |
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1121 |
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1122 @format |
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1123 >> Type @kbd{l} to return to the node where the cross reference was. |
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1124 @end format |
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1125 |
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1126 @node Help-Q, , Help-Adv, Getting Started |
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1127 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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1128 @section Quitting Info |
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1129 |
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1130 @kindex q @r{(Info mode)} |
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1131 @findex Info-exit |
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1132 @cindex quitting Info mode |
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1133 To get out of Info, back to what you were doing before, type @kbd{q} |
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1134 for @dfn{Quit}. This runs @code{Info-exit} in Emacs. |
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1135 |
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1136 This is the end of the basic course on using Info. You have learned |
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1137 how to move in an Info document, and how to follow menus and cross |
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1138 references. This makes you ready for reading manuals top to bottom, |
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1139 as new users should do when they learn a new package. |
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1140 |
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1141 Another set of Info commands is useful when you need to find |
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1142 something quickly in a manual---that is, when you need to use a manual |
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1143 as a reference rather than as a tutorial. We urge you to make learn |
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1144 these search commands as well. If you want to do that now, follow this |
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1145 cross reference to @ref{Info Search}. |
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1146 |
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1147 Yet another set of commands are meant for experienced users; you can |
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1148 find them by looking in the Directory node for documentation on Info. |
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1149 Finding them will be a good exercise in using Info in the usual |
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1150 manner. |
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1151 |
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1152 @format |
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1153 >> Type @kbd{d} to go to the Info directory node; then type |
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1154 @kbd{mInfo} and Return, to get to the node about Info and |
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1155 see what other help is available. |
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1156 @end format |
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1157 |
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1158 |
25839 | 1159 @node Tags, Checking, Cross-refs, Advanced Info |
1160 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1161 @section Tags Tables for Info Files | |
1162 | |
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1163 @cindex tags tables in info files |
25839 | 1164 You can speed up the access to nodes of a large Info file by giving |
1165 it a tags table. Unlike the tags table for a program, the tags table for | |
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1166 an Info file lives inside the file itself and is used |
25839 | 1167 automatically whenever Info reads in the file. |
1168 | |
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1169 @findex Info-tagify |
25839 | 1170 To make a tags table, go to a node in the file using Emacs Info mode and type |
1171 @kbd{M-x Info-tagify}. Then you must use @kbd{C-x C-s} to save the | |
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1172 file. Info files produced by the @code{makeinfo} command that is part |
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1173 of the Texinfo package always have tags tables to begin with. |
25839 | 1174 |
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1175 @cindex stale tags tables |
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1176 @cindex update Info tags table |
25839 | 1177 Once the Info file has a tags table, you must make certain it is up |
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1178 to date. If you edit an Info file directly (as opposed to editing its |
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1179 Texinfo source), and, as a result of deletion of text, any node moves back |
25839 | 1180 more than a thousand characters in the file from the position |
1181 recorded in the tags table, Info will no longer be able to find that | |
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1182 node. To update the tags table, use the @code{Info-tagify} command |
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1183 again. |
25839 | 1184 |
1185 An Info file tags table appears at the end of the file and looks like | |
1186 this: | |
1187 | |
1188 @example | |
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1189 ^_^L |
25839 | 1190 Tag Table: |
1191 File: info, Node: Cross-refs^?21419 | |
1192 File: info, Node: Tags^?22145 | |
1193 ^_ | |
1194 End Tag Table | |
1195 @end example | |
1196 | |
1197 @noindent | |
1198 Note that it contains one line per node, and this line contains | |
1199 the beginning of the node's header (ending just after the node name), | |
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1200 a @samp{DEL} character, and the character position in the file of the |
25839 | 1201 beginning of the node. |
1202 | |
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1203 |
25839 | 1204 @node Checking, Emacs Info Variables, Tags, Advanced Info |
1205 @section Checking an Info File | |
1206 | |
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1207 When creating an Info file, it is easy to forget the name of a node when |
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1208 you are making a pointer to it from another node. If you put in the |
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1209 wrong name for a node, this is not detected until someone tries to go |
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1210 through the pointer using Info. Verification of the Info file is an |
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1211 automatic process which checks all pointers to nodes and reports any |
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1212 pointers which are invalid. Every @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous}, and |
25839 | 1213 @samp{Up} is checked, as is every menu item and every cross reference. In |
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1214 addition, any @samp{Next} which does not have a @samp{Previous} pointing |
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1215 back is reported. Only pointers within the file are checked, because |
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1216 checking pointers to other files would be terribly slow. But those are |
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1217 usually few. |
25839 | 1218 |
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1219 @findex Info-validate |
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1220 To check an Info file, do @kbd{M-x Info-validate} while looking at any |
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1221 node of the file with Emacs Info mode. |
25839 | 1222 |
1223 @node Emacs Info Variables, , Checking, Advanced Info | |
1224 @section Emacs Info-mode Variables | |
1225 | |
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1226 The following variables may modify the behavior of Info-mode in Emacs; |
25839 | 1227 you may wish to set one or several of these variables interactively, or |
1228 in your @file{~/.emacs} init file. @xref{Examining, Examining and Setting | |
1229 Variables, Examining and Setting Variables, emacs, The GNU Emacs | |
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1230 Manual}. The stand-alone Info reader program has its own set of |
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1231 variables, described in @ref{Variables,, Manipulating Variables, |
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1232 info-stnd, GNU Info}. |
25839 | 1233 |
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1234 @vtable @code |
25839 | 1235 @item Info-directory-list |
1236 The list of directories to search for Info files. Each element is a | |
29307 | 1237 string (directory name) or @code{nil} (try default directory). If not |
1238 initialized Info uses the environment variable @env{INFOPATH} to | |
1239 initialize it, or @code{Info-default-directory-list} if there is no | |
1240 @env{INFOPATH} variable in the environment. | |
1241 | |
1242 @item Info-additional-directory-list | |
1243 A list of additional directories to search for Info documentation files. | |
1244 These directories are not searched for merging the @file{dir} file. | |
25839 | 1245 |
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1246 @item Info-fontify |
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1247 When set to a non-@code{nil} value, enables highlighting of Info |
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1248 files. The default is @code{t}. You can change how the highlighting |
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1249 looks by customizing the faces @code{info-node}, @code{info-menu-5}, |
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1250 @code{info-xref}, @code{info-header-xref}, @code{info-header-node}, |
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1251 @code{info-title-@var{n}-face} (where @var{n} is the level of the |
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1252 section, a number between 1 and 4), and @code{info-menu-header}. To |
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1253 customize a face, type @kbd{M-x customize-face @key{RET} @var{face} |
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1254 @key{RET}}, where @var{face} is one of the face names listed here. |
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1255 |
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1256 @item Info-use-header-line |
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1257 If non-@code{nil}, Emacs puts in the Info buffer a header line showing |
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1258 the @samp{Next}, @samp{Prev}, and @samp{Up} links. A header line does |
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1259 not scroll with the rest of the buffer, making these links always |
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1260 visible. |
29307 | 1261 |
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1262 @item Info-scroll-prefer-subnodes |
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1263 If set to a non-@code{nil} value, @key{SPC} and @key{BACKSPACE} (or |
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1264 @key{DEL}) keys in a menu visit subnodes of the current node before |
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1265 scrolling to its end or beginning, respectively. For example, if the |
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1266 node's menu appears on the screen, the next @key{SPC} moves to a |
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1267 subnode indicated by the following menu item. Setting this option to |
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1268 @code{nil} results in behavior similar to the stand-alone Info reader |
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1269 program, which visits the first subnode from the menu only when you |
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1270 hit the end of the current node. The default is @code{t}. |
25839 | 1271 |
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1272 @item Info-enable-active-nodes |
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1273 When set to a non-@code{nil} value, allows Info to execute Lisp code |
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1274 associated with nodes. The Lisp code is executed when the node is |
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1275 selected. The Lisp code to be executed should follow the node |
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1276 delimiter (the @samp{DEL} character) and an @samp{execute: } tag, like |
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1277 this: |
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1278 |
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1279 @example |
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1280 ^_execute: (message "This is an active node!") |
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1281 @end example |
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1282 |
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1283 @item Info-enable-edit |
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1284 Set to @code{nil}, disables the @samp{e} (@code{Info-edit}) command. A |
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1285 non-@code{nil} value enables it. @xref{Add, Edit}. |
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1286 @end vtable |
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1287 |
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1288 |
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1289 @node Creating an Info File |
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1290 @chapter Creating an Info File from a Texinfo File |
25839 | 1291 |
1292 @code{makeinfo} is a utility that converts a Texinfo file into an Info | |
1293 file; @code{texinfo-format-region} and @code{texinfo-format-buffer} are | |
1294 GNU Emacs functions that do the same. | |
1295 | |
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1296 @xref{Top,, Overview of Texinfo, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU |
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1297 Documentation Format}, to learn how to write a Texinfo file. |
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1298 |
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1299 @xref{Creating an Info File,,, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU Documentation |
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1300 Format}, to learn how to create an Info file from a Texinfo file. |
25839 | 1301 |
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1302 @xref{Installing an Info File,,, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU |
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1303 Documentation Format}, to learn how to install an Info file after you |
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1304 have created one. |
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1305 |
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1306 @node Index |
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1307 @unnumbered Index |
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1308 |
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1309 This is an alphabetical listing of all the commands, variables, and |
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1310 topics discussed in this document. |
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1311 |
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1312 @printindex cp |
25839 | 1313 |
1314 @bye |